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Adagrasib
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| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Trade names | Krazati |
| Other names | MRTX-849 |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a623003 |
| License data | |
| Routes of administration | By mouth |
| Drug class | Antineoplastic agent |
| ATC code | |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | |
| Identifiers | |
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| CAS Number | |
| PubChem CID | |
| DrugBank | |
| UNII | |
| KEGG | |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.329.928 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C32H35ClFN7O2 |
| Molar mass | 604.13 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
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Adagrasib, sold under the brand name Krazati, is an anticancer medication used to treat non-small cell lung cancer.[1][2] Adagrasib is an inhibitor of G12C mutated KRAS GTPase.[1] It is taken by mouth.[1] It is being developed by Mirati Therapeutics.[1][5]
The most common adverse reactions include diarrhea, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, musculoskeletal pain, hepatotoxicity, renal impairment, dyspnea, edema, decreased appetite, cough, pneumonia, dizziness, constipation, abdominal pain, and QTc interval prolongation.[2] The most common laboratory abnormalities include decreased lymphocytes, increased aspartate aminotransferase, decreased sodium, decreased hemoglobin, increased creatinine, decreased albumin, increased alanine aminotransferase, increased lipase, decreased platelets, decreased magnesium, and decreased potassium.[2]
It was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2022 for lung cancer[1][2][5][6] and together with Cetuximab in 2024 for colorectal cancer.[7][8]
Medical uses
[edit]Adagrasib is indicated for the treatment of adults with KRAS G12C-mutated locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, as determined by an FDA approved test, who have received at least one prior systemic therapy.[1][2][9]
In June 2024, the US FDA granted accelerated approval to adagrasib plus cetuximab for adults with KRAS G12C-mutated locally advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer, as determined by an FDA-approved test, who have received prior treatment with fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin-, and irinotecan-based chemotherapy.[10][11]
History
[edit]Approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was based on KRYSTAL-1, a multicenter, single-arm, open-label clinical trial (NCT03785249) which included participants with locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer with KRAS G12C mutations.[2] Efficacy was evaluated in 112 participants whose disease has progressed on or after platinum-based chemotherapy and an immune checkpoint inhibitor, given either concurrently or sequentially.[2]
The FDA granted the application for adagrasib fast-track, breakthrough therapy, and orphan drug designations.[2]
Society and culture
[edit]Legal status
[edit]In November 2023, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the European Medicines Agency, following a re-examination procedure, adopted a positive opinion recommending the granting of a conditional marketing authorization for the medicinal product Krazati, intended for the treatment of people with KRAS G12C mutation non-small cell lung cancer.[12] The applicant for this medicinal product is Mirati Therapeutics B.V.[12]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g "Krazati- adagrasib tablet, coated". DailyMed. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 10 December 2021. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "FDA grants accelerated approval to adagrasib for KRAS G12C-mutated NSCLC". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 12 December 2022. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Krazati EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 5 January 2024. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
- ^ "Krazati Product information". Union Register of medicinal products. 9 January 2024. Archived from the original on 28 April 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
- ^ a b "Mirati Therapeutics Announces U.S. FDA Accelerated Approval of Krazati (adagrasib) as a Targeted Treatment Option for Patients with Locally Advanced or Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) with a KRASG12C Mutation" (Press release). Mirati Therapeutics Inc. 12 December 2022. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022 – via MultiVu.
- ^ "Drug Approval Package: Krazati". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 11 January 2023. Archived from the original on 25 June 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
- ^ Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (21 June 2024). "FDA grants accelerated approval to adagrasib with cetuximab for KRAS G12C-mutated colorectal cancer". FDA. Archived from the original on 21 June 2024.
- ^ Grisham J (21 June 2024). "FDA Approves First Colorectal Cancer Treatment that Targets KRAS Gene | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center". www.mskcc.org. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
- ^ "Accelerated Approval: Krazati (adagrasib) oral tablets" (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 12 December 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "FDA grants accelerated approval to adagrasib with cetuximab for KRAS G12C-mutated colorectal cancer". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 21 June 2024. Archived from the original on 22 June 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Cancer Accelerated Approvals". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 1 October 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2024.
