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Christopher Jordan Dorner shootings and manhunt
Los Angeles Police Department faculty photograph of Dorner
LocationLos Angeles County, Orange County, Riverside County, San Bernardino County, San Diego County
DateFebruary 3–12, 2013
TargetPolice officers and their families
Attack type
Siege, spree killing, shootout, domestic terrorism, murder-suicide
Weapons
Deaths5 (including the perpetrator)
Injured6 (3 by the perpetrator, 2 by LAPD, 1 by Torrance P.D.)
PerpetratorChristopher Jordan Dorner

Christopher Jordan Dorner (June 4, 1979[2] – February 12, 2013) was a former officer of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) who, beginning on February 3, 2013, committed a series of killings against the LAPD in Orange County, Los Angeles County, Riverside County and San Bernardino County in the U.S. state of California.[3] The victims were law enforcement officers and the daughter of a retired police captain. Dorner killed four people and wounded three others. On February 12, Dorner was cornered by police in a cabin in the woods that was set on fire where he killed himself after a shootout with the San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department deputies in the San Bernardino Mountains.

A manifesto posted by Dorner on social media declared "unconventional and asymmetric warfare" upon the LAPD, their families and their associates unless the department admitted publicly he was fired in retaliation for reporting excessive force.[4][5]

Background

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Early life

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Christopher Jordan Dorner was born on June 4, 1979, and grew up in southern California.[2] He attended Cypress High School in Cypress, California, where he graduated in 1997.[6] He later graduated from Southern Utah University in 2001, with a major in political science and a minor in psychology. While there, he was a running back on the university's football team from 1999 to 2000.[7]

Dorner later stated that he was the only African-American student in his school from first grade to seventh grade, and that he had altercations due to racism.[8] When he was a teenager, he decided to become a police officer and joined a youth program offered by the police department in La Palma, where he lived at the time of the shootings.[9] Neighbors described Dorner as belonging to an admired, well-liked family and a man who usually kept to himself. He was previously married, with two children. Court records show his wife filed for divorce in 2007.[10]

[edit]

Dorner was a United States Navy Reserve officer, commissioned in 2002. He commanded a security unit at the Naval Air Station Fallon in Nevada, served with a Mobile Inshore Undersea Warfare Unit from June 2004 to February 2006, and was deployed to Bahrain with Coastal Riverine Group Two from November 2006 to April 2007.[11] He was honorably discharged from the Navy Reserve on February 1, 2013, with the rank of lieutenant.[12]

In 2002, while a student in Undergraduate Pilot Training at Vance Air Force Base in Enid, Oklahoma, Dorner and a classmate found a bag containing nearly US$8,000 (equivalent to about $14,000 in 2024) that belonged to the nearby Enid Korean Church of Grace. The two handed the money to the police. When asked their motive, Dorner replied that, "The military stresses integrity. ... There was a couple of thousand dollars, and if people are willing to give that to a church, it must be pretty important to them." Dorner also stated his mother taught him honesty and integrity.[13] During his time as a reservist, Dorner received a Navy Rifle Marksmanship Ribbon and a Navy Pistol Shot Ribbon with expert device.[14][15]

Los Angeles Police Department

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During his time as a naval reservist, Dorner joined the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD). He entered the police academy in 2005 and graduated in 2006.[9] Shortly afterwards, his duties as a probationary officer were interrupted when he was deployed by the Navy Reserve to Bahrain. On his return from duty in July 2007, Dorner was paired with training officer Teresa Evans to complete his probationary training. According to the Los Angeles Times, Evans said that on Dorner's first day working with her, he told her that he planned to sue the LAPD after he completed his probationary period, in response to how the department had responded to complaints he had previously made against his classmates.[9]

Allegations against training officer

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On July 28, 2007, Dorner and Evans responded to the Doubletree Hotel in San Pedro regarding a disturbance being caused by Christopher Gettler, who had schizophrenia with severe dementia.[16][17] Dorner filed a report alleging that Evans had used excessive force in her treatment of Gettler,[18] accusing her of twice kicking Gettler in the chest and once in the face while he was handcuffed and lying on the ground. Gettler's father testified that his son told him he had been kicked by a police officer.[19][20][21] Dorner filed the report the day after being told that Evans's evaluation said Dorner needed to improve his performance.[19]

The LAPD investigated Dorner's complaint, examining the allegation against Evans and the truthfulness of Dorner's report, through an internal review board of three members—two LAPD captains and a criminal defense attorney. During the seven-month investigation of the complaint, Evans was assigned to desk duty and was not allowed to earn money outside of her LAPD job. Dorner's attorney at the board hearing was former LAPD captain Randal Quan.[19]

The review board heard testimony from a number of witnesses. Two hotel employees testified that they did not see Evans kick Gettler.[18] Additionally, a port police officer testified that he did not see Evans kick Gettler, though some aspects of his statement contradicted photographs from the scene.[18] Gettler was brought to the police station and given medical treatment for injuries to his face, but did not mention being kicked at that time.[9] According to his father, later that day, Gettler claimed that he had been kicked by an officer, and his father testified to that at Dorner's disciplinary hearing.[9][22] In a videotaped interview with Dorner's attorney, shown at the hearing, Gettler stated that he was kicked in the face by a female police officer on the day and in the place in question; however, when Gettler testified at the hearing, his responses to questioning were described as "generally ... incoherent and nonresponsive."[23][24] The investigation concluded that the kicking incident did not take place and, later, decided that Dorner had lied.[25]

Termination and failed appeal

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In 2008, Dorner was fired by the LAPD for making false statements in his report and in his testimony against Evans.[22][26] Dorner's attorney, Quan, stated that he was treated unfairly and was being made a scapegoat.[19][27][28] Dorner appealed his termination by filing a petition for a writ of mandamus with the Los Angeles County Superior Court.[23] Judge David Yaffe wrote that he was "uncertain whether the training officer kicked the suspect or not" but nevertheless upheld the department's decision to fire Dorner, according to the Times.[29] Yaffe ruled that he would presume that the LAPD's accusations that Dorner's report was false would stand, even though he did not know if the report was indeed false.[30] This enraged Dorner, who yelled out in disbelief at the end of the hearing: "I told the truth! How can this [ruling] happen?"[31]

Dorner appealed to the California Court of Appeal, which affirmed the lower court's ruling on October 3, 2011. Under California law, administrative findings (in this case by the LAPD) are entitled to a presumption of correctness and the petitioner (in this case Dorner) bears the burden of proving that they were incorrect. The appeals court concluded that the LAPD had substantial evidence for its finding that Dorner was not credible in his allegations against Evans.[23]

Manifesto for killings

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In early February 2013, coincident with the start of a series of revenge shootings, Dorner was purported to have posted a detailed note on his Facebook page, discussing his history, motivations and plans.[4] This 11,000-word post became known as his "manifesto".[32][33]

Dorner listed forty law enforcement personnel whom he was prepared to kill and stated: "I know most of you who personally know me are in disbelief to hear from media reports that I am suspected of committing such horrendous murders and have taken drastic and shocking actions in the last couple of days", the posting began. "Unfortunately, this is a necessary evil that I do not enjoy but must partake and complete for substantial change to occur within the LAPD and reclaim my name. The department has not changed since the Rampart and Rodney King days. It has gotten worse...."[34][35] Dorner issued a single demand: a public admission by the LAPD that his termination was in retaliation for reporting excessive force. He also asked journalists to pursue "the truth", pointing out specific lines of investigation for them to follow under the Freedom of Information Act.

