Hubbry Logo
Belagavi districtBelagavi districtMain
Open search
Belagavi district
Community hub
Belagavi district
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Belagavi district
Belagavi district
Belagavi district
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Belagavi district, formerly also known as Belgaum district,[5] is a district in the state of Karnataka, India. The district is known as the sugar bowl of Karnataka with 150,000 hectares being used for commercial production.[6] It has overtaken Mandya district in sugarcane production over the last decade.[7] The city of Belgaum (Belagavi) is the district headquarters in Belagavi district. It houses the Second legislative building, where the Karnataka Legislature holds session once a year. The district is famous for its native sweet, Kunda. According to the 2011 Census of India, it has a population of 4,779,661, of which 24.03% live in urban areas,[8] making it the second most populous district in Karnataka (out of 31), after Bangalore Urban.[9] The district has an area of 13,415 km2 (5,180 sq mi), making it the largest district in terms of size in Karnataka It is bounded by Kolhapur District, Sangli district and on the north west by Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra state on the west and north, on the northeast by Bijapur district, on the east by Bagalkot district, on the southeast by Gadag district, on the south by Dharwad and Uttara Kannada districts, and on the southwest by the state of Goa.

Key Information

History

[edit]
Bhuvaraha Narasimha temple Halasi, Karnataka
Panchalingeshwara temple Hooli

The original name of the town of Belgaum was Venugrama, meaning Bamboo Village. It is also known as Malnad Pradesh. The most ancient place in the district is Halsi; and this, according to inscriptions on copper plates discovered in its neighbourhood, was once the capital of a dynasty of nine Kadamba kings. It appears that from the middle of the 6th century to about 760 the area was held by the Chalukyas, who were succeeded by the Rashtrakutas. After the break-up of the Rashtrakuta dynasty a portion of it survived in the Rattas (875–1250), who from 1210 onward made Venugrama their capital. Inscriptions give evidence of a long struggle between the Rattas and the Kadambas of Goa, who succeeded in the latter years of the 12th century in acquiring and holding part of the district. By 1208, however, the Kadambas had been overthrown by the Rattas, who in their turn succumbed to the Yadavas of Devagiri in 1250. After the overthrow of the Yadavas by the Delhi Sultanate (1320), Belgaum was for a short time under the rule of the latter; but only a few years later the part south of the Ghataprabha River was subject to the Hindu rajas of Vijayanagara. In 1347 the northern part was conquered by the Bahmani Sultanate, which in 1473 took the town of Belgaum and conquered the southern part also. When Aurangzeb overthrew the Bijapura sultans in 1686, Belgaum passed to the Mughals. In 1776 the country was overrun by Hyder Ali of Mysore, but was taken by the Madhavrao Peshwa . In 1818 it was handed over to the British East India Company, and was made part of the district of Dharwar. In 1836 this was divided into two parts, the northern district becoming Belgaum.[10]

Yadur is situated beside the Krishna River, and there is a famous Veerbhadra temple there. Many devotees visit the area from Karnataka and Maharashtra. Hooli is one of the oldest villages in Belgaum district. There are many Chalukya temples in the village, including the famous Panchaligeswara temple.

Kittur in Belgaum district is a place of historical importance. Rani Chennamma of Kittur (1778–1829) is known for her resistance to British rule.

The British had a sizeable infantry post here, having realised the military importance of its geographic location. It is one of the reasons for Belgaum's sobriquet The Cradle of Infantry. Development of a rail network for the movement of resources and later troops was one of the means employed by both the British East India Company and the British to exert control over India. Belgaum's railway station, the Mahatma Gandhi Railway Station was established by the British. A signboard declaring the sobriquet can be seen hung on Platform 1 at the station.

Border dispute

[edit]
Main article: Belagavi border dispute

After India became independent in 1947, the Belagavi district (which was in the erstwhile Bombay Presidency) became a part of the Bombay State. In 1948, the Belgaum Municipality that was dominated by Marathi speaking politicians requested the Indian Dominion, Indian Constituent Assembly, and the Boundary Commission to include the Belgaum Municipal district in the proposed Samyukta Maharashtra state for the Marathi speakers.[11]

In accordance with the established policy of bifurcation on a linguistic majority basis, in 1956, the Belgaum district was incorporated into the newly formed Mysore state (now Karnataka) with the passage of the States Reorganization Act, adjoining areas that had a majority of Marathi speaking citizens were included in the newly formed Maharashtra state.[12]

Geography

[edit]

Water bodies

[edit]

List of rivers flowing through Belgaum District

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
19011,131,186—    
19111,083,804−0.43%
19211,088,763+0.05%
19311,237,223+1.29%
19411,410,054+1.32%
19511,645,620+1.56%
19611,983,498+1.88%
19712,422,994+2.02%
19812,978,913+2.09%
19913,583,606+1.87%
20014,214,505+1.63%
20114,779,661+1.27%
source:[13]

According to the 2011 census Belagavi district has a population of 4,779,661,[9] roughly equal to the nation of Singapore[14] or the US state of Alabama.[15] This gives it a ranking of 25th in India (out of a total of 640).[9] The district has a population density of 356 inhabitants per square kilometre (920/sq mi).[9] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 13.38%.[9] There were 969 females for every 1000 males,[9] and a literacy rate of 73.94%. 25.34% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 12.08% and 6.22% of the population respectively.[9]

Religions in Belagavi district (2011)[16]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 84.49%
Islam
 
 11.06%
Jainisim
 
 3.73%
Other or not stated
 
 0.72%

Hindus are the biggest religion in the district with 84.49% of the population. Muslims are the second-largest with 11.06% and Jains are 3.73%.[16]

Languages of Belagavi district (2011)[17]
  1. Kannada (68.4%)
  2. Marathi (18.7%)
  3. Urdu (9.79%)
  4. Others (3.10%)

At the time of the 2011 census, 68.40% of the population spoke Kannada, 18.70% Marathi and 9.79% Urdu as their first language.[17]

Government and politics

[edit]

Administrative divisions

[edit]

The administration of Belgaum district has been divided into 15 taluks.

Athani taluk is the largest with an area of 1,997.70 km2 and Raybag taluk is the smallest with an area of 958.8 km2. The district comprises three revenue sub-divisions headquartered at Belgaum, Bailhongal and Chikodi governed by an assistant commissioner and taluks headed by Tehsildar[18] and has six police sub-divisions. Apart from the Belgaum City Corporation, there are 17 municipalities, 20 towns, 485 gram panchayats, 1,138 inhabited villages and 26 non-inhabited villages.

