Hubbry Logo
SainiSainiMain
Open search
Saini
Community hub
Saini
logo
7 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Saini
Saini
Saini
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Saini
CountryPrimarily India
Populated statesPunjab, India, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Chandigarh and Delhi

Saini (pronunciationⓘ) is a farming and landowning caste[1] of northern India. The community is given representation in government jobs and educational institutes as an Other Backward Class (OBC)[2] in the states of Uttar Pradesh,[3] Punjab,[4] Haryana,[5] Rajasthan[6] and Madhya Pradesh.[7]

As both a statutory agricultural tribe and a designated martial race during the British Raj era that followed the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Sainis had been chiefly engaged in both agriculture and military service. Since the independence of India, they have diversified into white-collar professions.[8]

History

[edit]

Mythology

[edit]

The Sainis of Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur districts claim to be the descendants of kings of the Yaduvanshi or Surasena lineage who ruled these kingdoms, who came to these areas to avoid forced conversion to Islam.[9]

Academic

[edit]

Gahlot and Banshidhar indicate some commonality in origin with Rajput Malis of Rajputana, who also claim to be of Rajput descent.[10]

British era

[edit]

During the British period Sainis were classified as both a statutory agricultural tribe and, later, a martial race.[11] The latter was an administrative device based on the now-discredited theories of scientific racism: ethnic communities were categorised as being either martial or non-martial, with the latter being those who were thought to be unfit to serve in armies due to their sedentary lifestyles.[12][13] The community was also one of several peasant peoples who benefitted from the development of the Punjab Canal Colonies, through which they obtained land grants from the British authorities, especially in the Chenab Colony following the introduction of the Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900.[14]

Some Saini landlords were also appointed as zaildars, or revenue-collectors, in various districts.[15]

Post Independence India

[edit]

Castes similar to Sainis in north India are Koeri, Kushwaha, Maurya and Shakya. Over the time, these communities have come together and started inter-marrying among themselves for caste consolidation.[16]

Marriage

[edit]

According to the Anthropological Survey of India, "The Saini are endogamous community and observe exogamy at village and gotra level." Remarriage after the death of a spouse is permitted nowadays, as is divorce.[17]

Notable people

[edit]

Notable people who bear the name and may or may not be associated with the caste are:

Armed forces

[edit]

Indian freedom movement

[edit]

Religious and political leaders

[edit]

Sports

[edit]

Civilians with titles

[edit]

Others

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Saini

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Angela Saini (born 1980) is a British , , and academic who critiques biological explanations for human behavioral and cognitive differences, arguing that such research often perpetuates social biases rather than reflecting objective evidence. Specializing in the intersection of , , and race, she has authored books including Inferior: How Science Got Women Wrong—and the New Research That's Rewriting the Story (2017), which questions evolutionary accounts of sex differences; Superior: The Return of Race Science (2019), which portrays inquiries into genetic racial variation as ideologically driven ; and The Patriarchs: The Origins of Inequality (2023), examining the cultural rather than innate roots of male dominance. Saini's work has earned acclaim from outlets aligned with egalitarian perspectives, including shortlistings for literary prizes and contributions to programs and publications like , positioning her as a prominent voice against "race science" and . However, her interpretations have faced substantial pushback from empiricists emphasizing genomic and behavioral genetic data, who contend that she selectively engages evidence—such as twin studies and genome-wide association studies indicating heritable components to traits like across populations—while prioritizing narrative over causal mechanisms. Critics, including evolutionary biologists, argue this approach mirrors institutional tendencies to favor environmental explanations amid equivocal data, potentially sidelining first-principles scrutiny of inheritance patterns observable in large-scale empirical datasets. As an assistant professor of science writing at MIT, she continues to influence discourse on scientific methodology, though debates persist over whether her advocacy adequately grapples with accumulating evidence from fields like that challenge strict .

