List of Internet challenges

Internet challenges are viral social media trends in which participants film themselves executing specific tasks, stunts, or behaviors—often nominated by peers—and share the videos to encourage replication by others, driven by incentives of attention, validation, and algorithmic amplification.^[1][2] These phenomena proliferated in the early 2010s alongside platforms like YouTube and later TikTok, evolving from innocuous feats like consuming saltine crackers without water in under a minute to more elaborate dares.^[3] While some have yielded tangible benefits, such as the 2014 ALS Ice Bucket Challenge that mobilized over $115 million in donations for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis research and care, many foster hazardous actions yielding injuries ranging from chemical burns to severe trauma, as documented in medical case reports of challenges involving salt and ice or flammable substances.^[4][5] Empirical studies reveal participation motives rooted in social recognition and fear of exclusion, disproportionately affecting adolescents susceptible to peer dynamics, with dangerous variants comprising a minority yet inflicting outsized harm through copied recklessness absent institutional safeguards.^[6][7] The ensuing list catalogs prominent examples, underscoring their mechanics, diffusion patterns, and consequences from fundraising successes to documented perils.

Introduction

Definition and Characteristics

Internet challenges constitute viral social media phenomena wherein participants generate and disseminate short-form videos documenting their execution of predefined tasks or dares, frequently incorporating nominations for others to imitate the behavior.^[1][6] These activities leverage user-generated content to foster imitation, with core mechanics centered on replicable actions that encourage widespread participation through explicit calls to action, such as tagging peers or using standardized formats.^[7] Unlike static memes, which propagate as shared cultural artifacts without requiring performative replication, or one-off pranks that emphasize deception over communal engagement, internet challenges prioritize structured dares tied to observable outcomes like video completions or measurable metrics.^[2] Key characteristics include reliance on hashtags—often prefixed with "#Challenge" followed by a descriptor—to categorize and discover content, enabling algorithmic amplification on platforms like TikTok and YouTube, where feeds prioritize high-engagement, imitable videos for exponential dissemination.^[6] Peer nomination mechanisms, wherein completers designate subsequent participants, reinforce social proof and network effects, driving rapid adoption through personal networks and platform recommendations.^[7] This structure facilitates quantifiable goals, such as accruing views, shares, or donations, which participants track to validate success and sustain momentum.^[8] Empirically, leading challenges accumulate billions of cumulative views across platforms, with platform analytics indicating peak virality often achieved within days of inception due to accelerated sharing cycles and algorithmic boosts.^[9][10] For instance, individual high-profile challenges have surpassed 1 billion views on TikTok alone, underscoring the scale enabled by these dynamics.^[9][10]

Historical Development

The roots of internet challenges lie in the late 1990s and early 2000s, when online forums and bulletin boards hosted text-based dares and pranks among niche communities, constrained by dial-up internet and rudimentary sharing capabilities.^[11] The launch of YouTube in February 2005 enabled video uploads, allowing users to document simple endurance tests and stunts, though participation remained sporadic due to high bandwidth demands and lack of mobile integration. These early efforts, such as informal breath-holding videos or forum-inspired pranks, rarely achieved broad dissemination, as algorithmic promotion was absent and desktop-centric access limited rapid replication. The 2010s ushered in mass virality, propelled by smartphone ubiquity—global shipments exceeded 1 billion units annually by 2013—and platforms optimized for short clips, including Instagram's video features from 2010 and Vine's six-second loops in 2013.^[12] A pivotal milestone was the Harlem Shake meme, which exploded in early February 2013 after a YouTube upload by comedian Filthy Frank remixing producer Baauer's track, leading to thousands of user-generated videos daily through its straightforward structure of 15-second chaos.^[13] TikTok's international rollout in 2017 further democratized participation via algorithmic feeds favoring replicable trends, shifting challenges from isolated uploads to global, real-time contagions enabled by front-facing cameras and seamless editing apps. In the 2020s, COVID-19 lockdowns amplified engagement, with U.S. adults reporting 30-50% increases in daily social media time for entertainment and connection amid physical isolation.^[14] This fostered surges in home-based challenges on TikTok, where dance and creative formats thrived without outdoor requirements. By 2024, AI integration began altering dynamics, with tools generating challenge variations or deepfake participations, though empirical data on scale remains emerging. As of early 2026, no major viral YouTube challenges have been reported, as such trends emerge unpredictably in real time, similar to prior examples including the Ice Bucket Challenge (2014), Mannequin Challenge (2016), and Grimace Shake (2023).^[15]

