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Magpie-robin
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Magpie-robins
Male white-rumped shama (Copsychus malabaricus)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Muscicapidae
Genus: Copsychus
Wagler, 1827
Type species
Gracula saularis[1]
Linnaeus, 1758
Species

see text

The magpie-robins or shamas (from shama, Bengali and Hindi for C. malabaricus)[2] are medium-sized insectivorous birds (some also eat berries and other fruit) in the genus Copsychus. They were formerly in the thrush family Turdidae, but are now treated as part of the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. They are garden- and forest-dwelling species found in Africa and Asia.

The genus Copsychus was introduced by the German naturalist Johann Georg Wagler in 1827.[3] The type species was subsequently designated as the oriental magpie-robin (Copsychus saularis) by the English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1840.[4][5] The name Copsychus is from the Ancient Greek kopsukhos or kopsikhos, meaning "blackbird".[6]

The genus contains 17 species:[7]

Image Scientific name Common name Distribution
Copsychus saularis Oriental magpie-robin Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, eastern Pakistan, eastern Indonesia, Thailand, southern China, Malaysia and Singapore
Copsychus sechellarum Seychelles magpie-robin the Seychelles
Copsychus mindanensis Philippine magpie-robin the Philippines
Copsychus albospecularis Madagascar magpie-robin Madagascar
Copsychus pyrropygus Rufous-tailed shama southern Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo
Copsychus fulicatus Indian robin Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka
Copsychus luzoniensis White-browed shama the Philippines
Copsychus superciliaris Visayan shama Visayan Islands in the Philippines
Copsychus niger White-vented shama Palawan, Balabac and Calamian in the Philippines
Copsychus cebuensis Black shama Cebu in the Philippines
Copsychus albiventris Andaman shama the Andaman Islands
Copsychus omissus (split from C. malabaricus) Larwo shama Java
Copsychus stricklandii White-crowned shama north Borneo and Banggi
Copsychus barbouri (split from C. stricklandii) Maratua shama Maratua (extinct in the wild)
Copsychus nigricauda (split from C. malabaricus) Kangean shama Kangean Islands (probably extinct in the wild)
Copsychus leggei (split from C. malabaricus) Sri Lanka shama Sri Lanka
Copsychus malabaricus White-rumped shama India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Malaysia, Java, Borneo

The Seychelles magpie-robin is one of the most endangered birds in the world, with a population of less than 250, although this is a notable increase from just 16 in 1970.

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Magpie-robin

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The magpie-robins (genus Copsychus) are a group of medium-sized birds in the family Muscicapidae, distinguished by their glossy black-and-white , long graduated tails typically held cocked upright, and sizes ranging from 18 to 28 cm in length. Primarily insectivorous, they forage by hopping on the ground or from low perches in habitats such as gardens, shrublands, forest edges, and plantations, though some species also consume berries and fruits. Native to tropical and subtropical regions of South and Southeast Asia, as well as isolated African islands like and the , these birds are renowned for their complex, melodious vocalizations that include whistled phrases, churrs, and of other species. The genus Copsychus encompasses 13 species (as of 2024 IOC , including recent splits such as the Sri Lankan shama C. leggei), many of which exhibit with males displaying more vibrant black plumage and females showing duller grayish tones. Notable species include the widespread (C. saularis), a common resident across much of the and that serves as the national bird of due to its striking appearance and song; the (C. malabaricus), found in dense undergrowth from to ; and the endangered Seychelles magpie-robin (C. sechellarum), endemic to the granitic Seychelles islands where its population has been bolstered by intensive conservation efforts since the 1990s. Other species, such as the Madagascar magpie-robin (C. albospecularis) and various Philippine endemics like the White-browed shama (C. luzoniensis), highlight the genus's diversity across island archipelagos. Magpie-robins are generally territorial, with males using elaborate songs and displays from prominent perches to defend breeding areas and attract mates, often nesting in tree cavities, old buildings, or dense vegetation where they lay 3–5 eggs. While most species are of least concern, habitat loss and illegal pet trade have threatened several, particularly island endemics; the Seychelles magpie-robin, for instance, recovered from about 25 individuals in the early to over 500 as of 2023 through translocation and habitat management programs. Their adaptability to human-modified landscapes has made them familiar sights in urban parks, but ongoing pressures underscore the need for continued protection.