- ^ a b "Krazati: Pending EC decision". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 10 November 2023. Archived from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
External links
[edit]- Clinical trial number NCT03785249 for "Phase 1/2 Study of MRTX849 in Patients With Cancer Having a KRAS G12C Mutation KRYSTAL-1" at ClinicalTrials.gov
Adagrasib
View on GrokipediaPharmacology
Mechanism of action
Adagrasib is a small-molecule covalent inhibitor that irreversibly binds to the cysteine residue at position 12 (Cys12) in the GDP-bound form of the KRAS G12C mutant protein.[7] This binding occurs via a 2-fluoroacrylamide warhead that forms a stable covalent adduct with the mutant cysteine, which is uniquely accessible in the switch-II pocket of the inactive GDP-bound conformation.[7] The KRAS G12C mutation, resulting from a glycine-to-cysteine substitution at codon 12, is prevalent in approximately 13% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases and drives oncogenic signaling by promoting constitutive activation of the MAPK pathway, including RAF-MEK-ERK components, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation.[8][7] By locking KRAS G12C in its inactive GDP-bound state, adagrasib prevents the exchange of GDP for GTP, thereby inhibiting the conformational switch required for KRAS activation and subsequent recruitment of downstream effectors.[9] This disruption halts the propagation of signals through the RAF-MEK-ERK cascade, reducing phosphorylation of ERK and suppressing tumor cell growth in KRAS G12C-mutated cells.[7] The selectivity of adagrasib for KRAS G12C over wild-type KRAS stems from its structural design, featuring a tetrahydropyridopyrimidine core with specific substituents such as a cyanomethyl group that displaces a water molecule near Gly10 and an 8-chloronaphthyl moiety that occupies a hydrophobic subpocket, enabling precise fitting into the mutant-specific pocket while minimizing interactions with the wild-type protein.[7] This targeted binding results in minimal off-target effects on other RAS isoforms or wild-type KRAS.[9]Pharmacokinetics
Adagrasib is rapidly absorbed following oral administration, with a median time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax) of 6 hours (range: 6–12 hours) following multiple doses of 600 mg twice daily.[6][10] The drug exhibits high oral bioavailability, though exact values are not specified in clinical data. Administration with a high-fat meal does not result in clinically significant changes in pharmacokinetics.[6] The apparent volume of distribution for adagrasib is 942 L (57% CV), indicating extensive distribution into tissues.[6][10] It is highly bound to plasma proteins, with approximately 98% binding in vitro.[6] Adagrasib undergoes primary metabolism in the liver via cytochrome P450 enzymes, predominantly CYP3A4 following single doses, with contributions from CYP2C8, CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, and CYP2D6 at steady state.[6][11] Major circulating metabolites, such as M68 and M11, are inactive and do not contribute significantly to pharmacological activity.[11] Elimination of adagrasib occurs primarily through fecal excretion, with approximately 75% of the dose recovered in feces (about 14% as unchanged drug) and less than 5% in urine (about 2% unchanged).[6][11] The terminal half-life is approximately 23 hours, and apparent oral clearance is around 37 L/h. Steady-state concentrations are achieved within about 8 days of twice-daily dosing.[6][10] No clinically significant pharmacokinetic differences are observed in patients with mild to severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance 15 to <90 mL/min) or hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh A to C), and no dosage adjustments are required.[6]Medical uses
Indications
Adagrasib is indicated as a single agent for the treatment of adult patients with KRASG12C-mutated locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), as determined by an FDA-approved test, who have received at least one prior systemic therapy.[6] In the phase 2 portion of the KRYSTAL-1 trial, adagrasib monotherapy demonstrated an objective response rate (ORR) of 43% (95% CI, 34-53) by blinded independent central review in this patient population.[6] In June 2024, the FDA granted accelerated approval to adagrasib in combination with cetuximab for the treatment of adult patients with KRASG12C-mutated locally advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC), as determined by an FDA-approved test, who have received prior fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin-, and irinotecan-based chemotherapy.