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Cummins Inc. is an American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and distributes diesel engines, electric vehicle components, and power generation products.[2] Cummins also services engines and related equipment, including fuel systems, air handling systems controls, filtration, emission control, electrical power generation systems, and engine control units.

Key Information

Headquartered in Columbus, Indiana, Cummins sells in approximately 190 countries and territories through a network of more than 600 company-owned and independent distributors and approximately 7,200 dealers.

History

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An early Cummins diesel in a 1950 Indianapolis 500 roadster
Columbus main plant (1973)

The Cummins Engine Company was founded in Columbus, Indiana on February 3, 1919, by mechanic Clessie Cummins and banker William Glanton Irwin.[3] The company focused on developing the diesel engine, which was invented 20 years earlier. Despite several well-publicized endurance trials, it was not until 1933 that their Model H engine, used in small railroad switchers, proved successful.[4][5][6][self-published source] The Cummins N Series engines became the industry leader in the post-World War II road-building boom in the United States, with more than half of the heavy-duty truck market using Cummins engines from 1952 to 1959.[7] In the 1960s, the company opened an assembly plant in Shotts, Scotland (closed in 1996). By 2013, Cummins had operations in 197 countries and territories.[6]

Cummins first headquarters

Business units

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Cummins Components Business

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Cummins Component Business Unit consists of emission solutions, filtration (Fleetguard), fuel systems, turbo technologies (Holset), and electronics. The Cummins Turbo Technologies unit designs and manufactures turbochargers and related products on a global scale, for diesel engines above 3 liters. Its Emission Solutions unit develops and supplies catalytic exhaust systems and associated products to the medium and heavy-duty commercial diesel engine markets. Cummins Filtration designs, manufactures and distributes heavy-duty and light-duty air, fuel, hydraulic and lube filtration, chemicals and exhaust system technology products for diesel and gas-powered equipment. In contrast Cummins Electronics designs engine control units and sensors for Cummins diesel engines.

Cummins Engine Business

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Cummins Engine Business Unit consists of aftermarket support, mid-range, heavy-duty, and high-power engines. Its markets include heavy and medium-duty trucks, buses, recreational vehicles (RV), light-duty automotive, and several industrial uses, including construction, mining, marine, oil, gas, railroad and military equipment.[1]

One of the most popular engines built is the 5.9-liter I6 engine used in the Dodge Ram heavy-duty pickups starting in 1988.[8] In 2007, a 6.7-liter version of the Cummins straight-six engine became optional on the RAM pickup.[8] In 2008, Cummins was a named defendant in a class-action suit related to 1998-2001 model year Dodge Ram trucks, model 2500 or 3500, originally equipped with a Cummins ISB 5.9 liter diesel engine built using a pattern 53 Block.[9] The case has been settled, but some qualified Chrysler owners may receive $500 for repairs to the block, which was alleged to crack and create a coolant leak.

In April 2013, Cummins utilized technology developed by Westport Innovations to ship large natural gas-fueled engines to truck manufacturers in the United States as trucking companies began converting portions of their fleets to natural gas and the natural gas distribution network in the United States began to expand.[10]

Cummins has a technical center in Darlington, England, for developing products for the European, Middle Eastern, and Asian markets.

Cummins Distribution Business

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Cummins Distribution Business consists of engine and power generation distribution as well as service and parts. The distribution unit of Cummins consists of 17 Cummins owned distributors and 10 joint ventures, covering 90 countries and territories through 234 locations.

Cummins Power Systems Business

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A Cummins Power Solutions unit at the Shenandoah National Park office outside of Luray, Virginia.

Cummins Power Systems Business Unit consists of alternators, automatic transfer switches, commercial power systems, consumer systems, engines, and paralleling systems.

All of the above stem from the Cummins Onan Corporation, whose products remain in service today.

This Business Unit was formed recently, following a merge of the Power Generation Unit and High Horsepower Sub-Division. [when?]

A Cummins generator at the base of a radio mast

On August 22, 2017, United Rentals announced it had acquired all mobile power generation assets from Cummins. To maintain fleet and customer service continuity, some Cummins employees joined United Rentals.[11]

Accelera by Cummins

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On March 8, 2023, Cummins rebranded its New Power business unit as Accelera by Cummins. Accelera provides zero-emissions solutions including hydrogen fuel cells, batteries, e-axles, traction systems and electrolyzers.[12]

Subsidiaries

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Holset turbocharger (x2), on 450 hp (340 kW) V12 Kromhout diesel engine

Cummins Turbo Technologies

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The Holset Engineering Co. was a British company that produced turbochargers, primarily for diesel and heavy-duty applications.

In 1973 the company was purchased by Cummins after briefly being owned by the Hanson Trust. Holset now operates facilities in China, India, Brazil, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

In 2006, the division officially changed its name to Cummins Turbo Technologies to be identified more closely with its parent company. The turbocharger products still use the Holset brand name.

Cummins Valvetrain Technologies

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Clessie Cummins invented the engine brake in the late 1950s and sold the technology to Jacobs Chuck in 1961 for production, which created the Clessie L. Cummins division of the company to produce engine brakes as an aftermarket option for various diesel engines. This division would later separate from its parent company and be known as Jacobs Vehicle Systems from then on. The company would be purchased by Cummins in 2022.

The division has manufacturing facilities in Bloomfield, CT as well as Suzhou, China, and although it is no longer known as Jacobs Vehicle Systems, Cummins still uses the Jacobs name[13] for its engine braking products.

The company also designs and manufactures multiple variable valve actuation technologies for heavy-duty applications.

Cummins Power Systems

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In 1986, Cummins began the acquisition of Onan and completed it in 1992. Since then, Onan has evolved into Cummins Power Generation (now Cummins Power Systems), a wholly invested division of Cummins. The Onan name continues to be used for modern versions of their traditional engine-driven generators for RV, marine, commercial mobility, home standby, and portable use.

Cummins Inc. (NYSE: CMI) announced that it will be unifying its brand strategy across its Power Systems business segment, which provides high-speed engines from 760 to 4400 HP and power generation equipment from 2–3,500 kW, including standby and prime power gen sets, alternators, switchgear and other components. Currently, the portfolio features the Cummins, Cummins Power Generation and Cummins Onan brands. With immediate effect, the branding will be consolidated under the Cummins brand. The Cummins Power Generation and Cummins Onan brands will be retired and the Onan name synonymous with mobile gensets, will be repositioned as a generator product line under the newly unified Cummins brand in the RV market.

Cummins Inc. will also be permanently changing all “Fun Roads” branding to Cummins RV moving forward as well and the Fun Roads brand will also be retired. As Onan will now be repositioned as an RV product line, with the new rv.cummins.com website and social media platforms serving as tools for RVers across the country to find relevant information like product specs and a sales and service locator.

