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Visible minority
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In Canada, a visible minority (French: minorité visible) is a demographic category of people, defined by the Government of Canada as "persons, other than aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour".[1] The term is used primarily as a demographic category by Statistics Canada, in connection with Canada's employment equity, human rights, and other laws and policies. The term as defined, and the qualifier "visible", were chosen by the Canadian authorities as a way to classify and separate out newer immigrant minorities from both aboriginal Canadian minorities, and from other "older" minorities—which were distinguishable by language spoken (French vs. English) and religious identification (Catholics vs. Protestants): so-called "invisible" traits.
The term "visible minority" is sometimes used as a euphemism for "non-white".[citation needed] This is incorrect, in that the government definition creates a difference: Aboriginal people are excluded from the category "visible minorities", but may not be white either.[citation needed] In some cases, members of "visible minorities" may be visually indistinguishable from the majority population and/or may form a majority-minority population locally (as is the case in Vancouver and Toronto).[citation needed]
Since the reform of Canada's immigration laws in the 1960s, immigration has been primarily of people from areas other than Europe; many (but not all) of these immigrants form part of (but not the whole of) the "visible minorities" category within Canada.
Background
[edit]
Some 9,639,200 Canadians identified as a member of a "visible minority group" in the 2021 Canadian Census, for 26.53% of the total population.[2][3] This was an increase from the 2016 Census, when members of visible minorities accounted for 22.2% of the total population; from the 2011 Census, when the proportion was 19.1%; from the 2006 Census, when the proportion was 16.2%; from 2001, when the proportion was 13.4%; from 1996 (11.2%); from 1991 (9.4%) and from 1981 (4.7%). In 1961, the visible minority population was less than 1%.
The ongoing increase represents a significant shift in Canada's demographics as compared with the predominantly white populations of its earlier history. This change is related primarily to higher rates of immigration from countries which have larger proportions of non-Caucasian or non-white people amongst their populations. This change is associated with the advent in Canada of its multiculturalism and non-discrimination policies.[citation needed]
Statistics Canada projects that by 2041, visible minorities will make up 38.2–43.0% of the total Canadian population, compared with 26.5% in 2021.[4][5][2][3] Statistics Canada further projects that among the working-age population (15 to 64 years), meanwhile, visible minorities will make up 42.1–47.3% of Canada's total population, compared to 28.5% in 2021.[4][5][2][3]
As per the 2021 census, of the provinces, British Columbia had the highest proportion of visible minorities, representing 34.4% of its population, followed by Ontario at 34.3%, Alberta at 27.8% and Manitoba at 22.2%.[2][3] Additionally, as of 2021, the largest visible minority group was South Asian Canadians with a population of approximately 2.6 million, representing roughly 7.1% of the country's population, followed by Chinese Canadians (4.7%) and Black Canadians (4.3%).[2][3]
Demography
[edit]Population
