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Tuscarawas County, Ohio
Tuscarawas County, Ohio
Tuscarawas County, Ohio
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Tuscarawas County (/ˌtʌskəˈrɑːwəs/ TUS-kə-RAH-wəs) is a county located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was 93,263.[4] Its county seat is New Philadelphia.[5] Its name is a Delaware Indian word variously translated as "old town" or "open mouth".[2][6] Tuscarawas County comprises the New Philadelphia–Dover, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Cleveland–Akron–Canton, OH Combined Statistical Area.

Key Information

History

[edit]

For years, European-American colonists on the East Coast did not know much about the territory west of the Appalachian Mountains except for reports from a few explorers and fur traders who ventured into the area. In 1750, Christopher Gist of the Ohio Land Company explored the Tuscarawas Valley. His report of the area hinted at some natural riches and friendly American Indians.

In 1761 Moravian missionaries set out from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, to set up a mission in the Tuscarawas Valley. Christian Frederick Post, David Zeisberger, and John Heckewelder met with Chief Netawatwees of the western Delaware Indians, also known as the "Lenape". He invited them to the tribal village he had founded, Gekelemukpechunk (present-day Newcomerstown, Ohio). He granted the missionaries permission to build a cabin near the junction of the Sandy Creek and Tuscarawas River, in present-day Stark County and begin evangelizing the natives. While they were successful in baptizing dozens of converts, they were forced to abandon the mission in 1763 during the French and Indian War (part of the Seven Years' War).

Again, at the request of Chief Netawatwees in 1771, David Zeisberger returned to found additional missions in the Tuscarawas Valley. In the spring of 1772, near the present site of New Philadelphia, Ohio, Zeisberger, along with five converted Indian families established the mission of Schoenbrunn (beautiful spring), also known as Welhik Tuppeek (best spring). They built a school house and a chapel. In August of that year, John Heckawelder brought an additional 250 converted Christian Delawares into the village.

In late summer 1772, they established a second settlement, roughly 10 miles (16 km) away from Schoenbrunn, called Gnadenhütten (cabins of grace). On October 17, 1772, Zeisberger conducted the first religious service at Gnadenhutten. In 1776, Chief Netawatwes donated land for another settlement, Lichtenau (meadow of light), near present-day Coshocton, then the principal Delaware village in the region.[7]

Built in 1778, Fort Laurens was the only military fort built in the state of Ohio during the Revolutionary War, located on the west bank on the Tuscarawas River near the town of Bolivar.

The American Revolutionary War brought the demise of these first settlements. The Delawares, who at the time populated much of eastern Ohio, were divided over their loyalties, with many in the west allied with the British out of Fort Detroit and many in the east allied with the Americans out of Fort Pitt. Delawares were involved in skirmishes against both sides, but by 1781 the American sense was that the Delawares were allying with the British. In response, Colonel Daniel Brodhead of the American forces led an expedition out of Fort Pitt and on April 19, 1781, destroyed the settlement of Coshocton. Surviving residents fled to the north. Colonel Brodhead's forces left the Delawares at the other Moravian mission villages unmolested, but the actions set the stage for raised tensions in the area.

In September 1781, British forces and Indian allies, primarily Wyandot and Delaware, forced the Christian Indians and missionaries from the remaining Moravian villages. The Indian allies took their prisoners further west toward Lake Erie to a new village, called Captive Town, on the Sandusky River. The British took the missionaries David Zeisberger and John Heckewelder under guard back to Fort Detroit, where the two men were tried (but eventually acquitted) on charges of treason against the British Crown.

Monument commemorating the Moravian Christian Indian Martyrs who were massacred in 1782 at the mission settlement of Gnadenhutten.[8]

The Indians at Captive Town were going hungry because of insufficient rations, and in February 1782, more than 100 returned to their old Moravian villages to harvest the crops and collect the stored food they had been forced to leave behind. In early March 1782, 160 Pennsylvania militia led by Lieutenant Colonel David Williamson raided the villages and garrisoned the Indians in the village of Gnadenhütten, accusing them of taking part in raids into Pennsylvania. Although the Delawares rejected the charges as they were pacifist Christians, the militia held a council and voted to kill them. The next morning on March 8, the militia tied up the Indians, stunned them with mallet blows to the head, and killed them with fatal scalping cuts. In all, the militia murdered and scalped 28 men, 29 women, and 39 children. They piled the bodies of the Moravian Christian Lenape and Moravian Christian Mahicans in the mission buildings and burned the village down. They also burned the other abandoned Moravian villages in the area.[9]

The Treaty of Greenville map of 1795.

This action, which came to be known as the Gnadenhutten massacre, caused an outright frontier war to break out between the Delawares and the Americans. After several years of ongoing campaigns by the natives to terrorize and keep out further American settlers, a brutal campaign by US General "Mad Anthony" Wayne from Fort Washington (now Cincinnati) was carried out in late 1793, eventually resulting in the Treaty of Greenville being signed in 1795 between the US government and the local natives. The Treaty ceded the eastern two-thirds of current-day Ohio to white settlers and once again opened up the territory for white settlement.

In October 1798, David Zeisberger, the same Moravian missionary who had founded many of the original missions in the 1770s, returned to the Tuscarawas Valley to found a new mission, Goshen, from where he continued his work to evangelize the local natives with the Christian gospel. Over the next several years, farmer settlers from Pennsylvania came trickling into the area, and by 1808, the first permanent settlement, New Philadelphia, was founded near the Goshen mission. After the War of 1812, Goshen declined as a mission until it was disbanded in 1824.[10]

Tuscarawas County was formed from Muskingum County on February 15, 1808.[11]