Origins and Etymology

Etymological Roots

The term "Saini" is widely regarded as an abbreviation of "Shoorsaini," a designation used in ancient Indian texts such as the and to refer to the clan into which Krishna was born, specifically descendants of King (also spelled Shoorsena or Shursena) of . King ruled an ancient kingdom centered in the region of northern around the 1st millennium BCE, with the name "Shoorsaini" implying "valiant Sainis" or warriors of that lineage. This etymology aligns with community traditions among Sainis, who identify as part of the Chandravanshi () Rajputs tracing origins to this Yaduvanshi group from the Yamuna-Mathura area. The ancient kingdom of (or ), from which the name derives, is historically associated with central-northern , encompassing parts of modern and surrounding regions, and is noted in classical sources for its agrarian and martial character. Linguistic evolution from "Shoorsaini" to "Saini" reflects phonetic simplification common in regional and vernacular adaptations over centuries, particularly as the community migrated northward into , , and during medieval periods. While some modern genealogical records link the surname specifically to or Sikh subgroups in these areas, the core root remains tied to the Shurasena nomenclature rather than later occupational shifts toward or . Alternative derivations, such as from the "śayana" meaning "one who serves" or an attendant, appear in isolated contemporary analyses but lack support in historical or Puranic contexts and are not corroborated by primary traditions or regional histories. Scholarly caution is warranted regarding self-reported origins, as they often blend mythological claims with limited epigraphic evidence, though the Shoorsaini linkage persists across multiple independent accounts predating colonial ethnographies.

Mythological and Legendary Claims

The Saini community maintains legendary claims of descent from the Yaduvanshi () lineage, specifically tracing origins to King (also spelled Shoorsena or Sursena), a ruler and grandfather of Lord Krishna, as described in Puranic texts. These traditions position the Sainis as part of the ancient Shoorsaini clan, a warrior group associated with the region, which is said to have migrated northward to and surrounding areas following conflicts, such as resistance against early invasions. In these accounts, Lord Krishna himself is identified as a Shaursaini (foremost of the Shoorsainis) in epic literature like the Mahabharata, linking the community to divine and heroic Yadava heritage, including figures like King Porus who opposed Alexander the Great. Community lore further asserts that the term "Saini" derives as an abbreviation of "Shoorsaini," denoting descendants of this clan, with gotras (lineages) reinforcing ties to Yadava sages and warriors rather than empirical genealogical records. Such claims, propagated through oral traditions and histories, emphasize valor and agricultural stewardship as inherited traits from these mythological forebears, though they remain unverified by independent historical or archaeological and reflect common patterns of upward mobility narratives in Indian lore.

Historical and Scholarly Perspectives

Historical accounts of the Saini community's origins emphasize a migration from the region in present-day , linked to the ancient kingdom associated with Yaduvanshi lineages in Puranic texts. Traditional narratives, preserved in community records, trace descent to King Shoor (or Shoorsena), son of Vidartha, whose progeny allegedly formed the Shoorsaini clan, with the name evolving to Saini possibly deriving from "sena" meaning army, reflecting purported military roles in epics like the . This migration intensified around the during of Ghazni's invasions (circa 1001–1027 CE), when groups fled southward settlements for Punjab's fertile lands, adopting agricultural pursuits while maintaining traditions. Colonial ethnographies, such as H.A. Rose's 1911 Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and , portray Sainis as a primarily engaged in and farming, with clan names overlapping those of dominant tribes like , suggesting assimilation or shared origins rather than exclusive pedigree. Rose documented their presence in sub-montane districts, numbering around 126,671 by 1901 (0.5% of undivided 's population), and noted migrations from Rajasthan's and areas, framing them as an agricultural tribe rather than a pure lineage. British reports from 1883 and 1892 highlighted with similar groups like Kambohs, underscoring Hindu agrarian roots over elevated claims. Anthropological surveys in K.S. Singh's People of India series (1994, 1996) reconcile these views by recording two primary origin theories: one from royal ancestry via Shoorsaini, and another from local village founders like King Bhagirath in areas such as Dhirmajra. These works classify Sainis as a distinct blending (gardener) traditions with militarization during Mughal-era conflicts, where name changes facilitated survival; subgroups include Deshwale (indigenous to ) and Bagri (migrants from ). Singh attributes their martial reputation to service in historical armies, including Sikh forces, but emphasizes empirical agricultural dominance over mythological assertions. Scholarly debate persists on whether Punjab Sainis represent an indigenous warrior-agriculturist group or later sanskritized s asserting ties, with post-1930s adoptions of the Saini label by some Rajasthani Mali communities complicating distinctions. Genetic studies on Indian s broadly indicate proto-Asian origins with West Eurasian admixture varying by rank, but lack Saini-specific data to resolve these claims empirically. Overall, historical evidence prioritizes their role as a resilient farming in northern , with martial elements emerging from regional necessities rather than unbroken aristocratic descent.

