Hubbry Logo
18241824Main
Open search
1824
Community hub
1824
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
1824
1824
1824
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia
Years
Millennium
2nd millennium
Centuries
Decades
Years
December 9: Spain's commanding General de la Serna surrenders to Sucre at the decisive Battle of Ayacucho in Peru.
1824 by topic
Humanities
By country
Other topics
Lists of leaders
Birth and death categories
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Works category
1824 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1824
MDCCCXXIV
Ab urbe condita2577
Armenian calendar1273
ԹՎ ՌՄՀԳ
Assyrian calendar6574
Balinese saka calendar1745–1746
Bengali calendar1230–1231
Berber calendar2774
British Regnal year4 Geo. 4 – 5 Geo. 4
Buddhist calendar2368
Burmese calendar1186
Byzantine calendar7332–7333
Chinese calendar癸未年 (Water Goat)
4521 or 4314
    — to —
甲申年 (Wood Monkey)
4522 or 4315
Coptic calendar1540–1541
Discordian calendar2990
Ethiopian calendar1816–1817
Hebrew calendar5584–5585
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1880–1881
 - Shaka Samvat1745–1746
 - Kali Yuga4924–4925
Holocene calendar11824
Igbo calendar824–825
Iranian calendar1202–1203
Islamic calendar1239–1240
Japanese calendarBunsei 7
(文政７年)
Javanese calendar1751–1752
Julian calendarGregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar4157
Minguo calendar88 before ROC
民前88年
Nanakshahi calendar356
Thai solar calendar2366–2367
Tibetan calendarཆུ་མོ་ལུག་ལོ་
(female Water-Sheep)
1950 or 1569 or 797
    — to —
ཤིང་ཕོ་སྤྲེ་ལོ་
(male Wood-Monkey)
1951 or 1570 or 798
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1824.

1824 (MDCCCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1824th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 824th year of the 2nd millennium, the 24th year of the 19th century, and the 5th year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1824, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

[edit]

January–March

[edit]

April–June

[edit]
April 19: Death of Lord Byron

July–September

[edit]
August 6: Battle of Junín

October–December

[edit]
December 9: Battle of Ayacucho

Date unknown

[edit]

Births

[edit]

January–June

[edit]
Bedřich Smetana
Amasa Leland Stanford
Gustav Kirchhoff
Ednah Dow Littlehale Cheney
William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin

July–December

[edit]
Edward Cooper
George MacDonald

Deaths

[edit]

January–June

[edit]
Théodore Géricault

July–December

[edit]
Louis XVIII

Dates unknown

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

1824

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
1824 (MDCCCXXIV) was a of the , the 24th year of the , and the 5th year of the decade. The year featured pivotal military victories in the South American wars of independence, including the Battle of Junín on August 6 and the on December 9, the latter decisively ending Spanish control over and consolidating independence for the rest of South American nations dominated by Spain. In Europe and beyond, cultural milestones included the premiere of Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 on May 7 in , introducing choral elements to symphonic form despite the composer's deafness. The death of poet on April 19 in , , amid his support for Greek independence from the , marked the loss of a Romantic literary icon at age 36. In the United States, the presidential election of 1824 saw receive the most popular votes and electoral votes, yet secured the presidency via vote under the Twelfth Amendment, sparking controversy over an alleged "corrupt bargain" involving Henry Clay's appointment as . Notable births included physicist William Thomson () on June 26 and Confederate general Thomas "Stonewall" on January 21, while deaths also encompassed French King on September 16.