[edit]| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1981 | 1,131,825 | — |
| 1986 | 1,577,710 | +39.4% |
| 1991 | 2,525,480 | +60.1% |
| 1996 | 3,197,480 | +26.6% |
| 2001 | 3,983,845 | +24.6% |
| 2006 | 5,068,090 | +27.2% |
| 2011 | 6,264,750 | +23.6% |
| 2016 | 7,674,580 | +22.5% |
| 2021 | 9,639,205 | +25.6% |
| Source: Statistics Canada [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] | ||
| Visible minority group | 2021 |
2016 [13] |
2011 [12] |
2006 [11] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
| South Asian | 2,571,400 | 7.08% | 1,924,635 | 5.59% | 1,567,400 | 4.77% | 1,262,865 | 4.04% |
| Chinese | 1,715,770 | 4.72% | 1,577,060 | 4.58% | 1,324,750 | 4.03% | 1,216,565 | 3.89% |
| Black | 1,574,870 | 4.34% | 1,198,540 | 3.48% | 945,665 | 2.88% | 783,795 | 2.51% |
| Filipino | 957,355 | 2.64% | 780,125 | 2.26% | 619,310 | 1.89% | 410,695 | 1.31% |
| Arab | 694,015 | 1.91% | 523,235 | 1.52% | 380,620 | 1.16% | 265,550 | 0.85% |
| Latin American | 580,235 | 1.6% | 447,325 | 1.3% | 381,280 | 1.16% | 304,245 | 0.97% |
| Southeast Asian | 390,340 | 1.07% | 313,260 | 0.91% | 312,075 | 0.95% | 239,935 | 0.77% |
| West Asian | 360,495 | 0.99% | 264,305 | 0.77% | 206,840 | 0.63% | 156,700 | 0.5% |
| Korean | 218,140 | 0.6% | 188,710 | 0.55% | 161,130 | 0.49% | 141,890 | 0.45% |
| Japanese | 98,890 | 0.27% | 92,920 | 0.27% | 87,270 | 0.27% | 81,300 | 0.26% |
| Multiple | 331,805 | 0.91% | 232,375 | 0.67% | 171,935 | 0.52% | 133,120 | 0.43% |
| N.I.E. | 172,885 | 0.48% | 132,090 | 0.38% | 106,475 | 0.32% | 71,420 | 0.23% |
| Visible minority population | 9,639,205 | 26.53% | 7,674,580 | 22.27% | 6,264,750 | 19.07% | 5,068,090 | 16.22% |
| Total responses | 36,328,480 | 98.21% | 34,460,065 | 98.03% | 32,852,320 | 98.13% | 31,241,030 | 98.82% |
| Total population | 36,991,981 | 100% | 35,151,728 | 100% | 33,476,688 | 100% | 31,612,897 | 100% |
| Visible minority group | 2001 [10] |
1996 [9] |
1991 [6][14]: 11 |
1986 [6][8]: 66 |
1981 [7][6][8]: 64 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
| Chinese | 1,029,395 | 3.47% | 860,150 | 3.02% | 626,435 | 2.32% | 390,590 | 1.56% | 299,915 | 1.25% |
| South Asian | 917,075 | 3.09% | 670,590 | 2.35% | 505,515 | 1.87% | 300,545 | 1.2% | 223,235 | 0.93% |
| Black | 662,215 | 2.23% | 573,860 | 2.01% | 504,290 | 1.87% | 355,385 | 1.42% | 239,455 | 0.99% |
| Filipino | 308,575 | 1.04% | 234,195 | 0.82% | 169,150 | 0.63% | 102,360 | 0.41% | 75,485 | 0.31% |
| Latin American | 216,980 | 0.73% | 176,970 | 0.62% | 134,535 | 0.5% | 60,975 | 0.24% | 50,230 | 0.21% |
| Southeast Asian | 198,880 | 0.67% | 172,765 | 0.61% | 132,415 | 0.49% | 86,945 | 0.35% | 53,910 | 0.22% |
| Arab | 194,685 | 0.66% | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| West Asian | 109,285 | 0.37% | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Korean | 100,660 | 0.34% | 64,835 | 0.23% | 45,535 | 0.17% | 29,205 | 0.12% | 22,570 | 0.09% |
| Japanese | 73,315 | 0.25% | 68,135 | 0.24% | 63,860 | 0.24% | 52,880 | 0.21% | 46,060 | 0.19% |
| Arab/West Asian | — | — | 244,665 | 0.86% | 289,755 | 1.07% | 149,665 | 0.6% | 112,435 | 0.47% |
| N.I.E. | 98,915 | 0.33% | 69,745 | 0.24% | 5,440 | 0.02% | — | — | — | — |
| Multiple | 73,875 | 0.25% | 61,575 | 0.22% | 48,545 | 0.18% | 40,500 | 0.16% | — | — |
| Other | — | — | — | — | — | — | 8,660 | 0.03% | 8,530 | 0.04% |
| Visible minority population | 3,983,845 | 13.44% | 3,197,480 | 11.21% | 2,525,480 | 9.36% | 1,577,710 | 6.31% | 1,131,825 | 4.7% |
| Total responses | 29,639,030 | 98.77% | 28,528,125 | 98.9% | 26,994,040 | 98.89% | 25,022,010 | 98.86% | 24,083,495 | 98.93% |