Ohio and Erie Canal seen in Tuscarawas County from "Geography of Ohio," 1923

In the late 1820s, Tuscarawas County was chosen to be on the route of the Ohio and Erie Canal, a man-made waterway linking Lake Erie (via Cleveland) to the Ohio River (via Portsmouth, Ohio). Construction from Massillon, Ohio to Canal Dover, Ohio was completed in 1829. Construction from Canal Dover, Ohio to Newark, Ohio was completed in 1830.[12] A total of 15 locks were built in Tuscarawas County, entering the county line on an aqueduct north of Zoar, Ohio on Lock 7 to Newcomerstown, Ohio, exiting the county below Lock 21.[13] In 1848, the feeder Sandy and Beaver Canal was completed, linking Bolivar, Ohio to the Ohio River at Glasgow, Pennsylvania.[14] With the rise of railroads, and a massive flood in 1913, the canal system was abandoned.[15] Three years later, the city of Canal Dover shortened its name Dover to 1916.[16]

Geography

[edit]

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 571 square miles (1,480 km2), of which 568 square miles (1,470 km2) is land and 3.8 square miles (9.8 km2) (0.71%) is water.[17]

Adjacent counties

[edit]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18103,045—
18208,328173.5%
183014,29871.7%
184025,63179.3%
185031,76123.9%
186032,4632.2%
187033,8404.2%
188040,19818.8%
189046,61816.0%
190053,75115.3%
191057,0356.1%
192063,57811.5%
193068,1937.3%
194068,8160.9%
195070,3202.2%
196076,7899.2%
197077,2110.5%
198084,6149.6%
199084,090−0.6%
200090,8528.0%
201092,5821.9%
202093,2630.7%
2024 (est.)92,048−1.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[18]
1790-1960[19] 1900-1990[20]
1990-2000[21] 2020[4] 2024[3]
Age pyramid of Tuscarawas County, based on 2000 census information.

2020 census

[edit]
Tuscarawas County, Ohio – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 1980[22] Pop 1990[23] Pop 2000[24] Pop 2010[25] Pop 2020[26] % 1980 % 1990 % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 83,413 82,911 88,576 88,614 84,979 98.58% 98.60% 97.43% 95.71% 91.12%
Black or African American alone (NH) 647 623 655 696 697 0.76% 0.74% 0.72% 0.75% 0.75%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 83 136 145 133 117 0.10% 0.16% 0.16% 0.14% 0.13%
Asian alone (NH) 175 184 220 286 306 0.21% 0.22% 0.24% 0.31% 0.33%
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander alone (NH) x [27] x [28] 39 72 29 x x 0.04% 0.08% 0.03%
Other race alone (NH) 44 8 39 40 169 0.05% 0.01% 0.04% 0.04% 0.18%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) x [29] x [30] 528 974 3,004 x x 0.58% 1.05% 3.22%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 252 228 650 1,767 3,962 0.30% 0.27% 0.71% 1.91% 4.25%
Total 84,614 84,090 90,852 92,582 93,263 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

2010 census

[edit]

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 92,582 people, 36,965 households, and 25,318 families residing in the county.[31] The population density was 163.1 inhabitants per square mile (63.0/km2). There were 40,206 housing units at an average density of 70.8 units per square mile (27.3 units/km2).[32] The racial makeup of the county was 96.6% white, 0.8% black or African American, 0.3% Asian, 0.3% American Indian, 0.2% Pacific islander, 0.7% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.9% of the population.[31] In terms of ancestry, 38.0% were German, 16.0% were Irish, 10.9% were English, 7.7% were American, and 7.6% were Italian.[33] 94.7% spoke English, 1.4% Spanish, 1.1% German, and 2.0% another West Germanic language.[34]

Of the 36,965 households, 30.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.0% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 31.5% were non-families, and 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.97. The median age was 40.9 years.[31]

The median income for a household in the county was $42,081 and the median income for a family was $51,330. Males had a median income of $40,490 versus $27,193 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,536. About 9.2% of families and 12.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.7% of those under age 18 and 10.2% of those age 65 or over.[35]

2000 census

[edit]

As of the census[36] of 2000, there were 90,914 people, 35,653 households, and 25,313 families residing in the county. The population density was 160 inhabitants per square mile (62/km2). There were 38,113 housing units at an average density of 67 units per square mile (26/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 97.87% White, 0.73% Black or African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.24% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.21% from other races, and 0.73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.71% of the population. 95.3% spoke English, 1.3% German and 1.1% Spanish as their first language.

There were 35,653 households, out of which 32.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.10% were married couples living together, 9.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.00% were non-families. 24.90% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the county, the age distribution of the population shows 25.40% under the age of 18, 8.00% from 18 to 24, 28.10% from 25 to 44, 23.60% from 45 to 64, and 15.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 95.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.40 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $35,489, and the median income for a family was $41,677. Males had a median income of $31,963 versus $20,549 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,276. About 7.20% of families and 9.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.20% of those under age 18 and 7.80% of those age 65 or over.

Amish and Mennonite communities

[edit]

In 2020, the Amish and Mennonite population was 3,496 or 3.7% of the total population [37]

Politics

[edit]

Prior to 1912, Tuscarawas County was a Democratic Party stronghold in presidential elections. But starting with the 1916 election, the county had become a bellwether county until 2012, only backing losing candidates in 1960 and 1968. Starting with the 2012 election, the county began to swing markedly to the right, and is now solidly Republican.