Events

January–March

On January 22, 1824, Ashanti forces decisively defeated a British expeditionary army under Governor Charles MacCarthy in the Battle of Nsamankow near during the First Anglo-Ashanti War. The British column, numbering approximately 1,400 including African allies, was overwhelmed by an Ashanti army of around 10,000 warriors who exploited terrain advantages and coordinated fire with assaults, leading to MacCarthy's death along with most European officers and the rout of the survivors. Ashanti King reportedly used MacCarthy's skull as a ceremonial drinking cup, underscoring the empire's resolve to repel British incursions into their Gold Coast territories amid disputes over trade routes and tributary states. On January 28, 1824, William Kneass was appointed Chief Engraver of the , replacing the deceased Robert Scot to direct the engraving and die-sinking operations for national coinage at a salary of $2,000 annually. Kneass, a Philadelphia-based engraver with prior experience in banknote production, maintained continuity in mint functions during a period of expanding U.S. monetary needs driven by post-War of 1812 . On February 5, 1824, Samuel Vaughan Merrick and William H. Keating established The of the State of for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts in , motivated by the city's burgeoning sector and a desire to foster technical education through lectures, exhibitions, and experimentation among artisans and engineers. The institute's charter emphasized practical applications over theoretical speculation, reflecting local demands for skilled labor amid industrialization. In mid-February 1824, as preparations intensified for the , the of the nominated for president and for , though the process exposed factional divisions and diminished the caucus's influence in an era of emerging regional candidacies. This event preceded state-level endorsements for rivals , , and , setting the stage for a fragmented contest without a electoral outcome. During March 1824, the Greek War of Independence persisted with irregular Greek naval squadrons conducting hit-and-run attacks on Ottoman supply lines in the Aegean, leveraging fire ships and captured vessels to disrupt Egyptian reinforcements under Ibrahim Pasha, thereby prolonging resistance at besieged strongholds like despite Ottoman naval superiority. These actions relied on hydriote and psariote seafaring expertise, compensating for numerical disadvantages through mobility and local knowledge of island chains.

April–June

On April 19, 1824, George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, died at age 36 in Missolonghi, Greece, from complications of a fever exacerbated by bloodletting treatments amid harsh marshland conditions. Having arrived in Greece in August 1823 with funds and volunteers to aid the Greek revolutionaries against Ottoman rule, Byron assumed command of a division of Greek troops and coordinated logistics, reflecting widespread European philhellenism rooted in classical admiration and opposition to Ottoman imperialism. His premature death, rather than battlefield heroics, intensified Romantic-era sympathy for the Greek cause, prompting increased British and European intervention that contributed to Greece's eventual independence in 1830. On May 7, 1824, Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 in , Op. 125, premiered at Vienna's Kärntnertor Theater before a full house, featuring the choral finale setting Schiller's "" and marking the first symphony to incorporate vocal soloists and chorus. Despite Beethoven's profound , which prevented him from hearing the performance, he shared the podium with conductor Michael Umlauf, who managed the orchestra of about 60 musicians and chorus of 80-100 while Beethoven gestured emphatically; audience acclaim ensued, with Beethoven initially unaware until turned to see the applause. The work's innovative structure, bridging instrumental and vocal realms, demonstrated Beethoven's persistence against disability and influenced subsequent orchestral compositions by expanding symphonic scale and thematic universality. In the ongoing South American wars of independence, Peruvian patriot forces under continued maneuvers against Spanish royalists in the Andean highlands during April and May 1824, setting the stage for decisive confrontations later that year by isolating royalist strongholds and securing supply lines. These efforts, building on Simón Bolívar's strategic reinforcements from , eroded Spanish control through attrition and rather than singular battles in this quarter, reflecting the protracted nature of campaigns reliant on terrain mastery and allied coordination.

July–September

On August 6, 1824, patriot forces under Simón Bolívar's command clashed with Spanish royalist troops at the Battle of Junín in the , near Lake Chinchaycocha. Led by , the patriot cavalry—predominantly Venezuelan llaneros—outmaneuvered and routed the larger royalist army commanded by José de Canterac through rapid charges and involving lances and sabers, without significant infantry or artillery engagement. This tactical success, lasting approximately 45 minutes, disrupted royalist supply lines and control over the central highlands, compelling Canterac's retreat and enabling further advances toward decisive confrontations in Peru's independence struggle. The victory at Junín exemplified the causal advantages of mobile cavalry over static defenses in highland terrain, where royalist forces, reliant on conscripted locals and limited reinforcements from , suffered from lower cohesion and adaptability compared to Bolívar's horsemen hardened by prior campaigns in and . Casualties were light on the patriot side, with royalists abandoning and standards, signaling a collapse in that accelerated the erosion of Spanish authority in . In September 1824, preparations for the intensified amid deepening factional rifts within the , as regional interests propelled candidacies of , , , and without a national nominating to consolidate support. State-level maneuvering focused on securing electoral votes through legislative influence and newspaper campaigns, highlighting divisions between advocates of military heroism (Jackson), diplomatic (Adams), traditional (Crawford), and economic (Clay). These fractures underscored the party's transformation from monolithic dominance to competing personal machines, setting the stage for a contingent decision under constitutional rules requiring an electoral majority.

