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December 9: Spain's commanding General de la Serna surrenders to Sucre at the decisive Battle of Ayacucho in Peru.
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1824 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1824
MDCCCXXIV
Ab urbe condita2577
Armenian calendar1273
ԹՎ ՌՄՀԳ
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Balinese saka calendar1745–1746
Bengali calendar1230–1231
Berber calendar2774
British Regnal year4 Geo. 4 – 5 Geo. 4
Buddhist calendar2368
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Byzantine calendar7332–7333
Chinese calendar癸未年 (Water Goat)
4521 or 4314
    — to —
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4522 or 4315
Coptic calendar1540–1541
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Ethiopian calendar1816–1817
Hebrew calendar5584–5585
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1880–1881
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 - Kali Yuga4924–4925
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(文政７年)
Javanese calendar1751–1752
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Korean calendar4157
Minguo calendar88 before ROC
民前88年
Nanakshahi calendar356
Thai solar calendar2366–2367
Tibetan calendarཆུ་མོ་ལུག་ལོ་
(female Water-Sheep)
1950 or 1569 or 797
    — to —
ཤིང་ཕོ་སྤྲེ་ལོ་
(male Wood-Monkey)
1951 or 1570 or 798
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1824 (MDCCCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1824th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 824th year of the 2nd millennium, the 24th year of the 19th century, and the 5th year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1824, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

[edit]

January–March

[edit]

April–June

[edit]
April 19: Death of Lord Byron

July–September

[edit]
August 6: Battle of Junín

October–December

[edit]
December 9: Battle of Ayacucho

Date unknown

[edit]

Births

[edit]

January–June

[edit]
Bedřich Smetana
Amasa Leland Stanford
Gustav Kirchhoff
Ednah Dow Littlehale Cheney
William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin

July–December

[edit]
Edward Cooper
George MacDonald

Deaths

[edit]

January–June

[edit]
Théodore Géricault

July–December

[edit]
Louis XVIII

Dates unknown

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

1824

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
1824 (MDCCCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, the 24th year of the 19th century, and the 5th year of the 1820s decade.[1][2] The year featured pivotal military victories in the South American wars of independence, including the Battle of Junín on August 6 and the Battle of Ayacucho on December 9, the latter decisively ending Spanish control over Peru and consolidating independence for the rest of South American nations dominated by Spain.[3] In Europe and beyond, cultural milestones included the premiere of Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 on May 7 in Vienna, introducing choral elements to symphonic form despite the composer's deafness.[4] The death of poet Lord Byron on April 19 in Missolonghi, Greece, amid his support for Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire, marked the loss of a Romantic literary icon at age 36.[5] In the United States, the presidential election of 1824 saw Andrew Jackson receive the most popular votes and electoral votes, yet John Quincy Adams secured the presidency via House of Representatives vote under the Twelfth Amendment, sparking controversy over an alleged "corrupt bargain" involving Henry Clay's appointment as Secretary of State.[6][7] Notable births included physicist William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) on June 26 and Confederate general Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson on January 21, while deaths also encompassed French King Louis XVIII on September 16.[8]