“Looking to unify Cummins into one cohesive, unified brand, we decided that consolidating both products (engines and generators) into the Cummins RV family only strengthens the brand and more uniformly speaks to our manufacturers and consumers,” said Jodie Wilson. “The brand changing will not affect product or service offerings, but will help us to continue on our promise of delivering dependability across the globe.”

Rebranding occurred globally on all marketing activities, as product branding changed across all manufacturing plants beginning July 2017.[14]

President Joe Biden visited the Cummins plant in Fridley, Minnesota on April 3, 2022.[15] It was part of his "Investing in America" tour. Cummins had announced a US$1 billion initiative to produce clean energy technology, including electrolyzers for hydrogen cells in Fridley.[16][17]

Cummins Emission Solutions

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Exhaust and emissions after-treatment company Nelson Industries was purchased in 1999, due to the increasing importance of exhaust after-treatment systems for meeting future emissions standards. The division changed its name to Cummins Emission Solutions to be identified more closely with their parent company.

China operations

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Cummins has some joint ventures with Chinese manufacturers, such as Dongfeng Cummins, a joint venture with Dongfeng Automobile Company,[18] as well as Guangxi Cummins Industrial Power with LiuGong. One of the most successful joint ventures is the joint venture with Foton called Beijing Foton Cummins Engine Company.[citation needed] This joint venture developed the ISG/X12 engine platform in the mid-2010s. The ISG/X12 in China has surpassed 240,000 units per year making it the highest volume heavy duty engine in the Cummins product line. The ISG/X12 is the foundation for all Cummins future engine platforms.

Other entities were Cummins Beijing, Chongqing Cummins Engine, Xi’an Cummins Engine, Wuxi Newage Alternators, Xiangfan Fleetguard, Wuxi Cummins Turbo Technologies.[18]

India operations

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Cummins India is the Indian subsidiary of Cummins. Cummins India is publicly traded on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE).[19] Cummins began its India operations on 17 February 1962 in a joint venture with the Kirloskar Group. The ownership structure of the joint venture was divided as follows:

In 1996 Cummins Inc. bought Kirloskar shares. Now it is a Cummins Inc. subsidiary. As of 2013, the Cummins group had revenues over $1.5 billion, 20 factories and 9000 employees in India.

Cummins conducts a significant part of its R&D in India at the Cummins Research and Technology centre that was established in 2003. Cummins has built a technical centre in Pune which houses over 2500 engineers, called CTCI (Cummins Technical Centre India).[20]

Cummins India has made significant contributions to local skill development by establishing the MKSSS's Cummins College of Engineering for Women, a women-only engineering college in Pune.[21]

Applications

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Cummins engines
  • IS (Interact Series) - family of engines used for on-highway applications, trucks, buses and RVs
    • ISF 2.8-liter I4 - used in GAZ GAZelle (Business and Next series) and Foton Tunland light trucks
    • ISB 4.5-liter I4 - used in some buses and trucks (such as from Alexander Dennis and DAF respectively; the latter branded as Paccar)
    • ISV 5.0-liter V8 - used in the 2016 and newer Nissan Titan XD truck, up to 2019 model year[22]
    • ISB 5.9-liter I6, 190 HP - used in first, second, and third-generation Ram 2500 and 3500 trucks until 2007
    • ISB 6.7-liter I6 - used in third, fourth and fifth generation Ram 2500-5500 trucks, school buses, some Alexander Dennis buses, medium-duty trucks, such as Freightliner and International. Also used by Kenworth, Peterbilt and DAF called the Paccar PX6 or PX7. Scania has a version called the DC07.
    • ISC 8.3-liter I6 - discontinued
    • ISL 8.9-liter - I6 - used for a variety of applications, and a very common engine for buses outside of Europe.
    • ISL G 8.9-liter - I6 natural-gas-powered, used for a variety of applications
    • ISM 11-liter I6 - used for a variety of vocational applications in lesser regulated areas
    • ISG 12-liter I6 - used primarily in Chinese HD trucks
    • ISX 12-liter I6 - used in heavy-duty trucks
    • ISX G 12-liter I6 - natural-gas-powered; used in heavy-duty trucks
    • ISD 12.4-liter I6 - used in tractor applications in lesser regulated areas
    • ISX 15 liter I6 - used in heavy-duty trucks
    • V555 9.1-liter V8 - used in heavy machinery and large trucks[23]
    • V903 14.8-liter V8 - used in Bradley fighting vehicles and other military applications
  • QS (Quantum Series) - family of engines used for off-highway applications, such as marine, rail/industrial, construction, power generation and agriculture
    • QSF 2.8-liter I4
    • QSF 3.8-liter I4
    • QSB 4.5-liter I4
    • QSB 6.7-liter I6
    • QSL 9-liter I6
    • QSG 12-liter I6
    • QSX 15-liter I6
    • QSK 19-liter I6
    • QSK 23-liter I6
    • QST 30-liter V12
    • QSK 38-liter V12
    • QSK 45-liter V12
    • QSK 50-liter V16
    • QSK 60-liter V16
    • QSK 78-liter V18
    • QSK 95-liter V16
  • X Series (Next-Generation) - evolution of IS engine family
    • X12
    • X15 Performance 15-liter I6
    • X15 Efficiency 15-liter I6

Concept vehicles

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Clean Air Act violations

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In 1998, the EPA announced fines totaling $83.4 million against Cummins and six other diesel engine manufacturers, the largest fine to date. The fines came after manufacturers evaded testing by deliberately deactivating emissions controls during highway driving to give the appearance of being in full regulatory compliance during standard laboratory testing.[24] The manufacturers also agreed to spend more than $1 billion to correct the problem.[25] The trucks used engine ECU software to engage pollution controls during the 20-minute lab tests to verify compliance with the Clean Air Act, but then quietly disabled the emissions controls during normal highway cruising, thereby emitting up to three times the maximum allowed NOx pollution.[25]

In December 2023, Cummins was fined $1.675 billion by the U.S. Justice Department for violations of the Clean Air Act.[26] Cummins was found to have installed devices designed to bypass or disable emissions controls on 960,000 Dodge and Stellantis RAM pickup truck diesel engines between 2013 and 2023.[26][27] It will also pay $325 million in remedies and recalls.[28]

See also

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References

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Cummins

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Cummins Inc. is an American multinational corporation headquartered in , that designs, manufactures, distributes, and services diesel, , and electrified engines, generators, systems, and power generation products for applications including on-highway trucks, off-highway equipment, marine vessels, and stationary power. Founded in 1919 by Clessie Lyle Cummins and banker William Glanton Irwin,[^1] the company has evolved from an early innovator in technology—developing its first patented engine model that year—into a global power solutions provider operating through segments such as , Distribution, Components, Power Systems, and Accelera for zero-emissions technologies. With over 75,000 employees worldwide and annual revenues exceeding $34 billion as of recent fiscal years, Cummins holds significant market positions in heavy-duty diesel engines and has expanded into alternative fuels and to address emissions regulations and transitions. The firm pioneered advancements like early turbocharging in mass-produced engines and continues investing in and battery-electric systems, positioning itself as a leader in propulsion for commercial vehicles and industrial uses. A notable controversy arose in late 2023 when Cummins agreed to pay a record $1.675 billion to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and for installing software-based defeat devices in approximately 630,000 truck engines from model years 2013–2019, which bypassed emissions controls during normal operation and allowed excess pollution, violating Clean Air Act standards. The settlement, finalized in January 2024, also mandated recalls and repairs without admission of wrongdoing, highlighting regulatory scrutiny on diesel manufacturers amid broader dieselgate-style enforcement.