Categories of Challenges

Charitable and Awareness Challenges

The ALS Ice Bucket Challenge emerged in 2014 as a viral social media campaign where participants poured buckets of ice water over themselves or donated to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) research organizations, nominating others to do the same. This initiative raised $115 million for the ALS Association in the United States within six weeks, with funds allocated to research (67%), patient services (20%), and other programs (13%).^[4] Celebrity endorsements from individuals such as Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey amplified its reach, leading to over 17 million videos uploaded globally.^[16] A portion of these proceeds, including $2.2 million, supported clinical trials for treatments like tofersen, an FDA-approved therapy for certain ALS genetic mutations.^[17] However, while short-term fundraising surged, sustained increases in annual donations post-2014 averaged below pre-challenge levels, highlighting challenges in maintaining momentum beyond viral peaks.^[18] No-Shave November, launched in 2007, encourages participants to forgo shaving facial hair during the month to symbolize hair loss from cancer treatments and direct pledges toward cancer prevention, research, and education. The campaign operates through decentralized fundraising, with participants supporting partnered organizations like the National Foundation for Cancer Research, where 100% of donations fund research initiatives.^[19] It emphasizes awareness of men's health issues, particularly prostate and testicular cancers, though aggregate global donation totals remain uncentralized and vary annually based on participant-driven efforts rather than a single tracked sum.^[20] Movember, originating in 2003 in Australia, similarly promotes mustache growth in November to spotlight men's health concerns including prostate cancer, testicular cancer, and suicide prevention. Since its inception, the Movember Foundation has raised over $837 million worldwide, funding more than 1,200 men's health projects across 20+ countries.^[21] In 2025, grants from prior campaigns supported initiatives like $4.4 million for equitable prostate cancer care over three years.^[22] Like other awareness drives, its impact relies on participant registrations and corporate challenges, with verifiable outcomes tied to specific grants rather than unverified social media pledges. The #SpeakYourMIND Ice Bucket Challenge, launched in April 2025 by the MIND club at the University of South Carolina, adapts the ice bucket format to promote mental health awareness, encourage open discussions about personal struggles, destigmatize seeking help, and raise funds for advocacy organizations such as Active Minds. Participants pour ice water over themselves while sharing mental health experiences or nominating others, leading to viral spread on platforms like Instagram and TikTok, with reports of over $145,000 raised for mental health initiatives.^[23][24] The #trashtag challenge, coined in 2015 and gaining traction in 2019, prompts users to document littered areas before and after personal cleanups to foster environmental awareness and combat plastic pollution. Originating from a pledge by Steven Reinhold to collect 100 pieces of litter, it spurred widespread voluntary efforts in beaches, parks, and roadsides, with participants sharing evidence of removed trash to encourage collective action.^[25] While it heightened visibility of litter issues—amid global plastic waste exceeding 150 million tonnes annually—quantifiable long-term reductions in pollution or sustained behavioral shifts lack comprehensive empirical tracking, as participation waned post-virality and relied on self-reported outcomes without centralized verification.^[26]

Entertainment and Performance Challenges

Entertainment and performance challenges typically involve participants engaging in choreographed dances, synchronized poses, or imitative routines set to popular music, fostering collective mimicry for amusement and social bonding. These trends emphasize performative creativity and skill demonstration through repetition and variation, often originating on platforms like Vine, Instagram, or TikTok, where users replicate routines to gain visibility. While they facilitate informal skill-sharing—such as basic dance techniques—they frequently prioritize algorithmic virality over sustained artistic depth, resulting in transient cultural phenomena that homogenize content and undervalue originators' contributions.^[27] The Mannequin Challenge, which emerged in late October 2016, required groups to freeze in dynamic poses while a camera pans around them, simulating statues, typically accompanied by Rae Sremmurd's "Black Beatles" featuring Gucci Mane.^[28] It proliferated rapidly through high school students in Florida and collegiate sports teams, with Twitter mentions peaking at approximately 9.8 million in November 2016, contributing to the song's ascent to No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100.^[29] The challenge's appeal lay in its low barrier to entry and visual spectacle, enabling widespread participation by schools, athletes, and celebrities, though its novelty waned by early 2017 as participants sought fresher formats.^[30] In 2019, the Renegade dance originated with 14-year-old Jalaiah Harmon, who developed the choreography in Atlanta and first shared it on Instagram in September, set to the song "Lottery (Renegade)" by K Camp.^[31] Harmon's routine gained traction on TikTok after influencer Charli D'Amelio's version amassed millions of views in late 2019 and early 2020, sparking disputes over attribution as Harmon publicly sought recognition rather than legal recourse.^[27] This episode underscored tensions in creator economies, where platforms' amplification favors established users, often sidelining Black originators like Harmon despite her foundational role; TikTok eventually acknowledged her via an in-app spotlight, but the incident highlighted how such challenges can perpetuate inequities in credit and monetization without inherent mechanisms for provenance tracking.^[32] The Don't Rush Challenge, peaking in early 2021 on TikTok, involved users revealing personal transformations—often stylistic or cosmetic—by holding an object to obscure their appearance before unveiling it to Young T & Bugsey's track "Don't Rush."^[33] Participants, predominantly young women, showcased quick changes in makeup, clothing, or fitness, driving high engagement through relatable aspirational content that encouraged duets and stitches. While exact view counts vary, the trend contributed to broader TikTok metrics where similar performative challenges sustained user retention amid content saturation, though it exemplified homogenization by reducing diverse expressions to formulaic reveals, diminishing unique performative value over time. The Snowball Kiss challenge, a viral TikTok trend, involves one partner transferring a piece of ice or cold beverage to another via a kiss, often capturing the recipient's surprised reaction and laughter in shared videos for amusement.^[34]