| Total population | 30,007,094 | 100% | 28,846,761 | 100% | 27,296,859 | 100% | 25,309,331 | 100% | 24,343,181 | 100% |
Religion
[edit]| Religious group | 2021[15] | 2011[16] | 2001[17][18] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
| Christianity | 3,615,150 | 37.5% | 2,625,340 | 41.9% | 1,738,200 | 43.6% |
| Irreligion | 2,438,855 | 25.3% | 1,392,340 | 22.2% | 875,095 | 22% |
| Islam | 1,583,415 | 16.4% | 925,135 | 14.8% | 497,275 | 12.5% |
| Hinduism | 823,810 | 8.5% | 494,715 | 7.9% | 291,495 | 7.3% |
| Sikhism | 769,320 | 8% | 453,120 | 7.2% | 275,715 | 6.9% |
| Buddhism | 326,835 | 3.4% | 332,300 | 5.3% | 276,275 | 6.9% |
| Judaism | 12,000 | 0.1% | 7,185 | 0.1% | 5,275 | 0.1% |
| Baha'i | 11,060 | 0.1% | — | — | 7,690 | 0.2% |
| Jainism | 8,180 | 0.1% | — | — | 2,400 | 0.1% |
| Personal Faith or Spiritual Beliefs | 7,580 | 0.1% | — | — | — | — |
| Zoroastrianism | 6,850 | 0.1% | — | — | 4,580 | 0.1% |
| Druze | 5,645 | 0.1% | — | — | — | — |
| Other Eastern Religions | 4,720 | 0.05% | — | — | 4,325 | 0.1% |
| Taoism | 3,940 | 0.04% | — | — | 1,675 | 0.04% |
| Theism | 2,900 | 0.03% | — | — | — | — |
| Spiritualism | 2,800 | 0.03% | — | — | — | — |
| Ancestor Veneration | 1,625 | 0.02% | — | — | — | — |
| Paganism | 1,450 | 0.02% | — | — | 720 | 0.02% |
| Shintoism | 1,355 | 0.01% | — | — | 490 | 0.01% |
| Rastafari | 1,335 | 0.01% | — | — | 710 | 0.02% |
| Multi-faith | 1,120 | 0.01% | — | — | — | — |
| Unitarian/Unitarian Universalist | 555 | 0.01% | — | — | — | — |
| Indigenous spirituality | 460 | 0% | 165 | 0% | 740 | 0.02% |
| Satanism | 415 | 0% | — | — | 95 | 0% |
| Animism | 385 | 0% | — | — | — | — |
| Unity - New Thought - Pantheism | 365 | 0% | — | — | 215 | 0.01% |
| New Age | 330 | 0% | — | — | 60 | 0% |
| ECKist | 285 | 0% | — | — | — | — |
| Shamanism | 250 | 0% | — | — | — | — |
| Gnosticism | 175 | 0% | — | — | 140 | 0% |
| Scientology | 105 | 0% | — | — | 70 | 0% |
| Other | 4,935 | 0.1% | 34,450 | 0.5% | 585 | 0% |
| Total Visible Minority population | 9,639,205 | 100% | 6,264,750 | 100% | 3,983,845 | 100% |
Geographical distribution
[edit]Subdivisions
[edit]2021 census
[edit]National average: 26.5%
Source: Canada 2021 Census[19]
- Note: Subdivisions shown below have visible minority populations above the national average.
Alberta
- Brooks (48.5%)
- Edmonton (42.8%)
- Chestermere (42.4%)
- Calgary (41.4%)
- Wood Buffalo (27.3%)
British Columbia
- Richmond (80.3%)
- Burnaby (67.8%)
- Greater Vancouver A (67.2%)
- Surrey (67.1%)
- Coquitlam (56.5%)
- Vancouver (54.5%)
- New Westminster (46.8%)
- Delta (45.3%)
- West Vancouver (43.2%)
- Abbotsford (40.2%)
- Port Coquitlam (39.7%)
- North Vancouver (city) (36.3%)
- Port Moody (32.7%)
- North Vancouver (district) (29.1%)
- Langley (district) (26.6%)
Manitoba
Ontario
- Markham (82.1%)
- Brampton (80.6%)
- Richmond Hill (66.4%)
- Ajax (64.6%)
- Mississauga (61.9%)
- Toronto (55.7%)
- Milton (55.2%)
- Pickering (51.9%)
- Whitchurch-Stouffville (46.3%)
- Oakville (42.5%)
- Vaughan (41.3%)
- Aurora (38.9%)
- Whitby (35.4%)
- Waterloo (35%)
- Newmarket (34.9%)
- Windsor (33.6%)
- Ottawa (32.5%)
- Kitchener (31.7%)
- Oshawa (28.9%)
- London (28.7%)
Quebec
- Brossard (50.3%)
- Dollard-des-Ormeaux (43.3%)
- Montréal (38.8%)
- Laval (32.7%)
- Mount Royal (32.3%)
- Kirkland (31.7%)
- Dorval (28%)
2016 census
[edit]National average: 22.3%
Source: Canada 2016 Census[13]
- Note: Subdivisions shown below have visible minority populations above the national average.