October–December

In November 1824, the held its , in which no candidate secured a of the 131 electoral votes required out of 261 total electors. received the plurality with 99 electoral votes and approximately 43.1% of the popular vote (153,544 votes), followed by with 84 electoral votes and 30.5% of the popular vote (108,740 votes), with 41 electoral votes and 13.1% (46,618 votes), and with 37 electoral votes and 13.2% (47,136 votes). Under the Twelfth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the decision devolved to the , which would select the president from the top three electoral vote recipients by vote of state delegations, with each of the 24 states casting one vote regardless of or delegation size. Early December reports of the electoral tallies, certified by states and forwarded to Washington, confirmed the contingent outcome and intensified political maneuvering ahead of the House balloting scheduled for February 1825, as outgoing President James Monroe's term concluded on March 4. Jackson's supporters anticipated his selection based on his pluralities, but Clay's exclusion from House consideration—due to his fourth-place finish—prompted negotiations, with Adams ultimately prevailing in the House vote on the first ballot (13 states to Jackson's 7 and Crawford's 4). On December 9, 1824, Peruvian patriot forces under General engaged and decisively defeated Spanish royalist troops led by José de la Serna at the near Quinua, . Sucre's army of approximately 5,780 men, comprising Peruvian, Colombian, and other contingents, routed La Serna's larger force of over 9,000, resulting in heavy Spanish casualties (about 1,400 killed or wounded) and the capitulation of the viceroy himself, who surrendered with 2,000 prisoners and remaining . This victory dismantled the last organized Spanish resistance in , effectively terminating viceregal authority across and consolidating for and adjacent regions previously under Spanish control.

Date unknown

The , a pietist Christian communal group founded by George Rapp, relocated from Harmony, Indiana, and established its third settlement at Economy (now part of Ambridge) in , during 1824. This move involved purchasing approximately 3,000 acres along the and constructing initial buildings, reflecting the society's religious , vows, and collective economic organization based on shared property and labor to await the millennium. The settlement's model emphasized self-sufficiency through farming, , and manufacturing, contributing to localized demographic shifts by attracting remaining Rappite adherents and fostering a distinct communal enclave amid expanding . In the American Midwest, the Iowa Tribe ceded lands in northern Missouri through negotiations in 1824, initiating a process of relocation eastward to reservations in over the following years due to encroachment. This agreement, signed by chiefs including White Cloud and Great Walker, marked an early step in forced territorial concessions, altering indigenous demographics and opening lands for white settlement while providing the tribe temporary annuities and relocation allowances.

Science and technology

Key developments

In 1824, self-published Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et sur les machines propres à développer cette puissance, a analyzing the of engines through idealized reversible cycles between reservoirs, deriving the maximum work extractable from without empirical measurement of caloric properties. This work introduced the Carnot theorem, positing that engine depends solely on reservoir temperatures, providing a first-principles basis for thermodynamic limits independent of working substance. That same year, Norwegian mathematician issued a proving the general quintic equation ax5+bx4+cx3+dx2+ex+f=0ax^5 + bx^4 + cx^3 + dx^2 + ex + f = 0 cannot be solved by radicals, extending Galois theory precursors by showing permutations of roots defy radical extraction for degrees five and higher. Abel's demonstration relied on field extensions and solvability criteria, resolving a dating to the and establishing algebraic impossibility as a rigorous domain. On February 5, 1824, the of the State of for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts was established in to foster practical through lectures, exhibitions, and experimentation, prioritizing over theoretical abstraction in response to industrial demands. The institute's charter emphasized mechanic promotion via membership classes for artisans and manufacturers, hosting early models and safety trials that advanced manufacturing reliability.