Villages

[edit]

Politics

[edit]
This section is transcluded from 16th Karnataka Assembly. (edit | history)
District No. Constituency Name Party Remarks
Belagavi 1 Nippani Shashikala Jolle BJP
2 Chikkodi-Sadalga Ganesh Hukkeri INC
3 Athani Laxman Savadi INC
4 Kagwad Raju Kage INC
5 Kudachi (SC) Mahendra Kallappa Tammannavar INC
6 Raibag (SC) Duryodhan Aihole BJP
7 Hukkeri Nikhil Katti BJP
8 Arabhavi Balachandra Jarkiholi BJP
9 Gokak Ramesh Jarkiholi BJP
10 Yemkanmardi (ST) Satish Jarkiholi INC Cabinet Minister
11 Belgaum Uttar Asif Sait INC
12 Belgaum Dakshin Abhay Patil BJP
13 Belgaum Rural Lakshmi Hebbalkar INC Cabinet Minister
14 Khanapur Vithal Halagekar BJP
15 Kittur Babasaheb Devanagouda Patil INC
16 Bailhongal Mahantesh Koujalagi INC
17 Saundatti Yellamma Vishwas Vasant Vaidya INC
18 Ramdurg Ashok Pattan INC

Industry

[edit]

The district has seven industrial areas, one special economic zone (SEZ) (India's first precision engineering SEZ with more than 200 acres) and 16 industrial estates.[6] The city's industrial growth begin when Babu Rao Pusalkar set up a small unit in city over a century ago and that transformed Belgaum city into foundry and hydraulics base.[19]

Name of Industrial Area Extent (acres)
Kanbargi Auto Complex 267.00
Kakati 74.75
Honaga 209.5
Kangrali 58.59
Gokak 109.05
Kittur 433.19
Kanagala 848.00
Name of Industrial Estate Extent (acres)
Udyambag 55.15
Udyambag Tq. Karigarika Sangh 0.32
Angol- 1 21
Angol- 2 4.6
Kanbargi 6
Khanapur 9.57
Gokak 9.62
Chikkodi 6
Bailhongal 3
Ramdurg 9.4
Nippani 3.5
Kangrali 2.5
Desur 41.34
Athani 28
Borgaon 75
Kagwad 20

List of industrial clusters in Belgaum district that are identified by Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises[20]

Cluster place Cluster activity
Belgaum Foundry, Powerloom and artisan activities like Dolls & Toys, Horn & Bone, Metalware, Artistic Chappals by hand
Angol Wooden Furniture Cluster
Udyambag Machine Tool and Engineering Cluster
Kudachi Kudachi Jaggery Cluster
Madhabavi Foot Diamond Leather Cluster
Ramdurg Readymade Garments Cluster, Birds Power loom Cluster
Chikkodi Jaggery processing Cluster
Khanapur Bricks Processing Cluster, Pottery & Clay, Terracotta, Textiles Hand Embroidered
Athani Athani Raisins processing cluster
Gokak Dolls & Toys

Education

[edit]

Belgaum district is a home to three universities: Visvesvaraya Technological University, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi and KLE University. Also, it has a nine engineering colleges, two medical colleges, two dental colleges, 15 polytechnics, 7 Indian system of medical colleges, and 180 degree colleges.[21]

Notable people

[edit]

Publications

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Belagavi district

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Belagavi District is an in the northwestern region of state, , with Belagavi city as its headquarters. Spanning 13,433 square kilometers, the district recorded a population of 4,779,661 in the 2011 census, featuring a rate of 73.48% and a of 973 females per 1,000 males. Historically rooted in ancient settlements known as Venugrama or "Bamboo Village," Belagavi's prominence dates to the under the Ratta dynasty, which constructed its fort in 1204, positioning the area as a strategic cultural crossroads between , , and with influences from Chalukya and Rashtrakuta eras. The district's economy centers on —producing key crops like and —alongside of , , and other minerals, supporting industrial activities and employment in a region marked by diverse terrain including the foothills. Belagavi remains notable for its architectural heritage, such as ancient temples and falls like , and for hosting military installations, yet it endures an interstate border dispute with , originating from the 1956 linguistic state reorganization, where contests Belagavi and over 800 villages based on Marathi-speaking demographics, despite interventions affirming 's jurisdiction over most claims.

History

Pre-Colonial and Medieval Periods

The region comprising modern Belagavi district was governed by the Chalukyas of Badami from circa 540 to 753 CE, succeeded by the Rashtrakutas of Malkhed from 753 to 973 CE, as part of their broader Deccan administrations. The Ratta dynasty, asserting descent from Rashtrakuta lineages, founded the city of Belagavi in the 12th century CE and erected the Belagavi Fort in 1204 CE under the command of Bichiraja, also referred to as Jaya Raya or Bichi Raja. This fortification included structures like the , a constructed contemporaneously. Belagavi functioned as the Ratta capital between 1210 and 1250 CE, prior to its conquest by the Yadavas of Devagiri, who integrated the territory into their domain in the early . Following the Yadavas' overthrow by the Khaljis of around 1317 CE, the consolidated authority over Belagavi by 1336 CE, fostering its growth as a 14th-century nexus for diamonds and timber. The Bahmani Sultanate seized the Belagavi Fort in 1474 CE through campaigns, initiating a shift to sultanate oversight in the district.

Colonial Period

Following the defeat of the Peshwas in the Third Anglo-Maratha War, British forces under General Sir Thomas Munro annexed on March 20, 1818, incorporating the territory into the as part of direct Crown administration. The region, previously contested among Maratha principalities, was reorganized under the Southern Division, with the first Belgaum Collectorate established in 1836 to oversee revenue collection, land surveys, and judicial functions modeled on British revenue systems like the settlement. 's strategic elevation and positioned it as a principal and administrative hub, hosting garrisons to secure borders against Portuguese and internal unrest. The establishment of Belgaum Cantonment in 1832 formalized its role as one of five key military stations in the , with barracks and fortifications expanded to accommodate European and regiments for training and deployment. Infrastructure developments included the introduction of railways via the Southern Mahratta Railway, with the Londa-Belgaum line opening on March 21, 1887, and the extension to completed in December of that year, facilitating troop movements, cotton exports, and administrative connectivity to Bombay. During the 1857 Indian Rebellion, localized unrest emerged, including an attempted incitement by a clerk named at and the execution of British officer Jacob Manson by rebel Baba Saheb, whose body was displayed at the fort gate; British reinforcements swiftly suppressed these incidents without broader escalation. Under Bombay Presidency governance, Marathi served as the dominant administrative language, reflecting the Presidency's Maratha heritage and Poona-based oversight, which embedded Marathi terminology in official records, education, and local commerce while marginalizing Kannada in public spheres. This linguistic policy fostered among elites but sowed seeds for later ethnic tensions, as demographic data from the 1901 census indicated Marathi speakers comprising over 50% in urban Belgaum amid a mixed Kannada-Marathi populace. Economic shifts emphasized cash crops like and jowar under revenue demands, with cantonment-driven attracting traders and laborers, though famines in the prompted relief works tied to railway expansion.