Consumption and Dietary Challenges

Consumption and dietary challenges typically require participants to ingest unusual substances, excessive quantities of food or spices, or household products misrepresented as edible, often under the guise of achieving viral fame or purported euphoric effects. These trends exploit social media algorithms to spread rapidly among youth, but they frequently result in acute toxicities, aspiration pneumonia, or organ strain, with medical literature documenting cases of emergency interventions rather than benign outcomes. Unlike physical endurance tests, the primary harms stem from chemical interactions within the body, including irritants, solvents, or psychoactive compounds that overwhelm metabolic pathways. The Cinnamon Challenge, which proliferated on YouTube around 2012, involves attempting to swallow one tablespoon of dry ground cinnamon within 60 seconds without liquids. The fine powder's properties prevent dissolution and promote clumping, leading to choking, throat irritation, and inhalation into the lungs, where it can cause eosinophilic pneumonia or chronic inflammation. Medical reports from that period noted dozens of poison control calls and emergency department visits for respiratory distress and aspiration events, with animal studies confirming fibrotic lung changes from similar exposure.^[35][36][37] The Tide Pod Challenge surged in early 2018 via Twitter and YouTube, urging users to bite and swallow laundry detergent pods for their colorful, candy-like appearance. Detergent ingredients, including surfactants and alcohols, induce severe gastrointestinal burns, vomiting, drowsiness, and potential respiratory failure upon ingestion. While media amplification overstated widespread participation, U.S. poison centers logged increased intentional exposure calls during the peak, building on prior annual reports of thousands of pod-related incidents, predominantly among adolescents seeking thrills. Public warnings from manufacturers and health agencies correlated with reduced inquiries, though isolated hospitalizations for chemical pneumonitis persisted.^[38][39] In September 2022, the NyQuil Chicken Challenge trended on TikTok, directing users to braise or boil chicken in the over-the-counter cold remedy NyQuil to infuse it with flavor and induce sedation. The practice concentrates acetaminophen, dextromethorphan, and doxylamine in the meat, risking acute liver toxicity, serotonin syndrome, or anticholinergic overdose with symptoms like seizures and coma. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration explicitly cautioned against it, emphasizing that heating does not neutralize the drugs' bioavailability and that even small excesses exceed safe therapeutic doses. No widespread fatalities were reported, but the trend underscored pseudoscientific claims of "medicated meals" ignoring pharmacokinetic realities.^[40][41] The Nutmeg Challenge, documented in viral TikTok videos from 2020 onward with resurgences in 2022, promotes consuming 10-50 grams of ground nutmeg—far exceeding culinary norms—to exploit myristicin's metabolism into amphetamine-like compounds for hallucinations. Effects onset after 3-6 hours, yielding nausea, tachycardia, dry mouth, and disorientation, but overdoses precipitate hyperactive delirium, seizures, or renal strain, as seen in emergency cases of intentional abuse. Historical toxicology traces such misuse back centuries, yet modern platforms amplify risks by downplaying the narrow therapeutic index and dehydration exacerbating toxicity.^[42][43][44]

