Hubbry Logo
CleanserCleanserMain
Open search
Cleanser
Community hub
Cleanser
logo
7 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Cleanser
Cleanser
Cleanser
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia
Look up cleanser in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The term cleanser refers to a product that cleans or removes dirt or other substances. A cleanser could be a detergent, and there are many types of cleansers that are produced with a specific objective or focus. For instance, a degreaser or carburetor cleanser used in automotive mechanics for cleaning certain engine and car parts.

Other varieties include the ones used in cosmetology, dermatology or general skin care. In this case, a cleanser is a facial care product that is used to remove make-up, skin care product residue, microbes, dead skin cells, oils, sweat, dirt and other types of daily pollutants from the face. These washing aids help prevent filth-accumulation, infections, clogged pores, irritation and cosmetic issues like dullness from dead skin buildup and excessive skin shine from sebum buildup. This can also aid in preventing or treating certain skin conditions, such as acne. Cleansing is the first step in a skin care regimen and can be used in addition of a toner and moisturizer, following cleansing or using makeup remover cotton and makeup remover.

Sometimes "double cleansing" before moving on to any other skincare product is encouraged to ensure the full dissolution and removal of residues that might be more resistant to cleansing, such as waterproof makeup, water-resistant sunscreen, the excess sebum of oily skin-type individuals and air pollution particles. Double cleansing usually involves applying a lipid-soluble cleanser (e.g. cleansing balm, cleansing oil, micellar cleansing water) to dry skin and massaging it around the face for a length of time, then the area may or may not be splashed with water. Any type of aqueous cleanser is then emulsified with water and used as the main cleanser that removes the first cleanser and further cleans the skin. Then the face is finally thoroughly rinsed with water until no filth or product residue remains.

Using a cleanser designated for the facial skin to remove dirt is considered to be a better alternative to bar soap or another form of skin cleanser not specifically formulated for the face for the following reasons:

  • Bar soap has an alkaline pH (in the area of 9 to 10), and the pH of a healthy skin surface is around 4.7 on average.[1] This means that soap can change the balance present in the skin to favor the overgrowth of some types of bacteria, increasing acne. In order to maintain a healthy pH balance and skin health, your skin must sit on the proper pH level; some individuals who use bar soap choose to use pH-balancing toners after cleaning in attempts to compensate for the alkalinity of their soaps.
  • Bar cleansers have thickeners that allow them to assume a bar shape. These thickeners can clog pores, which may lead to pimples in susceptible individuals.[citation needed] Wet dry shampoos, face wash and body washes are often labeled as "bar cleansers" because they have thickeners that allow them to assume a bar shape. These thickeners can clog pores, which may lead to pimples in susceptible individuals.
  • Using bar soap on the face can remove natural oils from the skin that form a barrier against water loss. This causes the sebaceous glands to subsequently overproduce oil, a condition known as reactive seborrhoea, which will lead to clogged pores.[citation needed] In order to prevent drying out the skin, many cleansers incorporate moisturizers.

Facial cleansers

[edit]
Cream cleansers and mask

Facial cleansers come in many different forms, including cold creams, cleansing lotions, bars, or liquids.[2]

Some facial cleansers include treatments or active ingredients that achieve more than simply cleansing the face. Active ingredients may be added to achieve moisturizing, exfoliation, lightening, brightening, anti-acne, or anti-aging effects, among others.

Other than additions for skincare improvement, fragrance or essential oil may be added for aesthetic reasons. Individuals with sensitive skin may be irritated or have an allergic reaction, and fragrance-free cleansers are often recommended by dermatologists for that reason.[3]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Cleanser

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
A cleanser is a chemical preparation or substance designed to remove dirt, grease, oils, and other contaminants from surfaces, most commonly the skin, , or household items, through the action of surface-active agents known as that reduce and enable emulsification of impurities. These products are formulated in various physical states, including liquids, creams, powders, and gels, and are essential for personal hygiene and . In regulatory terms, cleansers intended for the human body fall under when used for cleansing without therapeutic claims, as defined by the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. In personal care, cleansers are pivotal for skincare and haircare routines, with facial cleansers designed to remove makeup, excess sebum, dead cells, and environmental pollutants to cleanse and refresh the skin. Common types include foaming cleansers, which produce lather suitable for oily ; cream-based or non-foaming cleansers for dry or sensitive ; oil cleansers that dissolve waterproof makeup; and micellar waters using tiny micelles for gentle removal without rinsing. , the core active ingredients, are classified by charge: anionic (e.g., sodium lauryl for strong cleansing), non-ionic (milder, for sensitive formulations), cationic (conditioning properties), and amphoteric (pH-balanced for gentleness). These work by forming micelles—spherical structures with hydrophobic tails trapping s and hydrophilic heads binding water—to lift and rinse away debris effectively. Household cleansers, conversely, are detergents or scouring agents formulated for surfaces like countertops, floors, and appliances, often containing alkaline builders, enzymes, or abrasives alongside to tackle grease, stains, and microbes. Examples include all-purpose sprays, liquids, and cleaners, which must balance efficacy with safety to minimize environmental impact and health risks from volatile compounds. The chemistry of cleansers traces back to ancient production, where fats were saponified with ashes around 2800 BCE in , evolving into modern synthetic post-World War II for improved performance and milder effects. As of 2025, innovations focus on eco-friendly options, such as biodegradable from renewable sources, alongside microbiome-friendly and barrier-supporting formulations to reduce aquatic toxicity while preserving cleaning power.