Alberta
- Edmonton (37.1%)
- Brooks (36.8%)
- Calgary (36.2%)
- Chestermere (35.0%)
- Wood Buffalo (26.7%)
- Banff (24.4%)
British Columbia
- Richmond (76.3%)
- Burnaby (63.6%)
- Greater Vancouver A (67.3%)
- Surrey (58.5%)
- Vancouver (51.6%)
- Coquitlam (50.2%)
- New Westminster (38.9%)
- West Vancouver (36.4%)
- Delta (36.0%)
- Abbotsford (33.7%)
- Port Coquitlam (32.4%)
- North Vancouver (city) (31.3%)
- Port Moody (30.5%)
- North Vancouver (district) (25.6%)
Manitoba
Ontario
Quebec
- Brossard (42.9%)
- Dollard-des-Ormeaux (38.8%)
- Montréal (34.2%)
- Laval (26.1%)
- Mount Royal (24.7%)
- Kirkland (24.2%)
- Dorval (23.4%)
2011 census
[edit]National average: 19.1%
Source: Canada 2011 Census[12]
- Note: Subdivisions shown below have visible minority populations above the national average.
Alberta
- Calgary (30.1%)
- Edmonton (30.0%)
- Chestermere (29.2%)
- Brooks (26.7%)
- Banff (22.2%)
British Columbia
- Richmond (70.4%)
- Greater Vancouver A (62.1%)
- Burnaby (59.5%)
- Surrey (52.6%)
- Vancouver (51.8%)
- Coquitlam (43.8%)
- New Westminster (34.8%)
- Delta (30.2%)
- Abbotsford (29.6%)
- North Vancouver (city) (29.2%)
- Port Moody (28.9%)
- Port Coquitlam (28.5%)
- West Vancouver (28.2%)
- North Vancouver (district) (22.0%)
Manitoba
- Winnipeg (21.4%)
Ontario
Quebec
- Brossard (38.3%)
- Dollard-des-Ormeaux (35.9%)
- Montréal (31.7%)
- Dorval (22.1%)
- Kirkland (20.8%)
- Mount Royal (20.8%)
- Laval (20.7%)
2006 census
[edit]National average: 16.2%
Source: Canada 2006 Census[11]
- Note: Subdivisions shown below have visible minority populations above the national average.
Alberta
- Calgary (23.7%)
- Edmonton (22.9%)
- Chestermere (17.8%)
- Brooks (17.1%)
- Banff (16.8%)
British Columbia
- Richmond (65.1%)
- Burnaby (55.4%)
- Greater Vancouver A (55.2%)
- Vancouver (51.0%)
- Surrey (46.1%)
- Coquitlam (38.6%)
- New Westminster (29.6%)
- Delta (27.0%)
- Abbotsford (26.4%)
- North Vancouver (city) (26.2%)
- Port Coquitlam (25.7%)
- Port Moody (25.3%)
- West Vancouver (22.8%)
- North Vancouver (district) (22.2%)
Manitoba
- Winnipeg (16.3%)
Ontario
Quebec
- Brossard (34.3%)
- Dollard-des-Ormeaux (30.9%)
- Montréal (26.0%)
- Mount Royal (19.7%)
- Dorval (19.1%)
- Kirkland (18.7%)
2001 census
[edit]National average: 13.4%
Source: Canada 2001 Census[10]
- Note: Subdivisions shown below have visible minority populations above the national average.