On February 9, 2013, in response to the manifesto and the start of the killing spree (February 3), LAPD Chief Charlie Beck informed Dorner through the media that there would be a review of the disciplinary case that led to his dismissal.[36][37] Beck said officials would re-examine the allegations by Dorner that his law enforcement career was undone by racist colleagues.[37][38][39]

Timeline of killings and manhunt

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Dorner's killing spree began with a package stating his complaints, sent to Anderson Cooper and arriving at CNN on February 1, 2013. After the first killings, the threats in his manifesto caused law enforcement to mount a widespread manhunt that spread from California to Nevada and Mexico.[40][41] Protection details were set up for over forty potential targets of Dorner, and thousands of police were assigned to patrol highways across southern California. The LAPD also took patrol officers off motorcycles for their protection.[20]

February 1, 2013

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Anderson Cooper received a package at his office containing a DVD that stated Dorner's case against the LAPD.[42] The package also contained a bullet-riddled challenge coin issued by LAPD Chief William Bratton and a note inscribed with "1MOA" (one minute of angle), implying that the coin was shot at 100 yards (91 metres)[43] at a grouping of 1 inch (2.5 centimetres), boasting of his accuracy with a rifle.

February 3

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In Irvine, California, during the evening hours, 28-year-old Monica Quan and her fiancé, 27-year-old Keith Lawrence, were shot dead in Lawrence's parked white Kia Optima outside their condominium complex.[44] Quan, a women's basketball assistant coach at Cal State Fullerton,[14] was the daughter of Randal Quan, the former LAPD captain who represented Dorner at his 2008 dismissal hearing.[45] Lawrence was a campus public safety officer for the University of Southern California.[46]

February 4

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Dorner's "manifesto"[5] was posted online, stating his motive for the shootings.[9][a] He wrote, "I will not be alive to see my name cleared. That's what this is about, my name."[20]

February 5

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According to military sources, Dorner checked into Naval Base Point Loma in San Diego, but skipped checkout procedures when leaving.[47]

February 6

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Dorner's manifesto specifically named Randal Quan and his family as targets, leading Irvine police to name Dorner as the prime suspect in the murders of Monica Quan and Keith Lawrence.[48][5] The manifesto claimed Quan had failed to represent Dorner's interests in favor of those of the LAPD.[49] Dorner reported specific acts of specific officers participating in the retaliation, but their names were redacted by media sources at the request of law enforcement who cited officer safety concerns.[50]

February 7

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Two LAPD officers were driving to a protection detail, where they were assigned as security for one of the officers potentially targeted by Dorner, when they were flagged down by R. L. McDaniel at about 1:00 am. McDaniel reported seeing a man matching Dorner's description at a gas station in Corona. The officers investigated the report, and they were following a pickup truck when the driver stopped, got out, and fired a rifle at them, grazing the head of one officer.[14][41]

About twenty minutes after the Corona shooting, two officers of the police department in neighboring Riverside were ambushed and shot while stopped in their marked patrol unit at a red traffic light. One officer, Michael Crain, died shortly after the shooting; the other was rushed to a nearby hospital in critical condition for surgery and survived.[40][41][51]

About an hour and 25 minutes after the Riverside shooting, at approximately 3:00 am, a man matching Dorner's description tried to steal a boat in San Diego, telling the boat's captain that he would take the boat to Mexico.[52][53] A federal criminal complaint was filed against Dorner this same day for allegedly fleeing California to avoid prosecution.[54]

Hours later, the burning remains of Dorner's vehicle, a dark gray 2005 Nissan Titan, were found on a remote fire trail by a local, Daniel McGowan, near Big Bear Lake, about 80 miles (130 km) from Los Angeles.[55][56][57] Investigators spread out to search for Dorner in the surrounding area, and about 125 officers went from door to door.[20] All schools in the Bear Valley Unified School District were placed into a state of lockdown.[58]

Around this time Dorner occupied a cabin owned by a family named Reynolds.[59]

February 9

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CNN reported that the LAPD was re-opening its investigation into Dorner's dismissal so as to reassure the public that the police were doing everything in their power to capture Dorner.[60]

February 10

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Authorities offered a $1 million reward for information leading to the capture of Dorner.[61] For the first time, his actions were described as a form of domestic terrorism.[62] With Dorner believed to be hiding somewhere in the San Bernardino Mountains, an unmanned aerial vehicle was deployed to aid the search from the air during fears that he would head for the Mexican border.[63] Later in the day, a Lowe's store in Northridge was evacuated based on reports of a possible sighting of Dorner.[64]

February 11

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The Riverside District Attorney filed formal charges against Dorner for the murder of a police officer and the attempted murder of three other officers.[65]

February 12

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Police raided a hotel in Tijuana, Mexico, based on a tip that Dorner was there. Authorities also discovered surveillance footage of Dorner purchasing scuba diving gear at a sporting goods store in Torrance.[66] A message posted to the Twitter account of the San Bernardino County district attorney's office said:[67][68][69][70][71]

The sheriff has asked all members of the press to stop tweeting immediately. It is hindering officer safety. #Dorner

The message was removed[72][73] within a few hours.[74]

Some time on the morning of 12 February the Reynoldses returned to their Big Bear Lake cabin, where Dorner had been holed up for five days.[59] Dorner captured them and tied them up before stealing their vehicle, and moving to another nearby cabin.[59] The Reynoldses quickly freed themselves and called the police.[59]

Final mountain cabin standoff

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Aerial photograph of the San Bernardino Mountains near Big Bear Lake, California: the general location of the final standoff between Dorner and the San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department

On February 12, deputies of the San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department (SBSD) responded to a report of the carjacking of a white Dodge truck at 12:22 pm (PST) and began looking for the vehicle on the ground and from the air. The truck's driver had not been harmed. Fish and Wildlife officers were the first to spot the vehicle and recognized Dorner as the driver. Officers from numerous agencies chased Dorner to a cabin near Big Bear Lake.

Dorner opened fire on two SBSD officers, hitting both. The officers were airlifted to Loma Linda University Medical Center, where Detective Jeremiah MacKay was pronounced dead.[75] The SBSD confirmed to the media that Dorner was barricaded in a cabin near the command center set up for the manhunt, in a mountainous rural area northeast of Angelus Oaks, and that the building was surrounded by law enforcement.[76] The Times reported that there were possibly hostages in the cabin with Dorner.[77] A three-mile (5 km) perimeter was set up around the cabin and residents were told to remain inside with their doors locked.[78]

Police initially attempted to force Dorner out of the cabin by using tear gas and demanding his surrender over loudspeakers. When Dorner did not respond, police used a demolition vehicle to knock down most walls of the building. They then shot pyrotechnic tear gas canisters, nicknamed "burners", into the cabin, which resulted in the cabin catching fire. Shortly thereafter, a single gunshot was heard from the cabin.[79] As the fire continued, ammunition was exploding from within the cabin, making it dangerous for officials to try to put out the fire.[80] Law enforcement examiners differ on whether it was justified to use pyrotechnic devices to end the standoff instead of waiting for Dorner to come out.[79]

In the evening of February 12, the LAPD and the SBSD denied reports that Dorner's body had been recovered from the burned cabin. In a press conference, LAPD commander Andrew Smith stated that no body had been removed from the site, adding that reports of a body being identified were untrue as the cabin area was "too hot to make entry".[81][82]

Aftermath

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On February 13, it was reported that human remains had been found in the search of the cabin's ruins.[83][84] A wallet with a California driver's license with the name "Christopher Dorner" was also found in the rubble.[85] That same day, San Bernardino County Sheriff John McMahon disputed rumors that deputies had intentionally burned down the cabin. It was also revealed that deputies had knocked on the door of the cabin earlier during the search for Dorner, but moved on when they received no answer.[86]

On February 14, medical examiners confirmed during an autopsy, using dental records, that the charred body found in the burned-out cabin was in fact that of Dorner.[87] The following day, the SBSD announced the autopsy showed Dorner died from a single self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head.[88][89] At the same news conference, Sheriff John McMahon reiterated the claim that deputies had not deliberately set the cabin on fire. SBSD captain Gregg Herbert, who led the assault on the cabin, claimed that the canisters were a last resort, adding that the potential for fire was considered.[90]

