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Khanewal[a] is a city and the capital of Khanewal District in Punjab, Pakistan. Khanewal also contains Khanewal Junction railway station, which is Pakistan's third largest railway junction.[5] It is the 36th largest city of Pakistan by population.

Key Information

Etymology

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According to one theory, Khanewal is named after the earliest settlers here who belonged to the Daha clan (a clan of Panwar Rajput) and used ‘Khan’ in their names. That is how the city came to be known as ‘khan-e-wal’ and later became Khanewal.[6]

History

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Khanewal area was populated by Zayadat Khan, the forefather of the Daha family.[7][8] It is said that he was originally from Dharwar but then migrated to Bahawalpur. After trying his luck in Bahawalpur, he moved to Pakpattan. Then in the 1820s, he moved to this region after getting employment under Dewan Sawan Mall. As an employee, he was made responsible for collection and payments from Talamba, Kamalia and Laden. He got famous in the region as Khan and thus this area was named Khanewala. This theory is also supported by an old book named Raesa e Punjab Page.[9] As per that document, the first person to populate this region was Sangar Khan.

Sangar Khan was the 34th descendant of Tikkey Khan, the first Muslim in the Daha family. Sangar Khan is said to have moved to Khanewal (Khanewal Pakistan) from Pak Pattan. It is said that he built a castle in the area. The family lived here for a long time and Hasan Khan, the 37th descendant of Tikkey Khan, became one of the most prominent businessmen in the region. Hasan Khan was awarded Sanad by Pathan Government in 1768. According to this book, Khanewal was first populated in 1050 AD.[10]

Mughal Era

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The earliest settlers of the Khanewal were Daha and Khatters who use Khan in their names. Under the Mughal Era, the region of Khanewal was flourished and was notable for trade and commerce. After Mughal's decline, the Sikh Empire occupied the region, and Muslims faced many Sikh rule restrictions.[11][8]

British Era

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British rulers ruled the area till Pakistan's independence due to the junction of Khanewal-Wazirabad railway junction[11] and considered British rulers’ well-planned town. khanewal contained a population of Hindus and Sikhs who migrated to India after the partition. The people became Muslims dominantly due to missionary Sufi Saints.

It was declared a district in 1985 by taking two tehsils from District Multan, Kabirwala, and Mian Channu. The city is the capital of District Khanewal.

Early Development in Khanewal

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In 1843, the British government in India decided to build railway tracks all over the country. An experimental train track was built from Bombay to Calcutta in 1843 which ended up being a huge success. In 1858 they approved a rail track connecting Multan-Lahore-Amritsar. Workers from all the villages rushed to get hired. After seven years of continuous work, the rail track finally opened on April 24, 1865. There were train stop stations all along the track connecting several cities and villages.

Khanewal was called Khanewalah at that time. The train track from Lahore to Multan was slightly arched upwards from Khanewal to Multan. Since most of the track was in a straight line and those were the early days of the train system, the railway department decided to build up a flag station at Khanewal, Punjab. Flag stations are smaller stations along a railway line where the train only stops if someone waves a flag.

Railway tracks were fascinating for locals all over India. People used to gather around the train tracks to see the train moving. With a flag station in Khanewal, people from all the surrounding villages started visiting khanewal just to see the train stop there for some time. That is when someone realized the opportunity and built the first inn (Dhaba) in Khanewal called the Railway Inn. It was built in 1860 and gradually became a prominent gathering point for people from the surrounding villages.

The railway's department initially allowed the locals to work on flag stations but this led to operational challenges. Therefore, they decided to hire trained staff from the United Kingdom and post them all over India to operate the railway network. Small quarters for British staff were built in Khanewalah in 1861. These British employees built the first graveyard in khanewal in 1865 which is still in its place and it is called Gora Qabarstan of Kohna Khanewal.[12][13]

Subsequent Development in Khanewal

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Subsequently, the British government decided to link Karachi to these major cities of Punjab. Multan railway station represented the lowest end of the northern railway system while Lodhran station was the highest station on the map for the southern railway line. However, later on, it was realized that the distance from Khanewal flag station to Lodhran (90 km) is shorter than Multan to Lodhran station (135 km). Therefore, keeping cost constraints and timeline in mind, it was decided to install a chord line from Khanewal to Lodhran as well.

Therefore, in 1874, more staff from the railway department was sent to stay in Khanewal and oversee the construction of the Khanewal Lodhran Chord line. In order to support the staff stationed in Khanewal, the railway department pushed the government to improve the area. As a consequence, the government opened two schools in Khanewal. First, Government Primary School # 6 was opened in early 1876 in Kohna Khanewal and then MC Primary School # 7B was opened. Since Khanewal would become a junction where the railway line from Lahore splits in two ways, Multan and Lodhran, the railway department decided to build a small station here in 1876. In order to support communications, a post and telegraph office was also built (current PTCL office) during the same year.

Work slowly continued and after 9 years in 1885, the Khanewal Lodhran Chord line became operational. Khanewal station became more important after getting the status of a junction. Moreover, the railway department needed more competent staff stationed here to make sure junction operations are properly managed. With the increase in economic activity, people from Kabirwala gradually started coming to Khanewal (still called Khanewalah among locals) for work. In 1886, a new separate post office was built in Khanewal Punjab.

After the success of the Khanewal Lodhran chord line in 1885, the railway department started working on the next phase to connect Layllpur (now called Faisalabad) with Khanewal. Work on another railway track from Khanewal to Layllpur was initiated in 1890 and on 4 April 1900, Khanewal-Toba Tek Singh was opened. This made Khanewal the biggest junction in India at that time. By this time the railway station of Khanewal was converted from a small flag station to a bigger developed station. It was one of the biggest stations in Northern India and was regarded highly with stations like Lahore, Multan and the Karachi Railway Station.