Taxonomy

Etymology

The genus name Copsychus derives from the Ancient Greek terms kopsukhos or kopsikhos, meaning "blackbird," alluding to the dark plumage of species in this group. The type species, C. saularis (Oriental magpie-robin), was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 under the name Gracula saularis in his Systema Naturae. The genus Copsychus itself was formally established by Johann Georg Wagler in 1827 to accommodate these songbirds previously classified among thrushes. The common English name "magpie-robin" reflects the birds' bold black-and-white coloration, evocative of magpies (Pica spp.), paired with their compact size and lively, ground-foraging habits akin to those of robins (Erithacus spp.). In parts of Asia, species in this genus are known as "shamas," a term originating from the Hindi śāmā, denoting dark or black songbirds, particularly applied to C. malabaricus (white-rumped shama).

Classification and species

The genus Copsychus belongs to the Muscicapidae, the flycatchers and chats. Species in this genus were historically classified within the thrush family Turdidae due to superficial morphological similarities, such as their upright posture and omnivorous habits, but molecular phylogenetic analyses using multi-locus in the early 2000s revealed extensive in traditional groupings and placed Copsychus firmly within Muscicapidae as part of the chat-flycatcher complex. Copsychus comprises medium-sized passerines characterized by long tails and contrasting black, white, and plumage patterns in many ; the genus currently includes 17 recognized , reflecting recent taxonomic revisions driven by genomic, vocal, and data, including splits such as C. omissus in and others up to 2024. Phylogenetic reconstructions position the Copsychus as monophyletic and basal within Muscicapidae, diverging from other flycatcher lineages in the early , with shamas and magpie-robins forming a tightly knit supported by shared morphology and markers. The recognized species, their common names, and primary endemic or distributional ranges are as follows:
Scientific nameCommon nameEndemic range
Copsychus saularisSouth and
Copsychus sechellarumSeychelles magpie-robin
Copsychus albospecularisMadagascar magpie-robin
Copsychus mindanensisPhilippine magpie-robin ()
Copsychus malabaricus and (mainland)
Copsychus fulicatusIndian robin
Copsychus stricklandiiWhite-crowned shama
Copsychus nigricaudaKangean shama (Kangean Islands)
Copsychus leggeiSri Lanka shama
Copsychus omissusLarwo shama ()
Copsychus albiventrisAndaman shama ()
Copsychus barbouriMaratua shama (Maratua Island, off )
Copsychus luzoniensisWhite-browed shama ()
Copsychus superciliarisVisayan shama ()
Copsychus nigerWhite-vented shama ()
Copsychus cebuensisBlack shama ()
Copsychus pyrropygusRufous-tailed shama

Description

Morphology

Magpie-robins of the genus Copsychus are medium-sized birds, typically measuring 18–28 cm in total length and weighing 18–77 g across species. The (C. saularis), a representative , measures 19–23 cm in length and weighs 31–42 g. The (C. malabaricus) is slightly larger at 21–28 cm and 22–42 g. The Seychelles magpie-robin (C. sechellarum) reaches up to 25 cm and 65–77 g, establishing the upper end of size variation in the genus. These dimensions reflect the genus's overall medium build, with lengths encompassing 18–28 cm and weights 18–77 g, though most fall within 25–50 g. The is notably long, often comprising up to 50% of the total body length, as seen in specimens where tail length reaches 92 mm in a 194 mm body. This elongated tail contributes to balance and display functions. Magpie-robins exhibit a slender build with an upright posture, featuring strong legs suited for perching and on the ground. The bill is slender and slightly hooked, an for insectivory that allows precise probing and capturing of prey. The wings are rounded, promoting high maneuverability in dense rather than efficiency for long-distance migration.

Plumage and sexual dimorphism

Magpie-robins in the genus exhibit pronounced in coloration, which serves as a key visual signal in territorial and behaviors. Males typically possess glossy black upperparts, including the head, back, and wings, contrasted with crisp white underparts, a prominent white shoulder patch, and a long, graduated tail featuring black central feathers and white outer rectrices. This striking black-and-white pattern is more vibrant in species such as the (C. saularis), where it enhances visibility during displays, while females are duller overall, with greyish-brown to brown-black upperparts replacing the male's glossy black and paler greyish-white underparts. Size differences between sexes are minimal across the genus, with dimorphism primarily confined to coloration rather than structural traits. The characteristic of magpie-robins, often comprising over half the bird's total length, is prominently featured in behavioral displays; males frequently fan it while strutting or cocking it upward to emphasize the black-and-white pattern during territorial defense or mate attraction. Juveniles, upon fledging, display a mottled plumage with pale spots and scaling on the head and upperparts, closely resembling the female's subdued tones but distinguished by the scaly texture from retained nestling feathers. These young birds undergo a post-juvenile molt, transitioning to adult-like within several months, though the process begins actively soon after leaving the nest.