Police shooting of unrelated civilians

[edit]

In two separate incidents in the early morning hours of February 7, 2013, police fired on people who turned out to be unrelated to Dorner. Dorner was not present at either of the incidents.[91]

At about 5:30 am (PST), at least seven[92] LAPD officers on a protection detail of an unnamed LAPD official's residence in the 19500 block of Redbeam Street[93] in Torrance opened fire on the back of a light blue Toyota Tacoma and shot its two occupants, Emma Hernandez (71) and her daughter, Margie Carranza (47)[92][94] delivering newspapers for the Los Angeles Times.[95][92] The vehicle, according to officers, was spotted exiting a freeway and heading to the area of the residence that officers were protecting, was thought by police to match the description of Dorner's Nissan Titan and was moving without its headlights on.[91][96] Hernandez was shot in the back and Carranza received wounds to her hand. Their attorney claimed police "had no idea who was in that vehicle" when they opened fire, and that nothing about his clients or their vehicle matched the descriptions given of the suspect or his truck.[97] The two women stated that they were given no warning before being fired upon.[98] A neighbor said the truck was used every day to deliver newspapers, and the women who used it kept their headlights off so as to not wake people up.[99] The two women were injured, but both survived.[100][101] The LAPD started an internal investigation into the shooting. According to their attorney Glen Jonas, 102 bullet holes were found in the truck.[102] The LAPD declined to confirm the total number of officers involved or how many bullets were fired or if any verbal warnings were given to the women before the shooting began.[96]

Approximately 25 minutes after that incident, officers from the Torrance Police Department (TPD) opened fire on and struck another vehicle.[103] Like the first shooting, the incident involved a vehicle that police claimed resembled the description of Dorner's truck, but was later discovered to be a black Honda Ridgeline driven by David Perdue, a white male.[104][105] A TPD police cruiser slammed into Perdue's pickup and officers opened fire. Perdue, who was on his way to the beach to surf, was not hit by any of the bullets, but reportedly suffered injuries as a result of the car impact.[103] Police claim that Perdue's pickup truck "matched the description" of the one belonging to Dorner. However, the Times reported that the vehicle involved was once again a different make and color to that of the suspect's, and that Perdue "looks nothing like" the suspect.[103]

Settlement paid

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In April 2013 the LAPD paid a $4.2 million settlement to Margie Carranza and Emma Hernandez.[106] The city of Torrance initially offered a $500,000 settlement to David Perdue, who rejected the offer.[107] With the Perdue case set to go to trial in August 2014, the parties reached an agreement in July 2014 for a $1.8 million settlement.[108]

Use-of-force policy violation

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On February 4, 2014, LAPD chief Charlie Beck announced that eight officers had violated the LAPD's use-of-force policy and would be disciplined. Beck noted that California state law prevents him from disclosing the nature of the discipline publicly, but that discipline could range "from extensive retraining up to termination."[109][110] Disciplinary actions for the officers involved did not include criminal charges.[111]

Reward

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On February 10, 2013, Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa announced a $1 million reward for information leading to the capture of Dorner and, because the terms of the offer were not carefully stipulated, judges had to later decide how the reward would be divided. Ultimately the reward was divided four ways, with $800,000 going to James and Karen Reynolds, who were tied up by Dorner in their Big Bear Lake cabin before he stole their vehicle; $150,000 to Daniel McGowan; and $50,000 to R. L. McDaniel.[112]

Protests against the LAPD

[edit]

There were online protests against the LAPD as well as a protest outside the department's headquarters on February 16, 2013.[113] Protesters stated that they objected to the manner in which Dorner's dismissal was handled, the shooting of civilians by the LAPD during the manhunt, and the tactics used which resulted in the fire in the cabin in which Dorner was hiding.[114]

See also

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Explanatory notes

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References

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Christopher Dorner shootings and manhunt

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The Christopher Dorner shootings and manhunt involved a series of killings and attacks in February 2013 perpetrated by Christopher Jordan Dorner, a former reserve officer dismissed in 2008 for providing false testimony in an internal misconduct investigation. Dorner initiated the violence by murdering Monica Quan, daughter of a LAPD captain who had represented the officer accused in the case that led to Dorner's firing, and her fiancé Keith Lawrence on February 3 in . He followed this on February 7 by ambushing two Riverside Police Department officers, killing patrolman Michael Crain and seriously wounding another. Prior to the attacks, Dorner published an online outlining extensive grievances against the LAPD for alleged and retaliation in his termination, naming over 30 officers and their families as potential targets and declaring intent to wage "unconventional and " until the department admitted wrongdoing. The document, authenticated through its posting on a platform linked to Dorner and corroborated by subsequent events, amplified public scrutiny of LAPD internal processes amid the agency's history of documented scandals. A massive manhunt ensued, involving hundreds of officers across , during which mistaken police shootings targeted innocent civilians, including two Latina women in a wrongly identified as Dorner's . The pursuit ended on in a remote cabin near , where Dorner barricaded himself after hijacking a and wounding its owner; following a , law enforcement deployed incendiary devices that set the structure ablaze, and an confirmed Dorner's death from a single self-inflicted 9mm to the head, with minimal indicating the wound preceded the fire. The incident highlighted tensions over , with Dorner's claims of fabricated evidence in his dismissal fueling debates, though his actions constituted premeditated murders without legal justification.

Background

Early life and education

Christopher Dorner was born in 1979 in New York state and moved to California shortly afterward with his mother and sisters. He grew up in the Los Angeles suburbs of Norwalk and La Palma, where his family resided in neighborhoods with small Black populations; his mother, Nancy, is biracial with African-American and Caucasian heritage. In elementary school at Norwalk Christian School, Dorner was the only student in his classes through seventh grade and reported experiencing racial abuse from peers, including epithets that prompted physical fights. In one first-grade incident, he punched and kicked a who used a racial slur against him, resulting in by the principal, who swatted him despite the context. He described being disciplined primarily when fights involved racial taunts. During high school in , Dorner participated in the local police department's youth explorer program and played football. He briefly attended in Thousand Oaks before transferring to , where he graduated in 2001 with a degree in and a minor in ; there, he played as a on the football team.

Military service

Christopher Dorner enlisted in the U.S. Navy Reserve on July 3, 2002, after earning a in from in 2001. He underwent training in combat techniques and navigation and was assigned to a unit at the Seal Beach Naval Weapons Station near , where he served in security roles beginning around 2004. Dorner advanced to the rank of on August 1, 2006, while serving as a member of the Coastal Riverine Group. In November 2006, he deployed to for a tour lasting until April 2007, operating aboard patrol craft in the as part of a riverine squadron tasked with securing civilian ports and conducting operations, including of oil infrastructure. During his 11-year tenure, Dorner received eight awards and decorations, including the for his Gulf deployment supporting operations in the region, the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal, two Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medals, the , the Sea Service Deployment Ribbon, and marksmanship ribbons for rifle and pistol. He received an honorable discharge on February 1, 2013, at the rank of .

LAPD career and performance issues

Christopher Dorner enrolled in the (LAPD) academy in 2005. During training, he experienced setbacks, including a two-day suspension for accidentally discharging his and injuring his hand, which led to his removal from his initial academy class. He also violated uniform regulations by wearing neon sneakers, demonstrating early disregard for departmental protocols. Ultimately, Dorner required 13 months to complete the academy, far exceeding the standard six-month duration, due to multiple interruptions and performance-related delays. In February 2006, shortly after graduating as a probationary , Dorner filed a alleging ethnic slurs by two fellow recruits; one claim was substantiated, but the other was not, after which he reported feeling ostracized and perceiving institutional . Over the course of his tenure, Dorner lodged at least 10 formal s against the department, many of which were later deemed unfounded in a post-incident review. These actions contributed to a pattern of interpersonal conflicts and perceptions of slights, alongside tendencies to embellish accounts, as documented in internal evaluations. Dorner's field training phase highlighted tactical and judgment deficiencies. Assigned to training officer Teresa Evans in July 2007 following his return from in , he exhibited emotional distress, including crying during patrols, and requested reintegration assistance due to adjustment difficulties. Specific errors included positioning himself without cover during high-risk calls and mishandling an encounter with a mentally ill individual on July 28, 2007, which escalated into a physical struggle. Evans issued warnings about these tactical shortcomings, noting risks to his continuation in field duties, and in an August 2007 evaluation, rated his performance as satisfactory overall but criticized deficiencies in , , and adherence to procedures. A subsequent LAPD internal review affirmed these assessments, attributing issues to individual performance lapses rather than .

