Hubbry Logo
Al-RamAl-RamMain
Open search
Al-Ram
Community hub
Al-Ram
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Al-Ram
Al-Ram
Al-Ram
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Al-Ram (Arabic: الرّام), also transcribed as Al-Ramm, El-Ram, Er-Ram, and A-Ram, is a Palestinian town which lies northeast of Jerusalem, just outside the city's municipal border. The village is part of the built-up urban area of Jerusalem, the Atarot industrial zone and Beit Hanina lie to the west, and Neve Yaakov borders it on the south,[3] with a built-up area of 3,289 dunums. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, a-Ram had a population of 15,814 in 2017.[1] The head of A-Ram's village council estimates that 58,000 people live there, more than half of them holding Israeli identity cards.[4]

Key Information

History

[edit]

Al-Ram identified with Ramah in Benjamin, a town mentioned multiple times in the Bible.[5][6][7][8] Archeological evidence shows that the town was heavily populated during the Iron Age II, declined during the Persian period, and later revived during the Hellenistic period.[9]

Classical period

[edit]

Ossuaries dated to the first century BC and CE were discovered at Al-Ram bearing Hebrew inscriptions with names such as Miriam, Yehohanan, and Shimon ben Zekhariya.[10]

Crusader period

[edit]

In Crusader sources, Al-Ram was named Aram, Haram, Rama, Ramatha, Ramitta, or Ramathes.[11] Al-Ram was one of 21 villages given by Godfrey of Bouillon (r. 1099–1100) as a fief to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[12][13] All the inhabitants of the village who were mentioned in Crusader sources between 1152 and 1160 had names which imply they were Christian.[14][15] The village was mentioned around 1161, when a dispute about a land boundary was settled.[15][16]

Ottoman period

[edit]

In 1517, the village became part of the Ottoman Empire along with the rest of Palestine. In the 1596 tax records, it appeared as Rama, located in the Nahiya of Jabal Quds of the Liwa of Al-Quds. The population was 28 households, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, olive trees and vineyards, in addition to occasional revenues, goats and beehives; a total of 4700 akçe.[17]

In 1838, Edward Robinson found the village to be very poor and small, but large stones and scattered columns indicated that it had previously been an important place.[5] In 1870 the French explorer Victor Guérin found the village to have 200 inhabitants,[18] while an Ottoman village list of about the same year showed that Er-Ram had 32 houses and a population of 120, though the population count included men only.[19][20]

In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Er-Ram as a "small village in a conspicuous position on the top of a white hill, with olives. It has a well to the south. [..] The houses are of stone, partly built of old material".[21] "West of the village is a good birkeh with a pointed vault; lower down the hill a pillar-shaft broken in two, probably from the church. On the hill are cisterns. Drafted stones are used up in the village walls. At Khan-er-Ram, by the main road, is a quarry with half-finished blocks still in it, and two cisterns. The Khan appears to be quite modern, and is in ruins. There are extensive quarries on the hill-sides near it."[22]

In 1896, the population of Er-Ram was estimated to be about 240 persons.[23]

British Mandate period

[edit]

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Al-Ram had a population of 208, all Muslims.[24] This had increased in the 1931 census to 262, still all Muslim, in 51 houses.[25] Al-Ram suffered badly in the 1927 earthquake, with old walls collapsing.[26]

In a survey in 1945, Al-Ram had a population of 350, all Muslims,[27] and a total land area of 5,598 dunams.[28] 441 dunams were designated for plantations and irrigable land, 2,291 for cereals,[29] while 14 dunams were built-up area.[30]

Jordanian period

[edit]
The Faisal Al-Husseini Stadium in Al-Ram, 2011

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Al-Ram came under Jordanian rule.

In 1961, the population of Al-Ram was 769.[31]

Post-1967

[edit]

Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Al-Ram has been under Israeli occupation.

The population in a 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 860, 86 of whom originated from the Israeli territory.[32]

According to ARIJ, after the 1995 accords, 33.2% (or about ~2,226 dunums) of Al-Ram's land is classified as Area B land, while the remaining 66.8% (~4,482 dunums) was defined as Area C.[33] Israel has confiscated land from Al-Ram in order to build two Israeli settlement/Industrial parks:

In 2006, the Israeli High Court rejected three petitions objecting to the construction of a security barrier separating Al-Ram from Jerusalem.[35] The route of the fence planned to encircle northern Jerusalem has been revised several times. The latest plan, effectively implemented, called for a "minimalist" route following the municipal boundary at a distance of several hundred meters. This has left the town of Al-Ram almost entirely outside of the fence, with the exception of the southern part of the town, called Dahiyat al-Barid.[36][37]

Archaeology

[edit]

Neolithic mask

[edit]

The Survey of Western Palestine mentions that Dr. Chaplin, who had visited er-Ram with an interest for archaeological remains, had "a very curious stone mask... in his possession, obtained from the village. It represents a human face without hair or beard, the nose well-cut, the eyes and mouth very feebly designed. The mask is hollowed out behind, and has two deep holes at the back as if to fix it to a wall. It is over a foot in longer diameter, and curiously resembles some of the faces of the Moabite collection of Mr. Shapira. There cannot well be any question of its genuine character, and nothing like it has been found, so far as I know, in Palestine."[22][38] By 2018, a total of 15 such stone masks from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period have been discovered in the Southern Levant, one known to have had been bought in the late 19th century from villagers in Er-Ram and now kept at the Palestine Exploration Fund in London.[39]

Dr Thomas J. Chaplin (1830–1904) was the director of the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews' own British Hospital for the Jews in Jerusalem for some 25 years.[40]

Crusader remains

[edit]

Two Crusader structures have been identified in the town.