Types of Cleansers

Facial Cleansers

Facial cleansers are skincare products specifically formulated to remove , , makeup, and other impurities from the while preserving the skin's natural oils and . Their primary function is to cleanse the delicate gently, emulsifying sebum and environmental for easy removal with , thereby maintaining without causing dryness or . Various types of cleansers cater to different needs, with formulations varying in texture and action. Gel-based cleansers, often containing synthetic , produce a foaming action suitable for oily or acne-prone , as they effectively balance production without excessive stripping. Cream-based cleansers, incorporating emollients like fatty alcohols or , are ideal for dry or sensitive , providing moisturizing benefits during cleansing to prevent tightness. Oil-based cleansers utilize solvents to dissolve heavy makeup and impurities, making them effective for thorough removal while being non-comedogenic for various types. Micellar , featured in water-based solutions with mild forming microscopic micelles, offers a no-rinse option that gently lifts contaminants without disrupting the 's . Foaming variants provide a refreshing lather for normal to oily , whereas non-foaming types, such as creams or milks, suit drier complexions by avoiding over-drying effects. Specific examples illustrate these categories' versatility. Micellar water serves as a gentle, alternative for sensitive skin, effectively removing light makeup and pollutants with minimal and no need for rinsing, thus reducing risk. Exfoliating facial cleansers incorporate mild physical abrasives like beads, which are biodegradable and dissolve during use to slough off dead cells, promoting smoother texture without microtears associated with harsher scrubs. Unique to facial application, these cleansers differ from body washes, which are formulated for the thicker skin of the body that is less prone to clogging. Facial skin is more delicate, and using body wash on the face is not recommended, particularly for individuals concerned about small cysts or acne, as it can cause irritation, dryness, redness, and breakouts due to harsher surfactants and ingredients unsuitable for sensitive facial skin. Instead, dedicated non-comedogenic facial cleansers are advised to avoid potential imbalance and support skin health. These cleansers offer targeted benefits by preventing through reduced pore clogging and bacterial buildup, while supporting the skin barrier via pH-balanced, non-abrasive formulas that retain essential and proteins. They also prepare the skin for subsequent steps like toning or moisturizing by ensuring a clean surface for optimal absorption of active ingredients. Historically, cleansing evolved from alkaline bars, which were common until the early but are not ideal for facial skin due to their high pH of around 9–10, compared to the naturally acidic pH of facial skin (about 4.5–5.5). This pH mismatch can strip away natural oils, leading to dryness, tightness, irritation, and over time, increased breakouts or sensitivity, especially on delicate facial skin, by disrupting the skin's acid mantle and barrier function. These soaps often disrupted pH, prompting the development of syndet-based, pH-balanced formulas post-World War II that mimic the 's natural acidity (around 5.5) for gentler, barrier-preserving effects.

Body and Hair Cleansers

Body and cleansers are formulated to address the unique needs of larger surfaces and the shaft, which differ from due to greater thickness and resilience, allowing for more robust cleansing agents compared to the gentler, non-stripping formulas used on the face. These products prioritize effective removal of accumulated dirt, sweat, and oils while maintaining the 's natural barrier and pH balance. Body cleansers, including liquid body washes, bar soaps, and shower gels, are designed for efficient coverage over extensive areas during daily showering routines. Liquid body washes and shower gels typically feature synthetic detergents that provide a rich lather and are often pH-balanced to 5.5–7 to align with the skin's natural acidity, minimizing disruption to the barrier function and reducing dryness. Bar soaps, in contrast, may use traditional alkali-based formulas but syndet (synthetic detergent) variants offer milder cleansing with similar pH levels, preserving skin lipids and proteins. Many body washes incorporate hydrating ingredients like humectants to counteract moisture loss, particularly for dry skin, while antibacterial agents in some formulations target odor-causing bacteria without excessive stripping. Thicker consistencies in these products ensure better adhesion and spread over the body, often enhanced with scents for a refreshing full-body experience. Hair cleansers, primarily shampoos, focus on the and strands to remove sebum, styling residues, sweat, and environmental pollutants that accumulate from daily exposure. These formulations use with both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties to emulsify and rinse away oils and debris, balancing thorough cleansing with retention of natural lipids to avoid harshness. Clarifying shampoos serve as variants for deeper cleaning, employing stronger detergents to eliminate buildup from products like gels or sprays, and are recommended for periodic use in routines involving heavy styling or environmental exposure. Sulfate-free options, avoiding harsh anionic like sodium lauryl , help prevent dryness and maintain moisture in the and , especially for those with sensitive or treated . In contexts like post-swimming, clarifying shampoos effectively remove and residues trapped under swim caps, restoring clarity without over-drying.