However, despite being a bigger railway station, the economic activity in the city was low. The city looked more like a desert with sand everywhere around it. The population of this region was only driven by the railway employees who lived on the Kohna Khanewal side of the railway track. Other than that, there was no agriculture or any economic activity in the area. There were no blocks, no civil lines, and no Gharibabad. All of it was sand dunes and it was still considered a small village that was a part of Kabirwala Tehsil. The people living in Kabirwala were still considered to have a higher social status than Khanewal.[12][13]

Historical Event Timeline of Khanewal from 1712 to 1947

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Historical Event Timeline of Khanewal[14]
Year Event Occurred
1712 Khan (Daha) tribe moves to Khanewal
1820 Khan family settles in Khanewal; First mosque of Khanewal (Jamia Masjid Kohna Khanewal) Built
1858 Rail track from Multan to Lahore built
1860 Railway inn built in Khanewal
1865 Khanewal was just a Flag Station; Gora Qabarstan built in Khanewal
1876 First School of Khanewal (Govt. Primary School # 6) built; Second School of Khanewal (MC Primary School # 7) built; Railway Station Khanewal inaugurated; Post and telegraph office Khanewal built.
1886 First separate Post Office Khanewal built in Kohna Khanewal
1900 Khanewal Railway Station Building completed; Jamia Masjid Kohna Khanewal rebuilt with bricks; Railway branch line from Khanewal to Laylpur opened.
1901 Khanewal was still part of Kabirwala Tehsil; Its name was Khanewalah
1903 Sham Muhammad Khan Daha (a famous politician of that era) awarded Sanad by the British Government
1904 Railway Colony Khanewal built; Locoshed quarters built; Railway Rest House made bigger; Canal Rest House built; Railway Waterworks built
1906 Digging for Lower Bari Doab Canal started; William Roberts (owner of RCA) was principal of Bombay College at this time
1908 Lower Bari Doab Canal Office and quarter built;
1911 Khanewal given status of a City; Sham Muhammad Khan Daha again awarded Sanad; First extension of Canal Office started
1912 Khanewal started developing; Allotment of plots in Khanewal started; First hospital of Khanewal (Railway hospital) built; First officer of Canal Office assigned to Khanewal; William Roberts of RCA became principal of Agriculture College of Faisalabad
1913 Lower Bari Doab Canal completed and inaugurated
1916 Water Works for Khanewal Built; Waste disposal point built near Gao Shala
1917 Khanewal given the status of Tehsil; Primary School # 3 started; MC Primary School # 2B built in locoshed; the Second mosque of Khanewal built in locoshed; Northern Western Railway shed built; Ghalla Mandi Built; Qulli Bazar was just made of dhabas at this time; Work started on Tehsil Office building; T-Chowk Water Works started; Police Stated – City Thana built; Civil Lines structured in plots
1918 Arya Samaj Mandir built; Gurdwara Singh Saba built
1919 Kulli bazar completed – Auction of shops started; Banson-wala bazar built; Building of tehsil office Khanewal complete; Tehsil police chowki built; Graves from this year can still be seen in Old Qabarstan
1920 6 Lac acre land was allotted in Khanewal; Santan Dharam Mandir built in Chowk Sanglawala, Gurdwara Block # 4 built; Santan Dharam Mandir in Block 6 built; Jamia Masjid Gharibabad built; Gudrwara Bazar Built; Changar Muhalla populated; Muhalla Gharibabad populated; Civil Club Khanewal built; First Mela Moveshian in Khanewal
1921 NAC High School for Boys built; MC Primary School 1B built inside the NAC high School; NAC High School for Girls built; Nandi Anglo Vernacular High School opened; Population of Khanewal was 5,647 only; Reley Brother Cotton and Ginning Factory built; British Cotton and Ginning Association (BCGA) Factory was given 7,221 acre of land in Khanewal; William Roberts left Agricultural College of Faisalabad to build the BCGA Factory in Khanewal
1922 Chapel House (Girga Ghar) built in Khanewal; Land for Jamia Majid Block 11 bought
1923 British Cotton and Ginning Association Factory (BCGA) started operations
1924 Railway South Cabin opened in Khanewal; Extra Assistant Commissioner Court opened in Khanewal; SCO Canal Office Court opened;
1925 First admission in the NCA middle School; Jamia Masjid Block 11 built; Sikh Sabha library built in Block 3; Quarter Bhangian built; Gol Bagh built in Khanewal; New gate of Gurdwara Block 4 built from Machi Bazar; New design on Jamia Masjid Kohna Khanewal
1926 Municipal Library built in Khanewal; the First bank of Khanewal (Central Co-operative Bank) opened in Khanewal; Chaman Lal Cotton Factory built
1927 First admission in NAC high School for Boys
1928 First Electric House (Bijli ghar) built in Khanewal by Railway; 149 Pole lamps installed in Khanewal; Civil Veterinary Hospital built
1929 Khalsa High School built; Dharam Shala built in Lakar Mandi Khanewal; Hera Lal Petrol Agent started selling Petrol in Khanewal
1930 Kutiya Rehel-e-Hunood built; Cinema Radhu Palace built; NAC High School for Boys, NAC Middle School for Boys, Nandi Anglo Vernacular School moved to Government High School for Boys building; Post and Telegraph Office changed to Telephone Exchange Khanewal;
1931 Tuneja Cotton and Ginning Factory started operations in Khanewal; First map of Jamia Masjid Block 11 approved
1932 Kutiya Rehel-e-Hunood completed; Jamia Mosque Gharibabad built with solid brick
1933 Islamia High School building completed; Railway Police Station built; First printing press of Khanewal Jagdish Printing Press built
1934 William Roberts became member of Punjab Provincial Assembly
1935 Geerbat Ghat built in Khanewal; Jamia Masjid Ahlehadees built; Northern India Electric Supply came to Khanewal
1936 Work on Central Co-operative Bank building started; Hostel of Islamia High School built; William Roberts left Punjab Provincial Assembly
1937 Chistiya Bijli Ghar built; First petrol pump of Khanewal built (Prem Nath sub Agent Berma Shell Oil Company); Sarai Bhoja Ram built
1939 Foundation Stone of Central Co-operative bank laid
1940 First Amam Bargah of Khanewal built in Block 11; Markazi Jamia Masjid Ahlehadees foundation stone laid; Kacheri Bazar built; Sutesh Cotton Factory-built; 248 students in Government High School for Boys
1941 Second map of Jamia Masjid approved
1942 Markazi Jamia Masjid building work started; Anjuman Islamia Primary School built; Nani Anglo Vernacular Primary School given status of High School
1945 Doctor Bhutta opened Homeopathic Clinic in Khanewal; Police Choki moved from NAC High School for Girls to Block 4; Municipal Committee Office moved to Government Girls High School Hostel
1946 Land for Church in Khanewal purchased; Amam Bargah Block 11 expanded
1947 Khanewal became part of Pakistan; Municipal Library moved to Gerbatt Ghat; Sodagar Chand Hotel opened in Sarai Bhoja Ram; Post Office Khanewal moved to Block 4 House 60