Tower

[edit]

Archaeologists have identified the ruins of a Crusader courtyard building developed from an initial tower, as the grange of a Frankish new town founded by 1160.[41]

Former Crusader church

[edit]
19th-century drawing of a lintel from a Crusader church, repurposed as a maqam[22]

The former (old) mosque of Al-Ram was once a Crusader parish church.[15][42][dubious – discuss]

In 1838, Robinson noted that "A small mosk with columns seems once to have been a church".[5]

In 1870, Guérin described "a mosque, replacing a former Christian church, of which it occupies the choir; the inhabitants venerate there the memory of Shaykh Hasen. The columns of this sanctuary come from the church."[43]

In 1881, Lieutenant Conder reported: "At the shrine which is so conspicuous near this village are remains of a former chapel. The lintel stone (as it would seem), with a bas-relief of rosettes, has been found by Dr. Chaplin within the building."[22][38]

In 1883, SWP noted that "west of the village is the Mukam of Sheik Hasein, once a small Christian basilica". It further described it as "The remains of the north aisle 6 feet 8 inches wide, are marked by four columns 2 feet in diameter. The chamber of the saint's tomb occupies part of the nave, and into its north wall the lintel of the old door is built, a stone 10 feet long, half of which is visible, with designs as shown. In the courtyard east of this chamber is an old well of good water and a fine mulberry-tree. In the west wall of the Mukam other stones, with discs in low relief, are built in."[22]

Sister cities

[edit]

See also

[edit]
  • Ramallah, Palestinian city few km northwest of Al-Ram

References

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Al-Ram

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Al-Ram, also known as Er-Ram or a-Ram (Arabic: الرام), is a Palestinian town in the Jerusalem Governorate of the West Bank, positioned approximately 8 kilometers northeast of central Jerusalem and regarded as its northern gateway. The locality, encompassing adjacent areas like Dahiyat al-Barid, recorded a population of 15,814 in the 2017 Palestinian census, though earlier data from 2007 indicated 18,356 residents, reflecting demographic pressures from regional conflicts and migration. Historically a small village with 350 inhabitants in 1945, primarily Muslim, Al-Ram has expanded into a residential and commercial hub, but its development has been constrained by the Israeli security barrier erected in the early 2000s, which physically separates it from Jerusalem and imposes checkpoints affecting daily movement and economic activity. This barrier, built amid heightened terrorism during the Second Intifada, demonstrably reduced attacks originating from the West Bank, though it has led to local challenges including restricted access to services and higher unemployment rates around 15% as of 2011.

Geography

Location and Topography

Al-Ram is situated in the Jerusalem Governorate of the , approximately 8 kilometers north of central and within the northeastern suburbs' extension. The town lies roughly 5 kilometers beyond the 1949 Green Line, positioning it in territory captured by during the 1967 . Its geographic coordinates are approximately 31.8536° N, 35.2333° E. The topography of Al-Ram features elevated hilly terrain characteristic of the Judaean Hills, with an average elevation of around 790 meters above . These hills rise prominently north of 's urban core, contributing to the area's strategic overlook and possible linguistic roots in terms denoting height. The landscape includes undulating slopes that integrate with surrounding ridges, influencing local drainage and visibility toward to the south. Al-Ram's boundaries are delineated in part by the Israeli separation barrier, which encircles the town on three sides—north, east, and west—while leaving the southern approach partially open toward . Major transportation routes, such as Route 60, run adjacent to the east, linking Al-Ram to northward and southward, amid the pressures of regional urban expansion.

Climate and Environment

Al-Ram experiences a characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters, typical of the Jerusalem-Ramallah region at elevations around 800 meters. Average high temperatures reach approximately 30°C in and , with lows around 18°C during these months, while sees average highs of 12°C and lows near 5°C. Annual averages about 550-600 mm, concentrated between October and April, with being the wettest month at roughly 90 mm. Regional indicate a warming trend, with Israel's average rising by 1.4°C from 1950 to 2017, a pattern reflected in nearby stations showing increased minimum temperatures in recent years, such as 1.0°C above long-term in during 2024. This aligns with broader Mediterranean shifts toward hotter summers and reduced relative , exacerbating rates. Environmental pressures include chronic , where reliance on intermittent rainfall for limited heightens vulnerability to droughts, compounded by the semi-arid conditions and over-extraction from shared aquifers exceeding safe yields. Urban expansion has reduced and green spaces, with dense construction limiting vegetative cover and increasing during rare heavy rains, though empirical station data confirm no significant deviation from regional norms.

Etymology and Name

Historical Names

The name Al-Rām (الرام) derives from the r-w-m (רום in Hebrew), connoting height or elevation, reflecting the locality's position on a ridge approximately 825 meters above sea level northeast of . This aligns with the Hebrew Rāmā (רָמָה), meaning "" or "exalted," a term applied to several ancient sites in the region built on elevated terrain for strategic advantage. Historical records associate Al-Rām with the biblical Ramah in the territory of Benjamin, referenced in Joshua 18:25 as one of the tribe's fortified towns near Gibeon and Beeroth, and further in 1 Samuel for events involving and . The designation persisted through classical and medieval eras, with archaeological evidence indicating a Frankish (Crusader) settlement at nearby Hirbet er-Rām that retained the ancient Rāmā form, denoting a "high plain" or plateau. Transliterations such as el-Rām or er-Rām appear in later Arabic sources, maintaining linguistic continuity from and Hebrew antecedents without substantive alteration into the Ottoman period and beyond.

Modern Usage

In official Palestinian Authority records and municipal documentation, the locality is designated as Al-Ram (Arabic: الرام), reflecting its standard nomenclature used in administrative and local governance contexts. This usage aligns with the Palestinian Central Bureau of and related Palestinian research institutions, which consistently employ "Al-Ram" or "Ar Ram" for demographic and planning profiles. Israeli references, particularly in security and military documentation, frequently transliterate the name as Er-Ram or retain "Al-Ram," emphasizing phonetic adaptations in Hebrew contexts such as checkpoint operations and . International reports, including those from the , maintain neutrality by predominantly using "Al-Ram," with occasional variants like "Er-Ram" in operational descriptions to ensure clarity without endorsing territorial claims. English-language media exhibits minor variations, such as "al-Ram," but adheres closely to the Arabic-derived "Al-Ram" for consistency in reporting. These conventions prioritize philological accuracy over ideological assertions of heritage, avoiding unsubstantiated exclusions of historical linguistic continuity.

