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32°19′20″N 35°22′07″E / 32.32222°N 35.36861°E / 32.32222; 35.36861

Tubas (Arabic: طوباس, Tûbâs) is a city in the northeast of the West Bank, Palestine, and capital of the Tubas Governorate. A city of over 30,000 inhabitants,[1] it is situated northeast of Nablus, west of the Jordan Valley and is an economic center. Its urban area consists of 2,271 dunams (227 hectares). It is governed by a municipal council of 15 members and most of its working inhabitants are employed in agriculture or public services.

Key Information

Tubas has been identified as the ancient town of Thebez (/ˈθiːbɛz/), a Canaanite town famous for revolting against King Abimelech. In the late 19th century, during Ottoman rule in Palestine, Arab clans living in the Jordan Valley came to live in Tubas, which became a major town in the District of Nablus, particularly known for its timber and cheese making. It came under the British Mandate of Palestine in 1922, was annexed by Jordan after their capture of the town in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and then occupied by Israel since the 1967 Six-Day War. The Palestinian National Authority has had control of Tubas since the city was transferred to its jurisdiction in 1995.

History

[edit]

Biblical Thebez

[edit]

Edward Robinson thought Tubas to be identical with the Canaanite/Israelite town of "Thebez" (Hebrew: תבץ) mentioned in the Hebrew Bible in the Book of Judges.[2][3][4] It is the namesake of the titular woman of Thebez. Besides the Biblical story, nothing is known about Thebez before or after the revolt.[5]

Roman and Byzantine periods

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Archaeological remains such as cemeteries and olive presses indicate that Tubas was inhabited during the Roman period.[6]

Eusebius mentioned Thebez being 13 Roman miles east of Neapolis (Nablus), which led to it being identified with Tubas, which is 16 km (10 mi.) east of Neapolis Nablus.[5]

Ottoman period

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Late 16th century

[edit]

In 1596 it appeared in the Ottoman tax registers as "Tubas", in the nahiya of Jabal Sami in the liwa of Nablus. It had a population of 41 households and 16 bachelors, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33.3% on wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, occasional revenues, goats, beehives, and a press for olives or grapes; a total of 11,704 akçe.[7]

Late 19th century

[edit]

In the late 19th century, with Palestine still being Ottoman rule, groups of Arabs belonging to the Daraghmeh clan—mostly shepherds and farmers who lived in the Jordan Valley—migrated northward to the site because of its fertile ground, proximity to several springs, and its high elevation compared to the Jordan Valley and Wadi al-Far'a plain;[6] Mount Gerizim was visible from the area.[8] The Daraghmeh clan had lived in the Jordan Valley since the 15th century and in addition to Tubas, they founded or inhabited the nearby hamlets of Kardala, al-Farisiya, Khirbet al-Malih, Kishda, Yarza, and Ras al-Far'a. Soon after being established in Tubas, Arabs from Najd, Syria, Transjordan, Hebron and nearby Nablus came to settle in the area.[6] During this period, Tubas became the site of clashes between the 'Abd al-Hadi and Tuqan families of Nablus and suffered incursions by Bedouins from areas east of the city.[8] The Jarrar family did not inhabit, but administered Tubas, as it was located within the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Mashariq al-Jarrar.[9]

Tubas was one of the largest villages in the District of Nablus. Most of the inhabitants resided in mud-built houses or tents in order to work on their distant lands in the Jordan Valley and to graze their sheep and goat flocks.[10] According to traveler Herbert Rix, compared to other towns of its size in Samaria, Tubas was "well-to-do" and had abundant amounts of timber, which was harvested for firewood.[3] Tubas, unlike the villages in the rest of the district, depended on livestock and not olives for income. Livestock products included cheese, clarified butter, woolen rugs, tents, ropes, and cloth bags.[11] In 1882 a boys' school was established in the town.[12]

In 1877, Lieutenant Kitchener of the Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF) survey team, reported uncovering an Arabic inscription buried in the wall of the village mosque recording its building and dedication. He also wrote that the villagers had paid a bribe of £100 in gold to the Pasha of Nablus to avoid their young men being conscripted into the Turkish army fighting in Crimea. He noted that they would probably have to repeat the payment.[13]

The PEF noted that the Samaritans believed that the tomb of Asher, known locally as Nabi Tota ("the good prophet"), was located in Tubas. The tomb served as a shrine in local Muslim tradition.[14]

British Mandate

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In 1917, the British captured Palestine from the Ottomans. After rule under a military government, it was reorganized in 1922–23 Tubas was incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine.

In the 1922 census of Palestine, Tubas had a population of 3,449 (3,441 Muslims[15] and 7 Orthodox Christians[16]). In the 1931 census, Tubas, (including Kashda and Jabagia) had 773 occupied houses and a population of 4,097 (4,068 Muslims and 29 Christians).[17]

In Sami Hadawi's 1945 statistics, a land and population survey, Tubas and nearby Bardala had a combined population of 5,530 (5,470 Muslims and 60 Christians[18]), with 313,123 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.[19] Of this, 18,498 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 98,518 dunams for cereals,[20] while 204 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[21]

In 1947, the United Nations drew up a partition plan to divide Palestine into Jewish and Arab states; Tubas and the surrounding villages and hamlets were to be included in the Arab state. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Fawzi al-Qawuqji led 750 Arab Liberation Army (ALA) soldiers to Tubas from Transjordan and set up base there; Tubas would serve as the ALA's headquarters in central Palestine throughout the war.[22]

Jordanian annexation

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In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Tubas became a part of Jordan.

In 1955 the first girls' school was opened.[12]

In 1961, the population was 5,709,[23] while in 1964, Tubas alone had a population of 5,880.[24]

Post-1967

[edit]
2018 United Nations map of the area, showing the Israeli occupation arrangements.

Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Tubas has been under Israeli occupation.

Tubas was transferred to Palestinian National Authority (PNA) control in 1995 under the Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. During the Jordanian and Israeli periods, the city was under the administration of the Nablus Governorate, but in 1996, the PNA declared Tubas and the immediate area to be an electoral district, and later, an independent administrative area—the Tubas Governorate.[25]

Tubas has not seen as much violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict as nearby Nablus and Jenin, but a number of incidents occurred during the Second Intifada, which began in 2000. In April 2002, the Israeli forces (IDF) killed six active Hamas members in the town, including Ashraf Tamza Daraghmeh—the chief Hamas commander in Tubas and the surrounding area.[26][27] On August 31, 2002, an Israeli Apache helicopter fired four Hellfire missiles at a civilian car suspected of carrying a local al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades commander and a nearby home. The strike instead killed five civilians, including two children, two teenagers and a 29-year-old Fatah activist accused of being a member of the al-Aqsa Brigades. The Israeli Defense Minister, Binyamin Ben-Eliezer, issued a statement expressing "regret" over "harming" civilians in Tubas. Ben-Eliezer described the raid in Tubas as a "mistake", and promised that the army would investigate the incident.[28] On August 21, 2009, a clash between the Sawafta clan and another city clan left a member of the former dead and 38 others injured. Five homes were also burnt and Palestinian Security Forces arrested five people in connection to the death.[29]

On 27 August 2024, the IDF invaded Tubas along with Nablus, Jenin and Tulkarm as part of their "Summer Camp" offensive.

Geography

[edit]
The location of Tubas (marked in red) within the West Bank

Tubas is located in the northern West Bank with an elevation of 362 meters (1,188 ft) above sea level, whereas most of the Tubas Governorate is located within the Jordan Valley to the south.[6] In a 1945 land survey, Tubas along with nearby Bardala and Kardala consisted of 313,123 dunams (31,312 hectares) of which 220,594 was Arab-owned and the remainder being public property.[19] As of 2005, its total land area consists of 295,123 dunams (29,512 hectares), of which 2,271 is classified as built-up, roughly 150,000 used for agricultural purposes and about 180,000 has been expropriated by Israel for military bases and buffer zone.[30]

Tubas is located to the northeast of Nablus, and west of the Jordan Valley. Nearby localities include the town of Aqqaba to the north, Tayasir and Aqabah villages to the northeast, Ras al-Far'a to the southwest, the Palestinian refugee camp of Far'a to the south and the al-Bikai'a village cluster to the southeast.[6]

It has a moderate climate; the summer is hot and dry, and the winter is cold and wet. The average annual temperature is 21 °C (70 °F), and the average annual humidity rate is 56%.[6]

Demographics

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About 1,100 residents fled Tubas after the 1967 Six-Day War mostly to the Souf refugee camp in Jordan,[31] while 260 immigrated there and in 1981 its population was 5,300.[32]

In the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics' (PCBS) first official census in 1997, Tubas had a population of 11,760 inhabitants. The gender make-up was 50.8% male and 49.2% female. Tubas has an overwhelmingly young population with 52.7% of the city's residents below the age of 20. People between the ages of 20 and 34 constitute 24.7%, 17.7% between the ages of 35 and 64, while people above the age of 64 constituted 4.9% of the population.[33] The census also revealed that refugees made up 6.1% of the total residents.[34]

In the 2007 census by the PCBS, Tubas had a population of 16,154,[35] increasing around 33% from 1997. The city represents roughly a third (33.4%) of the Tubas Governorate's total population. The city's modern-era founders, the Daraghmeh clan, constitute 70% of Tubas' inhabitants.[6] The clan has several smaller branches, including the Eweidat, Maslamany, Aryan, Abd al-Razeq and Abu Khazaran families.[36] The Sawafta family make up 25%, the Husheh make up 3% and the Fuquha represent the remaining 2%.[6] Residents of the village trace their origins to various places, including Hebron and Nazareth (the Zuabis). Some are Bedouins.[37]

The inhabitants of Tubas are predominantly Muslims,[2][8] but there is a community of approximately 60 Palestinian Christians, all belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church.[38] The Christian community worships at the Holy Trinity Church in the city and is serviced by a priest from nearby Zababdeh.[12]

According to the 2017 census by the PCBS, the population of Tubas was 21,431.[1]

Economy

[edit]

The economical situation Tubas during the 1993–99 period was prosperous, however since the start of the Second Intifada in 2000–01, Tubas' income level has decreased by roughly 40%. Prior to the Intifada, the average household income was 2,500 NIS; it has since receded to about 1,500 NIS. A major factor that has resulted from the conflict was the confiscation of agricultural land located within the city's or its governorate's jurisdiction by Israeli settlements or military authorities. According to the PCBS, in 1999, approximately 52% of the citizens were within the working age (15-64). Of the city's labor force, 48% are females.[6] The unemployment rate increased dramatically from 20% in 1999 to 70% after the year 2000.[6] Prior to the Intifada, 35% of the total labor force worked in Israel.[39]

Currently, agriculture constitutes 60% of Tubas' economic activity, public services comprise 17%, trade is 10%, Israeli labor is 8%, construction and industry make-up the remaining 5%. In the city, there are 240 shops and stores, 70 service institutions and one big ready mix concrete factory 30 small ones.[6]

The main economic sector in Tubas is agriculture. There is a total of 150,000 dunams of arable land, of which 124,450 dunams are covered by forests and 10,604 dunams cultivated. Although the land is fertile, there is a lack of water for irrigation. The only spring used is in nearby Ein Far'a. Field crops account for 49% of the cultivable land, while fruit orchards account for 40% and vegetables make-up 11%. Israeli trenches around the neighboring villages of Ras al-Ahmar and Khirbet al-'Atuf prevent access to nearly 40% of Tubas' arable lands.[6]