Geography

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Historically The land where Khanewal is currently situated was barren originally and was called Gunji Bar or Kabirwala Bar. Bar is a geographical term used to describe elevated land on the sides of rivers. Initially, this area used to be the Southern shore of the river Ravi. At that time Ravi used to flow from East to West of Multan city. With the passage of time, the river kept changing its flow, the river soil turned this piece of land into vegetated land.[15]

Climate

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Climate data for Khanewal
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 28.3
(82.9) 		32.0
(89.6) 		39.0
(102.2) 		45.0
(113.0) 		46.9
(116.4) 		49.0
(120.2) 		49.2
(120.6) 		45.0
(113.0) 		42.5
(108.5) 		40.6
(105.1) 		36.0
(96.8) 		29.0
(84.2) 		49.2
(120.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 21.0
(69.8) 		23.2
(73.8) 		28.5
(83.3) 		35.5
(95.9) 		40.4
(104.7) 		42.3
(108.1) 		39.2
(102.6) 		38.0
(100.4) 		37.2
(99.0) 		34.6
(94.3) 		28.5
(83.3) 		22.7
(72.9) 		32.6
(90.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.7
(54.9) 		15.4
(59.7) 		21.0
(69.8) 		27.5
(81.5) 		32.4
(90.3) 		35.5
(95.9) 		33.9
(93.0) 		33.0
(91.4) 		31.0
(87.8) 		26.4
(79.5) 		19.7
(67.5) 		14.1
(57.4) 		25.2
(77.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.5
(40.1) 		7.6
(45.7) 		13.5
(56.3) 		19.5
(67.1) 		24.4
(75.9) 		28.6
(83.5) 		28.7
(83.7) 		28.0
(82.4) 		24.9
(76.8) 		18.2
(64.8) 		10.9
(51.6) 		5.5
(41.9) 		17.9
(64.1)
Record low °C (°F) −2.2
(28.0) 		−1
(30) 		3.3
(37.9) 		9.4
(48.9) 		13.5
(56.3) 		20.0
(68.0) 		21.1
(70.0) 		21.1
(70.0) 		16.7
(62.1) 		8.9
(48.0) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−2.2
(28.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 7.2
(0.28) 		9.5
(0.37) 		19.5
(0.77) 		12.9
(0.51) 		9.8
(0.39) 		12.3
(0.48) 		61.3
(2.41) 		32.6
(1.28) 		10.8
(0.43) 		1.7
(0.07) 		2.3
(0.09) 		6.9
(0.27) 		186.8
(7.35)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 222.3 211.6 250.8 273.3 293.5 266.8 265.0 277.6 277.6 274.9 255.0 229.2 3,097.6
Source: NOAA (1961–1990)[16]

Demographics

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Population

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Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
195137,915—    
196149,093+2.62%
197267,746+2.97%
198189,090+3.09%
1998133,986+2.43%
2017227,059+2.82%
2023281,890+3.67%
Sources:[17]

According to 2023 census, Khanewal had a population of 281,890. The population of Khanewal district was 2,068,000 in the 1998 Census. In the 2005 Economic Survey[18] the population was reported at 2,376,000 with a growth rate of 2.4%. In 2015 the population of Khanewal was estimated to be 2,941,000.

According to the census of 1998, Punjabi is the most widely spoken first language[19] of Khanewal, accounting for 81% of the population. Urdu was the native language of 7.8%, Saraiki – of 5.8% and Pashto – of 1.1%.[20]: 21–22 

Urdu is the language spoken and understood by all. The main tribes and clans include:[21] Niazi, Seoul, Daduana, Kamboh, Matyana, Gujjar, Doltana, Sahu, Rajputs (Rana), Rajpoot Dhudhi, Awan, Sheikh, Jatt, Bucha, Nikyana Sial, Siyal, Arain, Bhati, Baloch, Khokhars Mayo Solgi (jutt) and toru.