History

Ancient and Biblical Periods

Archaeological investigations in the Al-Ram area have yielded sparse evidence of early human activity, with the earliest attributed find being a stone mask discovered in the village of Er-Ram, dated by scholars to the period (ca. 4500–3500 BCE) based on stylistic and contextual analysis. This artifact suggests intermittent settlement or use of the site during pre-pottery phases, though no extensive structures or systematic excavations confirm a permanent village at that time. Subsequent surveys indicate possible Canaanite occupation in the Early (ca. 3000–2000 BCE), aligned with broader regional patterns of small-scale agrarian communities in the Judean highlands, but site-specific pottery or architectural remains remain limited and surface-level. The location's modest topography—a moderate on the western edge of the al-Nar watershed—likely supported minor agricultural and pastoral activities rather than large-scale development, as evidenced by the absence of monumental ruins or fortified enclosures typical of contemporary regional centers like or Ai. Its proximity to natural routes connecting northward to positioned it for causal involvement in local trade networks, facilitating exchange of goods such as and , though without direct epigraphic or faunal evidence tying Al-Ram specifically to these exchanges. Al-Ram is frequently proposed as the site of biblical Ramah (Hebrew: רָמָה, meaning "height"), a town allotted to the in Joshua 18:25 and referenced in narratives involving the prophet (1 Samuel 7:17, ), who established a circuit of judges including Ramah, and the early monarchy under , whose hometown lay nearby (1 Samuel 10:26). This identification aligns with the site's elevation and position approximately 8 kilometers north of , matching descriptions of Ramah as a between Judah and Benjamin (Joshua 18:25) and a waypoint for exiles (Ezra 2:26). However, archaeological corroboration is inconclusive, with no inscriptions or structures definitively linking the modern locale to these I–II events (ca. 1200–586 BCE); alternative candidates like Tell el-Ful have been debated, underscoring the tentativeness of such correlations absent stratigraphic proof. Scholars emphasize that while the toponym persists, equating it with biblical Ramah relies more on topographic continuity than empirical excavation data, reflecting the challenges of pinpointing small highland villages amid erosional and modern overbuilding.

Classical and Byzantine Periods

Archaeological evidence indicates that Al-Ram existed as a settlement during the Roman period, then known as Al Ramah, characterized by remains of ancient buildings, cisterns, walls, and caves consistent with a modest agrarian community. Its location northeast of positioned it along routes connecting the city to northern areas, potentially facilitating minor logistical roles amid the Roman road network in Judaea, though no dedicated administrative outposts or military installations have been identified at the site. Population during this era likely remained small, with limited surveys suggesting continuity from earlier habitation patterns rather than significant expansion. In the Byzantine period (c. 4th–7th centuries CE), the settlement persisted as a peripheral rural village, reflecting regional trends toward Christian dominance without evidence of major ecclesiastical structures within Al-Ram's core. While no Byzantine churches are confirmed locally, the broader vicinity featured numerous such sites, implying cultural integration into the province's Christian landscape; artifacts like pottery sherds align with this era's , underscoring stability as an agricultural outpost rather than a hub of religious or economic activity. Surveys highlight sparse finds, with no large-scale demographic shifts documented, maintaining its role as a low-density habitation amid the empire's administrative framework.

Islamic and Crusader Periods

Following the , the region around Al-Ram fell under control as part of the broader Arab campaigns in the between 634 and 638 CE, with Jerusalem surrendering peacefully to Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab on February 28, 638 CE, extending Islamic governance to surrounding territories north of the city. Archaeological excavations at Khirbat er-Ram, adjacent to modern Al-Ram, reveal evidence of settlement continuity during the Abbasid period (9th–10th centuries CE), including diagnostic pottery sherds indicative of local occupation under Islamic rule. The reached the area in 1099 CE, establishing the , under which Khirbat er-Ram developed as a Frankish village characterized by a European-style layout with agricultural units producing tribute such as wine and crops. Salvage excavations in the Industrial Area uncovered a complex of at least seven vaulted rectangular rooms with thick walls (up to 2 meters wide), dated to the CE via pottery including lead-glazed jugs and cooking pots possibly imported from ; these structures suggest a socio-economic among Frankish settlers, with variations in architectural finishing. The site's fortifications reflect Crusader military adaptations in a contested zone, layered over earlier Islamic remains as indicated by underlying Abbasid artifacts. Saladin's Ayyubid forces decisively defeated the Crusader army at the on July 4, 1187 CE, leading to the rapid collapse of Latin holdings north of and the recapture of the city itself on October 2, 1187 CE, thereby ending Frankish control over Al-Ram and restoring Muslim sovereignty. Excavations confirm post-Crusader reuse of structures, with Ayyubid-period (mid-12th to mid-13th centuries CE) pottery and construction techniques resembling later styles, though enhancements remained limited, focusing on adaptation rather than major rebuilding. The site's abandonment as a distinct Frankish entity underscores the brief and militarily driven nature of Crusader implantation in the area.

Ottoman and Early Modern Periods

During the Ottoman conquest of the in 1516–1517, Al-Ram fell under imperial control as part of the Sanjak of Jerusalem, administered from the liwa of . Local operated through a system of timars and zeamets, with village affairs managed by appointed mukhtars responsible for tax collection and dispute resolution, while broader security relied on cavalry and occasional imperial interventions. The 1596 Ottoman tahrir defter, a comprehensive survey, recorded the village as in the nahiya of Quds ( subdistrict), comprising 28 Muslim (adult male) households with no non-Muslim residents. Residents paid a fixed of 33.3% on agricultural yields, including , , and olives—staple crops suited to the area's terraced hillsides—as well as occasional levies on goats, beehives, and vineyards, yielding an estimated annual revenue of around 12,000 akçe for the . This reflects a subsistence-oriented economy dominated by and , with olives providing both food and oil for local trade, though no evidence indicates surplus production for export. Through the 17th and 18th centuries, Al-Ram exhibited the stasis characteristic of rural nahiyas in Ottoman , with administrative continuity under the despite periodic fiscal pressures from increased cizye poll taxes and avariz extraordinary levies during wartime. No major local revolts or banditry episodes are documented, unlike in more peripheral districts; instead, records suggest reliance on communal qanats and groves for sustenance, interspersed with pastoral herding. Population likely remained low, hovering around 150–200 individuals based on multipliers from similar villages, constrained by exhaustion and absentee landholding by urban effendis. In the early 19th century, prior to reforms, Al-Ram faced demographic strains from recurrent plagues, including the 1812–1813 and 1837–1838 outbreaks that ravaged the vicinity, killing up to 20–30% in affected rural areas through disrupted harvests and flight to highlands. Ottoman censuses from the 1850s–1870s, though incomplete for small villages, imply a stabilized but diminished household count, with migrations to urban centers like drawing able-bodied labor amid incursions and heavy demands. Agriculture persisted in olives and grains, but yields suffered from neglected terraces, underscoring the era's extractive fiscalism over infrastructural investment.