Many Tubas residents keep livestock, mostly sheep; in 2005, there was a total 6,670 sheep. Other livestock owned include 96 heads of cattle, 880 goats and 126,500 poultry. In addition, 123 beehives were kept.[30] In 2006 the Golden Sheep Dairy factory was founded in Tubas with help from UCODEP, an Italian NGO. The factory specializes in the production of Italian cheese and primarily targets cosmopolitan consumers in Ramallah, Bethlehem and Jerusalem as well as international workers and diplomats living in the West Bank.[40]

Government

[edit]

Tubas serves as the muhfaza ("capital" or "seat") of the Tubas Governorate. Since 1995, Tubas has been located in Area A, giving the PNA full control over its security, administration and civilian affairs.[6]

Tubas has been governed by a municipal council since 1953, when it was granted permission to do so by Jordanian authorities who controlled the West Bank at the time. The council is made up of 15 members including the mayor, and is headquartered in the municipal hall in the center of the town. The municipality has over 60 employees. Responsibilities of the municipality include civil administration, urban planning and development, social development services, distribution of social services, the issuing of building permits and infrastructural maintenance: water, electricity and solid waste collection.[6]

Husam Daraghmeh was succeeded, an independent candidate, elected in the 2022 Palestinian municipal elections. During the elections, women won two seats, and though Tubas is normally a Fatah stronghold, all seats were won by independent political lists.[41]

Education

[edit]

In 2004–05, Tubas had twelve schools; four for males, three for females and five co-educational. There were 4,924 students and 191 teachers. In addition, six kindergartens are located in the city, and have a total of 620 pupils. In 1997, the literacy rate was 86%; females comprised 78.3% of the illiterate population. Of the literate population, 25.7% completed elementary education, 23.3% completed preparatory education and 22.1% completed secondary or higher education.[6] Many students throughout the Jordan Valley receive their education in Tubas.[12] The Al-Quds Open University, based in Jerusalem, has a campus in Tubas known as Al-Quds Open University-Tubas Educational Region. In 2006, 1,789 students were enrolled in the university, it had 90 professors and 24 other employees.[42]

Local infrastructure

[edit]

Tubas contains six mosques. The main mosques are the Abd ar-Rahan Mosque, the al-Tawled Mosque, Umar ibn al-Khattab Mosque, and Shaheed Mosque.[6] The Holy Trinity Orthodox Church is also located in Tubas, in the northern part of the city. The church was built in 1976 to serve the small Orthodox Christian community. It consists of a prayer room, a fellowship hall, an office, and a library for children.[43]

Since Tubas is the capital and largest city in the Tubas Governorate, it acts as the main provider of services to the towns and villages of the governorate. All Palestinian National Authority offices that serve the governorate are located in the city. There are 21 government institutions in Tubas, including a post office, the Palestinian Ministry of Labor office, the Palestinian Ministry of Agriculture office, the Palestinian Ministry of Social Affairs office, the fire department and a police station.[6]

Transportation

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Buses and taxis are the primary means of transportation in Tubas. The total length of paved roads is 10,000 meters (33,000 ft), whereas there are 10,000 meters (33,000 ft) of deteriorating paved roads and 25,000 meters (82,000 ft) of road that are entirely unpaved. Tubas is located on Highway 588 connected to the main Ramallah-Nablus road (Highway 60) by a network of northeastern offshoots of the road, that pass through the villages of Azmut, al-Badhan and Ras al-Far'a. It is connected to Jenin from a northern road which passes through 'Aqqaba, Zababdeh and finally to Jenin.[6] Travel to Jordan is through Highway 57 which is connected with Highway 588 just to the south of Tubas.[44]

Health care

[edit]

The city contains five health centers run by various organizations including the Palestinian Red Crescent.[39] There are no hospitals in Tubas, nor in the Tubas Governorate; Residents must travel to Nablus for hospital treatment, but there are two ambulances in Tubas for emergency transportation. There are four clinics in the city: Two are run by non-governmental organizations, one by the Palestinian National Authority and one is privately owned. The clinics lack modern equipment and specialists, however. In addition, ten pharmacies exist in Tubas.[6]

Utilities

[edit]

Approximately 60% of the residents have a telephone connection, and roughly 90% are connected to the water. The Tubas Municipality administers all water resources in and around the city. In addition to the water network, there is one spring (Far'a) in the immediate area which is the main provider of water for use in households. The city also has a water reservoir with a capacity of 900 cubic metres (31,783 cubic feet). This is primarily used to provide water to the urban areas of the city during Summer, and is only available once on a weekly basis.[6]

From 1963 to 1997 local municipal-owned electric generators provided Tubas with all of its electricity needs. In 1997, the city connected with the Tubas Area Electricity Network which is provided by the Israeli Electric Cooperation. In that period, 99% of households in the city were connected with electricity. Solid waste management in Tubas is operated by the municipality and Joint Services Council. It is collected 3-4 times daily from the residential area, which is sent to a shared dumping site 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) from the city. The main disposal method used is burning. Tubas is not connected to the sewage network, therefore all households dispose of their waste water in cesspits, a major source of pollution in groundwater.[6]

See also

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References

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Bibliography

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Tubas (city)

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Tubas is a city in the northeastern West Bank that serves as the capital of the Tubas Governorate within the Palestinian territories. Located about 3 kilometers west of the Jordan River and northeast of Nablus at an elevation of roughly 370 meters above sea level, the city occupies a strategic position in a fertile region of the Jordan Valley conducive to agriculture. With ancient origins dating to the Roman era and evidence of continuous habitation through Islamic periods, Tubas features archaeological remnants underscoring its historical continuity from Canaanite times, when it was known as "Tuba Syoys" meaning "shining star." The local economy centers on plant agriculture and livestock farming, leveraging the area's soil fertility and water resources for grazing and crop production, making it a key economic hub in the governorate.