Distribution and habitat

Geographic range

The genus Copsychus, comprising the magpie-robins, is primarily distributed across tropical and subtropical , extending from to and the , as well as Indian Ocean islands including the and in . The (C. saularis) exhibits the broadest range within the genus, occurring from northeastern and southward and eastward through southern and eastern (including ), , Indochina, , the , , and the Greater Sundas (, , , and ). Subspecies such as C. s. saularis occupy much of the continental Asian portion, while C. s. ceylonensis is restricted to southern and , and island forms like C. s. andamanensis and C. s. musicus are found in the Andamans and Sundas, respectively. In contrast, several species are island endemics with highly restricted distributions. The Seychelles magpie-robin (C. sechellarum) is confined to the granitic islands, where it historically occurred on eight (possibly up to 13) islands but is now established on only five: Frégate, Cousin, Cousine, Aride, and Denis. The magpie-robin (C. albospecularis) is endemic to , occurring widely across the island in various wooded habitats. Magpie-robins are predominantly sedentary, with populations maintaining year-round residency in their core ranges; however, the shows some local movements or dispersals during the non-breeding season in parts of its continental distribution. Range contractions have been documented for certain due to habitat loss and other pressures. Notably, the had declined to as few as 12–15 individuals on Frégate Island in the 1960s, reaching only 21 by 1990, though subsequent conservation translocations have expanded its occupancy. As of recent estimates, the population has grown to approximately 500 individuals across the islands.

Habitat preferences

Magpie-robins of the Copsychus primarily inhabit lowland tropical and subtropical environments, favoring a range of forested and semi-open areas that provide ample cover and foraging opportunities. Preferred habitats include moist lowland forests, dry forests, mangroves, and swampy woodlands, where dense vegetation offers protection from predators and access to prey. These birds also thrive in human-modified landscapes such as gardens, plantations, arable lands, and rural areas, demonstrating high adaptability to altered environments. The occupies an altitudinal range from up to approximately 1,900 meters, though most species avoid montane zones above 1,500 meters and are rarely found in high-elevation habitats. Microhabitat preferences emphasize areas with deep leaf litter and bare earth for on and small , often under shaded canopies with sparse ground cover. Proximity to permanent sources, such as rivers or , is beneficial, as these wetlands support suitable and prey availability. In these settings, magpie-robins forage close to the ground amid leaf litter, highlighting their reliance on structurally diverse understories for both shelter and food. Species variations reflect regional ecological adaptations within the . The magpie-robin (C. sechellarum) prefers mature coastal woodlands and central plateau forests with tall, closed canopies, sparse , and abundant leaf litter, extending to plantations and vegetable gardens on low-lying islands. In contrast, the Philippine magpie-robin (C. mindanensis) inhabits humid open forests, forest edges, , scrub, thickets, and cultivated areas like orchards and gardens, often in moist lowland settings up to mid-elevations.

Behavior and ecology

Diet and foraging

Magpie-robins, particularly the Oriental magpie-robin (Copsychus saularis), are primarily insectivorous, with insects forming the majority of their diet. Common prey includes beetles, ants, caterpillars, termites, grasshoppers, crickets, dragonflies, spiders, and larvae such as those of black soldier flies. These birds opportunistically target ground-dwelling invertebrates like centipedes and leeches, as well as flying insects caught in mid-air. Although mainly carnivorous, magpie-robins occasionally supplement their diet with plant matter, including fruits, seeds, and flower nectar, especially when availability decreases. Small vertebrates, such as house and geckos, are taken infrequently, often by fragmenting larger individuals on perches using their and legs. This varied intake reflects their adaptability as opportunistic feeders across urban, , and habitats. Foraging typically involves ground gleaning, where individuals hop upright along the forest floor or leaf litter, often pumping their long tail over their back and partially drooping their wings to maintain balance and scan for prey. They also employ sallying techniques, launching from low perches to capture aerial like dragonflies or winged . These behaviors are most active at dawn and dusk, aligning with peak activity periods. Seasonal shifts in diet occur for species like C. saularis, with increased consumption of fruits and berries during dry seasons when insect populations may decline due to reduced moisture and vegetation. This adjustment helps sustain energy needs in resource-scarce environments, though remain the dietary staple year-round.