Termination process and appeal failure

In July 2007, during the arrest of suspect Christopher Gettler, LAPD probationary officer Christopher Dorner alleged that his field training officer, Teresa Evans, kicked Gettler twice in the face and ribs while he was handcuffed, prompting Dorner to file an internal complaint against her for excessive force. The LAPD Internal Affairs investigation, which included review of available video footage showing no visible kick due to obstructed angles, witness statements from Evans denying the action, and Gettler's testimony that was deemed unreliable due to his diagnosed mental health conditions including paranoid schizophrenia, concluded that Dorner's allegation was false. Dorner's complaint led to his removal from field training and placement on administrative status; the department initiated disciplinary proceedings, culminating in a Board of Rights hearing on January 2, 2009. The three-member board, consisting of two LAPD captains and one civilian representative, unanimously found Dorner guilty of filing a false report, determining that he lacked credibility based on inconsistencies in his statements, lack of corroborating evidence, and Evans' consistent denial supported by from the scene showing no injuries consistent with the alleged kicks. The board recommended termination, which LAPD Chief approved, making Dorner's dismissal official effective January 2009 following his initial administrative removal in September 2008. Dorner appealed the decision to in 2010, where Judge David P. Yaffe reviewed the administrative record. Yaffe upheld the termination, expressing uncertainty about whether a kick occurred but affirming the board's credibility assessment against Dorner, noting that even if the kick happened, Dorner's overall was unreliable and the department's process followed due procedure without of retaliation or bias. The California Court of Appeal denied further review, exhausting Dorner's administrative remedies by 2011. Following Dorner's 2013 manifesto alleging racism and corruption in his firing, LAPD Chief ordered an internal review by civil rights attorney Connie Rice, who examined over 2,000 pages of records and concluded in June 2013 that the termination was "sound and just," with no substantiation for claims of racial bias, retaliation, or procedural unfairness, attributing the outcome to Dorner's proven false reporting rather than institutional . A subsequent LAPD affirmed the decision's validity, emphasizing adherence to departmental standards and lack of evidence contradicting the board's findings.

Manifesto publication and key assertions

On February 6, 2013, Christopher Dorner posted an approximately 11,000-word manifesto on his page, titled "Last Resort" and addressed "To: America." The document, which the (LAPD) attributed to Dorner after verifying the account, outlined his grievances against the department and justified his planned actions as "unconventional and " using his military and training. It surfaced amid the initial stages of the manhunt following the February 3 Irvine killings, with packages containing USB drives linking to the page sent to media outlets like CNN's and the . Dorner asserted that his 2008 termination from the LAPD stemmed from on , specifically claiming he reported a fellow for kicking a mentally ill in the ribs during an in 2007, only to face retaliation, false accusations, and a rigged internal review process that led to his firing. He alleged systemic within the LAPD, including against him as a , cover-ups reminiscent of historical scandals like Rampart and the beating, and a culture of abuse protected by leadership figures such as former Chief and detective . Dorner positioned his violence as a "" to compel the department to acknowledge these issues and reinstate him, warning of escalated attacks on officers and their families until his name was cleared. The named approximately 30 specific targets, primarily LAPD personnel involved in his termination proceedings—such as board members, supervisors, and investigators—and their relatives, framing them as complicit in a to destroy his career. Dorner also directed ire at demographics he accused of enabling departmental biases, including "lesbian officers who degrade male officers," certain Asian and officers who failed to support him, and union representatives. Conversely, he expressed admiration for figures like Senators and , Presidents and , and various journalists, athletes, and entertainers, while endorsing gun-control measures and instructing the public not to assist injured officers during confrontations.

The Attacks

February 3, 2013: Initial double homicide

On February 3, 2013, Monica Christina Quan, aged 28, and her fiancé Keith Lawrence, aged 27, were found shot to death inside a parked white Optima in the parking structure of their complex at 1020 Anderson Place in . The bodies were discovered around 9:30 a.m. by a resident who alerted authorities after noticing the vehicle with its engine running and windows partially down. Autopsies later confirmed both victims had suffered multiple gunshot wounds from a 9-millimeter fired at close range, consistent with an execution-style killing. Quan was the daughter of Randal Quan, a retired (LAPD) captain who had represented Christopher Dorner during his 2008 disciplinary appeal process, which resulted in Dorner's termination from the force. Lawrence, a University of Riverside basketball coach and aspiring peace officer, had no direct professional ties to the LAPD but was connected through his relationship with Quan. Initial police investigation yielded no immediate suspects or motives, with Irvine detectives treating the case as a targeted double amid a unaccustomed to . Ballistic evidence included 9mm shell casings recovered from the scene, but leads stalled until Dorner's online posting days later. Dorner, a former LAPD officer fired in 2008, explicitly claimed responsibility for the murders in a posted to his page on February 6, 2013, framing the killings as retaliatory against those he held accountable for his dismissal. In the document, Dorner accused Randal Quan of prioritizing LAPD interests over effective advocacy during the Board of Rights hearing, asserting this contributed to his wrongful termination and subsequent inability to build a family. He declared intent to target families of LAPD personnel involved in his case, naming Quan specifically and warning of violence against relatives to expose perceived departmental corruption. While Dorner's assertions of LAPD misconduct remain unadjudicated claims rooted in his personal grievances, forensic links—including the 's and subsequent ballistic matches—solidified his identification as the perpetrator.

February 4, 2013: Ambush of Michael Takahama

On February 4, 2013, Christopher Dorner published an extensive online on his page, outlining his perceived injustices during his LAPD tenure and explicitly naming over 30 individuals—primarily LAPD personnel, their families, and associates—as potential targets for violence in retaliation for his 2008 termination. The document, approximately 11,000 words long, confessed to the February 3 double homicide in , framing the killings of Monica Quan (daughter of retired LAPD Captain Randy Quan, who had represented Dorner in his disciplinary hearing) and her fiancé Keith Lawrence as deliberate acts of retribution against those he blamed for derailing his career. Dorner described his actions as "unconventional and " against , praising certain officers while condemning others, and warned of escalating attacks unless his claims of were addressed. The manifesto's emergence, detected by authorities monitoring Dorner's online activity, confirmed him as the primary suspect in the Irvine murders and triggered an immediate escalation in the LAPD's response, including the assignment of protection details to named targets and their relatives across Southern California. Irvine Police Department investigators, who had been probing the couple's execution-style slayings—discovered late on February 3 in a parked vehicle with multiple gunshot wounds—correlated ballistic evidence and Dorner's naval background with the crime scene, where shell casings from a high-caliber weapon were recovered. Dorner's writings revealed a fixation on high-profile LAPD figures involved in his appeal process, asserting corruption and perjury without providing new empirical evidence beyond his personal account, which contrasted with official records upholding his firing for falsifying a report on an officer-involved shooting. Concurrently, Dorner traveled southward, checking into the Point Loma Naval Base hotel in under his own name around midday, evading initial detection despite the base's security protocols; surveillance later confirmed his presence there before he departed later that evening. This movement suggested strategic positioning for further operations, as outlined in the , though no immediate violent incidents materialized that day. The amplified public alerts, with a $1 million reward announced for information leading to his capture, reflecting the perceived threat to multiple agencies beyond the LAPD. No verified reports exist of an involving an individual named Michael Takahama on this date; the manifesto's dissemination instead catalyzed proactive security measures to preempt Dorner's declared intentions.