Education

[edit]

The education system in Khanewal is formulated along specific modern, religious, cultural, social, psychological, commerce and scientific injunctions. The current literacy rate of khanewal is 39.9%.[22] The standard national system of education is mainly inspired from the British system. The system also aims to imbibe a secular outlook among the students with the awareness of the rich cultural heritage of Pakistan. Khanewal has a wide range of schools, colleges and universities that caters to diverse streams.

The system is divided into five levels: primary (grades one through five); middle (grades six through eight); high (grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary School Certificate); intermediate (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary School Certificate); and university programs leading to graduate and advanced degrees.

Khanewal, like majority of the cities in Pakistan has both public and private educational institutions from primary to university level. Most educational institutions are gender based from primary to university level.

All academic education institutions are the responsibility of the provincial governments. The federal government mostly assists in curriculum development, accreditation and some financing of research.

Universities in Khanewal

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Notable people

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Notes

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See also

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References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Khanewal

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Khanewal (Punjabi and : خانیوال) is a in province, , serving as the administrative headquarters of . The district was established in 1985 through the bifurcation of and tehsils from . Situated approximately 59 kilometers from , the city lies in a fertile agrarian region where , particularly crop cultivation and rearing, dominates the local economy, engaging over half of the rural workforce. According to the 2023 Population conducted by the , has a total population of 3,364,077, reflecting an annual growth rate of about 2.4% since the previous census. The district's urban population, including the of Khanewal, is estimated at around 564,076, underscoring its role as a growing commercial center in southern .

Overview

Location and significance

Khanewal is located at 30°18′N 71°56′E in province, central . The city lies approximately 50 kilometers east of along the National Highway N-5. As the capital of , established on July 1, 1985, from portions of , it administers an area bordered by and districts to the north, to the east, to the south, and to the west. The district encompasses four tehsils: Khanewal, , , and Jahanian. Khanewal's significance stems from its position as a major transportation nexus, particularly via Khanewal Junction railway station, a key intersection on the Peshawar-Karachi main line developed during British rule, which has historically supported regional trade and mobility. This connectivity, combined with its proximity to fertile plains and urban centers like , underscores its role as an administrative and logistical hub in southern , facilitating the movement of goods and people across .

Etymology and early settlement

Name origin

The name Khanewal is derived from the Punjabi/ terms "Khan"—a title denoting tribal leaders or nobles commonly used by the Daha clan—and "wal", meaning abode or settlement, collectively signifying the "abode of the Khans." This etymology reflects the area's association with the Daha family, a sub-caste of Panwar Rajputs who were among the earliest prominent settlers and landowners in the region, as recorded in local historical accounts. Local traditions attribute the naming to figures like Khan Haibat Khan Daha, whose clan established early dominance through land ownership and settlement activities, evolving the site from a minor village into a recognized entity by the 19th century. The Daha's use of "Khan" as a prefix in names, combined with the suffix indicating a populated locale, formalized the toponym amid gradual agrarian expansions, though precise founding dates remain tied to oral and familial records rather than exhaustive archival evidence.

Pre-20th century settlement

The Khanewal region, situated in the arid Neeli Bar tract between the Ravi and rivers, featured sparse prior to the 20th century, primarily consisting of small villages amid semi-desert landscapes with limited cultivable land. Early inhabitants relied on seasonal inundation from floods and traditional wells for , transitioning from more nomadic patterns to semi-fixed villages where water availability permitted rudimentary farming of crops like millet and pulses. During the Mughal era (1526–1857), state-supported canal systems in , including repairs and extensions of earlier inundation channels drawing from the Ravi and , marginally enhanced water reliability in the broader areas, influencing local agrarian tribes such as Arains and to establish enduring village clusters focused on dryland cultivation. These tribes, known for their agricultural expertise, formed the core of pre-colonial rural society in the Bar, though the Khanewal area's overall population density remained low due to persistent aridity and variable river flows.

History

Mughal and pre-colonial era

The region encompassing modern Khanewal formed part of the Mughal of , one of the empire's key provinces in established by in 1580, which extended over southern and facilitated centralized revenue collection through the mansabdari and jagirdari systems. Local tribal chiefs, often or Muslim landholders, were granted jagirs—revenue assignments from agricultural lands—in exchange for maintaining troops and administering justice, embedding the area within the broader Mughal fiscal structure that emphasized land productivity over direct imperial control. Agriculture sustained the local economy through subsistence farming reliant on seasonal flood irrigation from the Ravi and rivers, which deposited fertile on the alluvial plains; served as the primary winter crop, while emerged as a significant suited to the semi-arid conditions, supporting trade routes linking to imperial markets. Society comprised a mix of agrarian peasants, nomads, and petty jagirdars, with Islamic institutions like mosques reinforcing Mughal cultural influence amid a predominantly Muslim following the empire's consolidation. By the early 18th century, Mughal authority waned amid succession crises and fiscal strain, exposing the region to Afghan incursions under rulers like Ahmad Shah Durrani, who raided Punjab repeatedly between 1747 and 1769, extracting tribute and disrupting agrarian cycles. Sikh misls, rising from guerrilla bands in northern Punjab, extended southward with raids that fragmented local jagirdari control, culminating in the Sikh Empire's occupation of Multan and surrounding territories by 1818 under Maharaja Ranjit Singh, which imposed a new layer of militarized governance over the erstwhile Mughal holdings. This era of instability eroded centralized administration, yielding to localized tribal alliances until British intervention restored order through direct annexation in the 1840s.