[3] This approval was based on data from a cohort of the KRYSTAL-1 trial, where the combination achieved an ORR of 34% (95% CI, 25-45) by blinded independent central review in 94 previously treated patients.[12] Patient selection for adagrasib therapy requires confirmation of the KRASG12C mutation using FDA-approved companion diagnostic tests, such as the QIAGEN therascreen KRAS RGQ PCR Kit for tissue samples or the Agilent Resolution ctDx FIRST Assay for plasma samples in the NSCLC indication.[2] Adagrasib is under investigation in ongoing clinical trials for other KRASG12C-mutated solid tumors, including a phase 1b trial evaluating its monotherapy in metastatic pancreatic cancer.[13]Dosage and administration
Adagrasib is administered orally at a recommended dose of 600 mg twice daily, which equates to three 200 mg tablets taken every 12 hours, continuing until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.[6] This regimen applies both as monotherapy for KRAS G12C-mutated non-small cell lung cancer and in combination with cetuximab for KRAS G12C-mutated colorectal cancer.[3] The tablets may be taken with or without food and must be swallowed whole with water to avoid choking or irritation.[6] If a dose is missed by more than 4 hours, it should be skipped, and the next dose taken at the regularly scheduled time; no additional dose is needed if vomiting occurs after administration.[6] Nausea is commonly managed with supportive care, including antiemetics as needed.[1] Dose modifications are recommended for adverse reactions, starting with a reduction to 400 mg twice daily (two 200 mg tablets every 12 hours) for the first step, followed by 600 mg once daily (three 200 mg tablets) if further reduction is required.[6] Therapy should be withheld for severe reactions until resolution to grade 1 or baseline, then resumed at the next lower dose level; permanent discontinuation is advised if the lowest dose (600 mg once daily) is not tolerated or for specific toxicities such as confirmed interstitial lung disease or hepatotoxicity with AST/ALT greater than 3 times the upper limit of normal concurrent with bilirubin greater than 2 times the upper limit of normal.[6] No dosage adjustments are required for patients with mild, moderate, or severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class A, B, or C) or for mild to severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance 15 to less than 90 mL/min).[6] Treatment initiation requires confirmation of KRAS G12C mutation in tumor or plasma specimens using an FDA-approved test.[6] Tumor response should be assessed regularly using RECIST version 1.1 criteria to monitor for disease progression.[2]Adverse effects
Common adverse reactions
In clinical trials, particularly the KRYSTAL-1 study evaluating adagrasib in patients with KRASG12C-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most frequently reported adverse reactions were gastrointestinal in nature, affecting the majority of patients and typically manifesting as mild to moderate (grade 1 or 2) events.[9] These reactions included diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, which occurred early in treatment and were generally manageable with supportive care such as antidiarrheals and antiemetics.[9] Other common effects encompassed fatigue and musculoskeletal pain, contributing to overall tolerability but rarely leading to discontinuation.[14] The following table summarizes the incidence of common adverse reactions (occurring in ≥20% of patients) from the KRYSTAL-1 trial (n=116):[9]| Adverse Reaction | Any Grade (%) | Grade 3 or 4 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Diarrhea | 70 | 0.9 |
| Nausea | 69 | 4.3 |
| Fatigue | 59 | 7 |
| Vomiting | 56 | 0.9 |
| Musculoskeletal pain | 41 | 7 |
| Hepatotoxicity | 37 | 10 |
| Renal impairment | 36 | 6 |
| Dyspnea | 35 | 10 |
| Edema | 32 | 0 |
| Decreased appetite | 30 | 4.3 |
Colorectal cancer
In the KRYSTAL-1 trial for KRASG12C-mutated colorectal cancer (CRC), adagrasib in combination with cetuximab (n=94) showed the following common adverse reactions occurring in ≥20% of patients:[6]| Adverse Reaction | Any Grade (%) | Grade 3 or 4 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Rash | 84 | 22 |
| Nausea | 68 | 1 |
| Diarrhea | 65 | 4 |
| Vomiting | 57 | 0 |
| Fatigue | 57 | 4 |
| Musculoskeletal pain | 47 | 1 |
| Hepatotoxicity | 38 | 10 |
| Headache | 37 | 0 |
| Dry skin | 36 | 0 |
| Abdominal pain | 30 | 4 |
| Decreased appetite | 30 | 0 |
| Edema | 28 | 0 |
| Anemia | 27 | 11 |
| Dizziness | 24 | 0 |
| Cough | 25 | 0 |
| Constipation | 23 | 0 |
| Peripheral neuropathy | 20 | 0 |