History

Biblical and Ancient Periods

Tubas is tentatively identified by some scholars with the ancient Canaanite city of Thebez (Hebrew: תבץ), referenced in the as a fortified settlement near (modern ) during the period of the Judges, circa 12th-11th century BCE. According to Judges 9:50-54, Thebez rebelled against , an illegitimate son of who had declared himself king over and surrounding areas after massacring his 70 half-brothers; Abimelech besieged the city, but while attempting to burn its tower, he was struck on the head by an upper dropped by an unnamed woman from above, leading to his death shortly thereafter to avoid the disgrace of dying by a woman's hand. This event underscores Thebez's strategic role in regional power struggles within Canaanite and early Israelite territories in the central . The identification of Tubas with Thebez originates from 19th-century biblical topographers, including Edward Robinson, who noted the phonetic similarity (Tubas ≈ Thebez) and proximity—approximately 15 km northeast of —aligning with the biblical narrative's geographical context. However, this link remains unconfirmed, as no archaeological evidence of I fortifications, settlements, or artifacts contemporaneous with the Judges period has been documented at the Tubas site itself, despite surveys in the surrounding Tubas Governorate revealing and later remains elsewhere in the . Prior to the biblical era, the Tubas area likely formed part of broader Canaanite habitation in the northern during the Late Bronze Age (circa 1550-1200 BCE), characterized by agricultural villages and trade routes, though site-specific evidence for an urban center at Tubas is absent; pottery and settlement patterns from nearby tel sites indicate continuity from periods but no distinct urban markers attributable to Tubas. The scarcity of verifiable ancient material at Tubas contrasts with richer excavations at regional contemporaries like , suggesting Thebez—if located there—may have been a modest fortified outpost rather than a major city.

Classical and Medieval Periods

Tubas is identified with the biblical site of Thebez, mentioned in the as the location where met his death around 1050 BCE, though this predates the classical period. In the Roman era (c. 63 BCE–324 CE), archaeological surveys reveal evidence of settlement, including cemeteries, presses, and a trapezoidal known as Khirbet Khirab, measuring approximately 116 meters in length and associated with presence about 1 km west of the modern city toward the . These structures indicate agricultural and military activity in the fertile region, supporting a small-scale inhabited community amid broader Roman control of . During the Byzantine period (c. 324–638 CE), Tubas, still referred to as Thebez, functioned as a village on the route from Neapolis (modern ) to Scythopolis (Beth Shean), located about 13 Roman miles from Neapolis as noted by of Caesarea in his Onomasticon (c. 325 CE). Excavation surveys at Khirbet Khirab confirm Byzantine-era remains, including architectural features consistent with settlement continuity, reflecting the region's integration into the Byzantine administrative and ecclesiastical networks of . Water collection wells and burial tombs from this time underscore sustained rural habitation, likely tied to olive cultivation and local trade. The transition to the early medieval Islamic period (7th–11th centuries CE) shows archaeological persistence at sites like Khirbet Khirab, with artifacts and structures dating to the Umayyad and Abbasid eras, indicating no major disruption in occupation following the Muslim conquest of 636–638 CE. remains, including those from the Fatimid and Crusader contexts, further attest to Tubas's role as a modest agrarian outpost in the , though specific events or major developments are undocumented in primary sources. This continuity aligns with the broader pattern of rural stability in the region under successive Islamic rule, supported by agricultural infrastructure like olive presses repurposed across eras.

Ottoman and Mandate Eras

During the Ottoman era, Tubas functioned as a rural settlement within the Jabal Nablus region of the of , part of the broader administrative structure in under imperial control from the early until 1917. The village's economy centered on and , with families exploiting fertile lands near the for crop cultivation and livestock rearing; late-19th-century migrations brought settlers, including the Daraghmeh clan, from areas such as the , , , , and (then part of Ottoman territories), as well as distant origins like , drawn by the moderate hill climate and water resources. Specific Ottoman data for Tubas remain limited, reflecting the empire's inconsistent enumeration practices that often prioritized taxable males and overlooked remote villages, but the area supported modest population growth amid broader regional stability under local notable families. The transition to British control occurred after Ottoman forces were defeated in Palestine during World War I, with Tubas falling under military administration in 1917–1918 before incorporation into the Mandate for Palestine formalized in 1922. As a village in the Nablus sub-district, it experienced gradual demographic expansion tied to agricultural productivity. The 1922 Mandate census recorded 3,449 residents, comprising 3,441 Muslims and 7 Orthodox Christians. By the 1931 census, the population had risen to 4,097, indicating steady natural increase without significant external migration noted in records. In 1945, British village statistics listed Tubas's population at 5,530, entirely , with landholdings dominated by private ownership (220,594 dunums out of 313,123 total dunums) and the remainder ; usable land included 98,518 dunums for cereals, 2,700 dunums of olive groves, and 18,498 dunums for irrigated and plantation , underscoring the village's reliance on rain-fed and river-adjacent farming. No major infrastructure developments or conflicts uniquely tied to Tubas are documented during the Mandate, though the period saw administrative surveys mapping lands for taxation and demarcation, preserving the village's rural character amid rising regional tensions.