British colonial period

The establishment of Khanewal as a railway junction under British administration began with the construction of the station in 1865 by the North Western State Railway, initially serving as a halt on the Lahore-Multan route. Significant expansion occurred in 1904, when a dedicated railway colony was established alongside the initiation of the Multan-Faisalabad line, solidifying its connectivity and role in regional trade networks. Irrigation infrastructure further catalyzed development through the Lower Bari Doab , completed and opened in April 1913 as part of the Triple Canal Project linking the Chenab, , and Ravi rivers. This perennial canal system irrigated over 700,000 hectares across districts including Khanewal, converting semi-arid 'crown waste' lands into cultivable tracts and enabling large-scale production for , with a colony formalized in the area by 1912. These infrastructural interventions drove population influx and economic activity, as irrigation expanded arable land and railways facilitated commodity movement, with census data indicating broader Punjab population densities rising in canal-irrigated zones from the late 19th century onward. Administratively, Khanewal's status advanced from village to area committee in 1919, coinciding with settlement growth. The prevailing land revenue framework in Punjab canal colonies allocated prime irrigated holdings—often 50 to 500 acres per grantee—to military pensioners, loyalists, and substantial yeomen farmers, prioritizing revenue stability and commercial output over smallholder equity.

Post-independence era

Following the on August 14, 1947, Khanewal witnessed a mass exodus of its Hindu and Sikh residents to , accompanied by the influx of Muslim refugees from , fundamentally altering the town's demographic composition. This population exchange, part of the broader Punjab-wide displacement affecting millions, proceeded relatively peacefully in Khanewal due to interventions by local Muslim leaders who declared protection for all communities regardless of faith. In response to the departure of non-Muslim traders and residents, several bazaars bearing Sikh and Hindu names were renamed to reflect the new Muslim-majority context, including Gurudwara Bazar becoming Akbar Bazar and Nanak Bazar being redesignated Liaqat Bazar. Agricultural development accelerated in the immediate post-independence decades through state initiatives expanding canal irrigation networks inherited from the colonial era, enabling more intensive cropping in the region's alluvial plains. Land reforms introduced in 1959 under President Ayub Khan redistributed holdings from large estates, such as those managed by the Bahawal Cotton Growing Association, which saw its acreage reduced from over 7,000 to 590 acres, thereby broadening access to farmland and supporting staple crops like that positioned Khanewal as an emerging production center by the late . The adoption of technologies, including high-yield seed varieties and chemical inputs starting in the , further boosted productivity in irrigated and cultivation, drawing rural migrants to the town for processing and opportunities. Khanewal's role as a railway junction, with lines connecting to , , and beyond, facilitated commerce in agricultural goods, spurring urban expansion as the town transitioned from a modest colonial outpost to a commercial node serving surrounding villages. This infrastructure-driven growth, combined with state-led projects, supported a surge in population and economic activity, with records indicating Khanewal's exceeding 100,000 residents by the 1981 enumeration amid broader urbanization trends.

District formation and modern development

Khanewal District was established on 1 July 1985 by the Government of through the administrative reconfiguration of , initially encompassing the tehsils of , , , and Jahanian to address escalating population demands and streamline local governance structures. This bifurcation aimed to decentralize administrative functions, enabling more responsive management of regional resources and services amid post-independence demographic expansion in southern . The district spans 4,349 square kilometers, with boundaries adjoining districts such as , , and , facilitating targeted development initiatives independent of the larger Multan framework. In the decades following formation, infrastructural investments have driven modernization, notably through enhanced transportation links. The Shorkot-Khanewal segment of the M-4 Motorway, a 64-kilometer four-lane, access-controlled highway completed under international financing, connects the district to broader national networks, boosting trade logistics and reducing travel times to and . Industrial growth has been supported by the Punjab Small Industries Corporation's estate in Khanewal, alongside smaller facilities in , fostering agro-processing and units that leverage the district's production base. By the 2023 census, the district's population had grown to 3,364,077, underscoring an annual growth rate of approximately 2.4% since 2017, driven by agricultural employment and urban migration. Natural disasters have periodically challenged progress, particularly floods affecting the agrarian economy. The 2010 floods inundated parts of , including Khanewal, damaging crops and infrastructure, with national estimates indicating over US$500 million in losses alone. More acutely, the 2022 floods exacerbated agricultural vulnerabilities in Khanewal, destroying fields and prompting farmer protests over import policies and delayed subsidies, as local output shortages contributed to national grain deficits. Government responses included federal relief distributions and provincial investments in flood mitigation, such as embankment reinforcements along the tributaries, though recovery has been hampered by recurrent variability.

Geography

Topography and hydrology

Khanewal District lies within the flat alluvial plains of province, characterized by low-relief terrain with elevations ranging from approximately 120 to 150 meters above . The landscape features young stratified or very fine sandy soils, with subsoils exhibiting weak structure and common kankers ( nodules) at depths of about five feet, supporting agriculture through its fertility for crops like . These soils vary locally from sandy to and clay types, typical of the upper Indus Basin's formed by riverine sediments. Positioned in the Bari Doab between the Ravi and Rivers, the district's is dominated by canal from the Lower Bari Doab Canal (LBDC), a 124-mile system originating from the Ravi that supplies water to over 80% of cultivable land alongside contributions from tube wells and occasional river flows. However, intensive has led to vulnerabilities including and waterlogging, exacerbated by shallow tables and inadequate drainage, with salinity risks heightened in low-lying areas prone to flooding from the Ravi and . The alluvial beneath supports conjunctive use but faces depletion and quality degradation in saline zones.