Physical Endurance Challenges

Physical endurance challenges on the internet typically involve participants voluntarily inflicting sustained pain or deprivation to test tolerance limits, often documented via video for online validation. These differ from stunt-based risks by emphasizing prolonged physiological stress over brief acrobatics, exploiting mechanisms like chemical reactions for cold injury or self-induced hypoxia. Empirical evidence from medical reports highlights the causal pathway from such acts to tissue damage, with emergency treatments revealing second-degree burns or neurological impairments as direct outcomes of ignoring bodily warning signals.^[45] The Salt and Ice Challenge, which emerged in 2012, directs participants to sprinkle salt on dampened skin and press ice cubes against it for extended durations, accelerating freezing via the eutectic mixture's depressed melting point to around -21°C. This produces intense burning sensations and lesions akin to frostbite, as salt disrupts cellular membranes and ice induces vasoconstriction leading to tissue necrosis. A 12-year-old boy in Pittsburgh sustained second-degree cold burns requiring admission to the West Penn Burn Center after attempting the challenge learned from YouTube and Facebook. Similar pediatric emergency cases have been documented, with burns necessitating debridement and scarring risks underscoring the folly of equating endurance with virtue signaling.^[46][47][48] The Fire Challenge, gaining traction in 2014, prompts individuals to soak body parts in flammable liquids such as rubbing alcohol before igniting them, aiming to withstand the flames' heat for recorded time. Ignition exploits alcohol's low flash point, causing rapid second- and third-degree burns through direct thermal injury and potential flashover. Medical analyses report multiple self-inflicted flame cases tied to social media exhibitionism, including a 17-year-old male treated for extensive burns after participation. Hospitalizations have included intensive care for adolescents, with outcomes like skin grafting illustrating the irreversible dermal destruction from brief exposure exceeding skin's thermal threshold of 44°C.^[49][50] The Blackout Challenge, proliferating on platforms like TikTok from 2021 to 2023, involves deliberate asphyxiation via choking or compression to deprive the brain of oxygen, seeking transient euphoria from cerebral hypoxia. This triggers autonomic responses like bradycardia and risks irreversible anoxic brain injury or cardiac arrest upon prolonged deprivation beyond 4-6 minutes. Linked to at least 15-20 adolescent deaths in the U.S. alone, with families filing lawsuits citing platform algorithms' role in dissemination, cases include 10- and 12-year-old girls succumbing to strangulation effects. Autopsy findings consistently attribute fatalities to asphyxia-induced complications, revealing the challenge's basis in miscalibrated thrill-seeking that overrides survival instincts.^[51][52][53]

Stunt and Risk-Taking Challenges

Stunt and risk-taking challenges typically involve participants attempting dynamic physical maneuvers in hazardous environments or with props such as heights, vehicles, or projectiles, often leading to injuries from misjudged capabilities rather than inherent endurance limits. These differ from static physical tests by emphasizing motion-induced accidents, where empirical data indicate fatalities are rare but underscore the causal mismatch between perceived skill and actual control under adrenaline. For instance, documented cases reveal falls from elevations or collisions due to impaired senses, with global reports showing at least several deaths across variants, though underreporting in non-fatal incidents complicates precise rates.^[54][55] Planking, originating as a viral fad in 2011, required participants to lie face-down and rigid on elevated or narrow surfaces like balconies or railings, mimicking a plank of wood. The challenge spread rapidly via social media, peaking with millions of posts, but resulted in falls when balance faltered on unstable props. In Australia, 20-year-old Acton Beale died on May 15, 2011, after plummeting from a seventh-floor balcony railing in Brisbane while attempting it, marking one of the earliest confirmed fatalities and prompting Prime Minister Julia Gillard to urge cessation. Subsequent analyses noted alcohol's role in some incidents, highlighting impaired judgment as a key causal factor beyond the stunt itself, with additional non-fatal injuries reported globally but no comprehensive fatality tally exceeding a handful.^[54][56][57] Bird Box Challenge, inspired by the 2018 Netflix film depicting blind survival, encouraged blindfolded navigation of real-world obstacles like roads or stairs in late 2018 and early 2019. Participants filmed attempts at driving, cooking, or walking, often crashing into objects or falling, with videos capturing minor collisions but no verified severe injuries or deaths in initial waves. Netflix issued warnings on January 2, 2019, stating "Please DO NOT hurt yourselves with this BIRD BOX challenge," after the meme amassed widespread participation, emphasizing sensory deprivation's role in overestimating spatial awareness. Empirical outcomes showed primarily bruises and property damage, with rarity of grave harm attributed to instinctive safeguards like halting upon impact, though experts cautioned against vehicular attempts risking bystanders.^[58][59] More recent variants include the Orbeez Challenge, surging on TikTok in 2023, where users fired hydrated gel pellets from toy blasters at targets' skin, particularly faces, to test resilience. Clinical studies documented ocular trauma including corneal abrasions, hyphema, commotio retinae, and elevated intraocular pressure, with potential for permanent vision loss from high-velocity impacts. A 2023 case series in the American Journal of Ophthalmology analyzed injuries from gel projectiles, finding varied anterior and posterior segment damage, often requiring surgical intervention, though no fatalities were reported; risks stemmed from underestimating projectile speed and eye vulnerability.^[60][61] Electrical outlet challenges, recurring in 2024 iterations like tampering with partially inserted chargers or metal objects on exposed prongs, aimed to capture sparks for videos but ignited fires and system damage. Incidents in schools caused electrical surges leading to blazes, with fire officials reporting property destruction and electrocution hazards, though specific 2024 fatality data remains sparse; causal analysis points to arc faults from incomplete circuits, revealing overconfidence in low-voltage tolerance.^[62][63] The Door Kicking Challenge, emerging as a viral social media trend in late 2025 on platforms like TikTok and Instagram, involves participants, often teenagers, recording themselves kicking down doors to capture reactions, simulating home invasions. This activity poses significant dangers, including serious injuries to participants or residents on either side of the door, as well as risks of being mistaken for actual breaking and entering, potentially leading to confrontations or criminal charges. Multiple police departments, including the Ontario Police Department, West Bridgewater Police Department, Stoughton Police Department, Hudson Police Department, and North Charleston Police Department, issued public warnings about the trend, emphasizing its illegality under vandalism and trespassing laws and urging parents to monitor children's online activities.^{[64][65][66][67][68]}