Post-Independence Developments

Following India's independence in 1947, Belagavi district, which had been administered as part of the under British rule, was integrated into the Dominion of India as a district of . Administrative structures largely persisted from the colonial era, with local handled through taluks and revenue divisions under the Bombay provincial framework, emphasizing land revenue collection and basic amid national efforts to consolidate princely states and standardize . The district's economy, rooted in agriculture and light industries inherited from the colonial period, began adapting to central government policies, including the introduction of community development blocks in the early 1950s to promote rural infrastructure and productivity. The population stood at 1,726,908 in the 1951 census, reflecting a density of approximately 220 persons per square kilometer across the district's 13,451 square kilometers, with urban centers like city serving as administrative and military hubs due to the continued presence of British-era cantonments. This period saw modest influxes from neighboring regions, contributing to gradual urban expansion, though specific infrastructural projects remained limited to road maintenance and minor enhancements under state-level initiatives. Under the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, enacted to redraw state boundaries primarily along linguistic lines, Belagavi district—excluding taluka—was transferred from to the enlarged , effective November 1, 1956. The Act specified the inclusion of Belgaum district (sans the noted exception) alongside , Dharwar, and districts from Bombay into Mysore, prioritizing district-level Kannada-speaking majorities in the linguistic demarcation process despite pockets of Marathi-majority taluks like Nipani and . This constitutional reassignment marked a pivotal administrative shift, aligning the district with Kannada-dominant governance structures and initiating integration into Mysore's developmental planning, though it promptly elicited objections from Marathi-speaking communities advocating for taluk-specific reallocations based on 1951 census data showing up to 60% Marathi speakers in Belgaum city itself. By the 1961 census, the district's population had risen to 1,983,811, a 14.9% increase from , signaling early post-reorganization momentum in settlement and economic activity, including expanded agricultural output under national five-year plans that introduced cooperatives and minor irrigation schemes. Administrative changes included the establishment of Mysore-state revenue offices and the phasing out of Bombay-era legal codes, fostering preliminary alignment with southern India's developmental priorities while laying groundwork for later boundary-related frictions.

Geography

Topography and Climate

Belagavi district lies primarily on the eastern slopes of the , characterized by undulating terrain with rugged hills and forested elevations in the western regions transitioning to the eastward. The average elevation across the district is approximately 751 meters above mean , with higher peaks in the Sahyadri range exceeding 1,000 meters in some areas. This topography supports a mix of plateaus, valleys, and escarpments, contributing to varied microclimates and watershed formation. Dominant soil types include black soils covering about 46% of the area, red soils at 26%, sandy soils at 12%, and sandy at 5%, derived from basaltic and granitic parent rocks with variations in depth and influenced by slope and . These soils, often shallow to deep in the hilly west and more in plateau zones, underpin the district's ecological diversity, including forested hotspots in the foothills where evergreen and semi-evergreen vegetation prevails. The climate is tropical monsoon, tempered by altitude, with a pronounced wet season from June to October driven by the southwest monsoon, delivering the bulk of precipitation. Average annual rainfall measures around 1,400 mm, concentrated in June–September, though western Ghats-influenced taluks receive up to 1,500–2,000 mm while eastern parts see 800–1,200 mm, leading to seasonal flooding risks in lowlands. Temperatures fluctuate between 15°C minima in winter (December–February) and 35°C maxima in summer (March–May), with annual averages hovering at 24–26°C and high humidity during monsoons. The dry season from November to May features lower humidity and occasional droughts in rain-shadow eastern zones, as evidenced by historical variability in precipitation data from 1901–2020.

Natural Resources and Water Bodies

Belagavi district is traversed by several major rivers, including the Krishna, which forms the northern boundary, and its tributaries the Malaprabha and , originating in the . The Malaprabha rises at an elevation of 792.4 meters in the district and joins the Krishna at , while the supports and hydroelectric projects. Key reservoirs include the Hidkal Dam on the , Sagar (Navilutheertha Dam) on the Malaprabha in taluk, and the Rakkasakoppa Reservoir on the River, which supplies to Belagavi city and reached near-full capacity in July 2025 with a storage of 0.695 TMCFT despite accumulation. These structures primarily facilitate , with the district's relying on tanks, reservoirs, and canals to meet demands averaging 22.87 million liters daily for industry. The district holds significant mineral deposits, notably , , dolomite, , aluminous , silica sand, and traces of , supporting industries such as valve manufacturing and castings. Forests cover approximately one-fifth of the area, totaling 192,731 hectares across two divisions—Belagavi and —encompassing semi-evergreen, moist deciduous, and dry deciduous types that host valuable timber species. Groundwater resources face pressure from agricultural and urban demands, with studies indicating increased impervious surfaces reducing recharge by 16.4% vegetated cover loss in the Malaprabha catchment from land-use changes. Urbanization and industrial growth have degraded groundwater quality in Belagavi city, as evidenced by analyses showing contamination impacts. Environmental challenges include tree cover loss of 226 hectares from 2001 to 2024, equating to 0.46% of 2000 levels and 188 kt CO₂e emissions, alongside forest fragmentation from deforestation and degradation reducing interior forest by up to 64.42% in sensitive regions. Agricultural runoff contributes to surface water pollution, though forest cover shows marginal increases from plantations per recent surveys.

Demographics

Population Statistics

According to the , Belagavi district had a total population of 4,779,661. The decadal growth rate from 2001 to 2011 was 13.38 percent, lower than the 17.61 percent recorded in the previous decade (1991–2001). This equates to an average annual growth rate of approximately 1.26 percent over the decade. The district's stood at 356 persons per square kilometer in 2011, based on its geographical area of 13,433 square kilometers. The was 973 females per 1,000 males, reflecting a slight improvement from prior censuses. Literacy rates were recorded at 73.48 percent overall, with 82.20 percent for males and 64.58 percent for females. Of the total population, 74.66 percent resided in rural areas (3,570,000 persons), while 25.34 percent (1,210,000 persons) lived in urban areas, indicating a predominantly rural demographic profile. No official government projections for district-level population beyond 2011 were available as of the latest data releases, though the 2021 census enumeration remains pending.