Specialized Cleansers

Specialized cleansers are formulated for targeted therapeutic or conditional applications, addressing specific medical conditions, sensitivities, or environmental needs rather than general hygiene. These products often incorporate active ingredients to treat underlying issues like infections or inflammation, distinguishing them from standard cosmetic cleansers. Medicated cleansers for acne typically contain benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as the primary active agent, which exhibits antibacterial properties against Propionibacterium acnes and helps reduce inflammatory lesions. For instance, BPO concentrations of 5% to 10% in cleansers have demonstrated reductions in P. acnes counts by up to 97.5% after 15 days of use, while also achieving a 58.5% decrease in inflammatory acne lesions when combined with other treatments over 12 weeks. These formulations prevent the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, making them a key non-antibiotic option in acne management. For eczema, fragrance-free cleansers derived from colloidal oatmeal serve as skin protectants, providing moisturizing, anti-inflammatory, and barrier-repairing effects suitable for . Clinical studies show these products significantly increase skin hydration and reduce in dry, sensitive skin, with very low irritancy (1.0% transient reactions) and allergenicity (0.6% in patch tests across 2,291 subjects). No allergies were reported in users with a history of atopic dermatitis during in-use testing. Antifungal medicated cleansers, often containing tolnaftate or clotrimazole, target superficial skin infections such as , ringworm, and . Tolnaftate 1% in bar soap formulations cures and prevents most fungal infections by inhibiting synthesis in fungal cell membranes, while clotrimazole provides broad-spectrum activity against dermatophytes and yeasts, achieving mycologic cure rates comparable to other topicals in clinical trials. These over-the-counter (OTC) products are applied topically to affected areas for relief of itching, scaling, and burning. Cleansers for babies and sensitive emphasize , tear-free formulas to minimize irritation, often using mild plant-based like those derived from for gentle cleansing without disrupting the barrier. These products incorporate emollients such as or argan oils to hydrate and soothe, reducing redness and in delicate , as supported by safety reviews of natural in care. Such formulations are designed to be pH-balanced and free of common allergens, ensuring compatibility with eczema-prone or newborn . Eye makeup removers, categorized separately by the FDA, use oil- or micellar-based formulas to gently dissolve waterproof without rubbing, preventing irritation around the delicate ocular area. Pet-safe body washes, such as those with 4% , provide cleansing for animals with conditions, effectively reducing bacterial and fungal loads while being non-toxic for veterinary use. Regulatory distinctions by the FDA classify these specialized cleansers based on intended use: cosmetic cleansers focus on beautifying or cleansing without therapeutic claims, while medicated versions are OTC drugs if they treat conditions like acne or fungal infections, requiring compliance with monographs for safety and efficacy. Dual-purpose products, such as acne-fighting face washes, must satisfy both cosmetic labeling and drug approval standards to ensure consumer protection.

Ingredients and Formulations

Common Base Ingredients

Common base ingredients in cleansers provide the foundational structure necessary for effective cleaning, emulsification, and stability, primarily through that enable the removal of dirt and oils from the skin. These components form the bulk of most formulations, ensuring the product can lather, rinse cleanly, and maintain integrity over time. , or surface-active agents, are amphiphilic molecules containing both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and lipophilic (oil-attracting) regions, which reduce between water and oils to facilitate the dispersion and removal of impurities during cleansing. Surfactants are classified by their ionic charge, with anionic types such as being widely used for their strong cleansing and foaming properties, though they can sometimes be more irritating to sensitive skin. Non-ionic surfactants, often considered gentler alternatives, include compounds like , which enhance foam stability and mildness in formulations without contributing significant charge-based interactions. Amphoteric surfactants, such as , are also common in cleansers for their ability to adapt charge based on , providing balanced cleaning with reduced irritation potential. Emollients and humectants complement surfactants by preventing excessive drying during cleansing; emollients like coconut-derived oils lubricate the skin surface to soften and protect the barrier, while s such as glycerin attract and retain moisture from the environment to maintain hydration post-rinse. Glycerin, a common , works by drawing water into the , helping to counteract the potential dehydrating effects of surfactant-based cleaning. , functioning as an emollient, provides occlusive benefits in some formulations to minimize . Water serves as the primary in most cleanser , typically comprising 70-80% of the total composition to dissolve other ingredients and provide a rinseable base, with purification processes employed to eliminate contaminants like minerals or microbes that could compromise product safety. This high necessitates careful to prevent microbial proliferation. Preservatives are essential additives to inhibit bacterial, fungal, and growth in water-rich environments; common examples include parabens, which have been used historically for their broad-spectrum efficacy, and , a glycol ether alternative valued for its compatibility in various ranges. Since the early , consumer concerns over potential endocrine-disrupting effects of parabens have driven a significant rise in paraben-free formulations, prompting the adoption of alternatives like to meet market demands for perceived safer products. pH adjusters, such as , are incorporated to fine-tune the formulation's acidity to a skin-compatible range of approximately 5.0-5.5, mimicking the natural of the skin's acid mantle and thereby minimizing disruption to the during use. functions as a weak that effectively lowers without excessive when used in low concentrations.