Arts and culture

Music and literature

The premiere of Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 in , Op. 125, took place on May 7, 1824, at Vienna's , representing a culmination of symphonic innovation through its integration of a choral finale based on Friedrich Schiller's "." Despite Beethoven's near-total deafness, which required him to follow the score mentally rather than audibly, the performance—co-directed by Michael Umlauf—featured the composer on stage, where he continued conducting after the music ended, unaware of the applause until turned to face the audience by the contralto soloist Caroline Unger. The symphony's structure expanded the classical form with four movements, culminating in a vocal-instrumental synthesis that contemporaries described as audacious for breaching symphonic norms with chorus and soloists, though the Viennese public responded with repeated ovations, particularly for the finale's universalist themes of brotherhood. The concert program also included the debut of Beethoven's Consecration of the House Overture, Op. 124, and selections from his , Op. 123, highlighting his late-period emphasis on monumental scale amid personal isolation from . Elsewhere, Giacomo Meyerbeer's opera Il crociato in Egitto premiered on March 7, 1824, at Venice's , featuring the last major role by and blending with orientalist exoticism in its Egyptian setting. In literature, Lydia Maria Child published Hobomok: A Tale of Early Times in 1824, an early American novel depicting Puritan New England through the interracial romance between a settler woman and a Native American chief, drawing on historical accounts of early colonial interactions while critiquing rigid social conventions. James Fenimore Cooper's The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea appeared in early 1824, chronicling naval intrigue during the American Revolutionary War and pioneering the maritime adventure genre with detailed seamanship derived from Cooper's own naval experience. Romantic currents persisted through Lord Byron's Don Juan, with Cantos XV and XVI issued in March 1824, extending the verse novel's satirical narrative shaped by the poet's continental travels and classical allusions, influencing subsequent European lyric and epic traditions.

Visual arts and other

In 1824, the visual arts landscape featured institutional milestones and the prominence of Romanticism's emotional intensity over neoclassical restraint. The in London opened to the public on May 10, displaying an initial collection of 38 paintings acquired from financier John Julius Angerstein for £57,000, establishing a public repository for British and European masterpieces previously accessible only to elites. This initiative reflected growing public interest in art education and national heritage amid post-Napoleonic cultural shifts. The Paris Salon of 1824, commencing August 25 at the , showcased evolving styles, including British landscapes by that influenced continental artists toward naturalism. Eugène Delacroix's monumental oil painting Scenes from the Massacres at (419 × 354 cm), depicting the 1822 Ottoman atrocities against Greek civilians during the War of Independence, stirred controversy for its raw portrayal of suffering, vibrant color, and loose brushwork, prioritizing dramatic realism and philhellenic sympathy over idealized form. The work's exhibition underscored Romanticism's engagement with contemporary geopolitical events, drawing criticism from classicists for perceived excess while gaining acclaim for its empathetic vigor. Théodore Géricault's death on January 26 from complications of a spinal injury and tuberculosis ended the career of a pivotal Romantic figure, whose earlier historical canvases like The Raft of the Medusa (1819) emphasized human anguish and compositional dynamism; his final output included modest studies of heads, reflecting physical decline but sustained interest in psychological depth. In sculpture, Antonio Canova's Reclining Naiad (marble, 1819–1824), a neoclassical evocation of mythological serenity with fluid contours and polished surfaces, represented the waning influence of antique-inspired idealism amid rising Romantic vitality. These developments highlighted a transition toward expressive individualism in European art, supported by expanding patronage and exhibition formats.

Births

January–June

On January 10, , former King of who ruled from 1802 to and oversaw the restoration of authority after Napoleonic upheavals, died at age 64 in , , from natural causes; his in stemmed from liberal revolts, influencing the constitutional shifts in the Kingdom of that presaged Italian unification efforts. , the French painter renowned for (1819), which critiqued governmental incompetence through its depiction of a scandal and advanced Romanticism's emphasis on emotion and individualism over neoclassical restraint, succumbed on January 26 at age 32 in to complications from a spinal abscess following a riding accident; his innovative use of color, , and dramatic narrative influenced subsequent artists like Delacroix, marking a causal pivot toward modern art's focus on human suffering and political critique. Eugène de Beauharnais, stepson of Napoleon Bonaparte and Viceroy of from 1805 to 1814, where he implemented administrative reforms and military defenses that stabilized the Napoleonic amid continental wars, died on February 21 at age 42 in from a cerebral hemorrhage; as , his lineage bridged Napoleonic imperialism with European royalty, affecting dynastic alliances post-1815. George Gordon Byron, 6th , the English poet whose works like and epitomized Romantic individualism, satire, and exoticism, thereby shaping literary sensibilities across Europe and inspiring nationalist fervor, died on April 19 at age 36 in , , from a fever exacerbated by prior illness and harsh conditions during his support for Greek independence against Ottoman rule; his philhellenic involvement, including funding and leading troops, galvanized international sympathy and materially aided the Greek War of Independence, contributing to its eventual success in 1830.