Events

January–March

On January 22, 1824, Ashanti forces decisively defeated a British expeditionary army under Governor Charles MacCarthy in the Battle of Nsamankow near Accra during the First Anglo-Ashanti War. The British column, numbering approximately 1,400 including African allies, was overwhelmed by an Ashanti army of around 10,000 warriors who exploited terrain advantages and coordinated musket fire with melee assaults, leading to MacCarthy's death along with most European officers and the rout of the survivors. Ashanti King Osei Bonsu reportedly used MacCarthy's skull as a ceremonial drinking cup, underscoring the empire's resolve to repel British incursions into their Gold Coast territories amid disputes over trade routes and tributary states.[9][10] On January 28, 1824, William Kneass was appointed Chief Engraver of the United States Mint, replacing the deceased Robert Scot to direct the engraving and die-sinking operations for national coinage at a salary of $2,000 annually. Kneass, a Philadelphia-based engraver with prior experience in banknote production, maintained continuity in mint functions during a period of expanding U.S. monetary needs driven by post-War of 1812 economic growth.[11] On February 5, 1824, Samuel Vaughan Merrick and William H. Keating established The Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts in Philadelphia, motivated by the city's burgeoning manufacturing sector and a desire to foster technical education through lectures, exhibitions, and experimentation among artisans and engineers. The institute's charter emphasized practical applications over theoretical speculation, reflecting local demands for skilled labor amid industrialization.[12] In mid-February 1824, as preparations intensified for the U.S. presidential election, the congressional caucus of the Democratic-Republican Party nominated William H. Crawford for president and Albert Gallatin for vice president, though the process exposed factional divisions and diminished the caucus's influence in an era of emerging regional candidacies. This event preceded state-level endorsements for rivals Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and Henry Clay, setting the stage for a fragmented contest without a majority electoral outcome.[13] During March 1824, the Greek War of Independence persisted with irregular Greek naval squadrons conducting hit-and-run attacks on Ottoman supply lines in the Aegean, leveraging fire ships and captured vessels to disrupt Egyptian reinforcements under Ibrahim Pasha, thereby prolonging resistance at besieged strongholds like Missolonghi despite Ottoman naval superiority. These actions relied on hydriote and psariote seafaring expertise, compensating for numerical disadvantages through mobility and local knowledge of island chains.[14]

April–June

On April 19, 1824, George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, died at age 36 in Missolonghi, Greece, from complications of a fever exacerbated by bloodletting treatments amid harsh marshland conditions.[5] Having arrived in Greece in August 1823 with funds and volunteers to aid the Greek revolutionaries against Ottoman rule, Byron assumed command of a division of Greek troops and coordinated logistics, reflecting widespread European philhellenism rooted in classical admiration and opposition to Ottoman imperialism.[15] His premature death, rather than battlefield heroics, intensified Romantic-era sympathy for the Greek cause, prompting increased British and European intervention that contributed to Greece's eventual independence in 1830.[16] On May 7, 1824, Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125, premiered at Vienna's Kärntnertor Theater before a full house, featuring the choral finale setting Schiller's "Ode to Joy" and marking the first symphony to incorporate vocal soloists and chorus.[4] Despite Beethoven's profound deafness, which prevented him from hearing the performance, he shared the podium with conductor Michael Umlauf, who managed the orchestra of about 60 musicians and chorus of 80-100 while Beethoven gestured emphatically; audience acclaim ensued, with Beethoven initially unaware until turned to see the applause.[17] The work's innovative structure, bridging instrumental and vocal realms, demonstrated Beethoven's persistence against disability and influenced subsequent orchestral compositions by expanding symphonic scale and thematic universality.[18] In the ongoing South American wars of independence, Peruvian patriot forces under Antonio José de Sucre continued maneuvers against Spanish royalists in the Andean highlands during April and May 1824, setting the stage for decisive confrontations later that year by isolating royalist strongholds and securing supply lines.[19] These efforts, building on Simón Bolívar's strategic reinforcements from Gran Colombia, eroded Spanish control through attrition and encirclement rather than singular battles in this quarter, reflecting the protracted nature of emancipation campaigns reliant on terrain mastery and allied coordination.[20]