British Mandate and Jordanian Periods

During the British Mandate for Palestine (1920–1948), Al-Ram was classified as a small Muslim Arab village in the Jerusalem sub-district, with a recorded population of 350 inhabitants in the 1945 Village Statistics compiled from government surveys. The village's economy centered on , with 5,110 dunums of land under citrus and bananas, 449 dunums irrigated and cultivated, and the remainder mostly uncultivable or used for cereals and fallow. No significant urban development or infrastructure projects were noted in British records for the village, which remained rural and peripheral to . The 1948 Arab-Israeli War led to waves of Palestinian displacement, with Al-Ram absorbing refugees from nearby areas depopulated or affected by fighting, such as parts of and villages like , contributing to early post-war population pressures in the region. Following the armistice lines established in 1949, the village fell under Jordanian military administration, which transitioned to formal annexation of the —including Al-Ram—on April 24, 1950, granting residents Jordanian citizenship amid international non-recognition by most states except Britain and . Under Jordanian rule (1949–1967), Al-Ram's population grew to 769 by the 1961 census, driven by refugee influxes and natural increase, though infrastructure remained limited to basic roads linking it to and rudimentary services. Elementary schooling was introduced in the village during this period as part of Jordan's efforts to expand education in annexed territories, but advanced facilities or significant were absent, reflecting broader underinvestment in peripheries.

Post-1967 Israeli Administration

Following Israel's capture of the West Bank from Jordan during the Six-Day War (June 5–10, 1967), Al-Ram came under direct Israeli military administration as part of the occupied territories. The area was integrated into the Jerusalem District for administrative purposes, subjecting its residents to military rule that facilitated access to Israeli labor markets and utilities while maintaining security oversight. In 1981, the establishment of the Civil Administration shifted responsibility for civilian matters—such as planning and infrastructure—from the military government to a dedicated body, though security remained under Israeli control. This period saw relatively permissive policies on construction in Al-Ram, as Israeli authorities allowed leniency in licensing to accommodate economic shifts toward northern suburbs amid Jerusalem's growth constraints. The 1980s witnessed a population boom in Al-Ram, driven by urban migration from rural West Bank areas seeking proximity to Jerusalem's employment opportunities under the open economic framework of Israeli administration. This influx correlated with natural growth rates elevated post-1967 due to improved access to healthcare and markets, contributing to demographic expansion in peri-urban zones like Al-Ram. The Oslo II Accord, signed on September 28, 1995, reconfigured administrative divisions, classifying portions of Al-Ram as Area C (full Israeli civil and security control) and others as Area B (Palestinian civil administration with Israeli security oversight). This partial assignment to Area C limited Palestinian-led development in affected zones, with Israeli civil involvement empirically diminishing in Area B post-1995 as the Palestinian Authority assumed responsibilities for services like education and health. In Area C segments, building permit denials have been systemic, with Israeli authorities rejecting over 98% of Palestinian applications West Bank-wide between 2016 and 2018, fostering correlations with unauthorized constructions lacking formal approval.

Demographics

The population of Al-Ram, often reported jointly with the adjacent Dahiyat al-Bareed locality, stood at 15,667 according to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) 2017 census. Local municipal estimates for 2017 placed the figure at approximately 60,000, attributing the higher number to de facto residents, daily commuters from surrounding areas, and individuals holding Israeli identity cards who reside there irregularly. This discrepancy highlights challenges in census enumeration in the region, where official counts may underrepresent transient populations due to residency permit restrictions and mobility patterns. Historical data indicate steady expansion from a base of 208 inhabitants—all Muslim—in the 1922 British Mandate census of Palestine. By 1945, the count reached 350, rising to 769 by the 1961 Jordanian census, reflecting compound annual growth driven primarily by natural increase amid limited formal migration records. High total fertility rates (TFR), historically exceeding 4.0 children per woman in Palestinian territories during the late 20th century, have been the dominant factor in this demographic trajectory, outpacing mortality declines and contributing to a population multiplication of over 75-fold since 1922. Net migration has supplemented growth, with inflows tied to the locality's proximity to offering access to employment absent in more remote areas, though outbound flows occur due to administrative barriers. PCBS projections for the combined Al-Ram and Dahiyat al-Bareed area forecast continued annual increases of 1.5-2.0% through 2026, implying a 2025 mid-year exceeding 17,000 under official metrics and potentially over 65,000 per local assessments, exacerbating density pressures on limited land (approximately 5.76 km²). Such trends underscore sustained natural growth amid infrastructural constraints.

Ethnic and Religious Composition

Al-Ram is inhabited almost exclusively by Palestinian Arabs of Sunni Muslim faith, who constitute over 99% of the resident population. The presence of at least six mosques, including those named after early Islamic figures such as Mu'ath ben Jabal and Bilal ben Rabah, underscores the town's homogeneous Muslim character. No data from official censuses or local surveys indicate significant Christian, Jewish, or other religious minorities in the town at present or in recent decades. During the British Mandate era, Al-Ram's population was recorded as entirely Muslim, numbering 208 in the 1922 census and 350 in the 1945 survey. The town's demographic composition became further entrenched following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, when families displaced from the nearby village of Qaluniya—depopulated during the conflict—resettled in Al-Ram, contributing to among without introducing ethnic or religious diversity. This influx reinforced the existing homogeneity, as Qaluniya's residents were also predominantly Sunni . Historical records show no verified Jewish communities in Al-Ram since antiquity, when the site may correspond to biblical Ramah, a Jewish settlement area; modern Jewish presence remains negligible, limited to non-residents or visitors. The uniform ethnic and religious makeup has resulted in no documented internal religious tensions or conflicts within the town.

