Chimuan languages
View on Wikipedia| Chimúan | |
|---|---|
| Yuncan, Yunga-Puruhá | |
| (controversial) | |
| Geographic distribution | Peruvian coast |
| Linguistic classification | Proposed language family |
| Subdivisions |
|
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | None |
Chimuan (also Chimúan) or Yuncan (Yunga–Puruhá, Yunca–Puruhán) is a hypothetical small extinct language family of northern Peru and Ecuador (inter-Andean valley).
Family division
[edit]Chimuan is proposed to be consisted of at least three attested languages:
- Chimuan
- Mochica (a.k.a. Yunga, Chimú)
- Cañar–Puruhá
- Cañari (a.k.a. Cañar, Kanyari)
- Puruhá (a.k.a. Puruwá, Puruguay)
All languages are now extinct.
Campbell (2012) classifies Mochica and Cañar–Puruhá each as separate language families.[1]
Mochica was one of the major languages of pre-Columbian South America. It was documented by Fernando de la Carrera and Middendorff in the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries respectively. It became extinct ca. 1950, although some people remember a few words. Adelaar & Muysken (2004) consider Mochica a language isolate for now.
Cañari and Puruhá are documented with only a few words. These two languages are usually connected with Mochica. However, as their documentation level is so low, it may not be possible to confirm this association. According to Adelaar & Muysken (2004), Jijón y Caamaño's evidence of their relationship is only a single word: Mochica nech "river", Cañari necha; based on similarities with neighboring languages, he finds a Barbacoan connection more likely.
Quingnam, likely the same language as Lengua (Yunga) Pescadora, is sometimes taken to be a dialect of Mochica, but it is effectively unattested, unless a list of numerals discovered in 2010 turns out to be Quingnam or Pescadora as expected. Those numerals are not, however, Mochica.
Mason (1950)
[edit]Yunca-Puruhán (Chimuan) internal classification by Mason (1950):[2]
- Yunca–Puruhán
- Yuncan
- North group (Puruhá-Cañari)
- Puruhá
- Canyari (Cañari)
- Manabila (Mantenya)
- South group (Yunca)
- Yunga
- Morropé
- Eten (?)
- Chimu
- Mochica (Chincha)
- Chanco
- North group (Puruhá-Cañari)
- Atalán
- Wancavilca (Huancavilca)
- Mania
- Tumbez
- Puna
- Carake: Apichiki, Cancebi
- Wancavilca (Huancavilca)
- Yuncan
Mason (1950) added Atalán to the family.
Tovar (1961)
[edit]Tovar (1961),[3] partly based on Schmidt (1926),[4] adds Tallán (Sechura–Catacao) to Chimuan (which he calls Yunga-Puruhá). Tovar's (1961) classification below is cited from Stark (1972).[5]
Proposed external relationships
[edit]Stark (1972) proposed a Maya–Yunga–Chipayan macrofamily linking Mayan with Uru–Chipaya and Yunga (Mochica).[5]
Vocabulary
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3.
- ^ Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
- ^ Tovar, Antonio (1961). Catálogo de las lenguas de América del Sur, pp. 162-165. Buenos Aires.
- ^ Schmidt, Wilhelm (1926). Die Sprachfamilien und Sprachenkreise der Erde, p. 214. Heidelberg.
- ^ a b Stark, Louisa R. (1972). "Maya-Yunga-Chipayan: A New Linguistic Alignment". International Journal of American Linguistics. 38 (2): 119–135. doi:10.1086/465193. ISSN 0020-7071. S2CID 145380780.
- ^ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
Further reading
[edit]- Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509427-5.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
External links
[edit]- PROEL: Familia Chimúan
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