July–September

On August 6, 1824, patriot forces under Simón Bolívar's command clashed with Spanish royalist troops at the Battle of Junín in the Peruvian Andes, near Lake Chinchaycocha. Led by Antonio José de Sucre, the patriot cavalry—predominantly Venezuelan llaneros—outmaneuvered and routed the larger royalist army commanded by José de Canterac through rapid charges and hand-to-hand combat involving lances and sabers, without significant infantry or artillery engagement. This tactical success, lasting approximately 45 minutes, disrupted royalist supply lines and control over the central highlands, compelling Canterac's retreat and enabling further advances toward decisive confrontations in Peru's independence struggle.[21][22] The victory at Junín exemplified the causal advantages of mobile cavalry over static defenses in highland terrain, where royalist forces, reliant on conscripted locals and limited reinforcements from Lima, suffered from lower cohesion and adaptability compared to Bolívar's veteran horsemen hardened by prior campaigns in Venezuela and Colombia. Casualties were light on the patriot side, with royalists abandoning artillery and standards, signaling a collapse in morale that accelerated the erosion of Spanish authority in Upper Peru. In September 1824, preparations for the United States presidential election intensified amid deepening factional rifts within the Democratic-Republican Party, as regional interests propelled candidacies of Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, William H. Crawford, and Henry Clay without a national nominating caucus to consolidate support. State-level maneuvering focused on securing electoral votes through legislative influence and newspaper campaigns, highlighting divisions between advocates of military heroism (Jackson), diplomatic nationalism (Adams), traditional republicanism (Crawford), and economic internal improvements (Clay). These fractures underscored the party's transformation from monolithic dominance to competing personal machines, setting the stage for a contingent House decision under constitutional rules requiring an electoral majority.[23][24]

October–December

In November 1824, the United States held its presidential election, in which no candidate secured a majority of the 131 electoral votes required out of 261 total electors.[25] Andrew Jackson received the plurality with 99 electoral votes and approximately 43.1% of the popular vote (153,544 votes), followed by John Quincy Adams with 84 electoral votes and 30.5% of the popular vote (108,740 votes), William H. Crawford with 41 electoral votes and 13.1% (46,618 votes), and Henry Clay with 37 electoral votes and 13.2% (47,136 votes).[26] Under the Twelfth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the decision devolved to the House of Representatives, which would select the president from the top three electoral vote recipients by majority vote of state delegations, with each of the 24 states casting one vote regardless of population or delegation size.[27] Early December reports of the electoral tallies, certified by states and forwarded to Washington, confirmed the contingent outcome and intensified political maneuvering ahead of the House balloting scheduled for February 1825, as outgoing President James Monroe's term concluded on March 4.[28] Jackson's supporters anticipated his selection based on his pluralities, but Clay's exclusion from House consideration—due to his fourth-place finish—prompted negotiations, with Adams ultimately prevailing in the House vote on the first ballot (13 states to Jackson's 7 and Crawford's 4).[29] On December 9, 1824, Peruvian patriot forces under General Antonio José de Sucre engaged and decisively defeated Spanish royalist troops led by Viceroy José de la Serna at the Battle of Ayacucho near Quinua, Peru.[30] Sucre's army of approximately 5,780 men, comprising Peruvian, Colombian, and other independence contingents, routed La Serna's larger force of over 9,000, resulting in heavy Spanish casualties (about 1,400 killed or wounded) and the capitulation of the viceroy himself, who surrendered with 2,000 prisoners and remaining artillery.[31] This victory dismantled the last organized Spanish resistance in Upper Peru, effectively terminating viceregal authority across South America and consolidating independence for Peru and adjacent regions previously under Spanish control.[32]

Date unknown

The Harmony Society, a pietist Christian communal group founded by George Rapp, relocated from Harmony, Indiana, and established its third settlement at Economy (now part of Ambridge) in Beaver County, Pennsylvania, during 1824. This move involved purchasing approximately 3,000 acres along the Ohio River and constructing initial buildings, reflecting the society's religious separatism, celibacy vows, and collective economic organization based on shared property and labor to await the millennium.[33] The settlement's model emphasized self-sufficiency through farming, viticulture, and manufacturing, contributing to localized demographic shifts by attracting remaining Rappite adherents and fostering a distinct communal enclave amid expanding American frontier individualism.[34] In the American Midwest, the Iowa Tribe ceded lands in northern Missouri through negotiations in 1824, initiating a process of relocation eastward to reservations in Kansas over the following years due to settler encroachment. This agreement, signed by chiefs including White Cloud and Great Walker, marked an early step in forced territorial concessions, altering indigenous demographics and opening lands for white settlement while providing the tribe temporary annuities and relocation allowances.[35][36]