Reproduction

Magpie-robins, particularly the (Copsychus saularis), form monogamous pairs that maintain strong bonds throughout the breeding period. In tropical regions, breeding occurs year-round, though it peaks during the monsoon season (typically to in parts of ). Pairs are highly territorial, with males aggressively defending nesting areas through chases and vocal confrontations. Courtship involves males performing elaborate displays, including loud singing from elevated perches and tail-fanning to attract females and deter rivals. These vocalizations, often featuring complex songs, play a key role in pair formation and territory establishment. Nest construction is primarily the female's responsibility, creating a cup-shaped structure from materials such as grass, dried leaves, twigs, moss, and roots, typically placed in tree hollows, shrubs, or low cavities near habitation. Building takes about 6–14 days, after which the female lays a clutch of 3–5 eggs (average 4.7–4.8). Incubation lasts 12–14 days and is performed solely by the female, during which the male provides food to the incubating partner. Upon , both parents engage in biparental care, feeding the nestlings primarily ; the female often contributes more visits, while frequencies decline as nestlings age beyond 11 days. Nestlings after 12–15 days, remaining dependent on parents for a short period post-fledging. Pairs typically raise 1–3 broods per year, depending on environmental conditions and nesting success rates, which average around 69% in monitored sites.

Vocalizations

The (Copsychus saularis) is renowned for its elaborate vocal repertoire, which includes songs and a variety of calls essential for communication. Males primarily produce the songs, delivering them from prominent perches such as treetops or exposed branches to maximize broadcast range, often during dawn choruses or territorial displays. Songs are complex and melodious, featuring clear whistled phrases interspersed with warbles, churrs, and slurred notes, sometimes incorporating of other bird species to enhance variety. Each song typically lasts 3-6 seconds and comprises 3-18 distinct elements or motifs, with individuals maintaining repertoires of up to 120 unique types that vary irregularly in structure and phrasing. These vocalizations serve key functions in defense, where sustained singing bouts of around 40 minutes deter intruders, and mate attraction, with potentially signaling male quality to females. Songs are culturally transmitted, with juveniles learning primarily from their fathers through observation and practice, resulting in regional dialects that reflect geographic variation across populations, such as differences noted between sites in . This learned component allows for both persistence of local song heritage and occasional innovations in structure when passed to the next generation. In addition to songs, magpie-robins employ diverse calls for immediate social interactions. Alarm calls consist of harsh, raspy chatters or screeches (e.g., a scraping "chrrrr" or high-pitched "sweeeee") to warn of predators, often eliciting responses from conspecifics and mixed-species flocks. Contact calls include short, sharp "tchick" notes or whistles for maintaining pair cohesion, while pairs may engage in duetting, where males and females alternate phrases to reinforce bonds. Other call types encompass territorial warnings, vocalizations during confrontations, submissive notes to de-escalate , emergence/roosting signals at dawn or dusk, and distress calls in stressful situations; juveniles produce begging calls during the learning phase. These calls, generally shorter than 1 second and ranging 1-15 kHz in frequency, number at least six distinct categories and are used year-round for coordination and survival.

Relationship with humans

In culture

The (Copsychus saularis), known locally as the doyel or in , holds significant cultural status as the national bird of that country, symbolizing national pride and appearing on its currency notes. This designation reflects its widespread presence and melodious calls, which evoke a sense of and joy in Bengali culture. In Indian folklore, the bird is revered as a symbol of joy and good fortune, attributed to its vibrant songs that are believed to bring happiness and balance to the environment. The magpie-robin features in and across . In Southeast Asian traditions, its image occasionally appears in artistic motifs, including textiles, representing themes of prosperity and melodic grace, though such depictions are more common in broader avian symbolism. Traditional beliefs across parts of view the magpie-robin as an of , with its appearance signaling positive events or harmony in daily life. Historically, the bird has been valued for its vocal talents and is mentioned in various Asian records as a prized , often kept for its imitative calls that mimic other . In contemporary , magpie-robins participate in bird song competitions, particularly in , where enthusiasts showcase their elaborate repertoires in events that highlight the bird's musical prowess and draw large crowds.