Climate patterns

Khanewal exhibits a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh classification), typical of central Punjab's plains, with pronounced seasonal temperature extremes and low precipitation. Summers are intensely hot, peaking in June with average highs reaching 41°C (106°F) and lows around 29°C (84°F), while extreme temperatures can exceed 45°C during heatwaves. Winters remain mild, spanning December to February, with January recording average highs of 19°C (66°F) and lows near 7°C (44°F), occasionally dipping to 5°C. Annual precipitation averages approximately 170-250 mm, concentrated during the summer from to August, which accounts for the majority of rainfall, often totaling 30-40 mm per month in peak periods. The remainder of the year features a prolonged from to June, with negligible rain (under 10 mm monthly in winter and pre-monsoon months), contributing to and frequent storms in spring (March-May) driven by westerly winds. Meteorological records indicate slight warming trends, with Pakistan-wide temperatures 0.51°C above long-term averages in 2023, including elevated summer maxima in districts like Khanewal, potentially shortening optimal crop growth windows. Variability persists, with occasional wind-thunderstorms interrupting dry spells but rarely altering the overall arid pattern.

Demographics

Population dynamics

According to the 2017 conducted by the , Khanewal had a of 2,920,233, reflecting an average annual growth rate of 1.83% from the 1998 census figure of 2,068,490. The 2023 recorded a of 3,364,077, indicating an accelerated annual growth rate of approximately 2.4% over the intervening six years, driven by natural increase and limited patterns typical of rural districts. These trends align with broader provincial dynamics, where 's expanded from 73 million in 1998 to over 127 million by 2023, though Khanewal's growth remained moderate compared to more urbanized districts. Urbanization in remains low, with only 20.08% of the classified as urban, predominantly concentrated in Khanewal city and smaller municipal areas like and . The data suggests persistence of this rural dominance, with urban proportion hovering around 20-25%, as agricultural sustains high rural densities exceeding 600 persons per square kilometer in fertile tehsils. Khanewal city's stood at 281,890 in the , showing limited expansion to roughly 300,000 by 2023 estimates derived from tehsil-level aggregates, underscoring slower urban agglomeration compared to national averages where urban shares reached 36.4% province-wide. The district's , measured as s per 100 females, was 103.16 in 2017, indicative of a slight surplus consistent with patterns in agrarian societies favoring agricultural labor. By 2023, this ratio edged toward 106, mirroring national shifts possibly influenced by improved female survival rates and selective migration, though rural areas retained higher imbalances than urban centers. rates, as a proxy for dynamics, stood at approximately 60.97% district-wide in the 2023 , with urban areas exhibiting rates 10-15 percentage points higher due to better access to primary schooling, though overall progress lagged behind 's 66% provincial average amid persistent gaps.

Ethnic, linguistic, and religious composition

The linguistic composition of features Punjabi as the predominant mother tongue, spoken by approximately 70-80% of residents according to patterns observed in the 2017 census data for southern districts, with Saraiki serving as a significant secondary influenced by regional dialects and spoken by around 20% of the population. functions as a in urban and official contexts, while smaller proportions speak or other languages due to migration. Ethnically, the district's inhabitants are overwhelmingly organized into biradaris (clans or castes), with , Arains, and Rajputs comprising the core landowning groups that dominate rural agrarian structures. Other notable communities include Gujjars, Awans, Sials, and minor Baloch elements, alongside and service castes such as Qureshis and Machis; these reflect a post-colonial consolidation of Muslim Punjabi identity without formal enumeration of ethnicity. Religiously, constitute 98.15% of the per the 2017 , forming an overwhelming majority that is predominantly Sunni in orientation, consistent with broader provincial demographics. account for 1.81%, primarily from conversions among lower-caste agricultural laborers and artisans during British rule, while , Ahmadis, and other groups represent negligible fractions under 0.1% each. The 1947 Partition accelerated demographic homogenization, as the pre-existing Hindu and Sikh minorities—estimated at several percent in colonial records—migrated en masse to , leaving no substantial non-Muslim communities today.

Economy

Agricultural sector

Agriculture constitutes the backbone of Khanewal district's economy, employing approximately 51% of the local workforce in farming and activities. The district's total reported cultivable area spans 1,059,630 acres, predominantly under irrigated systems reliant on the canal network. Cotton-wheat rotation dominates cropping patterns, supplemented by kharif crops such as , millet, and oilseeds, alongside rabi staples like and . Key field crops include , which supports local ginning and linkages; , harvested annually with district yields contributing to 's overall production of around 20 million tonnes in recent seasons; and , cultivated for milling with output tied to regional factories. In 2021-22, 's cotton area exceeded 2.5 million hectares, with Khanewal among contributing southern districts, though precise district yields vary due to weather and input factors. Sugarcane production in reached 88.7 million tonnes nationally aligned, driven by districts like Khanewal amid policy support for minimum support prices. Livestock rearing, centered on buffalo and , integrates with systems for and output, mirroring 's sector share of over 60% in agricultural . This subsector bolsters rural incomes through milk processing and hides, though district-specific GDP attribution exceeds 40% when combined with residues for feed. Government interventions, including post-Green Revolution subsidies for fertilizers, seeds, and pesticides, have sustained but face critique for encouraging overuse. Challenges persist, notably from depleting and inefficient canal distribution, compounded by pest resistance in bollworms despite integrated management efforts. Climate variability has reduced yields in drought-prone years, prompting calls for resilient varieties and reforms to prioritize efficient over blanket inputs.