United States presidential election results for Tuscarawas County, Ohio[38]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2024 30,652 70.94% 12,032 27.84% 527 1.22%
2020 30,458 69.09% 12,889 29.24% 740 1.68%
2016 26,918 64.70% 12,188 29.29% 2,500 6.01%
2012 22,242 53.35% 18,407 44.15% 1,044 2.50%
2008 20,454 47.50% 21,498 49.93% 1,105 2.57%
2004 23,829 55.54% 18,853 43.94% 224 0.52%
2000 19,549 52.67% 15,879 42.78% 1,690 4.55%
1996 13,388 38.52% 15,244 43.86% 6,123 17.62%
1992 13,179 35.72% 14,787 40.08% 8,928 24.20%
1988 17,145 54.28% 14,185 44.90% 259 0.82%
1984 19,366 59.13% 13,149 40.14% 239 0.73%
1980 15,708 52.21% 12,117 40.27% 2,261 7.52%
1976 14,279 44.84% 16,880 53.01% 682 2.14%
1972 18,413 59.07% 12,255 39.32% 501 1.61%
1968 14,102 43.44% 15,617 48.11% 2,742 8.45%
1964 9,962 29.66% 23,623 70.34% 0 0.00%
1960 20,637 56.20% 16,083 43.80% 0 0.00%
1956 19,876 60.63% 12,908 39.37% 0 0.00%
1952 18,620 53.27% 16,332 46.73% 0 0.00%
1948 11,873 44.27% 14,799 55.19% 145 0.54%
1944 14,357 47.01% 16,184 52.99% 0 0.00%
1940 14,675 43.57% 19,004 56.43% 0 0.00%
1936 10,317 31.30% 21,991 66.71% 657 1.99%
1932 12,369 41.36% 16,648 55.67% 888 2.97%
1928 20,494 74.34% 6,805 24.68% 269 0.98%
1924 13,573 56.97% 5,566 23.36% 4,686 19.67%
1920 11,908 51.96% 10,167 44.36% 844 3.68%
1916 5,404 38.96% 7,608 54.84% 860 6.20%
1912 3,417 27.34% 4,978 39.84% 4,101 32.82%
1908 6,717 47.29% 6,775 47.69% 713 5.02%
1904 7,203 55.76% 4,979 38.55% 735 5.69%
1900 6,355 47.19% 6,867 50.99% 245 1.82%
1896 6,235 47.15% 6,898 52.16% 92 0.70%
1892 4,746 42.97% 5,715 51.74% 584 5.29%
1888 4,730 45.23% 5,484 52.44% 243 2.32%
1884 4,394 44.96% 5,215 53.36% 165 1.69%
1880 4,096 45.33% 4,844 53.61% 96 1.06%
1876 3,574 43.95% 4,545 55.89% 13 0.16%
1872 3,178 46.96% 3,586 52.99% 3 0.04%
1868 3,145 47.82% 3,432 52.18% 0 0.00%
1864 3,049 49.47% 3,114 50.53% 0 0.00%
1860 3,136 51.72% 2,846 46.93% 82 1.35%
1856 3,007 52.93% 2,656 46.75% 18 0.32%
United States Senate election results for Tuscarawas County, Ohio1[39]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2024 27,395 64.25% 13,501 31.67% 1,740 4.08%

Communities

[edit]
Map of Tuscarawas County, Ohio With Municipal and Township Labels

Cities

[edit]

Villages

[edit]

Townships

[edit]

Census-designated places

[edit]

Unincorporated communities

[edit]

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Tuscarawas County, Ohio

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Tuscarawas County is a in northeastern , , encompassing approximately 568 square miles of land area. As of 2024, its stands at 92,048, reflecting a slight decline from prior decades amid broader rural depopulation trends in the region. The county was organized on March 15, 1808, from portions of Muskingum County, with New Philadelphia designated as the . Named for the , which traverses the area and originates from a term variously interpreted as "old town" or "open mouth," the county holds early American historical significance as the site of Ohio's first Protestant settlement at Schoenbrunn in 1772 and Fort Laurens, a Revolutionary War outpost constructed in 1778. Its economy centers on , employing over 10,000 residents in sectors like automotive parts and , supplemented by and retail trade. Notable for its proximity to communities and industrial heritage, including the Warther Cutlery Museum in Dover showcasing intricate ivory carvings, Tuscarawas County exemplifies rural Ohio's blend of agrarian roots and advanced amid ongoing challenges from stagnation and economic shifts toward .

Geography

Physical Features and Topography

Tuscarawas County lies within the Appalachian Plateaus physiographic province, spanning both glaciated northern sections and unglaciated southern areas dominated by rolling hills, steep ridges, and narrow stream valleys. The landscape features dissected terrain formed by erosion of Pennsylvanian bedrock, including sandstones, shales, and thin coal seams, with valley fills of glacial outwash sands, gravels, and up to 200 feet thick along major streams. Ridges in the county commonly reach elevations of 1,260 feet, while lowlands along watercourses descend to around 850 feet. The , a major tributary of the , flows southward through the county's central valley, shaping much of the local topography with its floodplain and bordering bluffs. Tributaries such as the Sandy Creek and Conotton Creek further incise the terrain, contributing to a drainage pattern that reflects the underlying stratified resistant to uniform . This results in a varied relief where upland plateaus give way to V-shaped valleys, with average county elevation approximately 1,024 feet. Soils derived from residuum and over support forested hills, while alluvial deposits in valleys facilitate agriculture.

Climate and Environmental Conditions

Tuscarawas County experiences a classified as Köppen Dfa, characterized by hot, humid summers and cold, snowy winters with precipitation distributed throughout the year. Annual temperatures typically range from an average low of 19°F in winter to a high of 84°F in summer, with marking the warmest month at around 84°F and the coldest at 19°F. The county receives approximately 40 inches of rainfall annually, exceeding the U.S. of 38 inches, alongside about 26 inches of snowfall, which contributes to occasional winter hazards like icy roads. The region's topography, including rolling hills and the Tuscarawas River valley, influences local microclimates, with valleys prone to fog and frost pockets while higher elevations experience slightly cooler temperatures and increased wind exposure. events, such as thunderstorms in summer and blizzards in winter, occur periodically, though the county's inland position moderates severe risks compared to western Ohio. Recent data indicate periods of abnormally dry conditions, as observed in late 2025, which can stress agriculture despite the overall humid profile. Environmental conditions feature generally good air quality, with the often in the satisfactory range (0-50) and posing little risk, though minor elevations occur during industrial activity or inversions. Groundwater vulnerability varies widely due to diverse hydrogeologic settings, including features in areas that heighten contamination risks from surface activities like and septic systems. Surface water in the supports local ecosystems but requires monitoring for sediment and nutrient runoff from farming, maintaining overall habitability in this mixed rural-industrial landscape.