As pets and in aviculture

The (Copsychus saularis) is a sought-after in the pet trade throughout , particularly in Southeast Asian countries like and , where it is prized for its complex and melodious vocalizations that include whistles, trills, and of other birds. Demand for these birds as songbirds has driven significant capture from the wild, with reports documenting over 17,000 individuals smuggled from to between 2015 and 2020, and seizures continuing to rise with over 18,000 birds confiscated in alone from 2020 to 2024. In , these birds require spacious enclosures, such as large aviaries with ample perches and opportunities, to mitigate their strong territorial instincts and allow for natural behaviors like hopping and tail-cocking. Care for magpie-robins in captivity emphasizes an insectivorous diet primarily consisting of live such as mealworms, crickets, and waxworms, supplemented occasionally with fruits or to mimic their wild habits. They benefit from varied perches at different heights for exercise and mental stimulation, as well as secure nesting sites like boxes or hollows lined with grass to support their ground- and cavity-nesting preferences. Historically, C. saularis has been maintained in captivity in since at least the early 20th century, often as cage birds valued for their singing prowess and occasionally for competitive displays, as documented in early avicultural texts from . Breeding magpie-robins in presents challenges due to the ' territoriality, with males exhibiting aggressive behaviors such as wing-flapping and chasing during the breeding season, which can complicate pairing and require separate housing for non-breeding individuals. Successful captive reproduction has been achieved in zoos, such as at Tracy Aviary in the United States and , where clutches of 4-5 eggs are incubated for 8-14 days, leading to fledglings that demand intensive feeding. Modern programs focus on conservation-oriented breeding to bolster populations affected by trade. The pet trade in C. saularis remains legal in several Asian countries without specific protections, such as under the Act 2010, though illegal and cross-border persist due to high market values reaching hundreds of dollars per . For more endangered congeners like the magpie-robin (C. sechellarum), international trade faces stringent restrictions under national laws and recommendations for Appendix II listing for the genus Copsychus, given its Endangered status and wild population of around 500 individuals as of recent estimates, with efforts aiding recovery on islands like Frégate and Denis.

Conservation

Threats

Habitat loss through and poses a significant threat to magpie-robin populations across their ranges in South and . In regions like , historical declines have been attributed to the conversion of forests and green spaces for development, reducing available nesting and foraging areas. Similarly, for the Seychelles magpie-robin (Copsychus sechellarum), clearance for agricultural plantations and subsequent encroachment by invasive plants have degraded quality on islands like Frégate. has experienced substantial forest cover loss, with approximately 14.5% of regional forests disappearing between 2001 and 2016 due to and land conversion. In , rates averaged about 2 million hectares per decade from 1880 to 1960, contributing to long-term fragmentation of suitable habitats. Illegal trapping for the pet trade severely impacts the Oriental magpie-robin (C. saularis), particularly in Southeast Asia. Rampant capture in Malaysia and Indonesia supplies international demand for the bird's melodious song, with surveys estimating over 2.4 million individuals kept as pets in Java alone. Confiscations of illegally sourced songbirds, including magpie-robins, exceeded 32,000 in Malaysia from 2014 to 2023, indicating substantial annual removals from wild populations. Between 2020 and 2024, Oriental magpie-robins accounted for more than half of over 36,000 songbirds seized in Malaysia, underscoring the persistent illegal trade. The subspecies C. s. amoenus on Bali is critically endangered primarily due to this trapping pressure. For the Seychelles magpie-robin, illegal trade remains a potential risk, with genetic analyses confirming instances of smuggled individuals originating from wild populations. Introduced predators and invasive species threaten island-endemic magpie-robins, especially C. sechellarum. On Seychelles islands, black and brown rats (Rattus spp.) and cats prey on eggs, chicks, and adults, drastically reducing reproductive success; cat predation alone nearly extirpated the population on Alphonse Island around 1960. The barn owl (Tyto alba) and common myna (Acridotheres tristis) further exacerbate nest predation and competition for resources. Native predators like Wright's skink (Mabuya wrightii) also contribute to chick losses, while invasive ants disrupt ground-foraging. For continental species like C. saularis, competition with native birds has been noted in urbanizing areas, though predation threats are less pronounced. Climate change and related factors indirectly affect magpie-robins by altering breeding conditions and prey availability. For C. sechellarum, rising sea levels and intensified storms pose future risks to low-lying island habitats, potentially leading to habitat inundation. Pesticide use near human settlements has been linked to elevated adult mortality in Seychelles populations, likely through bioaccumulation in insect prey. Broad-spectrum insecticides reduce insect populations, a primary food source for magpie-robins, thereby limiting foraging success and chick survival across species.