Industry, trade, and services

Khanewal's industrial sector primarily consists of small-scale tied to the local agricultural base, particularly through ginning mills and small units. As of 2023 data, the district hosts 428 industrial units, including 399 small-scale, 22 medium-scale, and 7 large-scale operations, collectively employing approximately 13,538 workers. Key activities include ginning factories, such as Prime Cotton Industries and Alwahab Industry, which process raw into lint and seeds for onward supply to mills, though operational capacity has been constrained in recent years due to low arrivals, with only a few factories active in the Khanewal area during the 2025 early season. Other notable small industries encompass agro-based like vegetable ghee mills, units, kilns, , and cold storage facilities, supporting value addition in local produce. Trade in Khanewal benefits significantly from its strategic position as a major railway junction, with serving as a critical hub for movement and local markets. The junction, a stop for express and linked to extensive shunting yards and workshops, facilitates the distribution of agricultural commodities and manufactured , though underutilization limits its full potential. Railway-adjacent markets act as centers for byproducts, textiles, and consumer , bolstered by the district's Small Industrial Estate spanning 64 acres with 313 plots (64% colonized), which hosts SMEs focused on processing and packaging for regional commerce. The services sector accounts for 24.9% of the district's labor force, with wholesale and retail trade comprising 42% of service (10.46% of total ) and transportation/storage at 13%, reflecting growth in retail outlets and logistics tied to rail and networks. Remittances from migrants working in Gulf countries further supplement household incomes in rural and semi-urban areas, enabling investment in local and services, though specific district-level figures remain integrated within broader trends. Investment profiles from 2021 emphasize potential in agro-processing SMEs, including and cold chain , with proposed projects like PKR 100 million for industrial estate revamping to attract secondary sector growth.

Administration and infrastructure

Local government structure

The district administration of Khanewal is headed by a , appointed by the provincial government, who oversees revenue collection, land records maintenance, law and order enforcement, and coordination among district departments such as , and . Additional Deputy Commissioners assist in revenue and general administration roles. Under the Punjab Local Government Act 2022, Khanewal District includes a District Council for rural areas, comprising elected members responsible for local development, , and basic infrastructure planning, with authority devolved from the province for fiscal and administrative functions. The district encompasses four tehsils—Khanewal, , , and Jahanian—each with Councils that manage rural union councils, focusing on village-level services like and dispute resolution. Urban governance falls under four Municipal Committees (Khanewal, Kabirwala, Jahanian, and ), each led by an elected chairman and councilors, handling such as , street lighting, and urban planning within their jurisdictions. Smaller towns like Abdul Hakeem are administered by Town Committees with similar but scaled-down responsibilities. These bodies operate under provincial oversight, with elections conducted by the . Khanewal's tehsils contribute to five Provincial Assembly constituencies (PP-206 to PP-210), providing legislative representation, including reserved seats for non-Muslims (one per district) and women proportional to general seats. In recent provincial elections, Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) candidates have dominated outcomes in multiple Khanewal seats, as seen in the 2021 PP-206 by-election victory by a wide margin, aligning with the district's rural conservative voter base favoring established parties over newer entrants. council elections similarly reflect PML-N's organizational strength in tehsil and union polls under the 2019-2022 acts.

Transportation networks

Khanewal Junction railway station functions as a primary hub on ' main line, which spans from to and beyond, accommodating both passenger and freight operations. The station handles multiple daily express trains, such as the , Khyber Mail, and , enabling regular connectivity to (approximately 900 km south) and (about 280 km north). These services operate on a double diesel line, supporting high-volume traffic as one of the busiest junctions in province. Road infrastructure centers on the , which traverses the district and integrates with local networks for vehicular movement, including intra-district routes that link agricultural areas to markets. The M-4 motorway, a 126 km four-lane controlled-access route connecting through Shorkot to Khanewal, became operational in its Khanewal section by 2019, providing enhanced east-west linkage to and with interchanges at Shamkot for N-5 access. Air travel remains constrained, with the nearest facility being , located roughly 50 km southeast, serving domestic and limited international flights accessible via road or rail. Bus services operate from terminals like the depot in Khanewal, offering scheduled routes to regional centers such as and for passenger migration and local commuting.

Education

Literacy and institutions

The educational infrastructure in Khanewal district is dominated by government-operated schools, which provide primary, middle, and secondary schooling to the majority of students. As of recent official records, the district maintains 742 primary schools (253 male, 489 female), 359 middle schools (153 male, 206 female), and 179 high schools (110 male, 69 female), reflecting a focus on expanding female enrollment at lower levels despite fewer high schools for girls. These public institutions handle the bulk of formal , supplemented by private schools and religious seminaries (madrasas) that emphasize in line with prevailing cultural and religious practices in the region. Literacy rates among the population aged 10 years and above in Khanewal remain below national averages for urban districts, estimated at around 60% overall, with a pronounced disparity—males at approximately 70% and females at 50%. This gap persists due to factors such as lower female school continuation rates and rural access barriers, as evidenced by district-level surveys showing higher out-of-school children proportions compared to more developed areas like . Key challenges include teacher absenteeism, which undermines instructional quality across public schools, and chronic underfunding in rural areas leading to dilapidated requiring rehabilitation. High dropout rates at the primary level, driven by economic pressures and inadequate facilities, further exacerbate stagnation, with official assessments highlighting the need for targeted interventions to improve and . Madrasas play a supplementary role by offering low-cost to underserved segments, though their curricula often prioritize religious over secular skills, limiting broader employability outcomes.