Adjacent Counties

Tuscarawas County is bordered by six other counties in Ohio: Stark County to the north, Holmes County to the northwest, Carroll County to the northeast, Harrison County to the east, Guernsey County to the south, and Coshocton County to the southwest. These boundaries, established since the county's formation on February 20, 1808, from portions of Washington County, encompass approximately 568 square miles of land area shared along natural features like the Tuscarawas River watershed and rolling Appalachian foothills. The northern and northwestern borders with Stark and Holmes counties facilitate regional economic ties, including manufacturing and agriculture, while the eastern and southern interfaces with Harrison and Guernsey support cross-county infrastructure like U.S. Route 36.

History

Native American Period and Etymology

The name Tuscarawas derives from a Delaware (Lenape) term meaning "old town," referring to an early indigenous settlement established around 1755 by the Lenape leader Tamaqua near the of Sandy Creek and the . Alternative interpretations link it to descriptors of the river, such as "open mouth" or "old mouth," highlighting the waterway's features. The county and river retain this Native nomenclature, reflecting the dominant presence of Lenape bands in the valley prior to European incursion. The Tuscarawas Valley served as a key habitat for () communities during the 18th century, with villages supporting agriculture, trade, and seasonal migrations along the river. Moravian missionaries, seeking to convert Native populations, arrived in the mid-1700s and established missions including Schoenbrunn in , where converts built a communal village blending European and indigenous practices. Gnadenhutten followed as another pacifist settlement of Christian , emphasizing farming and religious instruction amid growing colonial pressures. During the , the region became a frontier flashpoint. In 1778, Continental forces erected Fort Laurens near modern Bolivar to safeguard pro-American against British-allied raids and facilitate assaults on ; the outpost withstood a three-week by Native and British troops in early 1779 but was abandoned later that year due to supply shortages and strategic reevaluation. Escalating animosities peaked with the on March 8, 1782, when 160 militiamen led by Colonel surrounded the neutral Moravian village, detained 96 peaceful converts (mostly women and children), and executed them by bludgeoning after a militia vote justified the act on unproven raiding allegations. This unprovoked slaughter of disarmed Christian Natives, who had gathered for crop harvesting, accelerated displacement from the valley, paving the way for post-war treaties and settler influx.

County Formation and Early European Settlement

Tuscarawas County was established on February 15, 1808, through an act of the that carved it from Muskingum County. The legislation defined the county's boundaries and designated New Philadelphia—laid out two years earlier in 1806—as the provisional , reflecting the area's growing population and need for local administration amid Ohio's territorial expansion from the . This formation aligned with the state's pattern of subdividing larger counties to improve governance efficiency as settlement intensified following federal land surveys under the Land Ordinance of 1785. Initial European presence in the region predated formal county organization, with Moravian missionaries from Pennsylvania establishing missions among Delaware Indians at sites like Gnadenhutten in 1772, though these efforts were short-lived due to Revolutionary War disruptions and the 1782 Gnadenhutten massacre by Pennsylvania militiamen. Permanent European-American settlement accelerated after the 1795 Treaty of Greenville, which ceded Native American lands south and east of a demarcation line, enabling U.S. land office operations and private claims. By 1802, the first waves of farmers, primarily from Pennsylvania and Virginia, began arriving, clearing land along the Tuscarawas River for agriculture and building log cabins; arrivals peaked between 1802 and 1806, establishing townships and mills that supported self-sufficient homesteads. These early settlers faced challenges including rudimentary infrastructure, isolation from markets, and residual Native American tensions resolved by subsequent treaties like that of 1805 at Fort Industry, which further secured titles. By the county's inception, approximately 1,000 residents populated the area, focused on subsistence farming of corn, , and , with emerging via to the Ohio River system. The establishment of county courts and roads in 1808 facilitated consolidation, drawing more families and laying foundations for later economic diversification.

Industrial Development and Economic Shifts

The industrial development of Tuscarawas County commenced in the early with the exploitation of local seams, as eastern 's resources drew initial extractive operations. Historical records document hand-loading operations at mines like the Blue Bell near Strasburg, reflecting labor-intensive techniques prevalent before . By the mid-1800s, expanded in areas such as Roswell, which emerged as a hub with 13 active mines in the Beaverdam Valley, supporting regional energy demands and employment. Parallel to coal, the county's extensive clay deposits spurred a pottery and ceramics industry, with British potter James Bennett establishing the first commercial operation in near accessible riverbanks for transportation. This sector grew rapidly in the early , as over 10 clay processing plants opened between 1903 and 1924 in the area encompassing New Philadelphia, Dover, Midvale, Gnadenhutten, and Lock Seventeen, capitalizing on demand for sewer pipes, bricks, and utilitarian wares. Post-World War II expansion peaked in 1946, when 12 sewer pipe plants produced 32,000 tons of clay products at 95% capacity, underscoring the industry's role in infrastructure development. Economic shifts accelerated after the 1970s, as production in eastern , including Tuscarawas County, declined sharply from its mid-20th-century peak due to exhaustion of seams, from alternative fuels, and regulatory pressures on underground . Traditional clay and heavy faced similar erosion amid broader , with losing over 300,000 jobs between 1970 and 1982, impacting local employment in resource-dependent sectors. By the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the county transitioned toward diversified , emphasizing advanced processes in , automotive components, and high-tech production, supported by a skilled and modern industrial parks. This adaptation mitigated some losses, though the hollowing out of middle-wage jobs persisted, linked to reduced shares in and legacy .