Science and technology

Key developments

In 1824, Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot self-published Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et sur les machines propres à développer cette puissance, a treatise analyzing the efficiency of steam engines through idealized reversible cycles between heat reservoirs, deriving the maximum work extractable from heat without empirical measurement of caloric properties. This work introduced the Carnot theorem, positing that engine efficiency depends solely on reservoir temperatures, providing a first-principles basis for thermodynamic limits independent of working substance.[37] That same year, Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel issued a memoir proving the general quintic equation ax5+bx4+cx3+dx2+ex+f=0ax^5 + bx^4 + cx^3 + dx^2 + ex + f = 0 cannot be solved by radicals, extending Galois theory precursors by showing permutations of roots defy radical extraction for degrees five and higher.[38] Abel's demonstration relied on field extensions and solvability criteria, resolving a conjecture dating to the 16th century and establishing algebraic impossibility as a rigorous domain.[39] On February 5, 1824, the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts was established in Philadelphia to foster practical engineering education through lectures, exhibitions, and experimentation, prioritizing applied mechanics over theoretical abstraction in response to industrial demands.[40] The institute's charter emphasized mechanic promotion via membership classes for artisans and manufacturers, hosting early patent models and safety trials that advanced manufacturing reliability.[41]

Arts and culture

Music and literature

The premiere of Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125, took place on May 7, 1824, at Vienna's Theater am Kärntnertor, representing a culmination of symphonic innovation through its integration of a choral finale based on Friedrich Schiller's "Ode to Joy."[42] Despite Beethoven's near-total deafness, which required him to follow the score mentally rather than audibly, the performance—co-directed by Michael Umlauf—featured the composer on stage, where he continued conducting after the music ended, unaware of the applause until turned to face the audience by the contralto soloist Caroline Unger.[43] The symphony's structure expanded the classical form with four movements, culminating in a vocal-instrumental synthesis that contemporaries described as audacious for breaching symphonic norms with chorus and soloists, though the Viennese public responded with repeated ovations, particularly for the finale's universalist themes of brotherhood.[18] The concert program also included the debut of Beethoven's Consecration of the House Overture, Op. 124, and selections from his Missa Solemnis, Op. 123, highlighting his late-period emphasis on monumental scale amid personal isolation from hearing loss.[42] Elsewhere, Giacomo Meyerbeer's opera Il crociato in Egitto premiered on March 7, 1824, at Venice's La Fenice, featuring the last major castrato role by Giovanni Battista Velluti and blending bel canto with orientalist exoticism in its Egyptian setting.[44] In literature, Lydia Maria Child published Hobomok: A Tale of Early Times in 1824, an early American novel depicting Puritan New England through the interracial romance between a settler woman and a Native American chief, drawing on historical accounts of early colonial interactions while critiquing rigid social conventions.[45] James Fenimore Cooper's The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea appeared in early 1824, chronicling naval intrigue during the American Revolutionary War and pioneering the maritime adventure genre with detailed seamanship derived from Cooper's own naval experience.[46] Romantic currents persisted through Lord Byron's Don Juan, with Cantos XV and XVI issued in March 1824, extending the verse novel's satirical narrative shaped by the poet's continental travels and classical allusions, influencing subsequent European lyric and epic traditions.[15]