Criminal and Destructive Challenges

The Kia Challenge, originating in 2021 on platforms like TikTok and Instagram, instructed participants to bypass ignition systems in certain Kia and Hyundai models lacking electronic immobilizers by inserting a USB drive turned into a makeshift key, enabling vehicle thefts often used for joyriding or resale. This vulnerability exploitation correlated with a more than 1000% surge in insurance theft claims for affected Hyundai and Kia vehicles between early 2020 and mid-2023, reaching a rate of 11.2 claims per 1000 insured vehicles—far exceeding averages for other brands—and imposing millions in recovery, repair, and policing costs nationwide.^{[69] [70]} Manufacturers responded with free software updates via NHTSA campaigns, but the trend persisted, contributing to elevated enforcement burdens in urban areas where such thefts comprised up to 88% of attempts in cities like St. Louis.^{[71] [72]} The Devious Licks trend, which went viral on TikTok in September 2021, encouraged students to pilfer or demolish school fixtures—including soap dispensers, bathroom sinks, mirrors, and doors—while filming and posting the destruction for views, framing it as a "lick" or bold theft. This prompted hundreds of reported incidents across U.S. districts, with property damage requiring extensive repairs and cleanup, alongside diverted administrative resources for investigations; examples include nine arrests for misdemeanor vandalism in Marion County, Florida, public schools and five juvenile charges for theft and vandalism in East Tennessee.^{[73] [74] [75]} Police issued widespread warnings, and affected schools faced elevated security measures, underscoring the challenge's role in straining public education budgets and juvenile justice systems without offsetting social benefits.^[76] Preceding these, the Gallon Smashing challenge of 2012–2013 directed participants to knock over and shatter gallon containers of milk or similar liquids in supermarkets, staging slips for video content that amassed millions of views on YouTube. Classified as vandalism in multiple jurisdictions, it generated direct costs from wasted inventory, hazardous spills requiring staff intervention, and potential slip-related injuries to bystanders or employees, with legal repercussions including fines or up to one year imprisonment in some cases.^{[77] [78]} Such acts imposed uncompensated economic loads on retailers, who absorbed cleanup and lost sales without recourse in minor instances, highlighting how virality incentivizes property harm over personal risk alone. The Chromebook Challenge, also known as "Chromebook led" (sic), encompassing variants such as the "Chromebook Durability Test" (involving physical damage such as throwing devices or inserting conductive objects into ports to cause short circuits and fires) and the "Chromebook Annihilation Combo" (using keyboard shortcuts to impair device functionality), emerged on TikTok in 2025 and encouraged students primarily in schools to engage in destructive acts, typically to cause class evacuations or gain online attention with phrases such as "low GPA activities" and "anything but work". The physical insertion variant, in which participants inserted conductive objects such as paper clips, pencil lead, pushpins, or metal items into the USB or charging ports of Chromebooks to induce short circuits, sparking, smoking, fires, and device destruction, resulted in damaged school-issued laptops, multiple school evacuations—including at Bullhead City schools—and over 200 incidents in Colorado, with 14 reported in Massachusetts as of May 16, 2025. Reported incidents and actions by state included: the nationwide trend prompted school and district responses including warnings, alongside reports of hospitalizations from smoke inhalation and arrests or charges for vandalism or reckless endangerment, straining educational resources and emergency responses.^{[79] [80] [81] [82]} Responses included statements from Prince George's County Public Schools, which reported 10 incidents and noted the trend poses a serious hazard while committing to monitor it; the Colorado Division of Fire Prevention and Control collaborated with schools to raise awareness, warning of unexpected and harmful consequences.^{[83] [81]} TikTok blocked search results for #ChromebookChallenge, displaying a prompt stating "Some online challenges can be dangerous, disturbing, or even fabricated".^[84] In May 2025, a 15-year-old from Belleville High School was charged with third-degree arson and criminal mischief for participating, prompting evacuation after a staff member spotted a smoking and charred computer.^[85] Participants faced lecturing, fines, or suspensions; at Providence's DeLesto Middle School, two students and one teacher were hospitalized for concerns of smoke inhalation after inserting lead into a Chromebook, with Principal Ashley Ferranti describing it as concerning behavior and urging parents to discuss the dangers.^[86] Inserting such objects risks puncturing or short-circuiting the lithium-ion battery, leading to thermal runaway, fires, and release of toxic smoke and gases including hydrogen fluoride.^{[87] [88]} The trend was linked to mocking a TikTok video by business influencer Ben Azoulay claiming "F students are inventors."^[89]