20th-Century Changes and Recent Events

In the early 20th century, Tuscarawas County's economy expanded through manufacturing, particularly clay processing and pottery production, which capitalized on local deposits of high-quality clay. Between 1903 and 1924, more than ten clay plants opened in the Dover-New Philadelphia area, driving population influx and infrastructure development amid surging demand for sewer pipes and refractory materials. New Philadelphia emerged as a hub with firms like the American Sheet and Tin Plate Company and Spicer Manufacturing establishing operations, supporting diversification beyond agriculture. Mid- to late-20th-century shifts reflected broader patterns, with manufacturing peaking during World War II's industrial mobilization before declining due to , foreign competition, and resource exhaustion. Ohio lost over 300,000 manufacturing jobs from 1970 to 1982, a trend mirrored locally as clay and heavy industries contracted, leading to employment stagnation. , active earlier in areas like Uhrichsville, further waned as seams depleted and markets shifted. grew modestly from 84,233 in 1970 to 91,988 in 2000, buoyed by stable agriculture and remaining factories but constrained by job losses. Since 2000, Tuscarawas County has pursued revitalization through organizations like the Economic Development Corporation, founded to retain and attract firms in advanced and , leveraging its position between major metros. The county established a in 2000 to finance expansions, contributing to GDP growth from $3.1 billion in 2001 to $5.2 billion in 2023 (in chained 2017 dollars). peaked at 93,263 in 2020 before edging down to 91,874 by 2023, amid regional impacts and commuting to urban centers, with employment declining 6.8% from 2007 to 2012 excluding effects. Recent local developments include rail and road upgrades, such as Ohio 39 closures for repairs in 2025, supporting ongoing industrial access.

Demographics

According to the , Tuscarawas County had a population of 90,914. This figure increased to 92,582 by the 2010 , reflecting a growth of 1.8% over the decade, driven primarily by modest net domestic migration and natural increase. The 2020 recorded 93,263 residents, a further rise of 0.7% from 2010, though growth slowed amid broader rural depopulation patterns in . Post-2020 estimates indicate a reversal, with the population declining to 92,631 in 2021, 92,030 in 2022, 92,017 in 2023, and 92,048 as of July 1, 2024, per U.S. Bureau data adjusted for births, deaths, and migration. This recent downturn aligns with negative net migration in non-metropolitan counties, where out-migration exceeds inflows, particularly among working-age residents.
Census/Estimate YearPopulation
200090,914
201092,582
202093,263
2023 (est.)92,017
2024 (est., July 1)92,048
The Ohio Department of Development projects a continued decline to 83,900 residents by 2050, a 10.04% decrease from 2020 levels, based on cohort-component modeling incorporating , mortality, and migration assumptions calibrated to state trends. Such projections account for an aging demographic structure, with fewer births insufficient to offset deaths and sustained out-migration to urban areas. Short-term forecasts, such as to 2025, anticipate stabilization near 92,000 under zero-growth scenarios, though recent data suggest downward pressure persists.

Census Data Summaries

The enumerated 93,263 residents in Tuscarawas County, reflecting a modest 0.7% growth from the 92,582 individuals recorded in 2010. This figure encompasses a predominantly population, with comprising approximately 92.5% of residents based on integrated decennial and data. or Latino individuals of any race accounted for about 4.2%, while other groups included smaller shares: or African American around 1.0%, Asian 0.3%, American Indian and Native 0.3%, and multiracial 3.2%.
Race/EthnicityPercentage
Non-Hispanic White~92.5%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)~4.2%
Black or African American~1.0%
Asian~0.3%
American Indian and Alaska Native~0.3%
Multiracial~3.2%
Age distribution data from the 2019-2023 indicate a median age of 41.2 years, higher than Ohio's statewide of 39.9, signaling an older demographic profile typical of rural Appalachian counties. Approximately 19.3% of the population was under 15 years old, with 12.1% aged 15-24, reflecting stable family structures but limited youth influx. Persons 65 and older comprised about 19%, contributing to a balanced but aging . Economic indicators from the same ACS period show a household income of $64,494, below the national but aligned with regional and agricultural economies. stood at $32,489, with 13.4% of residents living below the federal line—higher than Ohio's 13.3% average, driven by factors like outmigration and sector-specific volatility.
Demographic CategoryValue (2019-2023 ACS unless noted)
High school graduate or higher (age 25+)~89%
or higher (age 25+)~18% (estimated from regional patterns; exact county figure aligns with lower attainment in similar counties)
Housing data reveal 68.7% owner-occupied units, with a home value of around $150,000, underscoring affordability amid stagnant growth.

Religious and Cultural Demographics

In 2020, Tuscarawas County had a of 93,263, of which 46,438 individuals (49.8%) were reported as adherents to religious congregations, according to from the U.S. Religion Census compiled by the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA). Evangelical Protestants formed the largest religious tradition, with 22,717 adherents representing 24.4% of the total ; this group included prominent Christian churches with 12,472 adherents. Mainline Protestants followed with 13,275 adherents (14.2%), led by the at 5,238 adherents, while Catholics numbered 8,820 adherents (9.5%). Other traditions, such as Black Protestants (350 adherents) and (794 adherents), accounted for smaller shares. The county features a visible Anabaptist presence, particularly among Amish communities, with 3,128 adherents in undifferentiated Amish groups across 34 congregations, comprising about 6.7% of religious adherents or roughly 3.4% of the total population; additional Anabaptist groups like Beachy Amish Mennonite Churches added 234 adherents. These communities, concentrated in rural townships such as Dover and New Philadelphia vicinities, maintain traditional practices including large families, limited technology adoption, and mutual aid systems, which have sustained population growth amid broader regional declines in religious affiliation. Smaller historical Jewish congregations existed in New Philadelphia from 1937 to 1968, served by Orthodox rabbis, though no significant organized presence remains today. Culturally, Tuscarawas County exhibits strong European-American homogeneity, with 92.5% of residents identifying as White (non-Hispanic) in recent census estimates, reflecting ancestral ties to German, English, and Irish settlers who dominated early 19th-century immigration waves. The Amish subculture distinctly shapes local customs, agriculture, and commerce in eastern and southern areas, fostering traditions like barn raisings, Pennsylvania Dutch dialect usage (a German variant), and horse-drawn farming that coexist with modern influences in urban centers like New Philadelphia. This blend contributes to a conservative rural ethos, with limited ethnic diversity—Hispanics comprise about 3.7%—and minimal non-Christian religious footprints beyond the aforementioned groups.