History

Founding and Early Innovations (1919–1930s)

The Cummins Engine Company was founded on February 3, 1919, in , by Clessie Lyle Cummins, a self-taught and inventor, and co-founder William Glanton Irwin, a banker who provided the initial capital. Appointed president at age 30, Cummins initially produced compression-ignition oil engines under license from the R.M. Hvid Company, adapting these designs to capitalize on the efficiency advantages of diesel technology over gasoline engines. In 1921, patented a direct-injection that resolved common diesel issues like cold-start difficulties and inconsistent power delivery by precisely timing delivery into the . This innovation underpinned the Model F engine, launched for production in 1924 and initially targeted at marine uses before broader applications. The company expanded facilities in 1926 with a new plant at Fifth and Wilson Streets and introduced the Model U in 1928, a four-cylinder engine suited for early automotive and industrial demands, alongside the Model K for stationary and marine markets. A single-disc debuted in 1929, further refining efficiency. Amid financial strains in the late , Cummins demonstrated diesel viability in passenger vehicles, including installing an engine in a to convince backers and avert potential . Promotional efforts intensified in with a Model U-powered setting a New York to endurance record of 97 running hours and a Model H-powered completing 14,600 nonstop miles at the ; diesel engines also debuted at the that year, finishing 13th while consuming just 31 gallons of fuel. The Model H series, with the H672 variant entering production in 1932 for trucking, powered the first U.S. commercial diesel fleet for Purity Food Stores and enabled a Mack bus to achieve a 78-hour New York to record at average speeds of 65 mph. These milestones, coupled with the establishment of the first distributorship in 1933, propelled Cummins toward $1 million in sales by 1936 and its inaugural profit in 1937.

World War II and Post-War Expansion (1940s–1960s)

During World War II, Cummins Engine Company ramped up production to support the U.S. military, manufacturing diesel engines for naval generators, heavy-duty trucks, minesweepers, and land-based power units. Specific outputs included 4,443 HB-600 engines (150 bhp each) for trucks like the White Model 1064, Reo 28-XS, and Federal 604; 1,122 Model K engines (75 hp each) for 561 YMS minesweepers; and 42,644 Model A six-cylinder engines for small vessels by 1944. These engines powered applications from cargo transport to magnetic pulse generators for degaussing loops. For its contributions, Cummins earned the Army-Navy "E" production excellence award three times: on January 28, 1943; March 10, 1944; and July 17, 1945. Post-war, Cummins capitalized on the U.S. economic boom and demands, with its N Series engines dominating the road-building era and powering more than half of heavy by the early . In 1947, became president, guiding the company's first public stock offering and emphasis on ; by 1955, Cummins held 51% of the U.S. diesel market. The 1954 invention of the PT (pressure-time) system improved efficiency and metering, enabling dominance in trucking and boosting annual sales beyond $100 million by the late . Expansion accelerated internationally starting with the 1956 opening of the manufacturing plant in , Cummins' first facility abroad. By 1959, the company established Motores Cummins Diesel de Brasil Ltda. and acquired Seymour Woolen Mills; alliances with Komatsu (1962, ) and Kirloskar (1962, ) followed, yielding operations in 98 countries by the decade's end. Innovations included a turbocharged JBS-600 engine's pole position at the (139 mph average) and Clessie Cummins' late-1950s compression release engine brake, licensed to Jacobs Vehicle Systems in 1961 for commercial production. Further advancements encompassed 1964 engines (100–200 hp) and the 1966 founding of the ReCon division in Memphis for engine remanufacturing. The $22 million Cummins Technical Center opened in 1967 on 24 acres, enhancing R&D capabilities.

Globalization and Technological Advancements (1970s–1990s)

Cummins accelerated its globalization strategy in the 1970s through key acquisitions, including the 1973 purchase of Holset Engineering Company Ltd. in England for $27 million, which provided turbocharging expertise and strengthened European operations. By the mid-1970s, international revenues constituted 25 percent of total sales, driven by expanded market access. Further expansion included the 1980 opening of the San Luis Potosí engine plant in Mexico, initially producing 25 engines daily, and the 1985 Juarez Fuel Systems plant for pumps and injectors. In Asia, a 1981 licensing agreement with China's Technical Import Corporation enabled production of NH, K, and KV engines, marking early technology transfer. The 1990s saw deepened penetration into high-growth regions via joint ventures, such as the 1993 Tata Cummins partnership in for Euro-1 compliant engines, and the 1997 acquisition of a 51 percent stake in Kirloskar-Cummins, rebranded as Cummins India Ltd. Holset established manufacturing plants in , , and , , in 1998 to support regional demand. These initiatives, alongside a 1976 milestone of $1 billion in annual sales, underscored Cummins' shift toward a multinational footprint amid rising global demand for diesel power. Technological advancements complemented expansion, with Holset's integration yielding the first turbocharged Cummins engine in 1980, boosting power, efficiency, and emissions performance without engine redesign. The decade introduced electronic controls, including the 1984 B5.9-liter engine for automotive and industrial applications and the 1985 formation of Cummins Electronics for sensors and modules. In 1990, CELECT electronic systems preempted 1991 EPA emissions requirements by a year, while 1995's CENSE enabled remote diagnostics, enhancing reliability in sectors like mining. The 1970s yielded over 175 patents in areas such as piston and cylinder design, and late-1990s innovations included the ISX15 heavy-duty engine and QSK60/QSK45 series for high-horsepower needs, alongside commitments to future emissions compliance via a 1998 EPA decree.