July–December

On July 19, Agustín de Iturbide, the former who had proclaimed from in , was executed by firing squad in Padilla, , shortly after landing from in . His return violated a decree of perpetual issued by the Mexican Congress in 1823, and upon capture, he was tried and sentenced under laws prohibiting his presence in the country, reflecting ongoing instability in the post- republic where monarchical ambitions clashed with republican sentiments. The death of , King of , on September 16 in at age 68 from complications of and , precipitated the accession of his brother, Charles X, whose ultra-royalist policies emphasized absolutist restoration and clerical influence, diverging from Louis's more pragmatic . This transition intensified factional tensions within the Bourbon Restoration, as Charles prioritized compensating émigrés for revolutionary losses and restricting press freedoms, setting the stage for future unrest. No major fatalities among independence war leaders occurred in December, though the on December 9 decisively ended Spanish control in without the death of key commanders; Viceroy José de la Serna was captured and later exiled rather than executed.

Deaths

January–June

On January 10, Victor Emmanuel I, former King of who ruled from 1802 to 1821 and oversaw the restoration of Savoyard authority after Napoleonic upheavals, died at age 64 in , , from natural causes; his in 1821 stemmed from liberal revolts, influencing the constitutional shifts in the Kingdom of that presaged Italian unification efforts. Théodore , the French painter renowned for (1819), which critiqued governmental incompetence through its depiction of a scandal and advanced Romanticism's emphasis on emotion and individualism over neoclassical restraint, succumbed on January 26 at age 32 in to complications from a spinal following a riding accident; his innovative use of color, anatomy, and dramatic narrative influenced subsequent artists like Delacroix, marking a causal pivot toward modern art's focus on human suffering and political critique. Eugène de Beauharnais, stepson of Napoleon Bonaparte and Viceroy of Italy from 1805 to 1814, where he implemented administrative reforms and military defenses that stabilized the Napoleonic amid continental wars, died on February 21 at age 42 in from a cerebral hemorrhage; as , his lineage bridged Napoleonic imperialism with European royalty, affecting dynastic alliances post-1815. George Gordon Byron, 6th , the English poet whose works like and epitomized Romantic individualism, satire, and exoticism, thereby shaping literary sensibilities across Europe and inspiring nationalist fervor, died on April 19 at age 36 in , , from a fever exacerbated by prior illness and harsh conditions during his support for Greek independence against Ottoman rule; his philhellenic involvement, including funding and leading troops, galvanized international sympathy and materially aided the Greek War of Independence, contributing to its eventual success in 1830.

July–December

On July 19, Agustín de Iturbide, the former who had proclaimed from in , was executed by firing squad in Padilla, , shortly after landing from in . His return violated a of perpetual issued by the Mexican Congress in 1823, and upon capture, he was tried and sentenced under laws prohibiting his presence in the country, reflecting ongoing instability in the post- republic where monarchical ambitions clashed with republican sentiments. The death of , King of , on September 16 in at age 68 from complications of and , precipitated the accession of his brother, Charles X, whose ultra-royalist policies emphasized absolutist restoration and clerical influence, diverging from Louis's more pragmatic . This transition intensified factional tensions within the Bourbon Restoration, as Charles prioritized compensating émigrés for revolutionary losses and restricting press freedoms, setting the stage for future unrest. No major fatalities among independence war leaders occurred in December, though the on December 9 decisively ended Spanish control in without the death of key commanders; Viceroy José de la Serna was captured and later exiled rather than executed.