Economy

Primary Industries and Employment

Tuscarawas County's primary employment sectors are and social assistance, , and retail trade, reflecting a mix of service-oriented and industrial activities. According to employment data derived from the , and social assistance lead as the largest industry by workforce share, followed by , with retail trade also prominent among nonagricultural sectors. Manufacturing encompasses advanced processes such as plastics, polymers, , automotive components, and emerging production, supported by 125 manufacturers in the county. In 2023, the county recorded 42,400 employed individuals, down 1.9% from 2022, amid broader economic shifts including and adjustments in . The civilian labor force totals around 46,700, with an unemployment rate of 4.2%, lower than the state average but indicative of periodic slowdowns. Key employers include Union Hospital, which dominates jobs, and leaders like ProVia (building products) and Battle Motors (electric trucks), collectively accounting for thousands of positions. Agriculture, while sustaining 1,100 farms, contributes modestly to formal wage employment due to prevalent family-run operations and communities, which emphasize self-sufficiency over reported labor statistics. This sector focuses on crops, , and specialty products but faces challenges from mechanization limits in traditional farming. Overall, the economy's reliance on exposes it to cyclical industrial demands, though proximity to larger workforce pools in bolsters resilience.

Agricultural and Manufacturing Sectors

remains a of Tuscarawas County's , supported by 1,154 farms encompassing 166,404 acres of land as of the 2022 USDA , reflecting a 16% increase in both land and average farm size (144 acres) since 2017. The sector generated $143.3 million in market value of agricultural products sold in 2022, up 14% from 2017, with and eggs leading at $49.4 million, followed by milk production at $37.8 million and grains, oilseeds, and dry beans at $30.1 million. Livestock inventory includes 1.38 million broilers, 126,537 layers, and 28,672 and calves, underscoring a focus on and operations. The county's substantial Amish population drives much of this agricultural activity, emphasizing traditional horse-drawn farming, dairy, and forage production like hay and corn for grain (28,353 acres of forage and 20,105 acres of corn reported in 2022). Recent adaptations among Amish farmers include diversification into vegetable crops such as tomatoes, onions, and peppers to sustain viability amid land constraints and market shifts. Operations like The Farm at Creek exemplify working Amish farms engaged in daily activities including plowing, planting, and management. Manufacturing employs a significant portion of the workforce, with 125 establishments contributing to diverse sectors including plastics, polymers, , automotive components, and emerging (EV) production. Key employers include Cooper Standard, a global supplier of automotive systems, and Crane Carrier, focused on vocational trucks. Recent expansions bolster the sector: Schaeffler's new EV facility in Dover, announced in 2024, is projected to create 450 jobs and $27 million in annual payroll, while Battle Motors has hired over 400 workers for heavy-duty assembly since 2023. The workforce features skilled labor in CNC programming, , and advanced technologies, supporting high-tech and applications.

Economic Challenges and Indicators

Tuscarawas County's poverty rate was 15.8% according to recent estimates, exceeding Ohio's statewide rate of 13.3%. This elevated poverty reflects structural economic pressures in the region, including historical reliance on sectors vulnerable to , with experiencing a net loss of 191,000 high-paying jobs since the early due to factors like competition and . The county's reached $57,335 in 2023, lagging behind broader state trends amid uneven recovery from post-recession shifts. Key economic indicators underscore modest growth tempered by vulnerabilities:
IndicatorTuscarawas County ValueComparison
Median Household Income (2023)$64,494Below average of approximately $66,000
Unemployment Rate (2025)4.6%Aligns with state levels, lower than county long-term average of 6.17%
Labor Force Participation Rate61.7%Higher than (57.9%) and U.S. (55.8%) averages
Employment Change (2022-2023)-1.9% decline (from 43,200 to 42,400 jobs)Reflects sector-specific losses despite regional manufacturing initiatives
(2023)$5.01 billionUp from $4.64 billion in 2022, driven partly by emerging sectors like production
Educational attainment contributes to challenges, with only 28.66% of adults holding an or higher and 89.48% possessing a or equivalent, constraining access to higher-wage service and technical roles. The , prevalent in including Tuscarawas County—where opiate overdoses have been documented—exacerbates labor market strains through health-related workforce reductions and increased disability claims, linking directly to prior job losses and economic despair. County-level efforts, such as workforce development partnerships, aim to mitigate these issues by targeting resurgence, though sustained growth remains contingent on broader regional revitalization.

Government and Politics

Local Governance Structure

Tuscarawas County operates under the standard governance framework for Ohio counties, led by a three-member Board of County Commissioners elected countywide to staggered four-year terms. The commissioners, serving in a part-time capacity, hold primary responsibility for administrative oversight, including approving the annual budget, managing public infrastructure projects, and coordinating county services such as health, , and . They convene for regular meetings, typically on Mondays and Wednesdays, to conduct official business, with sessions open to the public as required by Ohio's Sunshine Law. In addition to the commissioners, the county features several independently elected "row officers" who manage specialized functions, as outlined in the Ohio Revised Code. These include the county auditor, who audits financial records and assesses property taxes; the , responsible for tax collection and investment of county funds; the recorder, who maintains land records and vital statistics; the clerk of courts, handling court documents and records; the , overseeing road maintenance and surveying; the , directing and jail operations; the coroner, investigating deaths; and the prosecuting attorney, representing the county in legal matters. All such officials are elected to four-year terms, ensuring direct accountability to voters without intermediary appointment processes. The county seat, New Philadelphia, hosts the primary administrative offices, including the courthouse where judicial proceedings occur under the Tuscarawas County Court of Common Pleas and municipal courts. Townships within the county maintain separate trustee boards for local , , and road upkeep, while incorporated municipalities like Dover and Uhrichsville elect mayors and councils for city-specific governance. This layered structure balances centralized county authority with localized decision-making, adapting to the region's rural and small-urban character.