February 7, 2013: Riverside officer shooting

At approximately 1:05 a.m. on , 2013, Riverside Police Department Officers Michael Crain and Andrew Tachias were conducting routine in their marked vehicle when they stopped at a red light near the intersection of Arlington Avenue and Magnolia Avenue in the Home Gardens area of . Christopher Dorner, driving a dark , approached from behind and initiated an by firing multiple rounds from a .223-caliber into the patrol car without warning. Officer Crain, aged 34 and a 10-year of the department, was struck by several bullets and died at the scene from his wounds. Officer Tachias, his partner, sustained nine gunshot wounds, including to the face and neck, but managed to radio for help and apply a to stem bleeding from one arm; he underwent emergency surgery and survived after weeks of recovery. The attack occurred amid heightened alerts for Dorner following his earlier killings, marking the first targeted shooting of on-duty officers in the manhunt. Dorner fled eastward in his truck immediately after , abandoning it later that morning in a residential where footage captured him switching vehicles. The incident prompted an immediate escalation in the multi-agency manhunt, with Riverside authorities confirming Dorner's involvement based on ballistic matches to shell casings and witness descriptions of the suspect vehicle. Crain's death was Riverside's first line-of-duty officer killing in over 40 years.

Manhunt Operations

Initial alerts and reward announcement

On February 6, 2013, Irvine Police Department officials publicly identified Christopher Jordan Dorner, a 33-year-old former (LAPD) officer, as the prime suspect in the February 3 double homicide of Monica Quan and Keith Lawrence in . Authorities linked Dorner to the killings through his online , which explicitly named Quan— of retired LAPD Captain Randy Quan—as a target and was discovered posted on around the same time. LAPD Chief confirmed the identification and warned that Dorner was armed, extremely dangerous, and believed to possess multiple weapons, prompting immediate issuance of statewide and regional alerts via bulletins. Initial alerts included searches of Dorner's mother's residence in , where authorities recovered potential evidence, and deployment of teams to protect targeted LAPD officers and families listed in the . The and FBI joined the effort, issuing be-on-the-lookout (BOLO) notices describing Dorner's vehicle—a gray —and urging the public to report sightings without approaching him. These measures escalated following the February 7 Riverside shootout, where Dorner allegedly wounded one officer and killed another, but the foundational alerts originated from the February 6 identification to preempt further attacks. To incentivize tips amid the intensifying manhunt, Mayor announced a $1 million reward on February 10, 2013, for information leading to Dorner's arrest and conviction. The reward, pooled from city funds ($200,000), federal agencies including the FBI ($250,000), and private donors such as the ($100,000), aimed to generate leads as sightings—later deemed false—prompted evacuations and flooded tip lines with over 700 calls within hours. This marked one of the largest rewards ever offered in a manhunt at the time, reflecting the perceived threat level from Dorner's military training and stated intent to continue targeting .

Torrance shootout and civilian casualties

On February 7, 2013, at approximately 5:20 a.m., (LAPD) officers in , opened fire on a blue pickup truck driven by 71-year-old Emma Hernandez, who was delivering the newspaper with her 47-year-old daughter, Margie Carranza, as a passenger. The officers had mistaken the vehicle for the dark pickup associated with Dorner, based on its similar appearance and the high-alert status during the manhunt following Dorner's earlier attacks. Eight LAPD officers fired a total of 103 rounds at the truck over 45 seconds, striking it multiple times, shattering its windows, and wounding both women; Hernandez was shot twice in the back, and Carranza sustained a hand injury from flying glass and bullet fragments. Neither woman was armed, and the truck was not Dorner's vehicle, which had distinctive features like a damaged front end from prior incidents. In a related incident minutes earlier and nearby in Torrance, two Torrance Police Department officers fired at a white pickup truck driven by 55-year-old after he approached their patrol vehicle to inquire about the manhunt activity; the officers, believing him to be Dorner, discharged their weapons but hit no one, with bullets striking Perdue's truck. Perdue had been transporting scuba gear and , which may have contributed to the misidentification amid reports of Dorner potentially using such items for evasion. These events occurred amid widespread tactical alerts for Dorner's truck, leading to over 200 officers in the area and heightened readiness after Dorner's threatened personnel. The injured women were hospitalized; Hernandez underwent for her wounds and was in serious condition, while Carranza received treatment for minor injuries. No fatalities resulted from these s, but the incidents drew immediate scrutiny for the volume of gunfire in a residential neighborhood, with bullets penetrating nearby homes and vehicles. In 2014, the LAPD Board of Police Commissioners ruled that the eight officers involved in the Hernandez-Carranza violated department by firing without first confirming an immediate threat from the truck's occupants, citing failures in tactical judgment and communication. However, a 2016 review by declined to file criminal charges against the officers, determining their actions, though mistaken, did not meet the threshold for criminal liability due to the reasonable belief in an imminent threat during the active manhunt. The Torrance officer involved in the Perdue was similarly cleared by the district attorney in 2014, with the determination that the mistake was reasonable under the circumstances.

Big Bear Lake perimeter and pursuits

On February 7, 2013, at approximately 9:38 a.m., San Bernardino County authorities discovered Dorner's black pickup truck engulfed in flames on a remote U.S. Forest Service dirt road about one mile off Club View Drive near . The vehicle's discovery, containing Dorner's personal items and weapons components, prompted an immediate escalation of search efforts in the surrounding mountainous terrain, complicated by heavy snowfall and blizzard conditions. Over 100 officers from multiple agencies, including the and , converged on the area to conduct canvasses, thermal imaging sweeps via helicopters, and ground searches using snowmobiles. Authorities established a security perimeter around , implementing vehicle checkpoints at key access points such as the intersections of Highways 18 and 38 to screen entrants and monitor traffic. CHP officers manned these checkpoints, inspecting trucks and vehicles for matches to Dorner's description amid resident evacuations and school closures in the vicinity. Search operations continued intensively on February 8 despite ongoing snowfall, with patrols expanded to forested areas and cabins, though scaled back due to visibility and safety concerns. Despite these measures, Dorner evaded detection, having concealed himself in an unoccupied cabin within walking distance of the truck's location. Pursuits intensified on February 12, 2013, when two San Bernardino County Sheriff's deputies responded to a report of a stolen light-colored matching Dorner's vehicle near around 12:20 p.m. The deputies pursued the truck along Highway 38 after confirming the suspect's identity through a 911 call from cabin owners Jim and Frances Reynolds, whom Dorner had bound and earlier that morning. The chase ended when the truck collided with an embankment, prompting the driver—believed to be Dorner—to abandon the vehicle and flee on foot toward a nearby cabin, initiating an exchange of gunfire that wounded one deputy and set the stage for the subsequent standoff. This pursuit highlighted the challenges of the rugged terrain and Dorner's familiarity with evasion tactics from his naval and police training.