Visual arts and other

In 1824, the visual arts landscape featured institutional milestones and the prominence of Romanticism's emotional intensity over neoclassical restraint. The National Gallery in London opened to the public on May 10, displaying an initial collection of 38 paintings acquired from financier John Julius Angerstein for £57,000, establishing a public repository for British and European masterpieces previously accessible only to elites.[47] This initiative reflected growing public interest in art education and national heritage amid post-Napoleonic cultural shifts.[48] The Paris Salon of 1824, commencing August 25 at the Louvre, showcased evolving styles, including British landscapes by John Constable that influenced continental artists toward naturalism.[49] Eugène Delacroix's monumental oil painting Scenes from the Massacres at Chios (419 × 354 cm), depicting the 1822 Ottoman atrocities against Greek civilians during the War of Independence, stirred controversy for its raw portrayal of suffering, vibrant color, and loose brushwork, prioritizing dramatic realism and philhellenic sympathy over idealized form.[50] The work's exhibition underscored Romanticism's engagement with contemporary geopolitical events, drawing criticism from classicists for perceived excess while gaining acclaim for its empathetic vigor.[51] Théodore Géricault's death on January 26 from complications of a spinal injury and tuberculosis ended the career of a pivotal Romantic figure, whose earlier historical canvases like The Raft of the Medusa (1819) emphasized human anguish and compositional dynamism; his final output included modest studies of heads, reflecting physical decline but sustained interest in psychological depth.[52] In sculpture, Antonio Canova's Reclining Naiad (marble, 1819–1824), a neoclassical evocation of mythological serenity with fluid contours and polished surfaces, represented the waning influence of antique-inspired idealism amid rising Romantic vitality.[53] These developments highlighted a transition toward expressive individualism in European art, supported by expanding patronage and exhibition formats.

Births

January–June

On January 10, Victor Emmanuel I, former King of Sardinia who ruled from 1802 to 1821 and oversaw the restoration of Savoyard authority after Napoleonic upheavals, died at age 64 in Moncalieri, Italy, from natural causes; his abdication in 1821 stemmed from liberal revolts, influencing the constitutional shifts in the Kingdom of Sardinia that presaged Italian unification efforts. Théodore Géricault, the French painter renowned for The Raft of the Medusa (1819), which critiqued governmental incompetence through its depiction of a shipwreck scandal and advanced Romanticism's emphasis on emotion and individualism over neoclassical restraint, succumbed on January 26 at age 32 in Paris to complications from a spinal abscess following a riding accident; his innovative use of color, anatomy, and dramatic narrative influenced subsequent artists like Delacroix, marking a causal pivot toward modern art's focus on human suffering and political critique.[54] Eugène de Beauharnais, stepson of Napoleon Bonaparte and Viceroy of Italy from 1805 to 1814, where he implemented administrative reforms and military defenses that stabilized the Napoleonic satellite state amid continental wars, died on February 21 at age 42 in Munich from a cerebral hemorrhage; as Duke of Leuchtenberg, his lineage bridged Napoleonic imperialism with European royalty, affecting dynastic alliances post-1815.[55] George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, the English poet whose works like Don Juan and Childe Harold's Pilgrimage epitomized Romantic individualism, satire, and exoticism, thereby shaping literary sensibilities across Europe and inspiring nationalist fervor, died on April 19 at age 36 in Missolonghi, Greece, from a fever exacerbated by prior illness and harsh conditions during his support for Greek independence against Ottoman rule; his philhellenic involvement, including funding and leading troops, galvanized international sympathy and materially aided the Greek War of Independence, contributing to its eventual success in 1830.[56][5]

July–December

On July 19, Agustín de Iturbide, the former emperor of Mexico who had proclaimed independence from Spain in 1821, was executed by firing squad in Padilla, Tamaulipas, shortly after landing from exile in Europe.[57][58] His return violated a decree of perpetual exile issued by the Mexican Congress in 1823, and upon capture, he was tried and sentenced under laws prohibiting his presence in the country, reflecting ongoing instability in the post-independence republic where monarchical ambitions clashed with republican sentiments.[57] The death of Louis XVIII, King of France, on September 16 in Paris at age 68 from complications of gout and gangrene, precipitated the accession of his brother, Charles X, whose ultra-royalist policies emphasized absolutist restoration and clerical influence, diverging from Louis's more pragmatic constitutionalism.[59][60] This transition intensified factional tensions within the Bourbon Restoration, as Charles prioritized compensating émigrés for revolutionary losses and restricting press freedoms, setting the stage for future unrest.[59][60] No major fatalities among independence war leaders occurred in December, though the Battle of Ayacucho on December 9 decisively ended Spanish control in Peru without the death of key commanders; Viceroy José de la Serna was captured and later exiled rather than executed.[61]