Active and Functional Ingredients

Active and functional ingredients in cleansers are specialized additives designed to deliver targeted therapeutic benefits beyond basic cleansing, such as treating , protecting against , or enhancing skin repair. These components are typically incorporated at low concentrations to ensure efficacy during the brief contact time of rinse-off products while minimizing potential . Base play a key role in solubilizing and evenly distributing these actives across the skin surface for optimal delivery. Antimicrobials like and are commonly used in cleansers formulated for -prone skin. , derived from , exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity by disrupting bacterial and fungal cell membranes, leading to ion leakage and inhibited respiration, which helps reduce cutaneous infections. In topical formulations such as 5% handwashes, it effectively decreases microbial load on the skin, including pathogens like . , a beta-hydroxy acid, functions through keratolytic exfoliation, dissolving plugs in pores to unclog follicles and reduce comedone formation. Concentrations of 0.5-2% in topical formulations have demonstrated efficacy in management without compromising the skin barrier when combined with barrier-supporting agents. Antioxidants such as and extract are incorporated to neutralize free radicals generated during cleansing, which can otherwise contribute to premature skin aging. (ascorbic acid) acts as a potent scavenger of (ROS), supporting synthesis and providing photoprotective effects even in rinse-off applications. extract, rich in catechins like epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), chelates metal ions and boosts endogenous antioxidants such as , reducing and sebum production in oily skin formulations at 2-7% concentrations. Clinical evaluations of green tea-infused toners and cleansers show up to 60% sebum reduction after 8 weeks, with anti-inflammatory benefits that soothe skin post-cleansing. Natural and synthetic ingredients offer complementary approaches to soothing and anti-aging in cleansers. , a natural extract, provides moisturizing and soothing effects through mucopolysaccharides that bind water to the and bradykinase that reduces inflammation, improving hydration and elasticity in dry or irritated . Synthetic peptides, such as collagen-stimulating variants, mimic signaling proteins to enhance activity and production, supporting anti-aging claims by improving firmness and reducing appearance in cosmetic formulations. These peptides demonstrate in targeted delivery, with clinical improvements in elasticity observed in multi-peptide complexes applied over 56 days. Advanced concepts like encapsulation technology enable controlled release of active ingredients post-rinse, allowing deposition on the skin after water removal. Nanocarriers, such as liposomes, protect sensitive actives from degradation during formulation and rinsing, then release them gradually to prolong benefits like protection. In the , regulations since 2013 require explicit labeling of in with "(nano)" in the ingredient list and full safety assessments for non-authorized uses, ensuring transparency for encapsulated actives. Concentration guidelines emphasize balance for safety and efficacy; for instance, at 0.5-2% achieves pore-unclogging without excessive drying, while higher levels may irritate.

Usage and Selection

Application Techniques

Applying cleansers effectively involves a structured process to remove dirt, oil, and impurities without stripping the skin's . Begin by wetting the skin with lukewarm , which helps open pores gently without causing irritation or dryness. Dispense a small amount of cleanser into your palm and apply it using your fingertips. For facial application, massage the cleanser onto the skin using your fingertips gently, avoiding scrubbing. Use only your fingertips to minimize ; avoid washcloths, sponges, or brushes, as they can harm the skin. In cases of heavy makeup, , or environmental buildup, the double-cleansing method can be optional: first apply an oil-based cleanser to dissolve lipid-soluble residues, then follow with a water-based cleanser to remove water-soluble debris. A gentle alternative is using a hydrating micellar water followed by a hydrating facial cleanser, such as CeraVe Hydrating Micellar Water and CeraVe Hydrating Facial Cleanser. This combination, recommended by CeraVe for normal to dry skin types, is formulated with ceramides and hyaluronic acid to cleanse gently without stripping the skin of natural oils or disrupting the skin barrier. It maintains moisture balance and leaves the skin hydrated rather than tight or dry. However, this is not necessary for most people, as a single gentle cleanse is usually sufficient; overuse may lead to dryness or . Always rinse with lukewarm water to avoid exacerbating dryness, and pat the skin dry with a clean rather than rubbing. For micellar water, a no-rinse facial cleanser composed of micelles in an aqueous solution, application can be optimized for efficiency and sustainability by using reusable cotton or microfiber pads rather than disposable cotton rounds. These reusable pads, when saturated with a minimal amount of micellar water—such as by briefly tipping the bottle—allow for effective removal of makeup and impurities across the entire face with fewer swipes due to their superior absorbency and durability. This approach reduces the quantity of product required per use, thereby extending the longevity of the micellar water formulation while minimizing waste from single-use disposables, contributing to environmentally friendly practices. Body cleansing follows a similar principle but emphasizes broader coverage. After wetting the body, apply the cleanser to damp and distribute it using your hands or a soft tool for even coverage, focusing on high- areas such as the armpits, , and feet to reduce odor and risk. Hands are the most hygienic option, though soft washcloths or scrubbers may aid if cleaned properly after each use; avoid traditional loofahs due to their potential to harbor . Massage gently for about 30 to 60 seconds per section, ensuring the product reaches folds and crevices without aggressive scrubbing. Rinse thoroughly with lukewarm water to prevent residue buildup, and pat dry to maintain moisture. Frequency of application varies by area and activity level. For the face, cleanse twice daily—once in the morning to refresh and once at night to remove daily accumulations—adjusting for type needs like gentler routines for sensitive . Body cleansing should occur daily or as needed, particularly after exercise or sweating to eliminate and sweat that can cause . Over-cleansing the body more than once daily is generally unnecessary unless exposed to heavy pollutants.