21st Century Growth and Diversification (2000s–Present)

In the early , Cummins underwent a strategic from Cummins Engine Company to Cummins Inc. in , signifying its evolution beyond diesel engines into a diversified provider of power solutions, including , exhaust systems, and power generation. This period marked accelerated global expansion, with international sales exceeding U.S. sales for the first time in 2005, driven by joint ventures such as the 2007 50/50 partnership with Beiqi in to produce light-duty diesel engines for commercial vehicles. Revenue growth reflected this shift, rising from roughly $6.7 billion in 2000 to over $24 billion by 2021, fueled by demand in emerging markets and industrial applications. Technological diversification intensified with a focus on emissions compliance and hybrid systems. In 2001, Cummins launched Cummins Emission Solutions to develop aftertreatment technologies amid tightening regulations, followed by the introduction of diesel-electric hybrid heavy trucks in 2005 and over 1,000 hybrid buses in by 2006. The company merged its Power Generation and High Horsepower segments into Power Systems in 2016, enhancing integrated offerings for data centers and . By 2017, Cummins unveiled the AEOS, the world's first all-electric Class 5 heavy-duty , signaling entry into zero-emission mobility. The 2010s and 2020s saw further broadening into and alternative fuels through acquisitions and internal development. In 2018, Cummins established its Electrified Power segment, acquiring for electric motors, Battery Systems for , and Efficient Drivetrains for . A 2017 joint venture with Eaton formed Cummins Emission Solutions for automated transmissions. Key deals included the $3.7 billion acquisition of Meritor in 2022, bolstering , braking, and mobility components, and the 2025 purchase of First Mode's assets for hybrid retrofit solutions in and rail. Revenues peaked at $34.1 billion in both 2023 and 2024, with North American sales up 1% in 2024 despite international softness. Sustainability efforts underpinned diversification, with Cummins releasing its first report in 2003 and adopting the Destination Zero strategy for net-zero emissions by 2050, emphasizing multi-path approaches like internal combustion engines. In 2025, the company co-founded the Hydrogen Engine Alliance of North America and advanced HELM fuel-agnostic platforms supporting , , and renewables such as . These initiatives positioned Cummins to address decarbonization demands across sectors, though challenges like the 2024 $1.675 billion U.S. settlement over emissions defeat devices in Ram pickups highlighted regulatory risks.

Corporate Structure

Business Segments

Cummins Inc. operates five complementary business segments that collectively design, manufacture, distribute, and service engines, power generation systems, components, and related technologies for on-highway, off-highway, and stationary applications. These segments share manufacturing capabilities, distribution networks, and technological platforms to support global markets in transportation, , , power generation, and emerging . In 2024, the segments contributed to total net of $34.1 billion, reflecting integrated operations amid varying demand in heavy-duty markets and growth in components and zero-emission technologies. The Engine Business segment focuses on the development, production, and sale of diesel and engines ranging from 25 to 750 horsepower, primarily for on-highway uses such as Class 5-8 trucks, medium-duty trucks, and buses, as well as off-highway sectors including construction equipment, , , rail, and . It also provides aftermarket parts and remanufactured engines through integrated service networks. This segment emphasizes fuel-efficient, emissions-compliant engines like the X15 and B6.7 series, which meet EPA and standards, and supports applications in North American and international fleets. In 2024, Engine segment sales reached approximately $10.5 billion, down slightly due to softer heavy-duty truck demand but bolstered by off-highway recovery. The Components Business segment supplies critical engine and vehicle subsystems, including systems, turbochargers, aftertreatment solutions for emissions control, , and systems. It comprises specialized units such as Cummins for air, , and lube filters; Cummins Turbo Technologies for variable geometry and wastegate turbos; Cummins Emission Solutions for and diesel particulate filters; and businesses handling onboard and high-pressure . These components enhance engine performance, reduce emissions, and enable integration across Cummins engines and third-party applications in automotive, industrial, and power sectors. The segment reported 2024 sales of about $7.2 billion, driven by demand for advanced emission technologies and turbochargers in global OEM partnerships. The Distribution Business segment manages a global network of company-owned and independent distributors that handle , service, parts distribution, and for Cummins engines, generators, and components. It operates over 5,000 outlets in more than 190 countries, providing support, diagnostics, and services to end-users in trucking, power generation, and industrial markets. This segment focuses on aftermarket revenue, which includes genuine parts and extended , ensuring high uptime for commercial fleets and power systems. Distribution generated roughly $9.8 billion in 2024 , benefiting from steady service demand despite original equipment fluctuations. The Power Systems Business segment designs and manufactures generator sets, alternators, and integrated power solutions powered by diesel, , and alternative fuels, with capacities from 10 kW to 3.5 MW for standby, prime, and continuous power applications. Products serve data centers, hospitals, commercial buildings, utilities, and remote sites, often customized with paralleling and controls for grid-independent operation. It also includes rental power units and marine auxiliary engines. This segment's 2024 sales approximated $5.1 billion, supported by investments and generator growth. Accelera by Cummins, launched as a dedicated segment in March 2023, develops and commercializes zero-emission power technologies, including battery electric systems, fuel cells, electrolyzers for production, and hybrid powertrains for heavy-duty vehicles and stationary applications. It targets decarbonization in trucking, , and power generation, with products like the Accelera Zero by Cummins engine and modular battery packs. Backed by investments in U.S. manufacturing facilities, Accelera received $75 million in U.S. Department of Energy funding in 2024 for zero-emissions production scaling. The segment's early-stage sales contributed modestly to 2024 totals but represent Cummins' pivot toward electrification amid regulatory pressures for net-zero transitions.

Key Subsidiaries and Specialized Units

Cummins maintains a network of subsidiaries and specialized units that support its core operations in engine components, emissions control, power generation, and related technologies. These entities often stem from strategic acquisitions and focus on niche expertise, enabling targeted innovation and market expansion. Key examples include units dedicated to turbocharging, , emissions aftertreatment, and power systems, which contribute significantly to Cummins' components and power generation segments. Cummins Turbo Technologies, formerly known as Holset , operates as a specialized focused on design and manufacturing. Acquired by Cummins in 1973, it produces Holset-branded for light-, medium-, and heavy-duty diesel applications, emphasizing variable geometry and high-efficiency technologies to enhance fuel economy and performance. The unit marked its 70th anniversary in 2022, highlighting its role in advancing innovations for commercial engines worldwide. Cummins Emission Solutions serves as a dedicated unit for developing aftertreatment systems, including selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and diesel particulate filters, to comply with global emissions regulations such as Euro VI and EPA standards. Established to address diesel exhaust challenges, it provides integrated solutions for on-highway and off-highway vehicles, with recent expansions including the 2023 acquisition of Faurecia's commercial vehicle exhaust plants in Mexico and Spain to bolster production capacity. This unit supports Cummins' commitment to reducing nitrogen oxides and particulates in engine outputs. Cummins Power Generation functions as a specialized business unit for integrated power systems, encompassing diesel and sets ranging from 15 to 3,750 kVA. It incorporates legacy technologies from acquisitions like Corporation, rebranded under Cummins in 2017 for RV and standby applications, and focuses on reliable backup power for data centers, healthcare, and industrial uses. The unit emphasizes modular designs and efficiency, with products like the QST30 power unit delivering up to 1,001 hp for continuous operation. Additional notable subsidiaries include Cummins Filtration (operating under the Fleetguard brand), which specializes in fuel, lube, and air filtration products essential for longevity, and Meritor, acquired in 2022 for $3.7 billion to enhance and braking systems integration. These units collectively generated substantial revenue within Cummins' components segment, reported at $6.8 billion in 2023, underscoring their operational importance.