Political Composition and Voting Patterns

Tuscarawas County has consistently demonstrated a strong Republican lean in electoral outcomes, with voters favoring Republican candidates in presidential, congressional, and local races by wide margins. This pattern aligns with the county's rural character, significant and Mennonite populations, and economic base in and , which correlate empirically with conservative voting preferences in similar counties. In presidential elections, the county has supported Republican nominees decisively since at least 2012. In 2016, received 26,918 votes (67.8%), defeating Hillary Clinton's 12,188 votes (30.7%). This margin increased in 2020, with Trump garnering 30,458 votes (approximately 70%), compared to Joe Biden's 12,889 votes (29.5%). The trend persisted in 2024, where Trump secured 71% of the vote against Kamala Harris's 28%. Voter turnout in these general elections has typically exceeded 70% of registered voters, reflecting high engagement in national contests.
Election YearRepublican CandidateVotes (%)Democratic CandidateVotes (%)
201626,918 (67.8%)12,188 (30.7%)
202030,458 (~70%)12,889 (29.5%)
202471%28%
Local governance reinforces this partisan composition, with the three-member board of county commissioners dominated by Republicans. In the 2024 general election, Republican Mitch Pace won a seat, joining incumbents in a body that has seen Republicans prevail in recent cycles. Broader local races, including those for , , and offices, have similarly favored Republican candidates, contributing to unified Republican control at the county level. Ohio's lack of party registration data limits precise partisan breakdowns, but vote shares in partisan primaries—such as the 2024 Republican primary turnout exceeding Democratic by over 2:1—indicate a Republican plurality among active voters.

Education

Public School System

The public school system in Tuscarawas County, Ohio, consists of eight independent local school districts that serve students in grades K-12, aligned with the county's municipalities, villages, and townships, supplemented by the Buckeye Career Center for vocational and technical . These districts include Claymont City, Dover City, Garaway Local, Indian Valley Local, New Philadelphia City, Newcomerstown Exempted Village, Sandy Valley Local, and Tuscarawas Valley Local. The East Central Ohio Educational Service Center provides administrative and support services to districts in the county. Enrollment across the districts totals over 15,000 students as of recent federal data, with New Philadelphia City Schools as the largest at 2,864 students across nine schools and Dover City Schools serving 2,676 students in five schools. Student-teacher ratios average 15-19:1 in major districts, with economically disadvantaged students comprising 26-33% of enrollment in urban areas like Dover and New Philadelphia. Some districts, such as Tuscarawas Valley Local, have experienced steady enrollment declines, projecting continued reductions due to demographic trends. Performance metrics from the Department of 's 2024 School Report Cards indicate all eight met or exceeded state standards, earning three stars or higher overall, with factors including achievement, progress, gap closing, and graduation rates. Indian Valley topped county ratings at 4.5 stars, while Garaway Local received four stars and the highest graduation rate at 98.5%. High schools like Tuscarawas High report 89% four-year graduation rates and above-state-average proficiency in core subjects, with 70-75% of elementary students proficient in reading and math. AP participation reaches 29-30% in like Dover and Tuscarawas , though minority enrollment remains low at 22-30% countywide.

Amish and Private Education

Tuscarawas County maintains a significant number of private parochial schools operated by its communities, which provide education exclusively through the in one-room schoolhouse settings. These institutions focus on core academic subjects including reading, writing, arithmetic, and , supplemented by Pennsylvania German language instruction for study and rudimentary vocational skills such as farming and homemaking to prepare students for community-based livelihoods. families reject compulsory attendance beyond , viewing extended formal education as a threat to religious separation from modern society and emphasis on , obedience, and manual labor; this practice is constitutionally protected under the U.S. Supreme Court's 1972 decision in , which recognized education as sufficient for their way of life. The county's Amish parochial schools constitute the majority of its private educational options, reflecting the broader Holmes County-area settlement that extends into Tuscarawas and supports numerous such facilities. Examples include small, community-funded schools like Sand Hill School near New Philadelphia, serving grades 1-8 with enrollment limited to Amish students. These schools are funded through parental tuition and community resources, employ lay teachers from within the Amish population, and achieve high functional literacy rates aligned with practical needs, though they omit advanced sciences, technology, and secular higher education. Beyond Amish institutions, private education in the county includes Catholic-affiliated schools offering instruction through high school. Tuscarawas Central Catholic Junior/Senior High School in New Philadelphia enrolls approximately 164 students, with a student-teacher of about 11:1 and a integrating Catholic doctrine with standard academic and extracurricular programs aimed at college and career readiness. Overall, the county hosts 29 private schools serving 1,394 students as of the 2025-26 school year, representing roughly 9% of total K-12 enrollment and all religiously affiliated, primarily and Catholic.

Communities

Cities

Tuscarawas County encompasses three incorporated cities: Dover, New Philadelphia, and Uhrichsville. New Philadelphia, the and largest city, had a population of 17,683 as enumerated in the . Located along the , it functions as the primary commercial and administrative hub for the county, with a 2022 estimated population of 17,437. Dover, the second-largest city, recorded 13,112 residents in the 2020 Census. Positioned along the and proximate to , it supports manufacturing and serves as a key transportation node, with a 2022 population estimate of 12,997. Uhrichsville, situated in the eastern portion of the county near the border with Harrison County, counted 5,272 inhabitants in 2020. Historically associated with clay products and ceramics industries due to local resources, its 2022 estimated population stood at 5,168.
City2020 Census Population2022 Estimated Population
New Philadelphia17,68317,437
Dover13,11212,997
Uhrichsville5,2725,168
All three cities exhibit gradual population declines consistent with broader rural trends, influenced by economic shifts from traditional toward service and logistics sectors.