Post-1948 Developments

Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Tubas fell under Jordanian military administration as part of the territory captured by Jordanian forces. On April 24, 1950, Jordan formally annexed the , integrating it into the Hashemite Kingdom, though this act received limited international recognition beyond Britain and . During the Jordanian era (1948–1967), Tubas functioned as a municipal center with basic infrastructure development, including the opening of its first girls' school in 1955, amid broader population growth driven by high birth rates and limited refugee settlement from the 1948 displacements. In the 1967 Six-Day War, Israeli forces occupied the West Bank, including Tubas, ending Jordanian control and placing the area under Israeli military administration. Post-occupation, Israeli authorities reorganized Tubas's administrative boundaries, dividing its surrounding areas across the Jenin, Nablus, and Jericho districts to facilitate control and settlement planning. This period saw the confiscation of land for military use and the establishment of settlements; by the mid-2000s, 10 Israeli settlements occupied 7,708 dunums in the Tubas area, with an additional 15,754 dunums seized for bases, restricting Palestinian access to agricultural lands in the Jordan Valley. The 1993 Oslo Accords and subsequent Interim Agreement initiated phased transfers of authority, with Tubas city designated primarily as Area A under full Palestinian civil and security control by 1995. In 1996, the Palestinian Authority formalized Tubas as an independent governorate, encompassing the city and 22 localities, enabling localized governance and institution-building in urban centers like Tubas and Tammun. Population in the Tubas Governorate expanded from 35,216 residents in 1997 to 46,644 by 2005, reflecting an annual growth rate of approximately 3.1%, with 33.4% urban, 54.6% rural, and 11.9% in refugee camps. However, much of the governorate remains Area C under Israeli jurisdiction, subject to over 19 military orders for land seizures and segments of the separation barrier (14.5 km by 2004), constraining expansion and economic activity.

Geography

Location and Physical Features

Tubas is located in the northern , serving as the administrative capital of the Tubas Governorate within the Palestinian territories. Its geographic coordinates are approximately 32°19′16″N 35°22′8″E. The city occupies a position in the hilly terrain of the region, at an elevation of 362 meters (1,188 feet) above . The surrounding landscape features undulating hills and high plains that gradually descend eastward toward the Jordan Valley, which borders the governorate to the east and includes fertile agricultural lowlands. Tubas itself lies west of this valley, on more elevated ground amid the West Bank's central highlands, distinguishing it from the lower, rift valley areas that characterize much of the Tubas Governorate. The terrain supports a mix of rocky hills and , with the city positioned south of the Bissan plain and west of the .

Climate and Environment

Tubas experiences a Mediterranean , with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters, influenced by its location in the eastern slopes of the northern near the . The average annual temperature is 21°C, with relative averaging 56%. Annual totals approximately 329 mm, primarily occurring between and April, supporting seasonal agriculture but contributing to during extended dry periods. Summer months feature high temperatures often exceeding 30°C, with minimal rainfall and clear skies, while winters see averages around 10-15°C and occasional in higher elevations. The semi-arid conditions exacerbate on steep slopes, leading to that affects agricultural productivity. Environmental challenges include contamination from nearby settlements and military activities, which have polluted water sources and degraded . Water quality issues persist due to inadequate infrastructure, though projects like wastewater treatment plants in northern Tubas have aimed to mitigate health risks and environmental . Climate projections indicate potential rises of 2-3°C by 2050, intensifying aridity and straining limited in the region.

Demographics

Population Dynamics

The population of Tubas city, as recorded in the 1997 Palestinian , stood at 11,760 residents. By mid-2005, estimates indicated growth to 15,591, reflecting a 32.6% increase over the preceding eight years, driven primarily by natural demographic expansion. PCBS mid-year projections for the Tubas locality show further consistent expansion, with the reaching 21,245 in 2017, aligning closely with figures of 21,431 for that year. This growth continued at an average annual rate of approximately 2.2%, influenced by persistent natural increase amid regional constraints on mobility and . Recent and projected figures underscore this trajectory, as detailed below:
YearMid-Year Population
201721,245
201821,719
201922,200
202022,690
202123,186
202223,687
202324,193
202424,702
202525,214
202625,728
All figures from PCBS projections for Tubas locality. Within the broader Tubas Governorate context, city-level growth mirrors governorate-wide trends, where total population rose from 60,399 in 2017 to a projected 73,143 by 2026, though the city accounts for a significant urban share. These patterns reflect higher-than-global-average fertility rates in the , partially tempered by emigration for economic reasons, though specific Tubas migration data remains limited in official releases.

Ethnic and Religious Composition

Tubas exhibits ethnic homogeneity, with its residents comprising nearly entirely Palestinian Arabs, including a subset of Bedouin families integrated into the local Arab population. No significant non-Arab ethnic groups, such as Jews or Europeans, reside within the city limits, consistent with its location in Palestinian Authority-controlled Area A of the West Bank. Religiously, the population is predominantly Sunni Muslim, aligning with the overwhelming Muslim majority (over 98%) across the Tubas Governorate and northern West Bank as per official censuses. A small minority of Palestinian Christians, estimated at around 50 individuals as of 2017, belongs primarily to the Greek Orthodox denomination and maintains the Holy Trinity Church in the city center; this community is served by a priest from the nearby village of Zababdeh due to its limited size. No other religious groups, such as Druze or Samaritans, are documented in appreciable numbers within Tubas city.

Economy

Agricultural and Industrial Base

The economy of Tubas city relies primarily on , which constituted 60% of local economic activity as of a 2005 survey by the Applied Research Institute-Jerusalem (ARIJ). The city's totals approximately 150,000 dunums, with 10,604 dunums under cultivation, including 4,224 dunums of fruit trees, 1,160 dunums of , and 5,215 dunums of field crops. Annual agricultural output includes 95 tons of from dominant olive groves, 360 tons of , and 1,300 tons of field crops, reflecting the Jordan Valley's fertile conditions suited to such production. Livestock rearing supports the agricultural base, with 90% of households engaged in it, maintaining 6,760 sheep, 880 , 96 , 140,000 , and 123 beehives. In the broader Tubas Governorate, of which the city is the administrative center, remains a key employer at 27.2% of the workforce as of 2021 data from the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), underscoring its role despite shifts toward services and trade post-1967. The governorate leads Palestinian potato production at 43% of national output, with vegetables like tomatoes, cucumbers, and peppers prominent in irrigated areas. Industrial activity is minimal, representing only 3% of the city's in the 2005 ARIJ survey, with around 30 small factories focused on basic processing rather than large-scale . Employment in , quarrying, and across Tubas and northern valleys stood at 8.9% in 2021 per PCBS figures, often tied to agro-industrial ventures like dairy or herb processing rather than diversified industry. Examples include the Zadona Agri-Industrial Company, which processes local produce in the governorate.