Global Operations

Cummins supports its global operations through a network of over 3,700 authorized Sales and Service locations worldwide, providing diesel engine service for fleets that includes preventive maintenance, valve sets, oil changes (such as for ISX/X15 engines), and access via QuickServe Online, which connects users to the nearest service location for parts and service information. The "Find a location" tool at https://www.cummins.com/locations allows searching for nearby authorized service centers by entering a location or zip code.

North American Headquarters and Facilities

Cummins Inc. maintains its global headquarters at 500 Jackson Street, , 47201, United States, in the Cummins , which serves as the central hub for executive leadership, strategic planning, and administrative functions. The facility, located in the heart of downtown Columbus, supports the company's operations across diesel engines, power generation, and related technologies, with the surrounding area hosting additional centers tied to Cummins' origins in the region. Key manufacturing facilities in the United States include the Jamestown Engine Plant in , operational since 1974 and specializing in the production of X12 and X15 heavy-duty engines, with Cummins announcing a $452 million in 2023 to expand capacity and capabilities. The Rocky Mount Engine Plant in focuses on assembling midrange and heavy-duty diesel engines for on-highway applications. In , the Seymour Industrial Center produces high-horsepower engines such as the K19, V903, and QSK19 models. Overall, Cummins committed over $1 billion in 2023 to enhance its U.S. engine manufacturing network, including sites in , , and New York, to bolster domestic production amid evolving market demands. In , Cummins operates through regional distributors like and , primarily handling sales, service, and distribution rather than large-scale manufacturing, with facilities supporting aftermarket parts and maintenance across the country. hosts significant production capabilities, including the plant, which manufactures engines such as the L10 and N14 series, along with remanufactured units, filters, and components, and was expanded in recent years to produce up to 25 engines per hour for global export. An additional facility in assembles filters and other components, reflecting Cummins' strategy to leverage North American supply chains under trade agreements like the USMCA.

Asia-Pacific Expansion

Cummins initiated its presence in 1962 through a with Kirloskar Oil Engines Limited in , establishing Kirloskar Cummins Ltd. for engine , with Cummins holding a 50% stake alongside 25.5% from Kirloskar and the remainder floated on the . That same year, Cummins forged an alliance with Komatsu in to support production amid post-war reconstruction, marking its entry into . In , early engagement began with a 1981 licensing agreement with the China Technical Import Corporation for NH, K, and KV series engines, laying groundwork for subsequent . Expansion accelerated in the 1990s with the 1993 formation of Tata Cummins, a 50:50 with Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company in , which established the region's first plant to produce Euro-1 compliant engines, including variants for urban fleets like Delhi's buses. In 1996, Cummins partnered with to create Dongfeng Cummins Engine Company (DCEC), a 50:50 in , , initially focusing on mid-range diesel engines such as the ISB, ISC, and ISL series for commercial vehicles. By 1998, Cummins opened Holset manufacturing plants in , , and , , enhancing local production of components for global supply chains. Further joint ventures solidified footprints: in 2007, a 50:50 partnership with Beiqi Company in produced light-duty diesel engines for trucks, pickups, and SUVs. In , additional collaborations included the 1995 Tata Holset for turbochargers and the 1998 Cummins for lubricants, while Cummins increased its stake in Kirloskar Cummins to 51% in 1997. China's operations grew through entities like the 2011 Cummins joint venture in for mid-range engines and the 2021 partnership for production. By the , saw major investments, including the 2011 Cummins Megasite in Phaltan with three operational and a parts , pushing annual sales beyond $2 billion; a third Tata Cummins facility opened in 2014, followed by the 2018 Cummins Technical Center and Power Systems Plant in . In , assembly began in under Cummins Diesel in the mid-20th century, evolving into a network of over 35 branches and 150 authorized dealers focused on service and distribution rather than large-scale . These initiatives have positioned as a core growth region, with Cummins operating over 20 manufacturing sites and numerous joint ventures in alone by the , alongside R&D expansions like the 2022 East Research & Development in . International sales, bolstered by Asia-Pacific contributions, surpassed U.S. figures for the first time in 2005.

Other International Presence

Cummins maintains a significant presence in , where it established its first site in 1956 and now operates 17 manufacturing facilities employing over 11,400 people. The company supports operations across Central and , Southern and , the , and , with key sites including the European Logistics Center in Rumst, , and Cummins in the . In the , the facility, relocated in 2008, handles manufacturing and assembly of aftertreatment systems for various engine applications. Recent expansions in include the Master Rebuild Centre for high-horsepower engines in Krakow, , opened on October 4, 2023, marking the first such facility on the continent to enhance engine efficiency. Additionally, a Pilot Installation Centre opened in Marktheidenfeld, , on December 6, 2023, specializing in vehicle and machinery integration testing. In Latin America, Cummins operates through wholly owned locations and joint ventures, positioning the region as a major market for its power systems and engines. Manufacturing activities include engine production at the San Luis Potosí plant in Mexico, which began supplying global markets in 2022. Cummins' footprint in Africa and the Middle East encompasses distribution and service operations, supported by 11 wholly owned distributors in the combined region. The Cummins Arabia joint venture, formed in 2017 and headquartered in Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia, consolidates distribution across the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait, with planned dedicated facilities in Riyadh, Jeddah, and Qassim. In South Africa, the Power Hub facility in Midrand, launched on March 27, 2019, serves as a central hub for power generation equipment sales and service.