Deaths

January–June

On January 10, Victor Emmanuel I, former King of Sardinia who ruled from 1802 to 1821 and oversaw the restoration of Savoyard authority after Napoleonic upheavals, died at age 64 in Moncalieri, Italy, from natural causes; his abdication in 1821 stemmed from liberal revolts, influencing the constitutional shifts in the Kingdom of Sardinia that presaged Italian unification efforts. Théodore Géricault, the French painter renowned for The Raft of the Medusa (1819), which critiqued governmental incompetence through its depiction of a shipwreck scandal and advanced Romanticism's emphasis on emotion and individualism over neoclassical restraint, succumbed on January 26 at age 32 in Paris to complications from a spinal abscess following a riding accident; his innovative use of color, anatomy, and dramatic narrative influenced subsequent artists like Delacroix, marking a causal pivot toward modern art's focus on human suffering and political critique.[54] Eugène de Beauharnais, stepson of Napoleon Bonaparte and Viceroy of Italy from 1805 to 1814, where he implemented administrative reforms and military defenses that stabilized the Napoleonic satellite state amid continental wars, died on February 21 at age 42 in Munich from a cerebral hemorrhage; as Duke of Leuchtenberg, his lineage bridged Napoleonic imperialism with European royalty, affecting dynastic alliances post-1815.[55] George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, the English poet whose works like Don Juan and Childe Harold's Pilgrimage epitomized Romantic individualism, satire, and exoticism, thereby shaping literary sensibilities across Europe and inspiring nationalist fervor, died on April 19 at age 36 in Missolonghi, Greece, from a fever exacerbated by prior illness and harsh conditions during his support for Greek independence against Ottoman rule; his philhellenic involvement, including funding and leading troops, galvanized international sympathy and materially aided the Greek War of Independence, contributing to its eventual success in 1830.[56][5]

July–December

On July 19, Agustín de Iturbide, the former emperor of Mexico who had proclaimed independence from Spain in 1821, was executed by firing squad in Padilla, Tamaulipas, shortly after landing from exile in Europe.[57][58] His return violated a decree of perpetual exile issued by the Mexican Congress in 1823, and upon capture, he was tried and sentenced under laws prohibiting his presence in the country, reflecting ongoing instability in the post-independence republic where monarchical ambitions clashed with republican sentiments.[57] The death of Louis XVIII, King of France, on September 16 in Paris at age 68 from complications of gout and gangrene, precipitated the accession of his brother, Charles X, whose ultra-royalist policies emphasized absolutist restoration and clerical influence, diverging from Louis's more pragmatic constitutionalism.[59][60] This transition intensified factional tensions within the Bourbon Restoration, as Charles prioritized compensating émigrés for revolutionary losses and restricting press freedoms, setting the stage for future unrest.[59][60] No major fatalities among independence war leaders occurred in December, though the Battle of Ayacucho on December 9 decisively ended Spanish control in Peru without the death of key commanders; Viceroy José de la Serna was captured and later exiled rather than executed.[61]

Dates unknown

Mah Laqa Bai, born Chanda Bibi (1768–1824), was a courtesan, poet, and philanthropist in the court of the Nizams of Hyderabad, renowned as the first woman in Urdu literature to publish a diwan (collection) of her own ghazals titled Mah Laqa Bai Ki Ghazaliyan. She amassed wealth through her performances and patronage, using it to construct dargahs and support charitable causes, including endowments for the poor upon her death.[62][63] John Bacon (d. 1824), a Scottish landlord and associate of poet Robert Burns, owned estates in Ayrshire and was noted for his social connections in literary circles during the late 18th century.
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References