Miscellaneous Challenges

The Blue Whale Challenge, which surfaced in 2016 primarily among Russian-speaking youth on platforms like VKontakte, involved a purported 50-day sequence of tasks escalating from minor self-harm, such as watching horror films at 4 a.m., to carving a whale on one's skin and ultimately suicide.^[90] Russian authorities arrested Philipp Budeikin, who claimed responsibility for influencing vulnerable individuals deemed "biological waste," linking it to at least 130 investigated teen suicides between 2015 and 2017, though causal connections remained unproven and many cases predated or lacked direct ties to the game.^[91] Fact-checking efforts and psychological analyses later characterized it as a hoax amplified by sensational media coverage, with no verifiable organized network beyond isolated curators, yet social media contagion effects heightened self-harm risks among exposed adolescents.^[92][93] The Momo Challenge emerged in 2018 as a viral hoax featuring a disturbing sculpture image inserted into children's videos on YouTube and spread via WhatsApp, falsely claiming it prompted dares leading to self-harm or suicide.^[94] Charities including the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children and police forces in the UK and US confirmed no evidence of direct causation or linked incidents, attributing its spread to algorithmic promotion and parental overreaction rather than inherent danger.^[95][96] Media amplification paradoxically sustained the panic, as debunking coverage inadvertently boosted visibility, illustrating how urban legends exploit platform dynamics without empirical harm.^[97] In the 2020s, atypical challenges have included niche variants like Doxxing Roulette, where participants in 2025 livestreams randomly disclosed personal or sensitive information, risking identity theft, harassment, or real-world targeting, though participation remains limited compared to mainstream trends.^[98] Emerging integrations of AI and virtual reality have prompted informal dares, such as prolonged VR immersion tests shared on social media, reporting transient disorientation, nausea, or dissociation, with youth surveys indicating heightened vulnerability to psychological strain in simulated environments but no widespread viral adoption or verified severe outcomes as of October 2025.^[99][100] These hybrids underscore residual risks from unmoderated digital experimentation, often lacking the structured escalation of traditional challenges.

Societal Impacts and Analysis

Positive Effects and Achievements

The ALS Ice Bucket Challenge of 2014 demonstrated the potential for internet challenges to drive substantial charitable fundraising, generating $115 million in donations to the ALS Association within a few months, a figure that dwarfed the organization's prior annual hauls of around $20-25 million.^[4] These funds supported over 500 research projects and expanded clinical trials, contributing to a 187% increase in ALS research funding and advancements like new gene therapies entering trials.^[101] Worldwide, the challenge amassed approximately $220 million across organizations, heightening global awareness of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and prompting sustained donor interest in subsequent years.^[102] Annual awareness campaigns akin to challenges, such as Movember's mustache-growing initiative, have similarly yielded measurable philanthropic gains; the Movember Foundation reported raising $137.2 million in the fiscal year ending April 2024 alone, channeling resources into over 1,250 men's health programs focused on mental health, prostate cancer, and testicular cancer research.^[103] These efforts have funded clinical studies and suicide prevention initiatives, with cumulative impacts including improved diagnostic tools and policy advocacy in multiple countries.^[104] Environmental challenges like #TrashTag, peaking in 2019, mobilized participants to document and execute local litter cleanups, fostering community-driven stewardship in public spaces such as beaches and trails, though aggregate cleanup volumes lack comprehensive quantification beyond anecdotal reports of widespread participation.^[105] Such virality has occasionally spurred temporary surges in volunteerism, as evidenced by broader 2020 pandemic-era online mobilizations that correlated with heightened community support activities, albeit with effects often diminishing after initial hype.^[106] Overall, while these achievements highlight challenges' capacity for rapid resource mobilization, their longevity hinges on integration with enduring institutional frameworks rather than fleeting trends.