Products and Technologies

Diesel and Engines

Cummins produces a diverse portfolio of diesel engines designed for on-highway, off-highway, marine, and industrial applications, emphasizing reliability, , and compliance with emissions standards through advanced technologies such as turbocharging and aftertreatment systems including diesel particulate filters and . The company's heavy-duty offerings include the X15 platform, which in its next-generation diesel configuration delivers up to 605 horsepower and 2,050 lb-ft of torque, supporting blends up to 20% and renewable diesel up to 100% for reduced carbon intensity. Complementing this, the X10 engine targets medium- to heavy-duty trucks with a focus on and integrated performance. For light- to medium-duty segments, the 6.7-liter Turbo Diesel engine powers pickup trucks like the 2025 Ram Heavy Duty models, providing robust torque for towing and hauling while incorporating high-pressure common-rail fuel systems for optimized combustion. Smaller variants, such as the B6.7 and L9 series, serve vocational trucks and buses, with approvals for paraffinic renewable fuels to enable lower-emission operations without hardware modifications. These engines feature core aftertreatment components like diesel oxidation catalysts to minimize NOx and particulate emissions, aligning with regulatory requirements such as EPA standards. In alternative fuels, Cummins extends its diesel architectures to engines, including the X15N 15-liter model for heavy-duty trucks, which achieves diesel-equivalent power while reducing NOx and particulate matter through spark-ignition and compatibility with . internal combustion engines, developed from proven spark-ignited platforms, offer zero-carbon tailpipe emissions and are advancing via projects like the HELM fuel-agnostic series, which optimizes the X15, X10, and B platforms for diesel, , or based on operational needs. Additionally, Cummins engines support up to B100 in select configurations and (HVO) as a drop-in renewable diesel substitute, enhancing and cetane for performance parity with conventional fuels. These alternatives integrate with Cummins' Destination Zero strategy, prioritizing scalable decarbonization without sacrificing durability.

Power Generation and Components

Cummins Inc.'s Power Systems segment designs, manufactures, and sells integrated power generation systems, including diesel and generator sets for standby, prime, and continuous power needs. These generator sets feature capacities ranging from 15 kVA to 3,750 kVA, supporting applications in commercial buildings, data centers, healthcare facilities, and industrial operations. All major components—engines, alternators, and control systems—are produced and tested by Cummins to ensure seamless integration and high reliability. Key components include STAMFORD and AvK alternators, which deliver outputs from 7.5 kVA to 11,200 kVA and are recognized for their wire-wound technology and durability in demanding environments. Control systems, such as PowerCommand, provide advanced monitoring, diagnostics, and paralleling capabilities for multi-unit setups. , transfer switches, and enclosure options further enable customized solutions for microgrids and backup power. The Components segment complements power generation by supplying turbochargers, fuel systems, aftertreatment devices, and filtration products that enhance and emissions compliance in generator applications. These aftermarket and OEM parts, including genuine Cummins filtration and turbo technologies, support and upgrades for extended system performance across global installations. Cummins also provides rental generator fleets for temporary power requirements in construction, events, and emergencies.

Electrification Initiatives via Accelera

Accelera, launched by Cummins on March 8, 2023, as the brand encompassing its New Power business segment, focuses on zero-emissions technologies including battery electric and fuel cell electric powertrains for commercial vehicles and industrial applications. The initiative emphasizes integrated ePowertrain systems, which combine electric motors, batteries, eAxles, and controls to deliver high torque and efficiency, targeting sectors such as transit buses, trucks, and off-highway equipment. Accelera's battery systems feature modular packs designed for flexible energy capacities, with patented platforms enabling easier integration into vehicles like electric buses. In battery electrification, Accelera has pursued manufacturing expansions and partnerships to scale production. On July 11, 2024, Accelera received a $75 million U.S. Department of Energy grant to repurpose 360,000 square feet of manufacturing space for zero-emissions components, matched by Cummins' $75 million investment, totaling $150 million for battery pack and module output aimed at job creation and emissions reduction. A June 4, 2024, joint venture with Daimler Truck and PACCAR formed Amplify Cell Technologies to produce lithium-iron-phosphate battery cells for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, positioning the partners as leaders in commercial zero-emissions transitions. Partnerships include supplying integrated battery electric powertrains to Isuzu for F-Series battery-electric trucks launching in North America in 2027, and powering BMC Otomotiv's electric transit buses with Accelera's battery systems since May 7, 2024. On March 27, 2025, Accelera announced a next-generation fully integrated powertrain for 2027 production, incorporating advanced batteries and eAxles. Additionally, on October 2, 2025, it unveiled an ultra-low-floor electric axle for transit buses to enhance accessibility and efficiency. Fuel cell electrification efforts center on hydrogen-based systems, with Accelera's FCE300 engine delivering 300 kW for heavy-duty on- and off-highway uses by converting hydrogen to electricity via technology. Supporting infrastructure includes electrolyzers for production; on September 3, 2025, Accelera delivered its largest 35 MW system to a New York facility powered by renewable , aimed at decarbonizing industrial processes. A March 3, 2025, partnership with advances electrolyzer deployment for hydrogen production in . However, facing slowing demand, Cummins recorded a $312 million charge in February 2025 for Accelera's hydrogen operations, reflecting market challenges in scaling fuel cell adoption. On May 20, 2024, Accelera introduced next-generation hydrogen fuel cell and electric solutions for heavy-duty trucks, underscoring integration of components like e-axles with fuel cells. These initiatives position Accelera as a supplier of zero-emissions , though commercialization timelines and economic viability depend on regulatory incentives and development.

Applications and Market Impact

On-Highway and Heavy-Duty Uses

Cummins engines dominate the on-highway heavy-duty sector, powering Class 8 trucks for long-haul freight, regional distribution, and vocational applications such as bulk haulers and chassis cabs. The company's diesel engines, particularly the X-series, are engineered for high , durability, and compliance with stringent emissions standards like EPA 2024, enabling operators to maximize while minimizing . The X15 engine represents Cummins' core offering for heavy-duty on-highway use, with the next-generation model announced on February 29, 2024, specifically targeting North American markets. Available in , , and series, it delivers power outputs from 400 to 605 horsepower and ranges of 1,450 to 2,050 lb-ft, governed at speeds up to 1,900 rpm, paired with integrated aftertreatment systems including (SCR) and diesel particulate filters for reduced and particulate emissions. These engines are integrated into vehicles from manufacturers like International and are optimized for automated transmissions, contributing to fuel efficiencies that support fleet operators' cost controls amid volatile diesel prices. Cummins maintains a leading position as the top supplier of Class 8 engines and components, sustaining market strength despite cyclical demand softness in heavy-duty trucking, as evidenced by its performance through 2024 regulatory transitions. The firm has also advanced alternative fuels, with engines like the ISX12N providing up to 500 horsepower and 1,850 lb-ft for heavy-duty on-highway fleets seeking lower without sacrificing . This diversification aligns with pathways to zero emissions, including compatibility, though diesel variants remain predominant due to established and advantages in high-mileage operations.