Alberta
British Columbia
- Richmond (59.0%)
- Vancouver (49.0%)
- Burnaby (48.6%)
- Greater Vancouver A (43.5%)
- Surrey (36.7%)
- Coquitlam (34.3%)
- New Westminster (24.9%)
- Delta (23.4%)
- North Vancouver (city) (22.6%)
- Port Coquitlam (22.3%)
- Port Moody (20.7%)
- Abbotsford (20.4%)
- West Vancouver (20.3%)
- North Vancouver (district) (19.3%)
- Squamish (16.8%)
- Fort St. James (14.7%)
- Saanich (13.7%)
Manitoba
- Winnipeg (13.4%)
Ontario
Quebec
- Saint-Laurent (38.2%)
- Brossard (27.7%)
- Dollard-des-Ormeaux (26.0%)
- Pierrefonds (25.8%)
- Montréal-Nord (23.5%)
- Montréal (22.7%)
- Saint-Léonard (20.8%)
- LaSalle (20.6%)
- Kirkland (17.2%)
- Roxboro (16.6%)
- Mount Royal (15.4%)
- Anjou (15.1%)
Legislative versus operational definitions
[edit]According to the Employment Equity Act of 1995, the definition of visible minority is: "persons, other than aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour".[20]
Frances Woolley traces this definition back to the 1984 Report of the Abella Commission on Equality in Employment. The Commission described the term visible minority as an "ambiguous categorization", but for practical purposes interpreted it to mean "visibly non-white".[21] The Canadian government uses an operational definition by which it identifies the following groups as visible minorities: "Chinese, South Asian, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Southeast Asian, Arab, West Asian, Korean, Japanese, Visible minority, n.i.e. (n.i.e. means "not included elsewhere"), and Multiple visible minority".[22]
If census respondents check one identity but write-in others, e.g. checking "Black” or "South Asian” and writing in “Malaysian", “French" or “European", they would be included in the Black[23] or South Asian counts respectively.[24] However, the 2006 Census states that respondents that add a European ethnic response in combination with certain visible minority groups are not counted as visible minorities. They must add another non-European ethnic response to be counted as such:
In contrast, in accordance with employment equity definitions, persons who reported 'Latin American' and 'White,' 'Arab' and 'White,' or 'West Asian' and 'White' have been excluded from the visible minority population. Likewise, persons who reported 'Latin American,' 'Arab' or 'West Asian' and who provided a European write-in response such as 'French' have been excluded from the visible minority population as well. These persons are included in the 'Not a visible minority' category. However, persons who reported 'Latin American,' 'Arab' or 'West Asian' and a non-European write-in response are included in the visible minority population.[25]
The term "non-white" is used in the wording of the Employment Equity Act and in employment equity questionnaires distributed to applicants and employees. This is intended as a shorthand phrase for those who are in the Aboriginal and/or visible minority groups.[26]
Controversy
[edit]The classification "visible minorities" has attracted controversy, both nationally and from abroad. The UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination stated in 2007 that it had doubts regarding the use of this term since this term may be considered objectionable by certain minorities, and recommended an evaluation of its use. In response, the Canadian government made efforts to evaluate how it is used in Canadian society through commissioning of scholars and open workshops.[27]
In 2008, Graeme Hamilton, argued in the National Post that the "visible minorities" label no longer makes sense in some large Canadian cities, due to immigration trends in recent decades. For example, "visible minorities" comprise the majority of the population in many municipalities across the country, primarily in British Columbia, Ontario, and Alberta.[28]
Another criticism of the label concerns the composition of "visible minorities". Critics[who?] have noted that the groups comprising "visible minorities" have little in common with each other, as they include both disadvantaged groups and non-disadvantaged groups.[29][30] geographer Harald Bauder calls the concept of visible minority an example of what Audrey Kobayashi names a statistext, meaning a census category that has been contrived for a particular public policy purpose.[31][32] Seeing "visible minorities" as creating a racialized group, Rosemary Campbell-Stephens and Sachin Maharaj advocate for "global majority" as a more appropriate alternative.[33]
See also
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- Affirmative action
- Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom
- Colourism
- Employment equity (Canada)
- Ethnic penalty
- Global majority
- Invisible disability
- List of visible minority politicians in Canada
- Majority minority
- Minority language
- Multiculturalism in Canada
- Race and ethnicity in censuses
- Race and ethnicity in the United States Census
- Racialism (racial categorization)
References
[edit]- ^ "Visible minority of person". www23.statcan.gc.ca. Statistics Canada. 1 November 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Visible minority and population group by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-11-06.
- ^ a b c d e Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-11-06.
- ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-09-08). "Canada in 2041: A larger, more diverse population with greater differences between regions". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
- ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-09-08). "Projected population by racialized group, generation status and other selected characteristics (x 1,000)". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
- ^ a b c d Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2017-10-25). "Number and proportion of visible minority population in Canada, 1981 to 2036". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
- ^ a b Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "1981 Census of Canada : volume 1 – national series : population = Recensement du Canada de 1981 : volume 1 – série nationale : population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
- ^ a b c Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "Working paper : comparison of 1981 and 1986 census counts on visible minorities in Canada / Wendy Wright". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
- ^ a b Statistics Canada, Total Population by Visible Minority Population, for Canada, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data)
- ^ a b c Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-02-12). "Visible Minority Groups, 2001 Counts, for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Subdivisions (Municipalities) With 5,000-plus Population – 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
- ^ a b c Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2010-02-17). "Visible minority groups, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities) with 5,000-plus population – 20% sample data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
- ^ a b c Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2018-05-24). "NHS Profile, 2011". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
- ^ a b c Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2017-10-09). "Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables Visible minority (total – population by visible minority), both sexes, age (total), Canada and census subdivisions (municipalities) with 5,000-plus population, 2016 Census – 25% Sample data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-08-13.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-04-03). "1991 employment equity data highlights". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-09-28.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2019-01-23). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Religion (19), Age Groups (10), Sex (3), Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force and Educational Characteristics (268) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-09-28.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "2001 Census Topic-based tabulations Religion (95) and Visible Minority Groups (15) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-09-28.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2013-12-23). "2001 Census Topic-based tabulations Selected Demographic and Cultural Characteristics (104), Selected Religions (35A), Age Groups (6) and Sex (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-09-28.
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2023-06-21). "Visible minority by gender and age: Census subdivisions with a population of 5,000 or more". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2023-08-12.
- ^ Employment Equity Act (1995, c. 44) Act current to Oct 20th, 2010 Archived 2020-04-26 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Woolley, Frances. "Visible Minorities: Distinctly Canadian". Worthwhile Canadian Initiative. Retrieved May 26, 2013.
- ^ "Visible Minority Population and Population Group Reference Guide," 2006 Census Statcan
- ^ "Visible Minority Population and Population Group Reference Guide, 2006 Census". Statcan. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
Respondents who checked 'Black' and wrote-in 'French' or 'Malaysian' are also included in the 'Black' count.
- ^ "Visible Minority and Population Group Reference Guide, Census of Population, 2021". Statistics Canada. March 30, 2022. Archived from the original on June 18, 2023. Retrieved June 18, 2023.
For example, respondents who checked both "South Asian" and "White" are included in the "South Asian" category. In addition, respondents who checked "South Asian" and had a write-in response such as "Swedish" would also be included in the "South Asian" category.
- ^ Visible Minority Population and Population Group Reference Guide, 2006 Census – Catalogue no. 97-562-GWE2006003 Statcan
- ^ Mentzer, M. S. (January 2002). "The Canadian experience with employment equity legislation". International Journal of Value-Based Management. 15 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1023/A:1013021402597. ISSN 0895-8815. S2CID 141942497.
- ^ "Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination" (PDF). United Nations. United Nations: Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
- ^ Hamilton, Graeme (2008-04-03). "Visible minorities the new majority". National Post. Archived from the original on 17 June 2023. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
- ^ Mentzer, Marc S.; John L. Fizel (1992). "Affirmative action and ethnic inequality in Canada: The Impact of the Employment Equity Act of 1986". Ethnic Groups. 9 (4): 203–217. ISSN 0308-6860.
- ^ Hum, Derek; Wayne Simpson (2000). "Not all visible minorities face labour market discrimination". Policy Options/Options Politiques. 21 (10): 45–48. ISSN 0226-5893.
- ^ Kobayashi, Audrey (1993). "Representing Ethnicity: Political Statistexts". Challenges of Measuring an Ethnic World: Science, Politics, and Reality. Washington, DC: Statistics Canada and U.S. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 513–525. ISBN 0-16-042049-0.
- ^ Bauder, Harald (2001). "Visible minorities and urban analysis". Canadian Journal of Urban Research. 10 (1): 69–90. ISSN 1188-3774.
- ^ Maharaj, Sachin (9 February 2021). "We are not visible minorities; we are the global majority". Toronto Star. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
External links
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- Visible minority population and population group reference guide (2006 Census) Archived 2018-08-28 at the Wayback Machine from Statistics Canada
- Visible minority population, by census metropolitan areas (2006 Census) Archived 2008-04-21 at the Wayback Machine from Statistics Canada