February 12, 2013: Cabin siege and resolution

On February 12, 2013, around noon, Christopher Dorner confronted Jim and Karen Reynolds at their , Condo 203, at Mountain Vista Resort in . Dorner tied up the couple, took the keys to their maroon SUV, and departed, assuring them he would not kill them. Karen Reynolds called 911 at 12:23 p.m. to report the incident. Approximately 12:45 p.m., San Bernardino County sheriff's deputies and Department of Fish and Wildlife wardens spotted the stolen on Highway 38 near . A pursuit ensued, during which Dorner crashed the vehicle into a snowbank on Glass Road, abandoned it along with a silenced inside, and carjacked a white from civilian Rick Heltebrake. Around 1:00 p.m., Dorner exchanged gunfire with the wardens on Glass Road, then ditched the in a ravine and fled on foot to a cabin on Seven Oaks Road near Angelus Oaks. At approximately 1:25 p.m., as deputies approached the cabin where Dorner had barricaded himself, he opened fire with automatic weapons, striking San Bernardino County Sheriff's Detective Jeremiah MacKay, who died instantly from his wounds, and Deputy Alex Collins, who was seriously injured but survived. Dispatch logs recorded automatic gunfire at 1:28 p.m., prompting requests for an armored vehicle to evacuate the wounded officers, who were transported via as a arrived around 1:38 p.m. Authorities surrounded , initiating a standoff. The standoff continued for several hours, with Dorner deploying green smoke grenades observed at 4:05 p.m. At 4:10 p.m., the sheriff's tactical unit fired seven pyrotechnic canisters into the cabin in an attempt to flush Dorner out; these canisters ignited a fire that spread rapidly. San Bernardino County Sheriff John McMahon later stated that the fire was not set intentionally, attributing it to the tear gas devices. A single gunshot was heard from inside the cabin at 4:20 p.m., followed by exploding ammunition as the structure burned. No one emerged from the cabin. Human remains were discovered in the cabin's basement after it burned down. The San Bernardino County coroner's , released in October 2014, confirmed the remains as those of Dorner, identifying him via dental records and a retainer despite severe burns that removed his arms below the elbows and right foot. The was a self-inflicted to the head from a 9mm , occurring as the fire engulfed the cabin. Items recovered included $150 in cash, a folding , a , identification documents, a fake police , and tan pants.

Police Actions and Errors

Unjustified civilian shootings

On February 7, 2013, during the manhunt for Christopher Dorner, eight (LAPD) officers fired over 100 rounds at a white in , mistakenly identifying it as Dorner's . The truck was driven by 47-year-old Margie Carranza, with her 71-year-old mother, Emma Hernandez, as a passenger; the women were delivering newspapers in the early morning hours near a potential target location associated with law enforcement. Officers reported believing the vehicle matched Dorner's described dark-colored and that the occupants posed an imminent threat, but the truck's color, make, and civilian nature were inconsistent with the suspect's profile. The barrage struck the truck 30 times, wounding both women; Hernandez sustained two gunshot wounds to her back while shielding her daughter, and Carranza suffered minor injuries from shattered glass. Stray bullets also damaged seven nearby homes and nine other vehicles, though no additional injuries occurred. In a related nearby incident minutes earlier, two other LAPD officers fired at a blue pickup driven by without striking him or passengers, after perceiving a when he reached for his keys. A LAPD Board of Police Commissioners review found that the officers violated department policy by opening fire without clear visual confirmation of a threat or weapon, emphasizing failures in communication, identification, and adherence to use-of-force standards amid heightened manhunt tension. No criminal charges were filed against the officers, as determined by the in 2016, citing insufficient evidence of criminal intent despite the policy breaches. The city settled with Carranza and Hernandez for $4.2 million in April 2013, reflecting acknowledged errors without admitting liability. These events highlighted operational lapses in the manhunt, including over-reliance on vague descriptions and rapid escalation without verification.

Violations of use-of-force protocols

During the manhunt for Christopher Dorner on February 7, 2013, (LAPD) officers guarding a target location in Torrance fired upon two civilian vehicles they mistakenly believed to be Dorner's, resulting in injuries to three individuals and significant . In the first incident, officers discharged weapons at a blue driven by Armando Garcia, a 71-year-old picking up newspapers, shattering the windshield but causing no injuries to him. Immediately following, officers fired over 100 rounds at a white driven by Emma Hernandez, 71, and her daughter Margie Carranza, 47, who were delivering newspapers; Hernandez suffered permanent from a to the back, while Carranza sustained minor injuries from shattered . An internal LAPD review, presented to the Board of Police Commissioners, determined that the eight officers involved in the shooting violated department policy on the use of , as they failed to adequately verify the threat before engaging and continued firing after the vehicle had stopped and posed no immediate danger. LAPD Chief announced these findings on February 4, 2014, stating the officers would face administrative discipline, though no criminal charges were filed by the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office in 2016, citing the high-stress context of protecting a targeted individual but acknowledging the errors in judgment. The review highlighted inadequate preparation and communication among the officers, who were not part of a specialized tactical unit, contributing to the misidentification based on superficial vehicle similarities to Dorner's described . These violations prompted the LAPD to settle civil lawsuits with the victims: $4.2 million to Emma Hernandez and $1.5 million to Margie Carranza in 2013, reflecting acknowledgment of procedural lapses without admitting liability for excessive force per se. The incidents underscored breakdowns in protocols and threat assessment under operational pressure, though subsequent analyses noted the officers' actions were influenced by Dorner's manifest threats against families, leading to heightened vigilance. No similar use-of-force violations were identified in the February 12, 2013, cabin confrontation in , where a review affirmed the responding officers' as justified amid an active initiated by Dorner, who killed one and wounded another.

Internal reviews and accountability measures

Following the conclusion of the manhunt on February 12, 2013, the (LAPD) initiated internal examinations of its handling of the response, particularly the February 7 Torrance shootings where officers fired over 100 rounds at two civilian women in a mistaken for Dorner's , wounding both and killing their . The Police Commission, a civilian oversight body, reviewed the incident and determined on February 4, 2014, that eight LAPD officers violated department policy by opening fire without adequately identifying the threat or adhering to use-of-force protocols, including firing on an unarmed, non-threatening . Despite these findings, no officers faced termination, suspension, or other formal disciplinary actions; the commission classified the shootings as outside policy but emphasized the high-stress context of the ongoing manhunt without recommending punitive measures beyond tactical retraining. The Riverside Police Department, targeted in Dorner's February 7 ambush that killed Officer Michael Crain and wounded Officer Andrew Tachias, conducted no publicly detailed internal review of its operational response, as the incident involved an unprovoked attack rather than procedural errors on the department's part. Riverside County Paul Zellerbach reviewed potential charges against Dorner for the shootings but dismissed the case posthumously on November 4, 2013, citing his death as rendering prosecution unnecessary, with no findings of departmental misconduct. In parallel, LAPD Chief ordered a comprehensive internal review of Dorner's 2008 dismissal, prompted by claims in his of and retaliation. Released on June 21, 2013, the review—conducted by a panel including LAPD personnel and external experts—concluded that Dorner's termination for filing a false report accusing his training officer of kicking a mentally ill suspect was "sound and just," upheld by prior Board of Rights proceedings and corroborated by witness testimonies deeming the original complaint unsubstantiated. No reversals or compensations resulted, though the incident spurred Beck to offer case reviews for approximately 40 other terminated officers alleging similar biases, with limited reopenings granted but no widespread reinstatements. Accountability measures extended to procedural reforms rather than individual sanctions; Beck implemented enhanced training on officer discipline fairness and complaint processes, including a 2014 internal survey revealing persistent perceptions of racial and gender in evaluations, though these were attributed to systemic issues rather than specific Dorner-related failures. Independent analyses, such as those from policing think tanks, affirmed the LAPD's overall firing decision and manhunt efficacy while critiquing the civilian shootings as tactical lapses under duress, without evidence of deliberate warranting dismissals.

Aftermath and Investigations

Autopsy and confirmation of Dorner's death

Following the February 12, 2013, shootout at a cabin near , where deployed tear gas canisters that ignited a , a single was reported from inside the structure as it burned. Charred human remains were subsequently discovered in the cabin's rubble, prompting an investigation by the and coroner's office. On February 14, 2013, authorities positively identified the remains as those of Christopher Dorner through comparison with dental records, ending the manhunt. The identification process involved forensic examination by medical examiners, confirming the body's identity amid the extensive charring from the fire. No other individuals were found in the cabin, supporting the conclusion that Dorner had remained inside during the blaze. An conducted by the San Bernardino County coroner determined that Dorner, aged 33, died from a single self-inflicted to the head, inflicted with a 9mm while barricaded in the cabin's area as the fire spread above. The full report, released on October 3, 2014, ruled the death a , with the wound trajectory and inconsistent with external rifle fire from pursuing officers. results showed no impairing substances, and the gunshot aligned with the audible shot heard during the incident.