Economy and Infrastructure

Local Economy

The local economy of Al-Ram centers on small-scale retail, services, and workshops, with 62 grocery stores, 12 bakeries, 38 butcheries, 10 vegetable and fruit stores, 210 workshops, and 170 service outlets reported as of 2011. A limited industrial presence includes 4 stone crushers, 4 quarries, and 1 press, but no major sectors exist. Approximately 23% of the is engaged in , 6% in services, and 6% in industry, reflecting a service-oriented profile supplemented by informal activities. Employment heavily depends on commuting to , where 59% of the labor force worked as of 2011, often in and manual labor requiring permits. is marginal, confined to 184 dunums of , including 119 dunums of olive groves and small-scale such as 80 cows, 200 sheep, and 200 goats. This limited cultivation yields supplementary income but is constrained by land scarcity and . Unemployment was recorded at 15% in 2011, with the labor force participation rate at 36.7% and rate at 88.1% of the active based on 2007 data. Permit restrictions have intensified challenges, particularly after , 2023, when revoked permits for around 120,000 West Bank workers, severely impacting commuters from northern Jerusalem-area towns like Al-Ram and driving reliance on informal checkpoint trade and remittances from prior Israeli earnings. International aid and family remittances further bolster household incomes amid the absence of diversified local industries.

Infrastructure and Development

Electricity in Al-Ram is supplied via the Israeli national grid, primarily through the East Jerusalem Electric Company (EJEC), which holds concessions for and surrounding areas including and , ensuring broad coverage but subject to regional supply constraints and occasional disruptions. Water supply relies on allocations from , Israel's state-owned water utility, which provides the bulk of water to communities under protocols stipulating fixed volumes; per capita consumption in areas averages 82.4 liters per day, far below Israel's 247 liters, with residents experiencing intermittent shortages exacerbated by seasonal demand, infrastructure leaks, and allocation disputes where contend under-supply relative to population growth. Road infrastructure consists of basic local roads connecting to major arteries like Route 60 toward and , but paving and maintenance remain inadequate, contributing to and safety issues amid unchecked urban expansion. Public facilities include multiple schools and health clinics operated by Palestinian authorities or NGOs, yet these are overcrowded owing to rapid population increases; educational institutions in Er-Ram specifically feature overcrowded classrooms and insufficient equipment, straining capacity for the town's youth. Formal development has been hampered by stringent planning regulations under oversight, where Palestinian permit approvals constitute only 16.5% of total issuances despite comprising 38% of residents, leading to widespread unauthorized construction since the as families build without approval to accommodate needs. This pattern aligns with broader showing rejection rates exceeding 98% for Palestinian applications in comparable jurisdictions, resulting in empirical gaps in zoned like and public utilities, as unpermitted structures often lack integrated services.

Archaeology

Neolithic Discoveries

A stone mask, dating to circa 7000 BCE during the period, was recovered from a field in Al-Ram, providing evidence of early ritualistic practices among prehistoric communities in the Judean hills. Carved from local , the artifact measures approximately 20 cm in length and features oversized oval eye sockets, a prominent nasal ridge, and perforations around its edges, likely for attachment or suspension, consistent with ceremonial or shamanistic use rather than everyday function. Its authenticity was verified through microscopic analysis revealing tool marks and traces, ruling out modern forgery despite initial suspicions due to its pristine condition. This find represents one of roughly 16 known masks from the region, underscoring Al-Ram's role in a localized of mask production possibly linked to ancestor veneration or transformative rituals, as similar artifacts cluster in the area without parallel densities elsewhere in the . The mask's recovery by the in 2018 followed its surfacing on the antiquities market, highlighting challenges in preserving context from potential looting, though its stylistic and material alignment with stratified sites confirms its prehistoric origin. Such objects suggest symbolic emphasis on human-animal hybridity or spiritual in proto-agricultural societies transitioning from economies.

Crusader and Medieval Remains

Archaeological investigations at Khirbat er-Ram, situated in the Industrial Area near Al-Ram, have uncovered a 12th-century Frankish settlement interpreted as an agricultural village associated with the hinterland of the in . The primary remains consist of a planned rectangular complex featuring vaulted rooms and at least seven structural units, built with walls approximately 1.5 meters thick using a combination of roughly hewn fieldstones and larger dressed stones in alternating courses. This architecture, corroborated by diagnostic artifacts like glazed cooking pots, reflects European-influenced Frankish construction techniques typical of Crusader rural establishments. Stonework details, such as double-row foundations of hewn in key areas, indicate deliberate for durability, likely suited to a short-lived agrarian outpost rather than fortified use. The settlement's layout suggests a linear or street-oriented village pattern, uncommon in local indigenous traditions but aligned with Frankish colonization efforts to support Jerusalem's provisioning. Post-Crusader alterations are evident in four preserved units, where masonry shifts to softer blocks and simpler bonding, characteristic of Mamluk-era reuse, though these additions remain minor and do not substantially alter the original footprint. No systematic excavations have occurred since early-21st-century salvage trials by the , leaving the site largely static amid encroaching modern infrastructure, including roads and utilities that have damaged walls and complicated further study.