Linguistic and Religious Composition

According to the 2011 Census of India, Kannada is the mother tongue of 68.40% of Belagavi district's population, establishing it as the dominant language consistent with its status as the official language of Karnataka. Marathi accounts for 18.70%, primarily concentrated in border taluks adjacent to Maharashtra, while Urdu comprises 9.79%, reflecting historical Muslim settlements. Remaining speakers are distributed among Hindi (approximately 1.2%), Konkani, Telugu, and other minor languages such as Lambadi and Gujarati, totaling less than 3% combined, underscoring the district's linguistic pluralism shaped by geographic proximity to multiple states.
Mother TonguePercentage
68.40%
Marathi18.70%
9.79%
Others3.11%
Religiously, predominates with 84.49% of the population (4,038,331 individuals), aligned with the prevalence of temples and Hindu cultural practices across rural and urban areas. form the largest minority at 11.06% (528,412), with concentrations in urban centers like Belagavi city and Nipani. represent 0.39% (18,418), 0.04% (2,037), Buddhists and Jains under 0.1% each, and others or no the balance, indicating a stable demographic profile since the post-1956 linguistic reorganization that integrated diverse communities into the district.
ReligionPercentagePopulation
Hindu84.49%4,038,331
Muslim11.06%528,412
Christian0.39%18,418
Sikh0.04%2,037
Others3.98%~190,463

Economy

Agriculture and Primary Sectors

Agriculture in Belagavi district contributes significantly to the local , with a gross cropped area of 11.68 hectares as of recent assessments. Approximately 34% of this area is devoted to cereals and minor millets, 16% to pulses, 10% to oilseeds, and 40% to commercial crops, reflecting a diversified cropping suited to the district's black soils and moderate rainfall of around 824 mm annually. Major crops include , occupying 2.07 hectares with a production of 1.91 metric tonnes in 2019-20, alongside jowar (1.34 hectares), paddy (53,529 hectares), (1.60 hectares), and (63,580 hectares). These figures indicate substantial gains from hybrid varieties and input intensification since the 1970s, though yields remain vulnerable to erratic monsoons in rainfed zones comprising about 44% of the net sown area. Irrigation supports 56% of the net sown area (4.98 hectares out of 8.90 hectares), primarily through canals (86,778 hectares), wells (1.22 hectares), and tube-wells (1.50 hectares), enabling in fertile riverine tracts like those along the Krishna and Malaprabha rivers. and paddy dominate irrigated lands, with district-level efforts under schemes like Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana promoting in select taluks to mitigate risks, as evidenced by investments exceeding ₹1 in 2020-21. Despite these advances, over-reliance on seasonal rains persists, contributing to yield variability; for instance, jowar production fluctuated amid inconsistent precipitation, underscoring the need for expanded and storage infrastructure. Livestock rearing complements crop farming, with the 2019 Livestock Census recording 5.50 cattle, 8.44 buffaloes, 7.58 sheep, 7.02 goats, and a total livestock population of 26.49 heads, supporting rural livelihoods through , , and draft power. production reached 10.02 tonnes in 2020-21, bolstered by 520 functional dairy cooperatives under the Belagavi District Cooperative Milk Producers' Union (BEMUL), which has achieved record procurements and per capita availability of 184 grams per day. Fisheries contribute modestly, yielding 5,417 metric tonnes in 2019 from reservoirs and tanks covering over 27,000 hectares, facilitated by 18 fishermen cooperatives and seed farms, though inland capture remains constrained by water body . Forestry covers 1.90 lakh hectares (14% of the district's geographical area), primarily in the taluks like , providing timber, non-timber products, and watershed services that indirectly sustain through . Cooperatives play a pivotal role in primary sectors, with over 1,000 societies aiding input access and marketing; for example, Belagavi District sanctioned loans to 132 primary agricultural credit societies in 2021-22, the highest in , enabling mechanization and crop diversification. These structures have driven green revolution-era expansions in output, yet challenges like inadequate extension services and post-harvest losses highlight gaps in achieving self-sufficiency amid climate variability.

Industrial and Service Sectors

Belagavi district hosts a diverse base, prominently featuring production, with 24 operational sugar factories as of recent records, processing into refined and byproducts like and . The district's nickname "Sugar City" reflects this dominance, driven by proximity to cultivation areas and cooperative models such as the Ghataprabha Sahakari Sakare Karkhane in , which exemplifies local processing capacities. One notable facility maintains an annual production capacity of 3,500 metric tons of . Textile manufacturing forms another key cluster, centered in , where Gokak Textiles Limited, operational since 1887 and restructured in 2007, produces grey yarn, bamboo towels, polo t-shirts, and blended cotton-polyester yarns for export markets. Gokak Mills, a historic division now integrated into larger operations, supports spinning and weaving activities, contributing to the district's output in cotton-based products. Additional industries include aluminum processing by and pharmaceutical production through Hindustan Latex Limited, which manufactures medical devices and contraceptives. Emerging manufacturing is bolstered by the Aequs Aerospace (SEZ), India's first dedicated park, established in Belagavi with an initial investment of ₹150 crore to attract in and component fabrication. This SEZ focuses on vertically integrated facilities for aerospace supply chains, partnering with entities like Quest Global and Systems to foster high-tech assembly and exports. The service sector in Belagavi supports as a regional hub for commodities including food grains, , , oilseeds, and products, facilitating wholesale distribution through established markets and networks. While specific GDP shares for services remain modest relative to , the district's overall , valued at ₹159.65 billion, positions it as Karnataka's second-largest exporter, with tertiary activities aiding industrial and emerging IT linkages. Contributions from services align with state-level patterns, where and underpin secondary sector growth without dominating output.

Economic Challenges and Growth

Belagavi district faces persistent economic challenges, including widespread and , which groups have highlighted as plaguing the region despite its agricultural base. With a ranking it 22nd among Karnataka's districts in recent assessments, the area exhibits one of the lower economic outputs per resident, contributing to rates estimated around 16.4% in state budget analyses. Farmer indebtedness and crop failures have exacerbated these issues, with Belagavi recording 122 farmer suicides over a 15-month period ending in mid-2024, the highest in the state, often linked to mounting debts and inadequate . The handloom weaver sector, a traditional economic pillar, grapples with rising input costs, market competition, and delays in supportive like the Mahadayi river diversion , which has stalled due to interstate disputes and central inaction, limiting water access for irrigation and industrial needs. Administrative inefficiencies from the district's large size—Karnataka's biggest—have fueled 2024 debates on trifurcation into entities like and districts, with proponents arguing it would enhance governance efficiency and fund allocation without evidence of prior divisions resolving core economic lags. These hurdles reflect delays in execution, though private export activities in sectors like have shown resilience amid neglect. Despite these obstacles, Belagavi has been designated by government reports as a fast-growing and redeveloping , bolstered by accelerations such as widenings and upgrades, contributing to its status as the state's second-largest exporter with a GDP of approximately INR 159.65 billion. Recent policy pushes, including fast-tracked projects under state oversight, aim to mitigate administrative bottlenecks, though empirical outcomes remain tied to resolving disputes and enhancing rural access to sustain growth trajectories.