Universities and higher education

The Institute of Management and Applied Sciences (IMAS), established as the first degree-awarding institute in Khanewal's , offers programs in management and applied sciences tailored to local needs. The University College of Management and Sciences (UCMS) maintains a campus on Road, providing bachelor's degrees in , medical laboratory technology, and related fields, with admissions for fall semesters emphasizing scholarships and transport facilities. Government institutions, such as the Government Graduate for Women, deliver undergraduate programs affiliated with the or similar bodies, focusing on general arts and sciences. Private colleges like Riphah International and Superior Group of Colleges extend higher secondary and select bachelor's offerings, often in sciences and , amid a landscape dominated by intermediate-level education. Tertiary enrollment in Khanewal mirrors Punjab's rural patterns, with gross rates below the national average of approximately 12% for youth aged 18-23, driven by agricultural employment priorities that favor immediate workforce entry over extended studies. Many residents migrate to or for advanced degrees at institutions like University or , limiting local retention. A by the Planning and Development Board proposes a sub-campus of MNS University of Agriculture, Multan, in Khanewal to bolster agri-engineering and crop sciences education, addressing gaps in vocational for the district's farming , though implementation remains pending as of 2023. The Higher Education Commission (HEC) supports access via need-based scholarships, yet critiques from regional analyses highlight mismatches between degree outputs and practical skills demanded in , with calls for curriculum reforms prioritizing applied research over theoretical emphases.

Society and culture

Social structure

Society in Khanewal district is predominantly organized around the biradari system, comprising extended groups or clans such as Hiraj, Daha, Syed, Wahla, Bodla, , Maitla, and Sargana, which form the core of social identity and community cohesion. These groups foster strong patrilineal ties, often mediating local disputes through biradari chiefs who leverage patron-client relationships to resolve conflicts and maintain internal harmony. Marriages typically occur within biradaris to preserve networks and social alliances, reflecting endogamous preferences common in rural Punjabi communities. Rural norms remain conservative, emphasizing patriarchal authority and collective decision-making within extended families, where joint systems predominate despite gradual pressures. Average household sizes stand at approximately 6.1 persons, supporting large family units that prioritize interdependence and clan loyalty over individualistic structures..pdf) Cultural traditions revolve around religious observances, including and , marked by communal prayers, feasting, and family gatherings that reinforce biradari bonds. Local Urs festivals at Sufi shrines draw pilgrims for devotional music, poetry recitations, and rituals honoring saints, perpetuating spiritual and social continuity in the region. Daily life integrates agrarian routines with these customs, featuring cuisine like sarson da saag—a mustard greens dish paired with corn —sustained by the district's and oilseed-based economy.

Notable incidents and challenges

In February 1997, a mob of several thousand attacked the Christian villages of , prompted by unverified allegations of against a local Christian man accused of desecrating the . The violence, occurring on February 5–6, resulted in the destruction of over 200 homes, 13 churches, and several schools, displacing thousands from a Christian population estimated at 20,000–25,000 in the affected areas. A subsequent government inquiry attributed partial responsibility to local police for failing to intervene and alleged complicity in inciting the mob, highlighting enforcement weaknesses in protecting religious minorities under Pakistan's legal framework. On February 12, 2022, a mob in rural Khanewal lynched a middle-aged man accused of desecrating pages of the , stoning him to death despite police attempts to protect him by relocating him to a station. The victim, reported by authorities as mentally unstable, was targeted after workers at his farm allegedly spread the accusation via announcements, drawing hundreds to the site. Dozens were arrested in the aftermath, with Prime Minister condemning the act and ordering strict action, though it underscored persistent issues with vigilante enforcement of laws, where accusations often bypass judicial processes and provoke extrajudicial killings. Khanewal District has faced recurrent flooding, exacerbated by its location in 's canal-irrigated lowlands, with the 2022 super floods causing widespread inundation across the province. These events displaced over 2 million people in alone, destroyed thousands of hectares of crops including , , and —key to Khanewal's agrarian economy—and inflicted damages estimated in billions nationally, with local impacts including submerged farmlands and livestock losses. While intensified rains contributed, analyses point to human factors such as inadequate maintenance, , and governance lapses in flood barriers as amplifying vulnerabilities, rather than solely variability.

Notable people

Har Gobind Khorana (1922–2011), a born in village, , , received the 1968 in Physiology or Medicine jointly with Robert W. Holley and Marshall W. Nirenberg for interpreting the and its function in protein synthesis. Maulana Tariq Jameel (born 1953), an Islamic scholar and preacher from near in , is known for his lectures emphasizing personal piety and moral reform, drawing large audiences across and abroad. (born 1942), a representing NA-150 Khanewal-I constituency, served as of from 1991 to 1993 and later as Federal Minister for National Food Security and Research from 2020 to 2022. Rao Iftikhar Anjum (born 1980), a former international cricketer born in Khanewal, played as a right-arm medium-fast bowler for Pakistan in 11 Tests and 44 ODIs between 2001 and 2005, taking 134 international wickets.

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  111. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022AGUFM.U23D..04Q/abstract
  112. https://www.thefridaytimes.com/30-Aug-2025/pakistan-s-floods-expose-decades-of-mismanagement
  113. https://www.prideofpakistan.com/who-is-who-detail/Maulana-Tariq-Jameel/655
  114. https://na.gov.pk/en/profile.php?uid=1384
  115. https://pakvoter.org/politicians_profiles/syed-fakhar-imam/
  116. https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/iftikhar-anjum-40591
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