Labor Market and Economic Challenges

The labor market in Tubas Governorate is marked by persistently low participation rates, among the lowest in the , as documented by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS). labor force participation remains particularly subdued at around 21.6% as of , contributing to imbalances that limit overall workforce engagement. These dynamics reflect structural barriers, including limited in vocational skills and cultural factors discouraging women's entry into formal . Unemployment rates in the Tubas area have exceeded 40% in recent assessments prior to the 2023 escalation, driven by insufficient job creation in local sectors. The conflict intensification after , 2023, amplified these pressures region-wide, with unemployment surging from 12.9% to 32% by mid-2024 due to the loss of approximately 160,000-306,000 jobs, primarily from revoked Israeli work permits affecting commuters from northern areas like Tubas. , already high at over 33% pre-conflict, has worsened, exacerbating skill mismatches and effects. Economic challenges compound labor market woes through heavy dependence on agriculture, which employs a significant portion of the workforce but yields low productivity. Israeli restrictions on access to Area C lands—comprising much of the governorate's potential farmland—and water allocations have left substantial arable areas unexploited, constraining output in crops like olives and vegetables. Limited industrial development, such as in stone quarrying, faces parallel hurdles from permit denials and export barriers, while Palestinian Authority fiscal constraints—evident in delayed salary payments—curtail public sector absorption of labor. These factors perpetuate poverty risks, with West Bank rates at 11.7% in 2023, though northern governorates like Tubas experience somewhat lower incidence than southern counterparts due to relatively better agricultural viability pre-restrictions. Overall GDP contraction in the West Bank by 22% in late 2023 further eroded remittance flows and local demand, underscoring the need for diversified non-agricultural jobs amid ongoing mobility impediments.

Government and Politics

Local Governance Structure

Tubas , classified as a Category A local authority—the highest tier under the Palestinian —handles core functions such as , public services, infrastructure development, and for the city and surrounding areas. The municipality operates under a -based system, with a 15-member elected to represent residents and deliberate on , budgeting, and service delivery; the selects the from among its members to lead executive operations. Current Mahmoud Daraghmeh, affiliated with , heads the administration, supported by departments for engineering, finance, and health services, with over 60 employees managing daily governance. As the seat of Tubas Governorate, the city's municipality coordinates with the governorate-level administration appointed by the Palestinian Authority, which oversees broader regional coordination but defers primary local authority to the elected municipal body; however, operational autonomy is constrained by checkpoints, land restrictions, and dependency on external funding for projects. Local council elections, governed by the Palestinian Central Elections Commission, occur irregularly due to political divisions and postponements, with the last national cycle in 2021–2022 focusing on West Bank localities but yielding limited turnover in Tubas amid Fatah dominance.

Relations with Palestinian Authority and Regional Politics

Tubas, as the seat of the Tubas Governorate, falls under the administrative oversight of the Palestinian Authority (PA), which established the governorate as an independent district in 1996 encompassing Tubas city and surrounding localities. The PA appoints the , currently Ahmed al-Asaad, who oversees local implementation of policies and development projects initiated since the authority's control began in 1995. Security relations between Tubas's local structures and the PA have been strained by the presence of independent groups, particularly in the northern , where PA forces seek to enforce order against armed factions challenging Fatah's dominance. In October 2024, the PA escalated operations in Tubas targeting the Tubas Battalion, a group affiliated with (PIJ), detaining at least three members amid clashes that wounded two PA security personnel. On October 21, 2024, PA forces surrounded a building near the city, engaging in a five-hour that ended with Obada al-Masri surrendering after threatening self-detonation; the standoff involved heavy machine guns and explosives. PA officials, including Governor al-Asaad, justified the crackdown as necessary to suppress lawlessness—such as bombs placed near schools—and to avert Israeli military incursions by addressing public safety threats. Militants from PIJ and condemned the actions as collaboration with , accusing the PA of undermining resistance and prioritizing coordination over confrontation. Residents described the resulting violence as among the most severe in recent memory, reflecting deep local divisions over PA enforcement. In the broader regional context, Tubas's strategic position in the exacerbates factional rivalries, with the PA viewing local militancy as part of an Iran-supported effort to erode its authority in favor of PIJ and influence. These dynamics intersect with PA-Israel security arrangements under the , where PA operations aim to preempt escalations that could justify expanded Israeli presence in Area A and B zones encompassing much of Tubas. The crackdown highlights the PA's precarious balancing act: asserting sovereignty against rivals while managing accusations of ineffectiveness and external alignment, amid ongoing militant expansions in the northern .

Education and Culture

Educational Institutions

Tubas city functions as a primary educational hub for the northern region, hosting schools that serve local residents and students from surrounding villages. The Palestinian Ministry of Education and Higher Education oversees the provision of , basic (elementary and preparatory), and through government-operated institutions. As of the 2004/2005 scholastic year, the city had 12 schools, comprising four all-male, three all-female, and five co-educational facilities accommodating students across these levels. More recent data indicate that Tubas , with the city as its administrative center, encompasses approximately 54 schools for the 2024/2025 , reflecting modest growth amid ongoing infrastructural constraints. Basic education completion rates in Tubas stand at 90 percent, among the highest in the , underscoring relatively strong retention despite regional challenges such as resource limitations and periodic disruptions. Preschool access has expanded through government initiatives, with organizations like the (Anera) contributing to the development of public kindergartens in the area, building on early efforts that increased government preschools from two to over 100 by the 2010s. For higher education, maintains a branch in Tubas, established in 2000 as an affiliate of the branch and granted independence in 2007. This facility supports programs, including bachelor's degrees, serving students via a combination of in-person and online modalities, and addresses accessibility issues in remote areas. No traditional four-year universities are based in Tubas city, with residents often pursuing advanced studies at institutions in nearby or .