Off-Highway, Marine, and Industrial Applications

Cummins off-highway engines power equipment in , , , and gas, and rail sectors, with models certified to EPA 2024 standards for emissions compliance. The X15 Efficiency Series delivers 400-500 hp and 1450-1850 lb-ft , while the X15 Performance and Productivity Series range from 430-605 hp and up to 2050 lb-ft, suited for heavy-duty tasks like excavators and loaders. Additional models include the X12 at 350-500 hp for mid-range applications and the L9 at 260-380 hp for lighter equipment such as and drills. These engines incorporate diesel, , and technologies to enhance productivity and in rugged environments. In marine applications, Cummins provides and auxiliary engines for commercial, , and recreational vessels, including tugboats, boats, and operations. The QSM11 inline-six offers 300-715 hp with a four-stroke for quiet, fuel-efficient in recreational and commercial . Variable speed systems address demanding conditions, while diesel-electric packages, with over a decade of global deployments, enable hybrid-like efficiency for ships requiring sustained power. The X Series engines support high-, emissions-compliant needs in commercial marine settings. Cummins industrial engines and generators serve power generation, , and systems across commercial and industrial sites, with diesel sets ranging from 15 to 3,750 kVA. High-horsepower units above 1,000 kW provide prime or for healthcare facilities, centers, and plants, emphasizing rugged reliability and EPA-compliant emissions. options complement diesel for applications like air compressors and hydraulic tools, with integrated controls for efficiency in environments such as and telecom. Smaller generators under 1,000 kW target scalable for businesses, meeting 2017 U.S. EPA standards and Buy America requirements where applicable.

Innovations in Concept Vehicles and Efficiency

Cummins has developed to integrated powertrains blending internal , electric, and alternative fuels for heavy-duty applications. In August 2017, the company demonstrated a Class 7 electric with a 140 kWh pack replacing a conventional 12-liter , achieving comparable weight while enabling zero-tailpipe-emission operation over urban routes. This highlighted modular electric architectures compatible with existing chassis, paving the way for battery-electric trials in partnership with , where a medium-duty entered North American testing in 2022. In September 2024, Cummins unveiled an advanced integrated concept incorporating engines from its HELM™ (Hydrogen-Enabled, Lean-burn Modular) platforms, supporting both high-efficiency diesel and internal configurations alongside front- and rear-electric axles. This system emphasizes fuel-agnostic modularity, allowing operators to switch between diesel, , or hybrid setups without major redesigns, with variants targeting near-zero emissions through spark-ignited on proven platforms. Such concepts address efficiency in long-haul trucking by optimizing and reducing system complexity compared to pure battery electrics. Efficiency advancements in Cummins engines stem from architectural innovations like the HELM platform, which enhances thermal management and combustion precision. The X15 HELM diesel engine, introduced in July 2024, delivers peak brake thermal efficiency exceeding 46% through integrated automated transmissions and predictive controls, marking it as Cummins' most fuel-efficient heavy-duty diesel. The 2027 X15 iteration further improves on this with up to 4% better fuel economy over the 2024 model via refined piston bowl designs, advanced fuel injection timings, and integrated aftertreatment that minimizes parasitic losses. Supporting technologies include high-pressure common-rail systems operating above 35,000 psi for finer atomization and complete , reducing unburned hydrocarbons and boosting overall in real-world cycles. Idle-reduction strategies, such as automatic engine shutdown and predictive start-stop, can achieve up to 17% savings in vocational fleets by curtailing non-productive runtime. Over-the-air software updates enable ongoing optimization of parameters like air- ratios, further extending gains without hardware changes. These developments prioritize internal combustion viability amid , leveraging diesel's superior for applications where battery limitations persist.

Financial Performance

Cummins Inc.'s revenue has expanded significantly since the early 2000s, propelled by of its engine and power systems businesses, strategic acquisitions, and rising demand in and industrial sectors. In 2000, annual revenue totaled $6.6 billion. This figure more than doubled over the subsequent decade amid economic recovery post- and penetration into Asian and Latin American markets, culminating in $19.1 billion by 2015. The late featured consistent year-over-year gains, with climbing to around $23.8 billion in 2019 before contracting 17% to $19.8 billion in 2020 due to COVID-19-induced halts in and transportation activity. Post-pandemic rebound was pronounced, as jumped 21% to $24.0 billion in 2021 on restored supply chains and spending. Further acceleration occurred in and 2023, with revenues reaching $28.1 billion (17% growth) and $34.1 billion (21% growth), respectively, driven by robust North American heavy-duty demand and aftermarket parts . In 2024, held steady at $34.1 billion despite transition costs and softer international volumes, marking a record amid segment-specific strengths in engines and distribution.
Fiscal YearRevenue ($ billions)Year-over-Year Change
20006.6-
201519.1+190% (approx. since 2000)
202019.8-17%
202124.0+21%
202228.1+17%
202334.1+21%
202434.10%

Recent Results and Outlook (2023–2025)

In 2023, Cummins reported full-year revenues of $34.1 billion, a 21% increase from , driven by strong demand in and power systems segments despite global challenges. attributable to Cummins fell sharply to $735 million, or $5.15 per diluted share, representing a 66% decline from 2022, primarily due to a $1.675 billion charge related to settlements over emissions defeat devices in select engines. EBITDA margin was 8.9% of sales, reflecting operational resilience amid the one-time hit. Revenues in 2024 stabilized at $34.1 billion, a marginal 0.1% rise from 2023, with growth in aftermarket and power generation offset by softer on-highway demand. rebounded dramatically to $3.9 billion, or $28.37 per diluted share, a 436% increase year-over-year, as the prior year's extraordinary charges did not recur and cost controls improved profitability. EBITDA reached $6.3 billion, or 18.5% of sales, underscoring enhanced margins from efficiency gains and favorable segment mix. Through the first half of 2025, Cummins generated $17.4 billion in revenues, with Q2 alone at $8.6 billion despite a 2% year-over-year decline linked to reduced production and inventory adjustments. for Q2 stood at approximately $890 million, supported by EBITDA of $1.6 billion, though end-market uncertainty in North American heavy-duty s pressured volumes. The company has withdrawn its full-year 2025 outlook multiple times, citing economic volatility, potential tariffs on imports, and softening demand in key sectors like and , with no reinstated guidance for revenue or profitability as of Q2. Analysts project Q3 revenues around $8.0 billion and EPS of $4.75, but broader forecasts remain cautious amid persistent macroeconomic headwinds. Cummins maintained its quarterly at $2.00 per share in October 2025, signaling confidence in generation despite the tempered outlook. As of mid-February 2026, the consensus analyst 12-month price target for Cummins Inc. (CMI) is approximately $607, with highs up to $703 (e.g., Truist Securities) and lows around $490; these targets extend into 2027.
YearRevenue ($B)Net Income ($B)Key Factors
202334.10.735Revenue growth offset by $1.675B emissions charge
202434.13.9Profit recovery post-charges; stable top-line
2025 (H1)17.4~1.8 (est.)Declines in truck demand; outlook suspended