Government and Administration

Administrative Divisions

Belagavi district is subdivided into 10 taluks: Athani, , Belagavi, , , , , Mudalgi, , Raybag, and . These taluks encompass 1,275 villages, of which 1,138 are inhabited, forming the primary rural administrative units. As per the 2011 , the rural population across these divisions totals approximately 3,568,466, representing about 75% of the district's overall of 4,779,661. Urban administration includes the Belagavi City Corporation, which governs the district headquarters with a 2011 population of 488,157 across 94.07 square kilometers and 58 wards. Additional urban centers operate under city municipal councils (e.g., and Nipani) and town municipal councils (e.g., Athani, , , ), alongside town panchayats such as Harugeri and others, totaling 17 municipalities and 20 towns. At the local level, 485 gram panchayats manage village affairs, handling functions like basic infrastructure and community services under the Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act. Proposals for district bifurcation emerged in February 2024, advocating for and as separate districts to improve administrative efficiency, with discussions evolving toward potential trifurcation by mid-2025. In December 2024, indicated government support for division, and by September 2025, officials projected completion of at least one new district by December 31, though the structure remains unchanged as of October 2025.

Local Governance and Politics

Belagavi district's rural local governance operates through the Zilla Panchayat, which coordinates development across 14 taluks via taluk and gram panchayats, focusing on infrastructure, welfare schemes, and rural employment programs like MGNREGA. The urban administration centers on the Belagavi City Corporation, established as a municipal body to manage city services including , , and , governed by an elected council of 58 corporators and a . These bodies derive authority under Karnataka's Act and municipal laws, with the Zilla Panchayat emphasizing decentralized planning for agriculture and education in rural areas. Electoral politics in Belagavi feature competition primarily between the (BJP) and , with the BJP holding sway in urban polls due to its organizational strength among Lingayat communities. In the 2021 Belagavi City Corporation elections held on September 5, BJP candidates won 35 of 58 wards, securing control of the body. This majority enabled the election of BJP's Mangesh as mayor on March 15, 2025, following internal party consensus. Congress retains pockets of support in rural segments, as evidenced by its 2016 capture of the Zilla Panchayat presidency with backing from independents and smaller parties. The (MES), a regional party representing Marathi-speaking voters, exerts influence in border taluks like Nipani and Raybag, where it has contested assembly seats and drawn votes from both major parties by prioritizing linguistic identity over broader development agendas. Local voting patterns reflect community demographics, with the border region's Marathi population amplifying MES's role in fragmenting anti-incumbent support during municipal and panchayat polls. Administratively, the Zilla Panchayat has pursued initiatives like targeted rural school upgrades, including infrastructure enhancements and teacher recruitment drives to curb student migration to urban centers, as outlined in its 2024 . The district earned five state-level and Panchayat Raj awards in February 2025 for exemplary MGNREGA execution, highlighting efficient wage generation for over 200,000 rural households annually. Criticisms persist regarding centralization, with proposals in 2023 and 2024 to bifurcate the oversized district into three for better administrative reach, though these remain unimplemented amid local resistance. Allegations of graft have shadowed , including a 2022 incident where contractor Santosh Patil alleged minister-level in before his death, prompting investigations into tender irregularities. In 2025, City Corporation revenue processes faced scrutiny for intermediary-driven , underscoring transparency deficits despite digital initiatives. These episodes highlight tensions between developmental gains and in .

Border Dispute

The , enacted by the , reorganized state boundaries primarily along linguistic lines to address demands for unilingual administrative units, incorporating the Belgaum (now Belagavi) district—previously part of the bilingual —into the Kannada-majority state of (renamed in 1973). This assignment occurred despite the district's mixed linguistic demographics, with surveys from the era indicating substantial Marathi-speaking populations in certain taluks and the city of Belgaum itself. The Act's Second Schedule explicitly listed Belgaum district as transferring to Mysore effective January 1, 1957, prioritizing administrative contiguity and overall regional linguistic patterns over granular village-level majorities. Maharashtra's foundational claim emerged upon its formation on May 1, 1960, from the residual territories of , asserting that 865 villages across Belagavi, including the district headquarters and towns like Nipani, warranted transfer due to their alleged Marathi linguistic majorities—estimated by proponents at around 45% or higher in disputed pockets based on pre-reorganization censuses. This position invoked Article 3 of the Indian Constitution, which empowers Parliament to alter state boundaries, but hinged on reinterpretation of linguistic criteria under the 1956 Act rather than new empirical thresholds. , conversely, upholds the Act's legal finality as a constitutional settlement, arguing that integrated district demographics—reflecting plurality in rural expanses—and the absence of mandatory plebiscites precluded post hoc revisions. The contention thus pits claims of localized linguistic homogeneity against the Act's broader, enacted framework for state integrity.

Key Events and Court Rulings

In November 1957, pro-Maharashtra activists under the Maharashtra Ekikaran Niyamita Samiti initiated agitations in Belagavi, protesting the district's allocation to Karnataka under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, leading to sporadic violence including clashes with police and disruptions to transport. These protests escalated through the 1960s, with Maharashtra formally claiming Belagavi and 864 adjacent villages based on Marathi-speaking majorities, prompting Karnataka to invoke Section 21(2)(b) of the Act for boundary preservation. The appointed the Mahajan Commission in October 1966, chaired by former Chief Justice , to adjudicate the claims; its August 1967 report rejected 's demand for Belagavi city but recommended transferring 247 villages from to and 264 from to as a territorial exchange, emphasizing linguistic demographics alongside historical boundaries. accepted the recommendations, while rejected them, citing inadequate concessions and insisting on full linguistic reorganization, resulting in no implementation and maintenance of the status quo. Agitations intensified in the 1980s, culminating in June 1986 violence in Belagavi where protesters, demanding merger with , engaged in , railway , and confrontations with , leading to firing that killed nine individuals and injured dozens amid curfews and troop deployments by both states. In July 2004, filed an original suit in the under Article 131, challenging the 1956 Act's implementation and seeking Belagavi's transfer along with border villages, arguing violations of linguistic principles; concurrent agitations by Maharashtra Ekikaran groups sparked clashes, vandalism, and police blockades in Belagavi. The Court, in 2006, directed negotiations over litigation and ruled that language alone could not override settled boundaries, but the suit remains pending with hearings extending into 2021, where water-sharing disputes from inter-state rivers were linked but not resolved.