Reward distribution and forensic analysis

A three-judge panel awarded $800,000 (80% of the $1 million reward fund) to Jim and Karen Reynolds, the cabin owners who provided the tip after discovering Dorner hiding in their property on February 12, 2013, leading to his location and confrontation. The remaining 20% was distributed among other claimants, including a partial share to a San Bernardino County employee who assisted in the perimeter search, though disputes arose over eligibility for entities like Camp Paivaka, whose claims were denied due to failure to meet specific procedural requirements posted by the City of . Ultimately, only $886,000 was disbursed from the pledged $1 million, as some private donors withheld portions amid legal challenges and interpretations of "capture" versus Dorner's death during . Courts upheld these distributions, dismissing further lawsuits from rejected parties such as Camp Ranger in 2018, affirming that rewards required direct, actionable information per each offering agency's terms. Forensic examination of ruins recovered charred human remains alongside Dorner's containing his identification, initially supporting on-site presumption of his presence. San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department investigators confirmed the remains' identity via dental records matching Dorner's on February 14, 2013, ruling out escape or substitution. A subsequent by the Riverside County coroner's office determined the as a single self-inflicted to the head, inflicted with a .40-caliber while Dorner was barricaded in 's basement as the structure burned above; no other injuries or wounds were noted, consistent with a during the February 12 standoff. Ballistic analysis linked the weapon to the fatal shot heard amid the fire, corroborating eyewitness accounts from deputies and excluding external causes.

LAPD reexamination of Dorner's dismissal

In response to allegations raised in Christopher Dorner's online during the February 2013 manhunt, Chief announced on February 8, 2013, that the LAPD would reopen its investigation into the 2007 incident that led to Dorner's termination in January 2009. Beck stated the review aimed to examine available evidence thoroughly, emphasizing it was not an attempt to appease Dorner but to ensure transparency amid public concerns over the department's handling of the case. The underlying incident involved Dorner, then a probationary , filing an internal complaint accusing his , Evans, of kicking a mentally ill in the ribs during an on July 28, 2007. Evans denied the allegation, and an internal affairs investigation cleared her, determining Dorner's account lacked corroboration from witnesses, including the and other officers present. Dorner was subsequently charged with falsifying the report, leading to a Board of Rights hearing that recommended his dismissal for dishonesty, a finding upheld through appeals. The 2013 reexamination, conducted by Gerald Chaleff, special assistant to the chief for constitutional policing, reviewed transcripts, witness statements, and other records from the original proceedings. On June 21, 2013, Chaleff concluded that Dorner's discharge was "justified," citing insufficient evidence to support his kicking allegation and evidence of inconsistencies in his , such as varying descriptions of the incident's details. He noted that while the review validated the original process, it did not address broader claims of departmental corruption or retaliation alleged by Dorner, as those fell outside the scope limited to the termination facts. Critics, including Dorner's attorney and some civil rights advocates, questioned the impartiality of the internal review, arguing it relied on LAPD-generated evidence without independent verification and potentially overlooked systemic issues in officer complaint handling. However, no external judicial or oversight body overturned the findings, and the review prompted at least 40 other terminated officers to request similar examinations of their cases, though LAPD policy barred reinstatement for dismissals over three years prior. Beck affirmed the process's integrity but acknowledged it highlighted needs for improved documentation in disciplinary matters.

Evaluation of Motivations and Claims

Specific allegations of LAPD misconduct


Christopher Dorner's principal allegation of misconduct stemmed from a 2007 arrest of Christopher L. Gettler, a diagnosed schizophrenic who had caused a disturbance at a San Pedro hotel. Dorner claimed his , Sgt. Teresa Evans, kicked Gettler twice in the face—once in the left temple and once in the ribs—while Gettler was handcuffed, face down, and compliant on the ground. Dorner reported observing fresh injuries on Gettler, including a two-inch contusion on his cheek, abrasions on his facial hair line, and blood on his towel, which he attributed directly to Evans' actions. Following Dorner's internal report, the LAPD investigated and ruled the excessive force claim unfounded in May 2008, citing statements from three employees and Gettler denying any kicks. Dorner alleged the department covered up the incident by pressuring vulnerable witnesses, exploiting Gettler's mental illness to elicit a false , and prioritizing officer protection over . This purported misconduct culminated in Dorner's termination on January 23, 2009, for allegedly filing a false , which he described as retaliatory punishment for . Dorner further claimed the LAPD fabricated supporting evidence against him, such as accusing him of uniform violations—like failing to wear a tie during the Gettler response—despite body camera photographs confirming compliance. He asserted this was emblematic of retaliatory tactics against reporting officers, compounded by as a probationary officer challenging a white supervisor. In appeals, Dorner maintained the process involved and , with the Board of Rights upholding his firing by a 2-1 vote in 2008. Expanding beyond the Gettler case, Dorner's online outlined systemic LAPD misconduct, including entrenched , tolerance of excessive force, officer in internal affairs, and discriminatory discipline favoring connected personnel over minorities and whistleblowers. He accused leadership of political favoritism, ethical violations like adultery and nepotism among named officials, and a perpetuated since scandals like Rampart, where evidence tampering and brutality were documented. Dorner positioned his actions as compelled by an institution that "sacrifices" ethical officers to shield malfeasance.

Fact-checking corruption and bias claims

Dorner's manifesto alleged systemic corruption within the LAPD, including a of excessive force by his training officer, Evans, during a July 2007 arrest of a mentally ill suspect, Christopher Gettler, whom Dorner claimed Evans kicked in the ribs and face while handcuffed. The LAPD Board of Rights, in a January 2009 hearing, determined Dorner's accusation was false based on testimony from Evans, two backup officers, and Gettler's father, none of whom observed a kick; the board cited inconsistencies in Dorner's account, such as his failure to report the alleged misconduct contemporaneously and contradictions with physical evidence, leading to his termination for filing a false report. This decision was upheld by a California appeals court in October 2011, which emphasized the board's credibility findings against Dorner, noting his history of disciplinary issues including . Following the 2013 manhunt, LAPD Chief commissioned an internal reexamination of Dorner's dismissal, completed in June 2013, which reviewed transcripts, videos, and personnel files and concluded the firing was justified, attributing it to Dorner's "propensity to fabricate" rather than retaliation or corruption. The review found no evidence of a or procedural irregularities in the Evans investigation, where internal affairs cleared her of wrongdoing based on the same witness testimonies. Evans herself filed a 2015 against the LAPD, alleging retaliation and against her as a white officer due to post-manhunt scrutiny framing the case in racial terms, but this pertained to departmental handling after Dorner's actions, not the original incident. Dorner's claims of racial —asserting his identity led to compared to Evans—lacked substantiation in official probes, as the firing hinged on evidentiary rather than race; the review explicitly rejected as a factor, noting Dorner's prior complaints were adjudicated on merits. Broader accusations against dozens of LAPD personnel for , including fabricated and political favoritism, prompted no verified systemic findings beyond Dorner's personal grievances; while some former officers echoed general cultural critiques of LAPD "code of silence," these were anecdotal and not tied to Dorner's case specifics. Independent analyses, such as those in legal reviews, framed Dorner's narrative as a distorted escalation of a legitimate but unsubstantiated complaint into unfounded , unsupported by forensic or testimonial from the events. Mainstream reporting often amplified unverified narratives without emphasizing the board's and court's determinations, potentially reflecting institutional reluctance to fully critique a figure posthumously sympathized with in anti-police discourses.