Choosing Based on Skin Type

Selecting the appropriate cleanser is essential for maintaining , as different formulations address varying needs to prevent , dryness, or excess oil production. Dermatologists emphasize matching cleansers to an individual's type—typically classified as oily, dry, , or sensitive—to optimize cleansing without disrupting the 's . Factors such as specific concerns like or aging further guide choices, ensuring the product supports rather than exacerbates conditions. Importantly, traditional bar soaps should generally be avoided for facial cleansing, as they are typically alkaline with a pH of 9–10, which mismatches the skin's natural acidic pH of 4.5–5.5 and can strip natural oils, leading to dryness, tightness, irritation, and increased sensitivity or breakouts, particularly on delicate facial skin. For oily skin, which produces excess sebum leading to shine and potential breakouts, or foaming cleansers are recommended to effectively remove oil without stripping the skin. These should be labeled oil-free and non-comedogenic to avoid pore clogging, and may include gentle exfoliants like or if tolerated, as they help control sebum while minimizing irritation from harsher alcohol-based options. Individuals with dry skin benefit from cream-based or hydrating cleansers that incorporate emollients or humectants such as to cleanse without exacerbating flakiness or tightness. Fragrance-free formulations are ideal to preserve moisture and support the skin barrier, particularly avoiding harsh soaps like traditional bar soaps that further deplete natural oils due to their alkaline pH disrupting the skin's acidic mantle. Additionally, double cleansing with micellar water followed by a hydrating facial cleanser containing ceramides and hyaluronic acid, as in the combination recommended by CeraVe (Hydrating Micellar Water followed by Hydrating Facial Cleanser) for normal to dry skin types, does not strip the skin but cleanses gently while maintaining moisture balance, supporting the skin barrier, and leaving skin feeling hydrated rather than tight or dry. Combination skin, featuring oily areas like the T-zone alongside drier cheeks, requires gentle cleansers that balance oil control in problem zones with hydration for drier areas to prevent over-drying or excess sebum production. Dermatologists recommend gel-based or light-foaming formulas without harsh sulfates like sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), as these avoid stripping the skin of natural oils and disrupting the skin barrier. Effective ingredients include ceramides to restore the skin barrier and hydrate dry patches, humectants such as hyaluronic acid and glycerin to attract and retain moisture, salicylic acid for gentle exfoliation and unclogging pores in oily areas, and niacinamide to regulate oil production and soothe inflammation. Mild, non-abrasive options tailored to mixed characteristics help maintain equilibrium across the face. For sensitive skin, , fragrance-free cleansers formulated without irritants like alcohol or strong detergents are crucial to minimize redness or reactions. Gentle, soap-free varieties, often recommended for conditions like , prioritize mild cleansing to protect the delicate barrier and should avoid traditional bar soaps, whose high pH can exacerbate irritation and sensitivity by altering the skin's natural pH balance. When selecting based on specific concerns, acne-prone skin calls for non-comedogenic cleansers with active ingredients like or benzoyl peroxide to unclog pores and reduce inflammation, using mild bases such as those in or Vanicream to avoid aggravating breakouts. There is no single "best" face wash, as effectiveness depends on individual skin type and specific concerns. In Bangladesh, popular and highly rated options for acne-prone skin and achieving clear skin include COSRX Salicylic Acid Daily Gentle Cleanser (gentle and effective for acne-prone skin), Neutrogena Clear & Defend 2% Salicylic Acid Face Wash (targets spots and excess oil without excessive drying), and Himalaya Purifying Neem Face Wash (an affordable, natural purifying option). Salicylic acid-based cleansers are commonly recommended for acne-prone skin. These products are readily available on platforms such as Daraz and Arogga, as well as in local stores. Consulting a dermatologist is recommended for personalized recommendations. For aging skin, hydrating cleansers with antioxidants or mild acids like support moisture retention and gentle exfoliation, countering dryness and dullness common in mature skin while incorporating humectants for barrier repair. Body washes are formulated for the thicker, less delicate skin of the body and are generally not recommended for routine facial use, particularly for individuals concerned about small cysts or cystic acne. Facial skin is more sensitive and prone to clogging, and body washes often contain harsher surfactants, fragrances, or ingredients that can irritate, dry out, or disrupt the skin's pH balance, potentially leading to redness, breakouts, or worsened acne conditions. Instead, dedicated non-comedogenic facial cleansers are advised to gently cleanse without compromising the skin barrier. To ensure suitability, perform patch tests by applying the cleanser to a small area, such as the inner arm, twice daily for seven to ten days to check for allergic reactions. Always read labels for key indicators like "oil-free," "non-comedogenic," "fragrance-free," or "hypoallergenic" to align with personal needs. Additional considerations include age, climate, and lifestyle; for instance, older individuals may prefer emollient-rich options to combat thinning skin, while in dry climates, creamier cleansers prevent further dehydration, and active lifestyles like frequent exercise necessitate clarifying yet gentle formulas to remove sweat without irritation. For persistent skin issues, dermatologists advise consulting a for personalized recommendations, as they can assess underlying conditions and suggest tailored products beyond over-the-counter options.

History and Development

Early Cleansing Practices

Ancient civilizations developed rudimentary cleansing methods using naturally available materials to maintain personal hygiene. In , dating back to approximately 3000 BCE, —a mixture of and —was commonly employed as a cleansing agent, often combined with oils such as castor or moringa to create a soap-like paste for washing the body and hair. This practice not only removed dirt but also held ritual significance for purification. Similarly, in , individuals relied on applied to the skin, followed by scraping with a curved tool known as a to remove the oil along with embedded grime and sweat, a method integral to rituals. The invention of marked a significant advancement in cleansing techniques. Around 2800 BCE, Babylonians produced an early form of by animal fats with wood ashes, creating a basic saponified substance primarily used for cleaning textiles but occasionally for personal hygiene. During the medieval and periods in , herbal infusions gained prominence for washing; , valued for its soothing properties, was steeped in water to form gentle rinses that cleansed and calmed irritated , often as part of monastic or remedies. Cultural variations highlighted diverse natural resources for cleansing. In ancient Asia, particularly in China and Japan, rice water—the starchy runoff from rinsing rice—was used as a mild rinse for gentle exfoliation and skin brightening, a practice documented in traditional beauty regimens that promoted smooth, luminous complexions. Indigenous peoples of the Americas utilized yucca plants, whose roots contain natural saponins acting as surfactants, to produce a foamy lather for shampooing and body washing, an effective alternative to imported soaps. Pre-20th century cleansing methods, however, had notable limitations due to the alkaline nature of early soaps and natron-based preparations, which disrupted the skin's natural acidic pH and often led to irritation, dryness, and barrier damage. These challenges persisted until the 19th century, when industrialization enabled the commercialization of soap bars, such as Lever Brothers' Sunlight Soap introduced in 1884, making consistent, mass-produced cleansing products accessible to wider populations.