Current Status and Impacts

The has maintained the Maharashtra-Karnataka border dispute over Belagavi in pendency since 2004, with no final adjudication as of October 2025, despite interim orders largely upholding Karnataka's administrative control. submitted a revised petition in January 2024 to bolster its claims with additional evidence, while both states continue to assert positions through legislative resolutions, such as 's unanimous assembly endorsement in December 2022. Tensions have flared periodically between 2022 and 2025, manifesting in protests, assaults on inter-state transport workers, and localized clashes, including a February 2025 incident where a conductor was attacked in Belagavi for not speaking Marathi. In December 2024, Shiv Sena (UBT leader advocated declaring Belagavi a , citing suppression of Marathi-speaking residents and inaction, a proposal echoed in broader political rhetoric amid ongoing security deployments along the border. These episodes have heightened security costs, with increased police presence straining local resources and fostering an environment of mutual suspicion that polarizes communities along linguistic lines. The unresolved conflict impedes by deterring private investments and projects in disputed zones, leading to persistent deficits in roads, , and compared to undisputed areas. Socially, it discourages cross-border migration and labor mobility, exacerbating economic isolation for Marathi and speakers alike, while occasional blockades disrupt goods transport and informal trade. Critics from highlight Maharashtra's repeated claims despite adverse court observations, contrasting with Belagavi's deepening integration into state systems; conversely, Maharashtra argues for linguistic equity. Resolution could unlock bilateral economic gains, such as expanded agricultural commerce and joint ventures, by stabilizing investor confidence and reducing administrative frictions.

Education and Infrastructure

Educational Institutions

Belagavi district recorded a rate of 73.48% in the 2011 , below Karnataka's state average of 75.60%, with rural areas at 69.28% reflecting significant urban-rural disparities driven by limited access to quality schooling in remote taluks. literacy trailed at 64.58%, compared to 82.2% for males, exacerbating gaps in educational outcomes. School dropout rates remain a concern, with 217 primary and secondary dropouts documented district-wide in 2023, highest in rural zones such as and at 25 each, often linked to economic pressures and inadequate infrastructure. Higher education centers on Rani Channamma University, established in 2010 as a public institution in Belagavi city, which affiliates 389 colleges across arts, science, , and professional streams, serving an enrollment of about 1.35 students through 21 postgraduate departments. The KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, a , specializes in medical and allied health sciences, hosting institutions like the Medical College with robust clinical training programs that contribute to the district's role as a regional healthcare provider. Engineering education benefits from the presence of (VTU) administrative headquarters and affiliates such as , which emphasize technical skills amid Belagavi's industrial demands, though rural enrollment in higher technical courses lags due to geographic and socioeconomic barriers. Despite these hubs yielding graduates in and —evidenced by minimum starting salaries around ₹50,000 for medical duty doctors—criticisms highlight uneven outcomes, including persistent rural dropout trends and limited progression to tertiary levels, where urban institutions dominate access and placements. Empirical data underscore the need for targeted interventions to bridge gaps, as higher education participation remains skewed toward urban youth despite overall institutional growth.

Healthcare and Transportation

Belagavi district operates a public healthcare system comprising 16 Community Health Centres (CHCs), 565 Primary Health Centres (PHCs), 139 Primary Health units, and 786 allopathy hospitals as of 2021, with the highest concentration in Belagavi taluk. The district headquarters hosts the District Hospital alongside private facilities such as KLE Hospital and Medical Research Centre, which offers advanced treatments and includes a dedicated center. Only 60% of CHCs meet population coverage norms, revealing uneven distribution, while rural areas face persistent access barriers due to staffing shortages and infrastructural gaps. As of October 2024, 16 of the district's 36 Namma Clinics operated without doctors, restricting free availability. National Highway 48 (NH-48) traverses the district, providing critical connectivity between and Bengaluru, supported by ongoing six-laning expansions to enhance freight and passenger flow. Urban traffic mitigation includes a approved 4.5 km multi-tier flyover project starting from NH-48 near Sankam Hotel in , extending to Chennamma , designed with 167 pillars and rail overbridges to reduce congestion. Belagavi at Sambra is expanding with a new terminal building under a ₹322 initiative, boosting annual passenger capacity from 0.8 million to 3.5 million upon completion in phases by late 2025, including a 70,400 square meter phase-one structure. Complementary upgrades encompass widening the 10 km from Belagavi to the airport into four lanes at a cost of ₹84-112 , addressing rising traffic volumes linking to Bagalkot and Vijayapura districts. Rural transportation challenges persist, including higher accident risks on secondary roads, though specific district-wide rates remain underreported in available data.

Culture and Heritage

Cultural Traditions

Belagavi district's cultural traditions exhibit a historical shaped by its bilingual Kannada-Marathi demographic, where approximately 40% of the population speaks Marathi as a alongside a Kannada-speaking majority, fostering shared Hindu practices while preserving distinct linguistic expressions. This blend arises from centuries of regional migration and administrative shifts, including Maratha rule until and subsequent British influences, without implying seamless integration. Prominent festivals include , observed with elaborate clay idols, processions, and offerings, drawing large participation from Marathi communities and reflecting Maharashtra-border proximity, typically spanning 10 days in August-September with public immersions in local rivers. follows with oil lamps, , and sweets like karadant, a nutritious jaggery-based confection unique to northern , while Navratri features Garba dances adapted locally with dandiya sticks. Regional events such as Utsav commemorate historical resistance through and performances, held annually in nearby taluk. Folk arts encompass , a vigorous drum-accompanied by the pastoral community in northern districts including Belagavi, performed in semi-circular formations to invoke prosperity during harvest seasons. Cuisine integrates Kannadiga staples like jolada rotti ( flatbread) with Marathi elements such as or spicy sprouted curries, alongside sweets like alipaak and mandige, evidencing cross-cultural adaptation in daily meals without standardized fusion recipes. Attire traditions favor or sarees for women, with Marathi influences seen in nine-yard Nauvari draping during festivals, while men wear dhoti-kurta; local clusters produce handloom fabrics linking economic activity to customs, as in khannavali production for ceremonial use. Linguistic politics, intensified by the ongoing Maharashtra-Karnataka border dispute since 1956, have eroded some shared practices, with festivals occasionally politicized as assertions of linguistic identity, leading to communal tensions that disrupt joint celebrations and prioritize monolingual narratives over historical coexistence. Academic analyses attribute this to language-based identity crises, where state-level impositions exacerbate divisions rather than cultural exchange.

Historical Sites and Tourism

Belagavi Fort, originally constructed in 1204 CE by Jaya Raya of the Ratta dynasty and later fortified by various rulers including the Bijapur sultanate, stands as a prominent historical landmark in the district's capital. The fort complex includes the Kapileshwar Temple, a 12th-century structure dedicated to , showcasing Chalukyan architectural influences with intricate carvings. Kittur Fort, built between 1650 and 1681 CE by Allappa Gowda Sardesai of the Desai dynasty, covers 23 acres and features black basalt construction with a , and watchtower; it gained historical significance as the base for Chennamma's 1824 resistance against British annexation. Gokak Falls, located on the River in taluk, drops 170 feet and is often compared to the for its horseshoe shape, attracting visitors for its scenic beauty and proximity to the Mahalingeshwara Temple. Other notable sites include Parasgad Fort, a 12th-century hill fort renovated in stone during the era, and ancient Jain temples like in Belagavi, dating to the 12th century with Hoysala-style pillars. Tourist footfall to Belagavi's sites reached 3.1 visitors in 2024, following 3.5 in 2023 and 2.8 in 2022, predominantly domestic day-trippers drawn to forts, falls, and temples. Preservation initiatives include the district administration's 2025 decision to retain heritage status for British-era buildings and plans to protect sites visited by in 1924 through beautification. The government initiated digital 3D documentation of over 400 monuments, including those in Belagavi, starting in 2022 to aid conservation. However, critiques highlight neglect, such as the poor state of megalithic monuments in Belagavi, many undocumented or damaged by and lack of as of 2025. The ongoing Maharashtra-Karnataka dispute has periodically disrupted through inter-state transport halts and gathering bans in Belagavi, limiting potential growth despite high visitor numbers and untapped sites like the newly recognized 100th landmark, Trukuteshwara Temple, in 2025.