Cultural and Social Life

Tubas's cultural expressions include traditional Palestinian tatreez embroidery, with regional styles featuring distinctive patterns such as alternating green and red panels on thobes known as "Janneh w nar" from the and . Local thobes, often handmade with and inspired by Tubas-area designs, incorporate floral motifs and wide sleeves tied as "Radan," reflecting agricultural and communal heritage. Social life in Tubas is structured around extended families and clans, with the Daraghma comprising approximately 70% of the population, followed by Sawafta (25%), Fughha (2%), and Husheh (3%), influencing community ties and decision-making. As a predominantly Muslim city with six mosques and one church, daily and annual religious observances, including , form central communal activities, reinforcing conservative social norms centered on family solidarity and hospitality. The historic market in Tubas's serves as a hub for social interaction, where residents exchange like grains, olives, and products, fostering economic and interpersonal connections amid agricultural rhythms. Agricultural traditions, including and cultivation, underpin social cohesion, with family-based labor practices sustaining in the Jordan Valley region.

Infrastructure

Transportation and Connectivity

Tubas depends on road-based transportation, with buses and constituting the primary modes of for intra-city and short-distance travel. The city's road network is characterized by rapid deterioration and extensive unpaved sections, which hinder efficient mobility and maintenance efforts. Regional connectivity links Tubas to approximately 30 kilometers to the west and to the north via secondary roads branching from main highways, such as Route 57. Access eastward to the follows Road 90, the principal north-south artery, enabling passage toward the King Hussein/ border crossing with , though non-resident face prohibitions on this route without permits. The Tayasir checkpoint, located at the eastern entrance to Tubas , controls vehicular movement into the , imposing delays and permit verifications. Israeli-imposed checkpoints, road gates, and barriers profoundly restrict Palestinian mobility in the , including Tubas, with over 86 new obstacles documented since October 2023 exacerbating travel times and economic access. In Tubas Governorate, checkpoint density remains lower than in central areas, facilitating comparatively freer internal movement, yet operations have damaged local roads and infrastructure as of early 2025. No railway or airport infrastructure exists in Tubas, compelling residents to rely on shared taxis or buses for inter-governorate travel to hubs like , often navigating permit systems and security screenings that prolong journeys to external destinations such as .

Health Services and Utilities

The primary healthcare infrastructure in Tubas includes the Tubas Turkish Hospital, established in 2015 by the , which serves approximately 40,000 residents with general medical services including outpatient care, emergency treatment, and basic inpatient facilities. Additionally, a primary health clinic was constructed in Tubas in 2014 by the (Anera), focusing on expanded medical consultations and preventive care, with prior USAID-funded enhancements in nearby areas like . Spatial analyses indicate that health services in the Tubas District are unevenly distributed, with adequacy challenges in rural peripheries due to limited facilities relative to . Ongoing military operations have severely impacted access, with healthcare workers reporting frequent harassment, detentions, and facility closures; as of February 2025, 68% of health service points, including those in northern areas like Tubas, operated at reduced capacity for no more than two to three days per week due to insecurity and resource shortages. Utilities in Tubas are managed by entities such as the Tubas Water and Wastewater Joint Services Council, which oversees distribution and networks amid chronic vulnerabilities. The Nexus North project, launched in 2019 by the , , and the Palestinian Authority, introduced hybrid (including 3.7 MW from and solar) to bolster and sewerage treatment, aiming for sustainable supply in the governorate. However, Israeli military raids have repeatedly damaged lines, grids, and systems; for instance, in June 2024, operations in the adjacent Al-Fara destroyed networks, causing prolonged power and cutoffs. Similar incidents in February 2025 affected Far'a camp and Tammun, severing and inducing outages across affected zones. supply, largely imported via Israeli providers, remains inconsistent, with IDF actions exacerbating outages in the as of mid-2024.

Security and Conflicts

Militant Groups and Terrorism Incidents

Katibat Tubas, a local battalion affiliated with (PIJ), emerged in July 2022 amid escalating armed confrontations in the northern , operating primarily in Tubas and surrounding areas to conduct attacks against Israeli targets. Elements of Hamas's Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades maintain operational cells in Tubas Governorate, coordinating sporadic ambushes and clashes with . These groups, designated as terrorist organizations by the and , focus on improvised explosive devices (IEDs), shootings, and joint operations rooms with other factions to target military patrols and checkpoints. Terrorism incidents linked to Tubas-based militants include a , 2025, shooting attack at the Tayasir military checkpoint east of Tubas, where a local operative fired on Israeli soldiers, prompting to publicly commend the action as a "qualitative operation." On October 18, 2025, militants detonated an IED during an Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) raid near Tubas, wounding two soldiers; subsequently praised the assault. Such attacks contribute to broader patterns of low-level violence, with Tubas militants implicated in over a dozen documented clashes and attempted strikes in 2024–2025, often involving PIJ operatives planning or executing ambushes. Israeli counteroperations have frequently targeted these networks, such as a , 2024, drone strike eliminating a five-member PIJ cell in Tubas Governorate en route to conduct an attack. The groups' activities have drawn internal Palestinian response, including a 2024 Palestinian Authority campaign against the Tubas Brigade, a PIJ-linked formation, resulting in arrests of operatives accused of undermining security coordination. Despite crackdowns, the persistence of these cells underscores ongoing recruitment and Iran-backed financing fueling local militancy.