Modern Formulations

The development of modern cleansers began in the early with the introduction of synthetic , which replaced traditional soap-based formulas that performed poorly in . In 1933, launched , the first synthetic household detergent composed of alkyl sulfates, marking a pivotal shift toward more effective, non-soap cleansing agents that would later influence . This innovation addressed limitations of natural soaps by enabling better solubility and cleaning power without forming insoluble scum, laying the groundwork for surfactant-based body and cleansers. By the , advancements in led to pH-balanced cleansers, with brands like introducing gentle, skin-compatible products such as cold creams that maintained the skin's natural acidity to minimize irritation. Following , the cleanser industry experienced a boom driven by consumer demand for convenient, modern hygiene products. Liquid body washes emerged prominently in the 1970s, offering a lather-rich alternative to bar soaps and appealing to the era's emphasis on efficiency and sensory experience, with early formulations popularizing versatile gels that incorporated mild for daily use. By the , oil cleansers gained global traction through K-beauty trends, where the double-cleansing method—starting with an oil-based formula to dissolve makeup and sebum—became a staple, popularized by brands like Banila Co. for its efficacy on congested skin without stripping moisture. Key environmental and health-driven events further shaped formulations. In the 1970s, heightened ecological awareness, spurred by the first in 1970 and the creation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, prompted the development of biodegradable cleansers using that broke down more readily in water systems, reducing from non-degradable phosphates and . The 2000s clean beauty movement built on this by advocating sulfate-free formulas, avoiding harsh anionic like sodium lauryl to prevent barrier disruption, with pioneers like emphasizing natural, non-irritating ingredients amid growing concerns over synthetic additives. Technological advances continued to refine cleanser efficacy and . Micellar technology, commercialized by Bioderma in the mid-1990s, revolutionized no-rinse cleansing with surfactant-stabilized micelles that encapsulated impurities for gentle removal, first launched as Sensibio H2O in 1995. Concurrently, efforts toward sustainable sourcing introduced alternatives like coconut-derived or babassu oils in formulations, mitigating impacts while maintaining emollient properties essential for creamy textures. These innovations contributed to robust market growth, with the global facial cleanser industry surpassing $23 billion in value by 2024, reflecting increased demand for specialized, eco-conscious products.

Safety and Environmental Considerations

Potential Risks and Allergens

Cleansers can pose irritation risks primarily through , a condition triggered by exposure to certain ingredients such as fragrances, dyes, , and preservatives like . Fragrances are among the most common culprits, causing itchy, red rashes on the skin due to their chemical components that sensitize the . Dyes in cleansers, often synthetic, can similarly provoke reactions in susceptible individuals by acting as haptens that bind to skin proteins. , derived from , can be an in some emollient-based , leading to in those with wool sensitivities. (MIT), a widely used to prevent microbial growth, is a potent contact responsible for facial and hand , particularly in rinse-off products like cleansers. Overuse of cleansers, especially those with harsh , can disrupt the skin's function, resulting in dryness, tightness, and increased susceptibility to irritants or infections. This barrier damage occurs as cleansers strip away essential and proteins, exacerbating conditions like eczema through repeated and impaired moisture retention. Contact allergy to preservatives in affects approximately 1-3% of the general population, though rates are higher (around 10%) among individuals with seeking patch testing. Certain groups face heightened vulnerability to cleanser-related irritants, including children, the elderly, and individuals with . In children, early exposure to irritating cleansers can weaken the developing skin barrier, potentially increasing the onset or severity of . The elderly often have thinner, drier skin that is more prone to barrier disruption from even mild cleansers, necessitating fragrance-free and pH-balanced options to avoid flare-ups. Those with experience amplified risks, as their compromised barrier allows easier penetration of allergens like preservatives, leading to worsened itching and inflammation. Regulatory standards address these hazards, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) 2016 ban on in over-the-counter antibacterial s and cleansers due to insufficient evidence of safety and efficacy over plain and . Patch testing protocols, recommended by dermatologists, involve applying small amounts of potential allergens to the skin for 48 hours to identify sensitivities, aiding in the avoidance of specific irritants in cleansers. In cases of accidental eye contact with cleansers, immediate emergency response is critical: rinse the affected eye with large amounts of cool, clean for at least 15 minutes, lifting the eyelids to ensure thorough flushing, and seek medical attention if persists.

Sustainability Aspects

The production of cleansers is resource-intensive, particularly in terms of usage during processes, where the industry consumes approximately 10 billion liters (equivalent to 10 million tonnes) annually across formulation, sourcing, and production stages. Additionally, many used in cleansers are derived from , whose production drives significant , accounting for nearly half of in parts of and contributing to and for like orangutans. As of December 2025, the EU's Regulation mandates that in , including cleansers, must be verified as deforestation-free, promoting sustainable supply chains. Packaging for cleansers has seen a notable shift since the toward recyclable s and zero-waste refill systems, which minimize waste by allowing consumers to containers and reduce the volume of new materials needed. These innovations, adopted by brands like Aether Beauty and Elate Cosmetics, support principles by cutting down on single-use and associated contributions. To address environmental concerns, many cleanser formulations now prioritize biodegradability, with phosphate-free options designed to prevent through , where excess phosphates trigger algal blooms that deplete oxygen in aquatic ecosystems. Certifications such as ensure that products use at least 95% natural-origin ingredients, often from organic sources, promoting eco-friendly processing and reducing reliance on synthetic pollutants. In the 2020s, regulatory initiatives have advanced , including bans on microbeads in exfoliating cleansers across the —effective from October 2023 for rinse-off products—and the Microbead-Free Waters Act, which prohibits their manufacture and distribution to curb microplastic pollution in waterways. Parallel efforts include widespread adoption of vegan and standards, verified by organizations like Leaping Bunny, which exclude animal-derived ingredients and testing to lessen ecological footprints from animal agriculture. Consumers can contribute by selecting concentrated cleanser products, which require less packaging and shipping volume, thereby lowering transportation emissions compared to diluted alternatives. For micellar water-based cleansers, employing reusable pads or microfiber cloths enables more efficient application, reducing the amount of product needed per use and thereby minimizing waste from both the product and disposable applicators. Modern cleanser formulations increasingly incorporate principles of to enhance overall .