Notable Individuals

[Notable Individuals - no content]

References

  1. https://belagavi.nic.in/en/demography/
  2. https://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/244-belgaum.html
  3. https://belagavi.nic.in/en/
  4. https://klebedbelagavi.org/history-of-belagavi/
  5. https://bscl.in/about-belagavi-city/
  6. https://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DIPBelgaum.pdf
  7. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/explained-maharashtra-karnataka-belgaum-border-dispute-2684667-2025-02-24
  8. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra-karnataka-dispute-belagavi-controversy-hath-bommai-bjp-supreme-court-hearing/article66204244.ece
  9. https://ijirt.org/publishedpaper/IJIRT160711_PAPER.pdf
  10. https://belagavitourism.com/destination/belgaum-fort/
  11. https://www.newindianexpress.com/xplore/2024/Sep/05/secret-of-the-sahyadri
  12. https://belgaumclub.in/history/
  13. https://belgaum.cantt.gov.in/history/
  14. https://allaboutbelgaum.com/lifestyle/history-lifestyle/railway-came-belgaum-1887/
  15. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/memorial-of-martyr-of-first-war-of-independence-languishes-in-anonymity-in-belagavi/article67192887.ece
  16. https://allaboutbelgaum.com/lifestyle/history-lifestyle/the-little-town-with-a-large-heart/
  17. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/explained-what-is-belagavi-border-dispute-between-karnataka-and-maharashtra/articleshow/80493402.cms
  18. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/23938617211054167
  19. https://www.worldwidejournals.com/international-journal-of-scientific-research-%28IJSR%29/recent_issues_pdf/2015/September/September_2015_1492862794__194.pdf
  20. https://www.nammakpsc.com/articles/belagavi-border-dispute/
  21. https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28824/download/32006/44620_1951_BEL.pdf
  22. https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28823/download/32005/24468_1961_BEL.pdf
  23. https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-08/The%252520State%252520Reorganisation%252520Act%2525201956_270614%255B1%255D.pdf
  24. http://mnsblueprint.org/pdf/Historical%2520review%2520of%2520Belgaum%2520Dispute.pdf
  25. https://wgctf.karnataka.gov.in/229/belagavi/en
  26. http://www.jeb.co.in/journal_issues/202301_jan23/paper_03.pdf
  27. https://www.klekvk.org/soils-their-fertility-status/
  28. https://juniperpublishers.com/ecoa/ECOA.MS.ID.555600.php
  29. https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/india/belgaum
  30. https://www.nearweather.com/location/1276533
  31. https://weatherspark.com/y/107864/Average-Weather-in-Belgaum-Karnataka-India-Year-Round
  32. https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/india/belgaum/climate
  33. https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/belagavi/
  34. https://belagavi.nic.in/en/tourist-place/rakkaskop/
  35. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/rakkasakoppa-reservoir-in-belagavi-nears-full-mark-two-gates-opened/articleshow/122255050.cms
  36. https://investkarnataka.co.in/our-districts/belagavi/
  37. https://www.kscst.org.in/nrdms_files/dnrdms_files/07_Belagavi/07_Belagavi_Apr_July_2025.pdf
  38. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322513557_Change_of_Land_UseLand_Cover_on_Groundwater_Recharge_in_Malaprabha_Catchment_Belagavi_Karnataka_India
  39. https://ge.bujournals.com/download-article.php?Article_Unique_Id=GE92&Full_Text_Pdf_Download=True
  40. https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/IND/16/4/?location=WyJjb3VudHJ5IiwiSU5EIiwiMTYiLCI0Il0%253D&map=eyJjYW5Cb3VuZCI6dHJ1ZX0%253D
  41. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367350041_Ecologically_sensitive_regions_in_Belgaum_district_Karnataka_Central_Western_Ghats
  42. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/292881636361937743/pdf/Environmental-and-Social-Assessment-of-Continuous-Water-Supply-Project-in-Belagavi-Belgaum-Karnataka.pdf
  43. https://censusindia.gov.in/
  44. https://www.census2011.co.in/data/religion/district/244-belgaum.html
  45. https://www.nabard.org/auth/writereaddata/tender/0712212657Belgaum.pdf
  46. https://www.ahvs.kar.nic.in/pdfs/stats/Districtwise%252020th%2520LC.pdf
  47. https://belagavi.nic.in/en/economy/
  48. https://belagavi.nic.in/en/handicraft/
  49. https://gokaktextiles.com/about/
  50. https://www.questglobal.com/news/press-releases/quest-global-formally-launches-the-belgaum-sez/
  51. https://allaboutbelgaum.com/news/why-belagavi-invest-karnataka-2025/
  52. https://allaboutbelgaum.com/news/belagavi-dist-in-one-of-the-poorest-districts-with-regards-to-per-capita-income/
  53. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/many-challenges-in-belagavi-before-new-mps-say-civil-society-groups/article68277996.ece
  54. https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/ground-report-belagavi-weavers-struggle-amidst-rising-costs-government-neglect-mahadayi-delay/
  55. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/work-on-mahadayi-basin-projects-delayed-due-to-inaction-of-centre-says-karnataka-cm/article69470982.ece
  56. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/debate-over-division-of-belagavi-district-crops-up-again/article68702147.ece
  57. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/most-infrastructure-projects-have-been-fast-tracked-in-belagavi-district/article69606889.ece
  58. https://allaboutbelgaum.com/specials/belagavi-the-neglected-giant/
  59. https://zpbelagavi.karnataka.gov.in/uploads/media_to_upload1658580985.pdf
  60. http://www.belagavidudc.mrc.gov.in/en/our-ulbs
  61. https://belagavi.nic.in/en/public-utility-category/municipality/
  62. https://belagavi.nic.in/en/public-utility-category/municipality/page/3/
  63. https://allaboutbelgaum.com/news/belagavi-district-bifurcation-proposal-to-establish-gokak-and-chikkodi-as-new-districts/
  64. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/belagavi-district-division-debate-grows-more-complex/articleshow/122421835.cms
  65. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/cm-supports-move-to-split-belagavi-district/articleshow/116342853.cms
  66. https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/new-district-to-be-formed-in-belagavi-by-dec-31-says-minister-laxmi-hebbalkar-3733291
  67. https://belagavicitycorp.org/
  68. https://zpbelagavi.karnataka.gov.in/en
  69. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/north-karnataka-civic-body-poll-municipal-results-2021-winner-live-latest-news-updates-1849642-2021-09-06
  70. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mangesh-pawar-elected-mayor-of-belagavi-city-corporation/article69333233.ece
  71. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/congress-wins-belagavi-zilla-panchayat/articleshow/52225549.cms