Status and efforts

The Oriental magpie-robin (Copsychus saularis) is classified as Least Concern on the due to its large range and stable population across South and . In contrast, the Seychelles magpie-robin (C. sechellarum) is listed as Endangered, with a global population of approximately 500 individuals confined to five islands in the archipelago as of recent estimates. This represents a significant recovery from fewer than 30 birds in the early , driven by targeted interventions. The Madagascar magpie-robin (C. albospecularis) is also assessed as Least Concern, benefiting from its adaptability to a wide array of habitats across , though localized declines occur due to habitat pressures. Philippine endemics such as the White-browed shama (C. luzoniensis) and Visayan shama (C. superciliaris) are classified as Least Concern, though they face ongoing habitat loss threats. Conservation efforts for the genus emphasize species-specific strategies, particularly for the Endangered Seychelles magpie-robin, where Nature Seychelles coordinates , translocation, and release programs to bolster populations on predator-free islands such as Cousin, Cousine, Denis, and Aride. These initiatives include enhancement through native replanting and the removal of to support reintroductions. For the magpie-robin, ongoing restoration projects focus on protecting and rehabilitating forested areas, complemented by community-driven sustainable land-use practices to mitigate impacts. In , the receives protection under the Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972, which prohibits trapping and trade, helping to curb illegal capture for the pet market. Monitoring programs are led by , which conducts regular population surveys and assessments for all Copsychus species, tracking trends through field counts and habitat evaluations to inform IUCN updates. In , community education campaigns target the pet trade's effects on the , promoting awareness of legal protections and sustainable alternatives like captive-bred birds to reduce incentives. Key successes include the Seychelles magpie-robin's population rebound, achieved through integrated measures such as predator control (e.g., rat and cat eradication), supplementary feeding to boost breeding success, and nest-box provisioning, which have expanded the species from near-extinction on a single to viable groups across multiple sites. These efforts demonstrate the efficacy of multi-island management in reversing declines for island endemics.

References

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  49. https://www.academia.edu/35301280/SOME_NOTES_ON_THE_BREEDING_BEHAVIOUR_OF_THE_ORIENTAL_MAGPIE_ROBIN_COPSYCHUS_SAULARIS_FROM_UTTARAKHAND_INDIA
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  51. https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/ON/article/download/34238/26929
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  53. https://besgroup.org/2022/07/09/vocal-mimicry-why-do-some-birds-mimic-the-calls-of-other-birds/
  54. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JXuIbbi7PAA
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  60. https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Magpie-robin
  61. https://app.birdweather.com/species/oriental-magpie-robin
  62. https://a-z-animals.com/blog/discover-the-magpie-robin-the-national-bird-of-bangladesh/
  63. https://dialogue.earth/en/nature/malaysias-booming-songbird-competition-scene-could-silence-its-forests/
  64. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989421003620
  65. https://www.traffic.org/publications/reports/smuggled-for-its-song-the-trade-in-malaysias-oriental-magpie-robins/
  66. https://www.macaranga.org/calls-grow-to-protect-magpie-robins-as-trade-soars/
  67. https://tracyaviary.org/liberty-park/birds-nature/oriental-magpie-robin/
  68. https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/13547/smuggled_for_its_song_oriental_magpie_robin_trade_malaysia_en_report_5_march.pdf
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  72. https://malaysianbird.report/wp-content/uploads/6-Dilemma-for-Malaysias-Oriental-Magpie-Robins-Malaysian-Bird-Report-March-2024.pdf
  73. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.04.14.536889v1.full-text
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  76. https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/white-browed-shama-copsychus-luzoniensis
  77. https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/visayan-shama-copsychus-superciliaris
  78. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/eden/robin2.html
  79. https://app.mybirdbuddy.com/birds/madagascar-magpie-robin/3437342d-2f39-4b5e-8574-45e199cd5edc
  80. https://conservationevidencejournal.com/reference/pdf/2276
  81. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303709329_The_history_status_and_trends_of_the_Endangered_Seychelles_Magpie-robin_Copsychus_sechellarum
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