References

  1. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cleanser
  2. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-laws-regulations/it-cosmetic-drug-or-both-or-it-soap
  3. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cleanser
  4. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-laws-regulations/cosmetics-us-law
  5. https://www.specialchem.com/cosmetics/guide/selection-guide-cleansing-hair-and-skin
  6. https://www.byrdie.com/best-micellar-waters-4770736
  7. https://cosmeticscience.net/cleansing-products-in-cosmetic-science/
  8. https://www.britannica.com/science/soap/Household-detergents
  9. https://www.ewg.org/cleaners/content/cleaners_and_health/
  10. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bk-2015-1211.ch009
  11. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c03382
  12. https://sensient-beauty.com/insights/trends-transforming-the-future-of-facial-cleansers/
  13. https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/skin-care-basics/care/face-washing-101
  14. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3088928/
  15. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/what-is-micellar-water
  16. https://curology.com/blog/can-you-use-body-wash-on-your-face/
  17. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/face-wash-for-cystic-acne
  18. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8954092/
  19. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/what-is-skin-ph
  20. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4171909/
  21. https://www.oneskin.co/blogs/reference-lab/cleanser-vs-face-wash
  22. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3168246/
  23. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10465361/
  24. https://curology.com/blog/the-bar-soap-vs-body-wash-debate/
  25. https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/bar-soap-vs-body-wash
  26. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4458934/
  27. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3002407/
  28. https://www.triathlete.com/gear/swim/post-swim-hair-care/
  29. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3016935/
  30. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3508548/
  31. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=812d78ea-a14a-e3a2-e053-2a91aa0a6ff5
  32. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3524433/
  33. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560643/
  34. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=4cdfaaf0-a764-4393-b9c3-99b0d065eda7
  35. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7383888/
  36. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/registration-listing-cosmetic-product-facilities-and-products/cosmetic-product-categories-and-codes
  37. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=5130f16d-ee94-42f0-9365-2588a9a94ac6&type=display
  38. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4387693/
  39. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7696787/
  40. https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/bitstream/2445/188069/1/TFG%2520ZAMORA%2520CARBALLO%252C%2520IRENE%25202021-22%2520P.pdf
  41. https://www.specialchem.com/cosmetics/inci-ingredients/polysorbate-80
  42. https://eczema.org/information-and-advice/treatments-for-eczema/emollients/
  43. https://www.academia.edu/40134186/Skin_Care_Creams_Formulation_and_Use
  44. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563321/
  45. https://www.makingcosmetics.com/What-Do-I-Need-to-Make-Lotions_ep_54.html?lang=en_US
  46. http://www.actasdermo.org/en-preservatives-in-personal-hygiene-cosmetic-articulo-S1578219017302391
  47. https://massivesci.com/articles/parabens-cosmetics-makeup-phenol-greenwashing/
  48. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24861367/
  49. https://www.newdirectionsaromatics.com/blog/all-about-citric-acid-in-cosmetics-personal-care/
  50. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8911847/
  51. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1360273/
  52. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405580823001590
  53. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12274963/
  54. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780444596031000151
  55. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6930595/
  56. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2763764/
  57. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464621003297
  58. https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/12/5/223
  59. https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/cosmetics/legislation_en
  60. https://jddonline.com/articles/novel-2-salicylic-acid-cleanser-with-polymeric-cleansing-technology-treats-acne-without-compromising-skin-barrier-S1545961625P9019X/
  61. https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/face-washing-how-to
  62. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/double-cleansing-explained
  63. https://www.prevention.com/beauty/skin-care/a60593627/double-cleansing/
  64. https://www.cerave.com/skin-smarts/skincare-tips-advice/what-is-double-cleansing
  65. https://www.cerave.com/skincare/cleansers/hydrating-micellar-water
  66. https://www.garnier.com.au/tips-and-how-tos/skin-care/how-to-use-and-clean-reusable-makeup-pads
  67. https://www.lorealparisusa.com/beauty-magazine/skin-care/skin-care-essentials/resuable-makeup-remover-cotton-pads
  68. https://www.modelrocklashes.com/blog/makeup/how-to-keep-clean-reusable-makeup-pads/
  69. https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/skin-care-basics/care
  70. https://www.womenshealthmag.com/beauty/a68897955/best-body-wash-for-healthy-skin/
  71. https://www.marieclaire.com/beauty/body-skincare-routine/
  72. https://www.byrdie.com/the-best-way-to-wash-your-body-8653484
  73. https://www.cerave.com/skin-smarts/skincare-tips-advice/best-cleanser-dermatologist-recommended
  74. https://www.doctorrogers.com/blogs/blog/tips-for-the-best-body-care-routine
  75. https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/skin-care-basics/care/skin-care-in-your-20s
  76. https://www.aad.org/asset/3hdyL1kZxYlQ4ErnjpcsIe