  72. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/marathaled-mes-looks-to-challenge-bjp-cong-in-belgaum-101714330882993.html
  73. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/belagavi-marathi-outfit-mes-consolidates-ahead-of-assembly-elections-raising-concerns-for-pro-kannada-groups-over-border-dispute-with-maharashtra-101682793181963.html
  74. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/belagavi-zilla-panchayat-to-take-up-focused-development-of-schools-in-rural-areas/article68519962.ece
  75. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/belagavi-bags-five-state-level-rdpr-awards/article69188388.ece
  76. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pwd-minister-reignites-debate-over-division-of-belagavi-district-101721126346411.html
  77. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/death-of-contractor-santosh-patil-in-belagavi-and-a-trail-of-corruption/article65366611.ece
  78. https://www.outlookindia.com/national/understanding-the-maharashtra-karnataka-border-issue-all-the-details
  79. https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/what-is-the-belagavi-border-dispute/
  80. https://www.thequint.com/videos/the-belagavi-border-dispute-tussle-between-maharashtra-and-karnataka-explained
  81. https://www.clearias.com/maharashtra-karnataka-border-dispute/
  82. https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/maharashtra-karnataka-border-dispute-history-9852296/
  83. https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/maharashtra-karnataka-border-dispute-belagavi-bus-attack-125022400735_1.html
  84. https://iasscore.in/current-affairs/fluid-boundaries-on-border-dispute-between-karnataka-and-maharashtra
  85. https://www.shankariasparliament.com/current-affairs/maharashtra-karnataka-border-dispute
  86. https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/what-is-the-belagavi-border-dispute
  87. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/behind-renewed-tensions-over-belagavi-a-long-contested-history-8309879/
  88. https://thefederal.com/explainers-2/simplified-why-are-maharashtra-and-karnataka-sparring-over-border
  89. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maharashtra-to-submit-revised-petition-in-supreme-court-for-border-dispute-shiv-sena-mp-101704653877999.html
  90. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/maharashtra-assembly-passes-resolution-on-border-row-with-karnataka/articleshow/96539240.cms
  91. https://www.gktoday.in/maharashtra-karnataka-border-dispute/
  92. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/karnataka/story/aaditya-thackeray-belagavi-union-territory-maharashtra-border-dispute-siddaramaiah-karnataka-2647421-2024-12-10
  93. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/maharashtra-leaders-condemn-karnatakas-action-against-marathi-speakers-in-belagavi/article68966477.ece
  94. https://forumias.com/blog/karnataka-maharashtra-border-dispute-explained-pointwise/
  95. https://tarunias.com/exams/upsc-notes/inter-state-border-disputes-in-india/
  96. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/belagavi-belgaum-india-strategic-investment-growth-defence-nuttall-kcj3f
  97. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319416919_Trends_and_Levels_of_Female_Literacy_in_Belagavi_District
  98. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/survey-reveals-belagavi-had-217-school-dropouts-this-year/articleshow/106391727.cms
  99. https://www.kletech.ac.in/belagavi/about/overview
  100. https://www.quora.com/How-is-Belgaum-for-college-students
  101. https://www.shiksha.com/college/belagavi-institute-of-medical-sciences-belgaum-57645/reviews
  102. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353647908_A_Comprehensive_Analysis_of_Rural-Urban_Literacy_Disparity_in_Belagavi_District_of_Karnataka_State
  103. https://ijfans.org/uploads/paper/8c2b7a0706f86b2dfe0900a3781f0e7e.pdf
  104. https://belagavi.nic.in/en/health/
  105. https://njcmindia.com/index.php/file/article/download/1048/815
  106. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/belagavis-namma-clinics-struggling-due-to-doctor-shortage/articleshow/113968292.cms
  107. https://www.facebook.com/Belagaviinfra/posts/nh48-six-laning-work-between-belagavi-sankeshwar-belagavi-highway-nh48-kolhapur-/1066466192160056/
  108. https://allaboutbelgaum.com/news/belagavi-first-flyover-details/
  109. https://travelbizmonitor.com/top-stories/belagavi-airport-undergoing-expansion-of-inr-322-cr/
  110. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/road-to-belagavi-airport-to-be-widened/article69869495.ece
  111. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26479391_Profile_of_accidents_in_children_less_than_five_years_of_age_belonging_to_a_rural_community_in_Belgaum_district
  112. https://belagavi.nic.in/en/history/
  113. https://www.britannica.com/place/Belagavi
  114. https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/karnataka/belagavi
  115. https://travelxamp.com/belgaum-karnataka/
  116. https://treehousehotels.in/2024/04/04/cultural-festivals-and-artisan-crafts-of-belgaum/
  117. https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/melange-cuisines-717547.html
  118. https://www.yatra.com/india-tourism/belgaum/culture
  119. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385307844_The_Role_of_Language_in_Forming_Identity_Crisis_in_Belgaum_District_of_India
  120. https://theamikusqriae.com/title-language-dispute-between-maharashtra-and-karnataka/
  121. https://belagavi.nic.in/en/places-of-interest/
  122. https://belagavitourism.com/destination/kittur-fort/
  123. https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/karnataka/belagavi/kittur-fort-and-palace
  124. https://karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/gokak-falls/
  125. https://belagavi.nic.in/en/tourist-place/gokak-falls-gokak/
  126. https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g12392969-Activities-c47-t17-Belgaum_District_Karnataka.html
  127. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/belagavi-hits-100-tourism-landmarks-with-three-newly-recognised-spots/articleshow/124165412.cms
  128. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/belagavis-british-era-buildings-to-retain-heritage-value/articleshow/123079114.cms
  129. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/places-in-belagavi-visited-by-mahatma-gandhi-to-be-protected-beautified/article68910500.ece
  130. https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/north-karnataka-begins-process-to-preserve-over-400-monuments-in-3d-101656767309185.html
  131. https://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume11.2/5.pdf
  132. https://scroll.in/article/1039263/explained-why-there-is-a-six-decade-long-border-dispute-between-karnataka-and-maharashtra
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.