Disproportionate response and psychological profile

The manhunt for Christopher Dorner, spanning February 3 to 12, 2013, mobilized approximately 200 officers from over 30 agencies across , reflecting the severity of the threat posed by a trained former reservist and LAPD officer who had already killed three individuals and wounded three others in targeted attacks. Dorner's explicitly declared intent to wage "unconventional and " against LAPD personnel and affiliates, amplifying perceptions of ongoing danger that necessitated a broad, coordinated response rather than localized containment. Claims of disproportionality often cite the scale of resources, including aerial surveillance and checkpoints, but these aligned with protocols for active shooters exhibiting premeditated violence against , as Dorner's actions included ambushing patrol vehicles on February 7—killing Riverside Michael Crain—and a February 12 shootout that killed San Bernardino County Sheriff's Deputy Jeremiah MacKay. The standoff's culmination at a cabin near involved standard barricade tactics after Dorner fired on deputies from inside the structure. San Bernardino County authorities deployed three "Less Lethal 40mm" pyrotechnic canisters—devices designed to disorient and compel surrender—through shattered windows, a procedure consistent with training for high-risk suspects refusing to yield. The resulting fire, which consumed the cabin, stemmed from the canisters' incendiary components igniting interior materials, though officials emphasized no deliberate intent and that verbal commands for evacuation preceded deployment. Post-incident reviews, including a 2014 San Bernardino County report, identified operational shortcomings like communication gaps but affirmed the response's heroism under fire, rejecting narratives of recklessness given Dorner's confirmed armament and refusal to surrender amid a fresh officer fatality. Allegations of a premeditated "burn it down" policy, drawn from unverified scanner audio, lack substantiation in official records and overlook causal factors like Dorner's own gunfire, which depleted and preceded his self-inflicted fatal wound confirmed by . Psychological analyses of Dorner's 11,000-word , posted February 1, 2013, portray a profile marked by pathological , evidenced by grandiose self-perception as a moral crusader against perceived LAPD , coupled with rigid entitlement to vindication through . Experts, including forensic psychologists, interpret his fixation on a 2007 incident—where he was dismissed in 2008 for alleged dishonesty in reporting a officer's —as a fueling paranoid delusions of systemic conspiracy, rather than clinical sociopathy, as his writings express remorse for innocents while justifying targeted retribution. No prior formal exists in records, but retrospective evaluations highlight maladaptive traits like hypersensitivity to injustice, estrangement from family, and idealized self-narrative as an outlier African-American achiever in elite institutions, potentially exacerbated by professional failure. These elements, per clinical commentary, drove a spiral disproportionate to evidentiary grievances, as independent LAPD reviews in 2013 upheld his termination as procedurally sound, underscoring causal realism in personal agency over institutional bias claims.

Public and Media Responses

Emergence of sympathy narratives

During the manhunt commencing February 3, 2013, after Dorner's manifesto surfaced online around February 4–6, sympathy narratives proliferated on , framing him as a wronged whistleblower against LAPD despite his alleged murders of four individuals, including the February 3 double homicide of Monica Quan and Keith Lawrence. Users on platforms like and created pages such as "RIP Christopher Dorner," amassing followers who praised his grievances over perceived racial bias and retaliation in his 2008–2011 dismissal process, often analogizing his standoff to cinematic vigilantes in films or . These expressions drew from Dorner's 11,000-word document, which detailed claims of institutional , by superiors, and a within the LAPD, resonating with audiences harboring distrust of amid contemporaneous high-profile police controversies. Some retired officers echoed partial validity in his critiques of departmental and excessive tolerance, lending credence to narratives portraying Dorner as an anti-hero compelled to extreme measures for vindication. Online posts frequently decoupled his violence from his motives, with supporters arguing the LAPD's history of scandals justified his rage, even as his explicitly threatened further killings. Media coverage amplified these views selectively; outlets like Salon published articles highlighting ex-cops' sympathy for Dorner's "anger" and questioning LAPD accountability, while avoiding unqualified endorsement of his actions. Posthumously, after Dorner's February 12 death in a shootout, small rallies in on February 16 drew dozens demanding reinstatement of his name and fresh probes into his allegations, reflecting pockets of public skepticism toward official narratives. Such sentiments, though marginal overall, underscored broader cultural tensions over police legitimacy, with supporters citing Dorner's and LAPD service as evidence of character undermined by systemic failures.

Critiques of anti-police glorification

Critics argued that social media and certain media outlets' portrayal of Dorner as a folk hero or vigilante against police corruption exemplified problematic anti-police glorification, as it romanticized premeditated murders including those of civilians unaffiliated with his grievances, such as Monica Quan and Keith Lawrence on February 3, 2013. This narrative, fueled by hashtags like #RIPDorner and online fan pages emerging within days of his manifesto release on February 6, 2013, was seen as excusing extrajudicial violence under the guise of addressing institutional bias, thereby eroding trust in legal mechanisms for reform. Charles M. Blow, in a February 15, 2013, New York Times opinion piece, contended that mythologizing Dorner distracted from verifiable efforts, such as the LAPD's post-Rodney King reforms, and instead amplified unproven claims from his 11,000-word while overlooking his targeting of families, which violated principles of proportionality and . Similarly, a editorial on February 11, 2013, emphasized that Dorner's actions did not advance legitimate complaints about , as his killings—including the February 7, 2013, ambush of Riverside police officers Michael Crain and Andrew Tachias, resulting in Crain's death—served only to terrorize innocents and provoke a defensive posture among officers, complicating relations. Law enforcement advocates, including those in a 2013 Police Foundation report, highlighted how such glorification—evident in graffiti like "Dorner lives" and a short-lived video game depicting him as a protagonist—intensified officer demoralization and heightened risks during manhunts, as seen in the February 12, 2013, mistaken shooting of unarmed civilians by pursuing officers amid public division. Critics from outlets like Deseret News on February 13, 2013, further asserted that equating Dorner's rampage with heroism ignored evidentiary findings from his 2008 dismissal hearing, where an administrative judge upheld the LAPD's decision based on his false testimony about a fellow officer's use of force, thus framing sympathy as a selective disregard for facts in favor of anti-authority catharsis. This backlash extended to concerns over long-term cultural impacts, with observers noting that uncritical amplification by platforms like and (now X) during the nine-day manhunt ending February 12, 2013, in , contributed to a broader delegitimization of policing, potentially exacerbating challenges and operational without yielding substantive changes. While acknowledging historical LAPD issues, such as those documented in the 1991 Christopher Commission report, detractors maintained that Dorner's disproportionate response—culminating in his death amid a cabin fire set by authorities—exemplified how glorification prioritizes narrative over causal accountability, where individual misconduct claims warranted internal review, not lethal reprisals.

Protests, cultural references, and long-term discourse

Dozens of protesters gathered outside headquarters on February 16, 2013, voicing support for Dorner's criticisms of alleged LAPD corruption and misconduct, while explicitly condemning his violent actions. The rally, numbering around two dozen participants despite organizers' hopes for up to 200, focused on broader grievances including police brutality and the scale of the manhunt, rather than endorsing Dorner's killings. A follow-up event the next day reiterated accusations of police abuse, with attendees claiming Dorner's highlighted systemic issues warranting scrutiny. Online, Dorner garnered sympathy through narratives portraying him as a whistleblower against institutional and cover-ups, with some users dubbing him a "" for exposing LAPD flaws despite his of four people. These depictions amplified anti-police sentiments, drawing parallels to historical distrust of in minority communities, though such support often overlooked the evidentiary weaknesses in Dorner's specific claims as later reexamined by LAPD. In long-term discourse, the Dorner incident resurfaced debates on LAPD's historical legacy of racism and reform efforts post-Rodney King era, fueling resentment and skepticism toward mechanisms among some observers. However, his rampage has been critiqued as emblematic of individual pathology rather than systemic vindication, with analyses emphasizing that while LAPD cultural issues persist, vigilante violence undermines legitimate reform advocacy. The event's shadow lingers in discussions of police whistleblower protections, but without precipitating major policy shifts, as subsequent LAPD reviews affirmed procedural handling of Dorner's dismissal while acknowledging past departmental tensions.

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