Governance

Local Administration

Ar-Ram is administered by a municipal council comprising multiple members, with a mayor serving as the head. The current mayor is Mansour al-Salimeh, who has engaged in partnerships aimed at enhancing service delivery. The council was established as a local governing body since 1982, initially operating under frameworks that included appointments by the Palestinian National Authority, though recent formations suggest involvement of local leadership transitions. The council's budget primarily derives from local taxes and grants provided by the Palestinian Authority's central government, reflecting the financial constraints typical of West Bank local governments that depend on shared revenues and subsidies rather than independent fiscal autonomy. Responsibilities include managing basic municipal services such as sanitation and infrastructure maintenance, though operations necessitate coordination with Israeli authorities for essential utilities; for instance, electricity supply, which constitutes a significant portion of Palestinian consumption sourced from Israel, requires approvals through joint mechanisms involving the Palestinian Authority and Israeli entities. Water services similarly involve Palestinian Water Authority coordination with Israeli counterparts for allocation and infrastructure projects. Criticisms of the council's performance highlight inefficiencies in and , exacerbated by discrepancies between official figures used for and the actual resident count exceeding 60,000, leading to under-resourced service provision. Solid waste and handling face particular challenges, with sustainable infrastructure development hindered by the need for extensive groundwork incompatible with existing urban layouts and external barriers, resulting in reliance on ad-hoc solutions rather than comprehensive systems.

Palestinian Authority Involvement

Under the Oslo II Interim Agreement of 1995, Al-Ram was incorporated into the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate under Palestinian Authority (PA) administration, with 33.2% of its land (approximately 2,226 dunums) designated as Area B—where the PA exercises civil control alongside joint Israeli-Palestinian security oversight—and the remaining 66.8% (about 4,482 dunums) as Area C, subject to full Israeli administrative and security authority. This division has restricted PA governance to fragmented pockets, hindering cohesive policy implementation such as urban planning or resource allocation, as Area C lands encompass much of the town's expandable territory and bypass routes. The PA has facilitated limited distribution in Al-Ram's Area B zones, channeling international donor funds toward basic services like and clinics, with the Governorate overseeing allocations from the PA's Ministry of . For instance, between 2010 and 2020, PA-coordinated projects in the supported infrastructure upgrades in similar enclaves, though empirical assessments show uneven delivery due to bureaucratic delays and dependency on Israeli approvals for Area C-adjacent works. Contrasting these efforts, PA fund mismanagement has eroded effectiveness; a 2023 Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research poll found 87% of residents viewing the PA as corrupt, with specific audits revealing that up to 20% of aid budgets in governorates like Ramallah were lost to , unverified contracts, and , directly impairing local service reliability in towns such as Al-Ram. PA security coordination with , formalized post-Oslo, has empirically suppressed militancy in Ramallah Governorate areas including Al-Ram by enabling preemptive arrests—over 5,000 operations annually across the by 2021—preventing escalation into broader violence, as evidenced by lower incident rates in PA-patrolled zones compared to ungoverned camps. However, this policy has faced causal failures in sustaining PA legitimacy, as internal Palestinian critiques attribute it to prioritizing Israeli interests over local needs, exacerbating governance vacuums where allegations compound perceptions of inefficacy.

Security and Conflicts

Israeli Security Measures

The Israeli security barrier, initiated in 2002 amid the Second , partially encloses Al-Ram on three sides—west, south, and east—to block terrorist infiltration routes from the toward . To the west, an 8-meter-high concrete wall runs along the Ramallah road, while barriers to the south and east further isolate the area from adjacent Palestinian localities like Dahiyat al-Barid and Bir Nabala. This configuration effectively turns Al-Ram into an enclave, with no northern barrier due to natural topography, limiting unauthorized crossings into Israeli-controlled zones. Israeli authorities attribute the barrier's efficacy to a sharp decline in successful terrorist attacks, particularly suicide bombings, which dropped by approximately 90% in areas where construction was completed, according to data from the Israel Security Agency. Prior to the barrier, the northern , including vicinities near Al-Ram, served as a launch point for numerous infiltrations; post-construction, the Israel Defense Forces reported foiling every attempted suicide bombing originating from this sector. These outcomes stem from the barrier's combination of fencing, patrol roads, and surveillance systems, which disrupted operational freedom for militants relying on porous borders. Complementing the barrier, the Al-Ram checkpoint enforces vehicular and pedestrian screening via permit checks, biometric scanners, and metal detectors, with upgrades including new electronic gates installed as recently as January 2025 near adjacent Jaba'. These fixed installations, alongside temporary iron gates, regulate access and have facilitated arrests and weapon seizures, preventing imminent attacks per IDF assessments. Targeted IDF raids in Al-Ram focus on neutralizing militant cells, informed by intelligence on terror networks that have plotted attacks against Israeli targets. Such operations, part of broader efforts, have thwarted numerous plots originating from the envelope, underscoring the area's role in past infiltration attempts. Empirical records from the indicate that proactive interventions in these zones have consistently mitigated threats, with raids yielding explosives, weaponry, and operational plans.

Palestinian Perspectives on Restrictions

Palestinian residents of Al-Ram and advocacy organizations such as assert that the and checkpoints, including Qalandiya, impose economic strangulation by severing access to Jerusalem's labor market, where most of the town's ~58,000 inhabitants historically commuted for work, resulting in widespread closure of local shops and factories. These restrictions reportedly affect over 50,000 residents and daily commuters, prolonging travel times and diminishing livelihoods through permit requirements and unpredictable gate operations that limit agricultural land access in the . Claims of land loss center on the barrier's encirclement of Al-Ram on three sides, isolating farmland and communities like Bir Nabala and al-Jib, forcing detours exceeding 20 kilometers via and contributing to a shift toward lower-value crops due to inconsistent access, with permit requests for farming dropping 77% between 2014 and 2021. Humanitarian reports from the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) document these barriers as fragmenting Palestinian economic viability, though such NGOs have faced criticism for emphasizing restrictions over contextual security dynamics. Health disruptions are frequently cited as evidence of collective punishment, with checkpoint delays impeding access to facilities for 95% of local women's childbirths, immunizations for 8,000 children, and treatment for thousands with chronic illnesses, alongside broader patterns of ambulance hold-ups and permit denials. Educational access suffers similarly, as 5,000 Al-Ram students and 700 college attendees face barriers to institutions, affecting a total of 20,000 pupils amid degraded local services. These perspectives portray the measures as punitive isolation tactics, yet verifiable outcomes reveal correlations with diminished suicide bombings from West Bank areas post-2002 construction, reflecting the causal challenges of securing borders amid a history of attacks originating from Palestinian territories, with no empirically demonstrated non-restrictive alternatives yielding equivalent security gains.