Villages

Tuscarawas County, Ohio, encompasses 16 incorporated villages, which function as self-governing municipalities distinct from and cities, often centered around historical settlements, , or small-scale industry. These villages collectively house a portion of the county's 93,263 residents as enumerated in the , with populations ranging from 153 in Stone Creek to 3,702 in Newcomerstown. Many trace origins to 19th-century development following early Moravian missions and European immigration, including German Separatists in Zoar and industrial growth in places like Dennison. The following table lists the villages alphabetically with their 2020 populations:
Village2020 Population
Baltic677
Barnhill383
Bolivar1,000
Dennison2,709
Gnadenhutten1,240
Midvale673
Mineral City652
Newcomerstown3,702
Parral205
Port Washington548
Roswell219
Stone Creek153
Strasburg2,735
Sugarcreek2,373
Tuscarawas1,035
Zoar172
Notable among these is Gnadenhutten, founded as a Moravian mission village in 1772 and site of the 1782 massacre of 96 Christian by Pennsylvania militia during the Revolutionary War, commemorated by a erected in 1843. Zoar, established in 1817 by German Separatists as a communal society, operated until 1898 and preserves and artifacts reflecting its separatist roots. Sugarcreek, with a significant population, hosts annual events tied to Swiss heritage and , contributing to the region's cultural landscape. Newcomerstown, platted in 1815, developed around and industries in the , peaking with rail connections that supported its growth as a commercial hub. These villages maintain distinct identities shaped by topography along the and historical migrations, with economies historically reliant on , , and .

Townships

Tuscarawas County, Ohio, comprises 19 civil townships that function as the fundamental units of rural local governance, responsible for services including road upkeep, fire departments, and regulations in unincorporated territories. The townships, listed alphabetically, are:
  • Auburn Township
  • Bucks Township
  • Clay Township
  • Dover Township
  • Fairfield Township
  • Franklin Township
  • Goshen Township
  • Jefferson Township
  • Lawrence Township
  • Mill Township
  • Oxford Township
  • Perry Township
  • Salem Township
  • Sandy Township
  • Sugar Creek Township
  • Union Township
  • Warren Township
  • Warwick Township
  • Washington Township
These townships vary in population and economic focus, with several, such as Sugar Creek and Dover, hosting significant communities that influence local and cultural practices.

Census-Designated and Unincorporated Places

is a (CDP) in Dover Township with a population of 269 according to the . Sandyville, located in Sandy Township, and Wilkshire Hills, in Fairfield Township, are additional CDPs recognized by the U.S. Bureau for statistical reporting; these communities lack municipal incorporation and are governed as part of their respective townships. Beyond CDPs, Tuscarawas County features numerous unincorporated communities dispersed across its townships, providing rural residential and agricultural settings without independent local government. Notable examples include Barrs Mills in Fairfield Township, Blackband near Uhrichsville, Columbia in Fairfield Township, Eastport in Salem Township, Gilmore in Fairfield Township, and Glasgow in Goshen Township; these areas typically consist of small clusters of homes, farms, and occasional historic sites tied to the county's industrial and agricultural heritage. Such places rely on township services for administration, reflecting the county's predominantly rural character where over 70% of land remains undeveloped or in agricultural use as of recent land use assessments.

Culture and Society

Amish and Mennonite Communities

Tuscarawas County hosts a modest Old Order settlement centered around Newcomerstown and Mechanicstown, established in 2006, comprising 2 church districts and an estimated population of 175 as of 2024. This community maintains traditional Anabaptist practices, including horse-drawn transportation, , and separation from modern technologies to preserve communal values and religious discipline. Economic activities center on agriculture, such as and crop production suited to the county's hilly terrain, alongside small-scale and craftsmanship. The settlement is distinct from the much larger Greater Holmes County Amish affiliation, which primarily occupies adjacent Holmes, Wayne, and Coshocton counties but exerts regional influence through shared markets and family ties extending into eastern Tuscarawas Township. Amish families in the area contribute to local agriculture, with horse-drawn buggies and farming equipment visible along rural roads near Dover and New Philadelphia, reflecting adaptations to Ohio's unglaciated Appalachian foothills. Population growth follows broader Amish trends, doubling approximately every 20 years due to high fertility rates averaging 6-7 children per family, though the Tuscarawas enclave remains small relative to Ohio's total Amish population exceeding 80,000. Mennonite communities in the county are limited, with 234 adherents reported in Mennonite/Amish family congregations as of 2020, representing progressive or conservative branches that permit varying degrees of technology use compared to Old Order Amish. Additional presence includes Beachy Amish-Mennonite churches, which blend Amish traditions with evangelical practices and account for about 0.5% of the county's religious adherents, often engaging in outreach and modern vehicles. These groups trace roots to 19th-century Swiss and German immigrants, with historical ties to nearby Sugarcreek's Swiss-Amish heritage, though contemporary Mennonite activity focuses on farming and small businesses rather than large-scale settlements. Interactions with non-Amish residents involve markets for goods like furniture and produce, supporting the county's rural without significant cultural friction documented in primary records.

Social Issues and Notable Incidents

Drug abuse has been a persistent social challenge in Tuscarawas County, with illegal substances driving the majority of criminal cases in the as of 2022, according to court officials who attribute most offenses to -related behaviors. The crisis has contributed significantly, recording 14 unintentional deaths in 2016, though county health data indicate a marked decline, with overdoses halving from 2023 to 2024 amid broader efforts to address misuse and youth experimentation fueled by rural boredom. Community health assessments prioritize and , including depression, , and youth drug use, as top concerns, with the county underperforming averages in overall health factors. Child poverty affects 14% of residents under 18 as of 2024, down 6.5 percentage points from 2014, reflecting economic strains in this . Suicide rates reached a five-year high in 2024, correlating with mental health stressors like job and financial pressures reported by 35% of adults in prior surveys. In August 2025, a notable incident at Atwood Lake involved the deaths of a 4-year-old boy, Vincent Miller, and his 45-year-old father, , prompting aggravated murder charges against the boy's mother, Ruth Miller, 40, of Millersburg; authorities described it as stemming from a crisis or spiritual delusion, with the mother allegedly her son under perceived divine instruction before her husband drowned attempting rescue. A Tuscarawas grand jury indicted her on seven counts, including aggravated murder and endangering children. Another fatal event occurred on August 6, 2025, when a man and woman were struck and killed by a Wheeling & Lake Erie train while walking on tracks near Zoar, as confirmed by the county coroner.

Notable People

[Notable People - no content]

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