Harms, Injuries, and Fatalities

The salt and ice challenge, involving the application of salt to skin followed by ice to induce a chemical burn-like reaction, has resulted in second- and third-degree burns akin to frostbite, with cases requiring hospitalization and potential skin grafts.^{[107] [108]} Participants often sustain permanent skin discoloration and nerve damage due to the rapid freezing effect from the salt-ice mixture lowering skin temperature below -20°C.^[109] In the cinnamon challenge, where individuals attempt to consume a tablespoon of dry cinnamon without liquid, reported incidents led to choking, vomiting, and aspiration pneumonia; the American Association of Poison Control Centers documented 222 cases of intentional cinnamon misuse by adolescents in 2012 alone.^[110] Such aspirations can cause lung inflammation and scarring, with toxicology indicating irritant effects on respiratory tissues persisting beyond acute episodes.^[35] The Tide Pod challenge prompted a surge in toxic exposures, as teens ingested laundry detergent pods for viral videos; U.S. poison control centers fielded over 80 calls related to intentional pod consumption by adolescents in the first three weeks of 2018, contributing to symptoms like vomiting, respiratory distress, and esophageal burns.^{[38] [111]} Concentrated surfactants in pods exacerbate gastrointestinal and airway damage, with some cases necessitating intubation.^[112] The Skull Breaker Challenge (2020), in which two participants simultaneously kick the legs out from under a third to cause a backward fall, has led to concussions, spinal injuries, and head trauma among adolescents, prompting warnings from organizations like the Brain Injury Association of America and multiple school districts.^{[113] [114]} The Benadryl Challenge (2020) involved overconsumption of diphenhydramine to induce hallucinations, resulting in seizures, heart rhythm abnormalities, and hospitalizations; the FDA issued warnings about serious risks from high doses, with data showing a significant rise in youth adverse events following the trend's virality.^{[115] [116]} The Milk Crate Challenge (2021), where participants attempt to traverse a pyramid of stacked milk crates, has caused falls leading to fractures, head injuries, and spinal damage, with emergency departments reporting increased cases during its peak popularity.^{[117] [118]} The One Chip Challenge (2022–2023), involving consumption of an extremely spicy tortilla chip, has been linked to cardiac issues and respiratory distress, including at least one adolescent death in Massachusetts in 2023, prompting the product's recall.^{[119] [120]} Fatalities from the blackout challenge, which entails self-induced asphyxiation to achieve unconsciousness, have included over 20 minors between 2021 and 2023, often via hyperventilation or neck compression leading to cerebral hypoxia and cardiac arrest.^[51] Documented cases encompass a 10-year-old girl in Pennsylvania dying in December 2021 after a TikTok-recommended video, and a 14-year-old boy in 2023.^{[121] [122]} Autopsies reveal brain swelling and anoxic injury as primary causes, with underreported long-term risks in survivors including neurological deficits from repeated oxygen deprivation.^[52] The 2011 planking fad, requiring participants to lie rigidly on elevated or precarious surfaces, produced dozens of global fatalities from falls, such as a 20-year-old Australian man who plummeted from a seventh-story balcony in Brisbane on May 15, 2011.^{[55] [54]} Injuries ranged from spinal fractures to traumatic brain trauma, with emergency departments noting severe orthopedic and head traumas during the trend's peak.^[123] Recent nutmeg challenges, involving high-dose consumption of the spice for hallucinogenic myristicin effects, have yielded hospitalizations for acute toxicity, including tachycardia, organ strain via cytochrome P450 inhibition, and delirium; a 2023 case report detailed severe agitation and anticholinergic syndrome requiring intensive care.^[43] Toxicology profiles indicate potential for hepatic and renal stress, with delayed-onset effects like addiction-like dependence from altered neurotransmitter pathways underreported in adolescent cohorts.^[124] Gallon smashing videos, simulating falls to shatter milk jugs in stores, have caused participant injuries from slips on spills and staged impacts, alongside bystander hazards like lacerations from glass shards.^[125] Such antics elevate risks of concussions and fractures during the feigned accidents.^[126] The Door Kicking Challenge, a social media trend where participants, often teenagers, record themselves kicking doors to mimic home invasions, has prompted warnings from multiple police departments, including the Ontario Police Department in January 2026 and the Champaign Police Department in April 2022.^[127][128] This activity risks serious injuries to both participants and residents, such as from door impacts or defensive responses, and can be mistaken for breaking and entering, potentially leading to violent confrontations; a related prank in Houston in August 2025 resulted in the fatal shooting of an 11-year-old boy.^[129] To mitigate harms from such challenges, health authorities recommend parental monitoring of social media use, open discussions about risks, and education on digital literacy, with platforms like TikTok providing guidelines to report dangerous content.^{[130] [131]}