Environmental and Regulatory Issues

Contributions to Engine Efficiency and Emissions Reduction

Cummins has advanced diesel engine efficiency through its Holset turbocharger technologies, which enhance air compression and engine breathing to optimize combustion and reduce fuel consumption. Innovations such as the HE600 turbocharger upgrade, featuring a redesigned compressor stage, achieved over 4% higher efficiency and expanded flow range, enabling better performance across operating conditions. The Series 850 Holset turbocharger further improved compressor efficiency by 7 points at a 4.5:1 pressure ratio, supporting downspeeding strategies that lower engine speeds while maintaining power, thereby cutting fuel use and emissions. Two-stage turbocharging systems, combining small and large turbos for low- and high-speed operation, have also boosted overall engine responsiveness and thermal efficiency. In emissions reduction, Cummins pioneered integrated aftertreatment systems incorporating diesel particulate filters (DPF), (SCR), and (EGR) to meet stringent EPA standards. These technologies capture particulate matter via DPF, convert to nitrogen and water using SCR with , and dilute combustion charge with EGR to lower peak temperatures and formation. For Stage V off-highway engines, Cummins developed EGR-free designs relying on compact single-module aftertreatment combining DPF, SCR, and dosing, reducing system size by up to 50% while achieving over 90% reduction. Historical efforts trace to the , with significant investments in emissions-compliant product development mirroring early regulatory pushes. Recent engine platforms exemplify combined efficiency and emissions gains. The 2027 X15 diesel delivers up to 4% better fuel economy over its 2024 predecessor through optimized and aftertreatment, positioning it as one of the cleanest heavy-duty while complying with updated standards. The X10 incorporates modified aftertreatment and 48-volt electrical systems to minimize emissions and support electrified accessories, enhancing overall system efficiency. Cummins' HELM platforms integrate multi-fuel compatibility with advanced controls for lower emissions across applications, emphasizing internal enhancements toward near-zero targets. Idle reduction strategies, including automatic shutdowns, yield up to 17% fuel savings in vocational uses, directly curbing CO2 and other pollutants. Studies by Cummins indicate mature technologies like these could improve heavy-duty fuel economy by leveraging recovery and aerodynamic optimizations, though real-world gains depend on integration and duty cycles.

Clean Air Act Violations and Penalties (2010s–2023)

In February 2010, Cummins Inc. settled Clean Air Act violations with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Department of Justice, agreeing to pay a $2.1 million for shipping over 570,000 heavy-duty diesel engines to LLC between 1998 and 2006 with incorrect emissions certification labels and unauthorized emission control hardware substitutions. These actions resulted in estimated excess emissions of 167 tons of nitrogen oxides () and hydrocarbons, plus 30 tons of particulate matter, as determined by EPA calculations, though the engines largely met performance standards absent the labeling errors. The settlement included a recall of 405 affected engines but no broader admission of liability. The most significant Clean Air Act enforcement action against Cummins occurred in late 2023, stemming from an EPA and (CARB) investigation into emissions controls on Cummins 6.7-liter diesel engines supplied for approximately 1 million Ram 2500 and 3500 pickup trucks from model years 2013 to 2023. For 2013–2019 models (about 630,000 vehicles), regulators alleged Cummins installed software functioning as defeat devices, which deactivated systems during typical on-road driving—such as after short idling periods or under moderate loads—while enabling compliance during EPA certification tests, thereby allowing higher real-world emissions. For 2019–2023 models (about 370,000 vehicles), Cummins reportedly used undisclosed auxiliary emission control devices (AECDs) that similarly permitted emissions systems to shut down in specific operating scenarios without prior regulatory approval, bypassing requirements for transparency on such software calibrations. These practices echoed tactics in prior diesel scandals, though Cummins maintained the software included legitimate protective features for engine durability without conceding intentional circumvention. On December 22, 2023, Cummins reached an agreement in principle with federal and authorities, finalized via a on January 10, 2024, requiring a $1.675 billion —the largest ever under the Clean and second-largest environmental penalty overall—split between the U.S. ($1.008 billion to EPA's settlement fund and $325 million to a federal mitigation trust) and ($342 million). Additional terms mandated a nationwide recall to reprogram software and eliminate the devices in roughly 600,000 affected 2013–2019 trucks, with extended warranties and zero-cost repairs for owners, plus Cummins funding mitigation projects equivalent to excess emissions. The company recorded a $2.04 billion charge in Q4 2023 to cover the resolution, without admitting wrongdoing, amid criticisms that such penalties reflect regulatory emphasis on diesel controls despite their role in enabling efficient heavy-duty transport. No criminal charges were pursued.

Sustainability Efforts and Criticisms of Overregulation

Cummins has pursued sustainability through its Destination Zero strategy, announced in 2019, which aims for net-zero carbon emissions across its products and operations by 2050, alongside goals of to and zero freshwater usage in water-stressed areas. This framework emphasizes advancing technologies like hydrogen fuel cells, battery-electric systems, and low-carbon fuels to support customers in heavy-duty applications where diesel efficiency remains empirically superior for long-haul transport due to and realities. By 2030, the company targets a 50% absolute reduction in (GHG) emissions from facilities and operations relative to a 2015 baseline, with interim progress including a 31% GHG cut, 35% reduction in volatile organic compounds, 11.2% decrease in waste generation, and 14.7% less water withdrawal as of 2024. Operational initiatives include over 155 environmental projects in alone, investing approximately $20 million to yield 22,495 metric tons of GHG savings, focusing on energy efficiency in and supply chains. Cummins aligns these efforts with growth by developing hybrid powertrains and aftertreatment systems that reduce emissions by over 75% for 2027 model-year engines, demonstrating compliance with performance-based standards while prioritizing scalable, real-world reductions over ideologically driven mandates. The company reports these advancements in annual progress documents, attributing gains to data-driven optimizations rather than unsubstantiated projections from biased regulatory models that often undervalue diesel's lifecycle efficiency. Cummins executives have criticized regulatory frameworks lacking technology neutrality, arguing that prescriptive policies favoring battery-electric vehicles ignore causal factors like grid reliability, mineral supply constraints, and the higher full-lifecycle emissions of alternatives in certain applications. CEO Jennifer Rumsey has emphasized that no single solution meets CO2 regulations, advocating for mixed-fuel approaches informed by empirical data on total emissions, including upstream production, to avoid inefficient overregulation that stifles innovation and raises costs without proportional environmental benefits. This stance reflects concerns over regulations influenced by institutional biases toward , which empirical analyses show may delay net-zero progress by overlooking diesel's proven role in bridging transitions via biofuels and . Rumsey noted in 2024 that while Cummins invests billions to meet standards like the EPA's 2027 rules, policy uncertainty—stemming from overly rigid enforcement—disrupts planning, underscoring the need for flexible, evidence-based rules over one-size-fits-all impositions.

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