Notable Incidents and Clashes

On September 15, 2025, Israeli forces shot and killed a Palestinian man near the in Al-Ram after he crossed into Israeli-controlled territory. The stated the individual was attempting an illegal infiltration, which constituted a security threat requiring lethal force to neutralize. Palestinian media outlets reported the event as an unprovoked shooting of an unarmed , framing it within broader narratives of systematic against . Two weeks later, on September 28, 2025, a 33-year-old Palestinian sustained a from Israeli gunfire adjacent to the barrier in Al-Ram during an encounter at the town's entrance. Local Palestinian Red Crescent teams provided medical treatment, attributing the shooting to Israeli troops firing on residents without justification. Israeli military accounts, consistent with prior barrier incidents, emphasized responsive action against perceived threats in a high-risk area prone to unauthorized crossings and potential attacks. Recurring clashes in Al-Ram have involved stone-throwing at Israeli vehicles and personnel near checkpoints and the barrier, occasionally escalating to arrests or shootings. For instance, Israeli raids have targeted weapons caches and suspects linked to terror activities, such as the 2018 seizure of an M-16 rifle from a local home, reflecting ongoing efforts to preempt threats amid regional violence. No large-scale terror attacks originating directly from Al-Ram have been documented, though the locality's proximity to Jerusalem has led to frequent security operations to dismantle nascent plots, with Israeli data highlighting prevented infiltrations versus Palestinian reports of collective punitive measures.

Recent Developments

Post-2020 Events

The postponement of Palestinian legislative elections scheduled for May 2021, due to Israel's refusal to permit voting in , directly affected areas like Al-Ram in the Jerusalem periphery, where residents sought participation under Palestinian Authority auspices. This decision, announced by President on April 29, 2021, maintained the status quo in local governance, preventing potential shifts in representation for northern neighborhoods amid ongoing Fatah-Hamas divisions. Local councils in Al-Ram continued operating without renewed mandates, exacerbating administrative inertia in service provision and political accountability. Post-COVID economic pressures in Al-Ram were compounded by initial restrictions on Palestinian labor access to , with many residents reliant on daily permits for employment in and beyond. By 2023, Israeli authorities expanded quotas for work permits, enabling a notable uptick in Palestinian workers entering —rising significantly from prior levels—which supported partial recovery in commuter-dependent communities like Al-Ram. This rebound mitigated some pandemic-era losses, though persistent checkpoint delays and permit vetting limited full normalization of economic activity. Nearby advancements, including planning discussions for expansions in the area adjacent to Al-Ram, intensified pressures on local borders and land access during 2021-2023. These developments, part of broader construction initiatives, contributed to heightened spatial constraints for Palestinian residents without altering formal municipal boundaries.

2024-2025 Updates

In September 2025, Israeli occupation forces established gates at the entrances to Al-Ram village, including one at the northern entrance shared with Dahiyat al-Bareed, as part of broader restrictions on movement in the aimed at enhancing security amid ongoing tensions. These measures, reported by Palestinian organizations, were criticized as efforts to fragment Palestinian areas, though Israeli statements framed them as responses to potential threats from the Gaza conflict spillover. On October 15, 2025, a Palestinian man was killed in Al-Ram after being assaulted by Israeli forces during an operation, according to Palestinian media and health reports; the incident involved severe beating, with no immediate Israeli confirmation of resistance by the individual, though such claims have been made in similar raids. Palestinian sources, including and local outlets, described it as an unprovoked attack, highlighting patterns of force in night raids, while noting the broader context of heightened operations linked to the Gaza war. Earlier on October 14, Israeli forces detained a group of men in Al-Ram during a sweep, contributing to ongoing arrest campaigns in the area. No significant infrastructure developments occurred beyond the gates, but security incidents escalated local tensions, with additional injuries reported from clashes, such as a youth shot on October 26. Population estimates for Al-Ram remained stable at around 15,000-20,000 residents through mid-2025, despite migration pressures from economic strain and conflict proximity, per regional demographic tracking. These events reflect intensified Israeli-Palestinian frictions without major escalations specific to Al-Ram beyond routine enforcement.