Israeli Counter-Terrorism Operations

Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) operations in Tubas primarily target militant networks affiliated with groups such as and , which have used the area as a base for planning and executing attacks against Israeli civilians and security personnel. These actions intensified following the , 2023, Hamas-led attacks, with Tubas emerging as a hotspot for local "brigades" conducting shootings, explosive attacks, and IED placements along nearby routes. The IDF characterizes these raids as necessary to dismantle terror infrastructure, including weapon caches, explosive labs, and command structures, often involving arrests, targeted eliminations, and infrastructure destruction linked to militants. In April 2024, IDF troops engaged in clashes in the Tubas region, killing two , including Mohammad Omar Daraghmeh, identified as a central operative responsible for planning significant terror acts against . The operation disrupted local activities in the area. Later that year, as part of broader efforts like Operation Summer Camps—launched in August 2024 with simultaneous raids on , Tulkarem, and the nearby Far'a —IDF forces extended operations to Tubas peripheries, aiming to degrade militant capabilities through prolonged presence and intelligence-driven arrests. In September 2024, Israeli airstrikes in northern areas, including near Tubas, killed eight militants, according to health officials, in response to escalating threats. By 2025, operations continued amid persistent militant activity, including from the self-proclaimed Tubas Brigade. On May 27, 2025, IDF raids in Tubas targeted money changers funding terror networks, resulting in arrests and seizures. In October 2025, during an IDF activity in Tubas, a terrorist hurled an at troops, moderately wounding two soldiers and prompting additional reinforcements to secure the area and pursue suspects. These incidents underscore the IDF's focus on immediate threat neutralization, with outcomes including dozens of arrests and weapon confiscations annually, contributing to reported declines in terror attacks.

Palestinian Authority Security Measures

The Palestinian Authority maintains security responsibility in Tubas, classified as Area A under the , where it deploys forces such as the National Security Forces and Preventive Security Service to enforce law and order, including checkpoints and patrols aimed at preventing militant activities. In practice, these measures often involve arresting individuals affiliated with armed groups, though enforcement has been inconsistent amid rising influence from Iran-backed factions like and . In October 2024, the PA initiated a targeted operation in Tubas against the "," an armed group primarily aligned with Islamic Jihad, detaining at least three militants that month as part of efforts to dismantle local networks challenging PA . Clashes ensued, with two PA security personnel wounded during confrontations with battalion members, highlighting the risks of internal Palestinian infighting. On October 19, 2024, dozens of PA forces surrounded a building near Tubas where two militants were barricaded, attempting to neutralize the threat without broader escalation. These actions represent rare assertive PA interventions in Tubas, occurring alongside similar operations in Jenin late in 2024, driven by pressures to restore monopoly on force amid Israeli raids and expansions. groups, including , have denounced the crackdowns as collaboration with Israeli interests, accusing PA forces of prioritizing suppression of resistance over confronting occupation. PA officials, however, frame the measures as essential for stability, citing the need to prevent Tubas from becoming a launchpad for attacks that provoke Israeli responses. By early 2025, such operations had yielded limited arrests but faced backlash for perceived weakness against entrenched cells, underscoring the PA's precarious balancing act between internal control and external threats.

Recent Escalations and Impacts (2023–2025)

In the wake of the October 7, 2023, Hamas attack on Israel, Israeli security forces intensified counter-terrorism operations across the northern , including Tubas Governorate, targeting Palestinian militant networks affiliated with groups such as Islamic Jihad and local brigades. Between January 2023 and September 2025, Israeli forces conducted nearly 7,500 raids in Palestinian areas, with Tubas experiencing multiple incursions aimed at dismantling explosive manufacturing sites and apprehending suspects involved in attacks on Israelis. These operations frequently resulted in clashes, with Palestinian health authorities reporting over 100 fatalities in Tubas and adjacent areas like Tammun town during this period, though Israeli military statements attributed many deaths to armed militants engaging forces. A notable escalation occurred on December 8, 2023, when Israeli troops raided a house near Tubas, killing six identified by the as militants planning attacks; Palestinian sources described the victims as civilians, highlighting discrepancies in casualty classifications common in such incidents. In September 2024, Israeli forces raided Tubas city and surrounding camps, killing five individuals during exchanges of fire, as reported by local medics, amid broader efforts to counter a reported rise in roadside bombings and shootings originating from the area. By August 2024, clashes in Tubas intensified as militants attempted to establish a "new Gaza" model of resistance, prompting Israeli responses that neutralized several operatives but drew accusations of excessive force from Palestinian observers. Into 2025, operations continued, including a raid in Tammun and El-Far'a camp that displaced residents and destroyed structures linked to militant activity, part of a wider campaign affecting 40,000 across northern camps. On May 15, 2025, five were killed in Tammun during a standoff at a surrounded house, with Israeli forces citing an exchange of fire. These actions correlated with a decline in terrorist attacks from the , attributed by security analysts to sustained IDF pressure, though local militant groups persisted in sporadic ambushes. Palestinian Authority forces, seeking to reassert control, detained three militants in Tubas in October 2024, navigating tensions with both and local factions. The impacts included significant infrastructural damage, with reports of home demolitions and sealed properties in Tubas—38 punitive actions across the by September 2025—exacerbating economic strain and displacement in refugee camps like Far'a. Casualty figures remain contested, with UN data noting over 1,000 West Bank Palestinian deaths since October 2023, many in operational zones like Tubas, while Israeli sources emphasize targeting of threats amid a surge in attempted attacks. Broader effects encompassed restricted access to farmlands, heightened settler-Palestinian frictions, and humanitarian challenges, including suffocation cases from crowd-control measures during raids. These dynamics reflect a cycle of militant entrenchment, Israeli preemption, and limited PA enforcement, with no resolution by late 2025.

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