Dates unknown

, born Chanda Bibi (1768–1824), was a , poet, and philanthropist in the court of the Nizams of Hyderabad, renowned as the first woman in to publish a diwan (collection) of her own ghazals titled Mah Laqa Bai Ki Ghazaliyan. She amassed wealth through her performances and patronage, using it to construct dargahs and support charitable causes, including endowments for the poor upon her death. John Bacon (d. 1824), a Scottish landlord and associate of poet , owned estates in and was noted for his social connections in literary circles during the late .
Previous year1824Next year

References

  1. https://time-and-calendar.com/leap-years/1824
  2. https://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/leap_years
  3. https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/sister-revolutions-american-revolutions-on-two-continents-teaching-with-historic-places.htm
  4. https://www.esm.rochester.edu/beethoven/symphony-no-9/
  5. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/april-19/lord-byron-dies-in-greece
  6. https://millercenter.org/contested-presidential-elections/corrupt-bargain
  7. https://www.270towin.com/1824-election/
  8. https://www.onthisday.com/date/1824
  9. https://onwar.com/data/asante1824.html
  10. https://www.africarebirth.com/how-the-ashanti-defeated-british-forces-in-the-battle-of-nsamankow/
  11. https://www.coinworld.com/numismatic/know-your-us-coins-classic-head-5-half-eagle.html
  12. https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/essays/franklin-institute/
  13. https://millercenter.org/president/jqadams/campaigns-and-elections
  14. https://stefanosskarmintzos.wordpress.com/2015/09/12/blazing-the-way-to-freedom-was-greek-fire-ship-instrumental-wresting-naval-supremacy-from-the-ottomans-during-the-war-of-independence/
  15. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/lord-byron
  16. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/lord-byron-dies
  17. https://www.riphil.org/blog/the-story-behind-beethoven-s-symphony-no-9-choral
  18. https://baroque.boston/beethoven-symphony-no-9
  19. https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/48/4/586/157921/The-Spanish-Army-and-the-Loss-of-America-1810-1824
  20. https://www.heritage-history.com/index.php?c=resources&s=war-dir&f=wars_saindependence
  21. https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/peru/battle-of-junin
  22. https://ethnicatravel.com/battle-of-junin/
  23. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/election-1824
  24. https://www.archives.gov/files/legislative/resources/ebooks/two-party-system.pdf
  25. https://www.archives.gov/electoral-college/1824
  26. https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php?year=1824
  27. https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R40504
  28. https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/electoral-tally
  29. https://history.house.gov/Institution/Electoral-College/Electoral-College/
  30. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/military-history-and-science/battle-ayacucho
  31. https://www.tierrasvivas.com/en/ayacucho-battle
  32. https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6413/
  33. https://www.oldeconomyvillage.org/history
  34. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1324&context=masters
  35. https://iowanation.org/about-us/
  36. https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/iowa-historical-review/article/33769/galley/142347/view/
  37. https://store.doverpublications.com/products/9780486446417
  38. https://old.maa.org/press/periodicals/convergence/abels-proof
  39. https://abelprize.no/page/about-niels-henrik-abel
  40. https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/the-franklin-institute
  41. https://fi.edu/en/awards/about
  42. https://fwsymphony.org/program-notes/beethoven-ludwig-van-symphony-no-9-in-d-minor-opus-125-choral
  43. https://weta.org/fm/classical-score/may-7-1824-200th-anniversary-premiere-beethovens-symphony-no-9
  44. https://www.onthisday.com/music/events/date/1824
  45. https://twain.lib.virginia.edu/projects/rissetto/hobomok.html
  46. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7974
  47. https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/about-us/history/about-the-building
  48. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/at-200-years-old-the-london-national-gallery-is-redefining-what-it-means-to-be-a-national-museum-180984304/
  49. https://www.artandpopularculture.com/Paris_Salon_of_1824
  50. https://smarthistory.org/delacroix-scene-of-the-massacre-at-chios/
  51. https://www.wga.hu/html/d/delacroi/1/107delac.html
  52. https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/person/103JXY
  53. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/205177
  54. https://smarthistory.org/gericault-portraits-of-the-insane/
  55. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eugene-de-Beauharnais
  56. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lord-Byron-poet
  57. https://www.executedtoday.com/2010/07/19/1824-agustin-de-iturbide-emperor-of-mexico/
  58. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Agustin-de-Iturbide
  59. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XVIII
  60. https://www.archontology.org/nations/france/france_state1/louis18.php
  61. https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Ayacucho
  62. https://www.osmania.ac.in/Research%2520Centres/CWS%2520Webpage%2520Data2023.pdf
  63. https://thebetterindia.com/119836/hyderabad-mah-laqa-bai-memorial/
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.