Psychological Mechanisms and Criticisms

Participation in internet challenges is often propelled by the brain's reward systems, where social validation through likes, shares, and comments activates dopamine release, reinforcing the behavior as a form of intermittent reinforcement similar to gambling mechanics.^[132] This neurochemical response is amplified by social proof, wherein individuals conform to group norms to gain perceived status, as observing peers' involvement signals acceptability and belonging.^[133] Fear of missing out (FOMO) further drives engagement, creating psychological pressure to participate lest one be excluded from communal experiences, with studies linking FOMO to heightened social media compulsivity.^[134] Adolescents are particularly susceptible due to ongoing brain maturation; around age 10, the limbic system prioritizes social rewards like peer approval, while the prefrontal cortex—responsible for risk assessment and impulse inhibition—remains underdeveloped until the mid-20s.^[135] Excessive exposure to challenge-related content can alter dopaminergic pathways, fostering habitual seeking of online affirmation over real-world deliberation.^[136] Algorithms exacerbate this by curating feeds that prioritize high-engagement content, exploiting innate status-seeking tendencies rooted in evolutionary drives for group inclusion, though individual agency in scrolling and posting remains pivotal.^[137] Critics argue that internet challenges exemplify eroding impulse control, manifesting as a symptom of broader youth mental health declines, with problematic social media use correlating to increased anxiety, depression, and self-regulation deficits in longitudinal data from 2018 to 2022.^[138][139] Patterns of escalation reveal how initial low-stakes participation habituates emotions, prompting riskier iterations for sustained novelty and validation, debunking notions of inherent "harmless fun" as challenges evolve from performative to perilous without inherent safeguards.^[140] While some downplay risks as overstated moral panics, empirical evidence underscores cultivated recklessness, where peer emulation overrides caution, prioritizing personal accountability over platform-centric excuses.^[141] This dynamic highlights challenges not as isolated fads but as amplifiers of underlying conformist pressures, often unexamined in media narratives that glorify virality sans scrutiny of long-term psychological costs.

Platform and Legal Responses

Social media platforms have established content moderation policies aimed at mitigating the spread of dangerous challenges by prohibiting videos that encourage activities posing risks of serious physical harm or death. YouTube's harmful or dangerous content policy explicitly bans such material, allowing exceptions only for primarily educational content that is not gratuitously graphic.^[142] In January 2019, YouTube updated its guidelines to extend prohibitions to dangerous pranks and challenges, including those presenting an apparent risk of death or featuring children in hazardous activities, in response to viral stunts like the Bird Box challenge and Tide Pod consumption attempts.^[143][144] TikTok has similarly enhanced its enforcement mechanisms against dangerous online challenges and hoaxes, announcing strengthened detection tools and rule enforcement in November 2021 following reports of harms from trends like the Blackout Challenge.^[145] The platform commissioned a 2021 study exploring prevention strategies, emphasizing proactive content removal and user education to reduce participation in high-risk activities.^[146] Despite these measures, critics argue that algorithmic amplification often persists, contributing to repeated viral spread before interventions take effect.^[147] Legal responses have primarily manifested as civil lawsuits against platforms, focusing on allegations of negligent content promotion and failure to adequately warn users. In cases involving the Blackout Challenge, which encouraged self-asphyxiation and has been linked to multiple youth deaths, families have pursued wrongful death claims asserting that TikTok's recommendation algorithms directed harmful videos to minors.^[148] A U.S. appeals court revived a lawsuit in August 2024 filed by the mother of a 10-year-old Pennsylvania girl who died attempting the challenge after viewing TikTok content.^[149] In February 2025, parents of four British teenagers filed a similar wrongful death suit in the U.S., claiming the platform's design foreseeably caused the fatalities.^[150] These actions invoke theories of product liability, arguing platforms function as defective products when they prioritize engagement over safety.^[151] Criminal prosecutions remain rare, with legal focus instead on individual participants or enablers in fatal incidents rather than platforms themselves, though forensic analyses highlight platforms' roles in facilitating mental health risks.^[152] Police departments have issued public warnings about hazardous trends like the Door Kicking Challenge, emphasizing potential charges for vandalism and trespassing, as seen in alerts from Ontario Police in January 2026 and other jurisdictions.^[127][128] Governments have not imposed challenge-specific regulations, though broader social media laws in jurisdictions like certain U.S. states aim to protect minors from addictive or harmful content, facing constitutional challenges over free speech implications.^[153] Such efforts underscore ongoing debates about platform accountability without direct mandates targeting viral challenges.^[154]