  1. Was 1824 a leap year? - Time-and-calendar.com
  2. Leap Years
  3. Sister Revolutions: American Revolutions on Two Continents ...
  4. Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125 “Choral” (1824) – Beethoven ...
  5. Lord Byron dies in Greece | April 19, 1824 - History.com
  6. 'Corrupt bargain' | Miller Center
  7. Presidential Election of 1824 - 270toWin.com
  8. What Happened in 1824 - On This Day
  9. First Ashanti War 1824-1831 - OnWar.com
  10. How the Ashanti Defeated British Forces in the Battle of Nsamankow
  11. Know your U.S. coins: Classic Head $5 half eagle
  12. Franklin Institute - Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia
  13. John Quincy Adams: Campaigns and Elections | Miller Center
  14. Blazing the way to Freedom? Was Greek fire-ship instrumental ...
  15. Lord Byron (George Gordon) | The Poetry Foundation
  16. Lord Byron Dies | Research Starters - EBSCO
  17. THE STORY BEHIND: Beethoven's Symphony No.9 (Choral)
  18. Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125 - Boston Baroque
  19. The Spanish Army and the Loss of America, 1810-1824
  20. South American Independence - Heritage History
  21. Battle of Junín in Peru in 2026 - Office Holidays
  22. August 6: Peru's Battle of Junín and Its Enduring Legacy
  23. The Election of 1824 | American Battlefield Trust
  24. [PDF] The Two-Party System: A Revolution in American Politics, 1824–1840
  25. 1824 Electoral College Results - National Archives
  26. 1824 Presidential General Election Results
  27. Contingent Election of the President and Vice President by Congress
  28. Tally of the 1824 Electoral College Vote | National Archives
  29. Electoral College Fast Facts | US House of Representatives
  30. Battle of Ayacucho | Research Starters - EBSCO
  31. Ayacucho Battle - Tierras Vivas
  32. Battlefield of Ayacucho - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
  33. History | My Site - Old Economy Village
  34. [PDF] George Rapp, the Harmony Society, and Jacksonian Democracy
  35. About Us - Iowa Tribe Of Oklahoma
  36. [PDF] Cameron LaPage The Iowa Historical Review Agency in Removal
  37. https://store.doverpublications.com/products/9780486446417
  38. Abel's Proof | Mathematical Association of America
  39. About Niels Henrik Abel | The Abel Prize
  40. The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, United States
  41. About The Franklin Institute Awards
  42. Beethoven, Ludwig van: Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Opus 125 ...
  43. May 7, 1824: The 200th Anniversary of the Premiere of Beethoven's ...
  44. Year 1824 in Music History - On This Day
  45. Lydia Maria Child - The University of Virginia
  46. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7974
  47. About the building | History | National Gallery, London
  48. At 200 Years Old, the London National Gallery Is Redefining What It ...
  49. Paris Salon of 1824 - The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
  50. Eugène Delacroix, Scene of the Massacre at Chios - Smarthistory
  51. The Massacre at Chios
  52. Théodore Géricault - Getty Museum
  53. Antonio Canova - Reclining Naiad - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
  54. Théodore Géricault, Portraits of the Insane - Smarthistory
  55. Eugène de Beauharnais | Parents, Joséphine, & Napoleonic Wars
  56. Lord Byron | Biography, Poems, Don Juan, Daughter, & Facts
  57. 1824: Agustin de Iturbide, Emperor of Mexico - Executed Today
  58. Agustín de Iturbide | Mexican Emperor, Independence Leader
  59. Louis XVIII | King of France & Bourbon Restoration Monarch
  60. Biography of Louis XVIII - Archontology.org
  61. Battle of Ayacucho | Peruvian, Spanish, 1824 - Britannica
  62. [PDF] Mah Laqa Bai Chanda Centre for Women's Studies
  63. Here's Why Hyderabad's Mah Laqa Bai Should Never Be Forgotten!
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