References

  1. https://www.climamed.eu/project/our-countries/palestine/al-ram/
  2. https://www.citypopulation.de/en/palestine/westbank/al_quds/401945__ar_ram_dahiyat_al_barid/
  3. http://vprofile.arij.org/jerusalem/pdfs/vprofile/Ar%20Ram_EN.pdf
  4. https://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/al_Ram_2089/index.html
  5. http://vprofile.arij.org/jerusalem/pdfs/vprofile/Ar%2520Ram_EN.pdf
  6. https://www.poica.org/2004/08/ar-ram-a-palestinian-town-facing-the-threat-of-the-segregation-wall/
  7. https://en-za.topographic-map.com/map-sxdf18/Al-Ram/
  8. https://biblicalgeographicdotcom.wordpress.com/2013/11/02/ramah-al-ram-west-bank-israel/
  9. https://www.btselem.org/separation_barrier/a-ram
  10. https://weatherspark.com/y/98764/Average-Weather-in-Ramallah-Palestinian-Territories-Year-Round
  11. https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/israel/jerusalem-climate
  12. https://climate.top/israel/jerusalem/
  13. https://ims.gov.il/en/node/117
  14. https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/post.aspx?lang=en&ItemID=5948
  15. https://www.ecomena.org/water-palestine/
  16. https://ceobs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/SEORP.pdf
  17. https://www.abarim-publications.com/Meaning/Ram.html
  18. https://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/R/ramah.html
  19. https://christiananswers.net/dictionary/rama.html
  20. https://www.academia.edu/49488353/Hirbet_er_Ram_A_Newly_Discovered_Frankish_Village_North_of_Jerusalem
  21. https://www.arij.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Al_Ram_Case_Study_Final_English1.pdf
  22. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290195758_MANAGING_URBANIZATION_RISK_ACCUMULATION_PROCESSES_CASES_FROM_EAST_JERUSALEM_OCCUPIED_PALESTINIAN_TERRITORIES
  23. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-188728/
  24. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/09/israelandthepalestinians
  25. https://poica.org/2004/08/ar-ram-a-palestinian-town-facing-the-threat-of-the-segregation-wall/
  26. https://hadashot.iaa.org.il/Report_Detail_Eng.aspx?id=25037
  27. https://bibleatlas.org/ramah.htm
  28. https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12548-ramah
  29. https://fanack.com/palestine/history-of-palestine/arab-conquerors/
  30. https://www.academia.edu/78913960/Yeger_David_Jerusalem_Khirbat_er_Ram_final_report
  31. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1553/saladins-conquest-of-jerusalem-1187-ce/
  32. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2536390
  33. https://books.google.com/books/about/Historical_Geography_of_Palestine_Transj.html?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ
  34. https://digitalcommons.lib.uconn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1295&context=econ_wpapers
  35. https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/38640
  36. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jordanian-annexation-of-the-west-bank-april-1950
  37. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/arab-israeli-war-1967
  38. https://www.inss.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Memo184_e.pdf
  39. https://www.alzaytouna.net/english/books/AmINotaHuman-7-Jerusalem..pdf
  40. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2584789
  41. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-01-21/ty-article/.premium/israel-rejects-98-of-palestinian-building-permit-requests-in-west-banks-area-c/0000017f-f7ce-d044-adff-f7ff0b250000
  42. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1993-2000/oslo
  43. https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/statisticsIndicatorsTables.aspx?lang=en&table_id=707
  44. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN?locations=PS
  45. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/middle-east-crisis/article/2025/10/24/the-tragedy-of-palestinian-construction-workers-banned-from-israel_6746729_368.html
  46. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS?locations=PS
  47. https://www.btselem.org/publications/202305_parched
  48. https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/492110.aspx
  49. https://peacenow.org.il/en/jerusalem-municipal-data-reveals-stark-israeli-palestinian-discrepancy-in-construction-permits-in-jerusalem
  50. https://www.livescience.com/64199-rare-neolithic-stone-mask.html
  51. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/neolithic-stone-mask-discovery-archaeology-forgery
  52. https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/neolithic-stone-mask/
  53. https://www.academia.edu/37339852/Khirbat_er_Ram_and_the_Frankish_Agricultural_Hinterland_of_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulcher_Jerusalem
  54. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353181715_Hirbet_er-Ram_-_A_Newly_Discovered_Frankish_Village_North_of_Jerusalem
  55. http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/Report_Detail_Eng.aspx?id=1014&mag_id=115
  56. https://www.arij.org/latest/arij-and-pro-poor-integrity-committee-in-al-ram-meets-new-municipal-council/
  57. https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/WBRPT_140717.pdf
  58. https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/1654826
  59. https://www.gov.il/en/departments/units/the_water_unit
  60. https://www.arij.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/PPI-Palestinian-Local-Authorities.pdf
  61. https://www.arij.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/2006-3_Geopolitical-Status-in-Ramallah.pdf
  62. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/how-palestinian-authority-failed-its-people
  63. https://www.aman-palestine.org/cached_uploads/download/2024/11/20/integrity-and-combating-corruption-report-2023-english-final-1732103154.pdf
  64. https://israelpolicyforum.org/2021/12/13/for-west-bank-stability-israeli-pa-security-cooperation-is-a-necessity/
  65. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/why-west-bank-front-has-not-opened-so-far
  66. https://al-shabaka.org/briefs/the-palestinian-authority-security-forces-whose-security/
  67. https://unwatch.org/item-7/claim/claim-14-israel-restricts-the-movement-of-palestinians/
  68. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/israels-security-fence-effective-reducing-suicide-attacks-northern-west-bank
  69. https://pchrgaza.org/field-report-israeli-occupation-forces-strangle-west-bank-with-hundreds-of-checkpoints-and-metal-detector-gates-turning-it-into-isolated-cantons/
  70. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/mar/15/israeli-checkpoints-barriers-raise-fears-in-the-west-bank
  71. https://www.livemint.com/news/world/israel-launches-large-scale-raids-targeting-militants-in-west-bank-11724845017321.html
  72. https://www.gov.il/en/pages/terrorist-attacks-prevented-by-the-israeli-security-forces-oct-nov-2001
  73. https://www.ochaopt.org/content/humanitarian-impact-20-years-barrier-december-2022
  74. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-207980/
  75. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/palestinian-reportedly-shot-dead-while-trying-to-cross-security-barrier-near-jerusalem/
  76. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/israeli-forces-kill-palestinian-near-separation-wall-north-of-east-jerusalem/3687736
  77. https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/161792
  78. https://www.timesofisrael.com/police-seize-m16-rifle-in-raid-on-west-bank-town/
  79. https://www.timesofisrael.com/palestinian-teen-killed-by-senior-idf-officer-in-west-bank/
  80. https://www.timesofisrael.com/abbas-officially-delays-palestinian-elections-blaming-israel/
  81. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-56929547
  82. https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2021/05/postponed-palestinian-elections-causes-and-repercussions?lang=en
  83. https://tcf.org/content/report/the-economic-foundation-for-peace-in-israel-and-palestine/
  84. https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/%40ed_norm/%40relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_883198.pdf
  85. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/israel-west-bank-and-gaza/west-bank-and-gaza
  86. https://old.ir-amim.org.il/en/node/2701
  87. https://fmep.org/resource/settlement-annexation-report-april-28-2023/
  88. https://pchrgaza.org/as-part-of-its-annexation-policy-and-attempts-to-alter-the-demographic-reality-israel-imposes-new-restrictions-on-freedom-of-movement-in-occupied-east-jerusalem/
  89. https://www.alestiklal.net/en/article/between-fragmentation-and-annexation-israel-s-strategy-behind-military-gates-in-the-west-bank
  90. https://www.sadanews.ps/en/news/240695.html
  91. https://imemc.org/article/israeli-forces-kill-a-palestinian-abduct-a-mother-and-child-in-jerusalem/
  92. https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/163705
  93. https://www.facebook.com/groups/308103259366100/posts/3423354364507625/
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.