Benjamin Banneker was born to Mary Banneky, a free woman of mixed African and English descent, and Robert, a former slave who had earned his freedom. His birthplace was on a tobacco farm near Ellicott's Mills (now Ellicott City), Maryland. Being born to a free mother ensured Benjamin was also born free, a crucial advantage in a society deeply divided by slavery.

Banneker received some formal education at a Quaker school, where he learned to read and write. However, most of his knowledge was self-taught. He demonstrated exceptional aptitude for mathematics and quickly surpassed the standard curriculum. This early exposure and his innate curiosity laid the foundation for his later scientific pursuits.

At around the age of 22, Banneker constructed a wooden clock based on his own calculations and observations, using only a borrowed pocket watch as a model. This clock, remarkable for its accuracy and craftsmanship, is considered one of the first clocks made entirely in America. It ran accurately for over 40 years, showcasing Banneker's exceptional mechanical skills and ingenuity.

Banneker met the Ellicott family, Quaker industrialists, who established a flour mill near his farm. George Ellicott, a keen amateur astronomer, lent Banneker books on astronomy and mathematics, allowing him to deepen his understanding of these subjects. This access to resources was pivotal in enabling Banneker to pursue advanced studies and calculations.

Banneker was appointed by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson to serve on the survey team tasked with establishing the boundaries of the new District of Columbia. His expertise in astronomy and mathematics proved invaluable in accurately mapping and laying out the city. He famously reconstructed the plans from memory after the chief surveyor, Pierre L'Enfant, abruptly left with the original blueprints, ensuring the project's continuation.

From 1792 to 1797, Banneker published his own almanac, which included astronomical calculations, tide tables, weather predictions, and literary essays. The almanac was widely circulated and praised for its accuracy and sophistication. It served as a powerful demonstration of the intellectual capabilities of African Americans, directly challenging prevailing racist beliefs about their inherent inferiority.

Banneker wrote a letter to then-Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, enclosing a copy of his almanac and criticizing Jefferson's contradictory stance on slavery despite his advocacy for liberty. Jefferson responded, acknowledging Banneker's achievements and expressing his hope that such talent would dispel prejudices against African Americans. This exchange is a significant historical document, highlighting the complexities of the debate over race and equality in early America.

Benjamin Banneker died at his log cabin near Ellicott's Mills on October 19, 1806. A fire coincidentally destroyed many of his journals, papers, and astronomical instruments on the day of his funeral, adding to the mystery surrounding his life. Despite the loss of many of his personal documents, Banneker's legacy as a pioneering scientist, mathematician, and advocate for racial equality remains strong. He is remembered as an important figure in African American history and a testament to the power of self-education and intellectual curiosity.