  77. https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/skin-care-basics/dry/oily-skin
  78. https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/dry-skin-self-care
  79. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/what-products-do-i-actually-need-for-a-simple-everyday-skin-care-routine
  80. https://www.cerave.com/skincare/cleansers/hydrating-facial-cleanser
  81. https://nymag.com/strategist/article/best-cleansers-for-combination-skin.html
  82. https://www.marieclaire.com/beauty/cleansers-for-combination-skin/
  83. https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/skin-care-basics/care/skin-care-for-men
  84. https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/rosacea/triggers/tips
  85. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acne/in-depth/acne-treatments/art-20045814
  86. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/best-acne-face-wash
  87. https://www.arogga.com/category/beauty/7014/face-wash
  88. https://www.daraz.com.bd/tag/salicylic-acid-face-wash/
  89. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/anti-aging-skin-care
  90. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/how-to-wash-your-face
  91. https://rudecosmetics.com/blogs/bi-weekly-blog/can-body-wash-be-used-on-face
  92. https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/skin-care-secrets/prevent-skin-problems/test-skin-care-products
  93. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8459052/
  94. https://maa.missouri.edu/education/museum-in-30-objects/strigil
  95. http://fubini.swarthmore.edu/~ENVS2/S2010/astigli1/soapandthecity.html
  96. https://www.herbalgram.org/resources/herbalgram/issues/57/table-of-contents/article2449/
  97. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10844178/
  98. https://extensionpubs.unl.edu/publication/g2086/na/html/view
  99. https://guides.library.duke.edu/c.php?g=494860&p=3386168
  100. https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/tidedetergent.html
  101. https://exhibits.library.duke.edu/exhibits/show/ponds/intro
  102. https://www.soaphistory.net/soap-history/history-of-liquid-soap-and-shower-gel/
  103. https://www.elle.com/beauty/makeup-skin-care/g61816847/best-korean-oil-cleansers/
  104. https://environment.co/history-of-eco-friendly-cleaning-products/
  105. https://chatelaine.com/style/beauty/what-does-clean-beauty-actually-mean/
  106. https://www.bioderma.us/en/expert-advice/skin-cleansing/all-there-know-about-micellar-waters.html
  107. https://www.cbi.eu/news/palm-oil-alternatives-sustainable-sourcing
  108. https://www.databridgemarketresearch.com/reports/global-facial-cleanser-market
  109. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3065000/
  110. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-ingredients/allergens-cosmetics
  111. https://dermnetnz.org/topics/contact-reactions-to-cosmetics
  112. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/contact-dermatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352742
  113. https://www.contactderm.org/UserFiles/file/Fragrances__Contact_Allergy_and_Other_Adverse.3-1.pdf
  114. https://allergyasthmanetwork.org/what-is-eczema/contact-dermatitis/
  115. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3016930/
  116. https://www.webmd.com/beauty/what-to-know-about-methylchloroisothiazolinone-allergies
  117. https://www.safecosmetics.org/chemicals/methylisothiazolinone/
  118. https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1097/DER.0b013e31827edc73
  119. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14728695/
  120. https://www.angelacaglia.com/blogs/skin-care-blog/skin-barrier-what-is-it-and-how-to-fix-it
  121. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3858659/
  122. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12318914/
  123. https://medicaljournalssweden.se/actadv/article/view/40332/46930
  124. https://www.skintherapyletter.com/allergic-contact-dermatitis/cosmetics/
  125. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3397168/
  126. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10558003/
  127. https://www.aaaai.org/tools-for-the-public/conditions-library/allergies/skin-care-tips-atopic-dermatits
  128. https://nationaleczema.org/blog/what-is-my-skin-barrier/
  129. https://www.fda.gov/media/106652/download
  130. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/09/02/492394717/fda-bans-19-chemicals-used-in-antibacterial-soaps
  131. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/patch-test
  132. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4175377/
  133. https://dermnetnz.org/topics/baseline-series-of-patch-test-allergens
  134. https://www.theyvc.com/our-eye-care-services-las-vegas/las-vegas-eye-emergencies/i-got-facial-soap-in-my-eye-and-it-hurts/
  135. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/firstaid.html
  136. https://www.euromonitor.com/article/waterless-beauty-opportunities-beyond-compliance
  137. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/palm-oil-deforestation
  138. https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/forests/deforestation/regulation-deforestation-free-products_en
  139. https://www.elle.com/beauty/a28677322/sustainable-beauty-products-packaging/
  140. https://www.treehugger.com/makeup-brands-are-fighting-plastic-packaging-4858649
  141. https://finicecleaning.com/laundry-detergent-with-phosphates/
  142. https://www.ecco-verde.com/categories/ecocert
  143. https://biorius.com/cosmetic-news/microplastics-in-cosmetics/
  144. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-laws-regulations/microbead-free-waters-act-faqs
  145. https://www.ecolife.com/learn/sustainable-face-washes
  146. https://sustaimarket.com/blogs/home-garden/sustainability-cleaning-concentrated-products
  147. https://www.garnierusa.com/about-our-brands/skin-care/micellar-cleansing-water/micellar-cleansing-eco-pads
  148. https://www.onegoodthingbyjillee.com/makeup-remover-cloths/
  149. https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/cosmetic-ingredients/cleansing/article/21835517/clean-and-green-a-review-of-modern-day-surfactants-and-emulsifiers
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.