Historical Development

Ancient and Medieval Periods

The Saini community's traditional lore links its origins to the ancient Shoorsaini (or ) Yadava clan, rulers of the Mahajanapada, a kingdom documented in Buddhist and Jain texts as one of the sixteen great realms of northern circa 600–400 BCE, with its capital at . , described in epic literature as a Yadava king and father of , is cited in community narratives as a progenitor, reflecting claims of descent from the associated with Krishna. These assertions draw from Puranic accounts of Yadava migrations northwestward after the destruction of Dwaraka, purportedly settling in and regions, though archaeological or epigraphic evidence confirming direct lineage to modern Sainis is absent. In the medieval period, from the (circa 1206–1526 CE) onward, Sainis in and adjacent areas are recorded primarily as cultivators and market gardeners, shifting from putative warrior roles to amid Turko-Afghan dominance that marginalized Hindu martial pursuits. Ethnographic compilations based on 19th-century data, reflecting earlier patterns, describe them as a landowning group akin to Kambohs, with subgroups maintaining Hindu or Sikh affiliations and villages in submontane tracts like and . This adaptation likely stemmed from economic pragmatism, as fertile lands favored intensive , with Sainis noted for skills in growing fruits and vegetables, a role solidified by the 16th century under Mughal agrarian policies that rewarded productive zamindars. Primary medieval chronicles, such as those of Ferishta or Abul Fazl's , do not explicitly enumerate Sainis as a distinct entity, suggesting their identity coalesced locally among agrarian offshoots rather than as a pan-Indian .

Mughal and Pre-British Era

During the Mughal era (1526–1857), the Saini community in northern , particularly in , , and , predominantly shifted to as a strategy to resist assimilation under Muslim rule, preferring cultivation over to Islamic overlords or . This transition intensified following earlier Turko-Afghan invasions, with Sainis facing economic pressures and occasional persecution from Muslim zamindars, as documented in regions like where Hindu cultivators endured taxation and coercion. They specialized in , including and in 's sub-montane tracts, maintaining small landholdings while upholding traditions through self-governing village structures. As Mughal authority declined in the amid regional power vacuums, Sainis increasingly aligned with emerging Sikh polities, leveraging their martial heritage. They enlisted in Sikh armies, responding to Guru Hargobind's (1595–1644) calls for resistance against Mughal forces in areas like and Ropar, and later supporting (1666–1708) in campaigns that fortified Sikh sovereignty. In the Sikh Misls and Empire (1716–1849), Sainis served as jagirdars and commanders; Nanu Saini acted as a key military associate and landholder under Maharaja of the Phulkian states (r. 1765–1765), while Sangat Saini commanded contingents. These roles underscored their dual agrarian-warrior identity, with communities in princely territories contributing to defenses against lingering Mughal and Afghan incursions until British consolidation post-1849.

British Colonial Period

During the , the Saini community, concentrated in and adjacent regions, was predominantly engaged in and , with many serving as small to medium landowners. In the 1901 census of undivided , Sainis numbered 126,671, comprising about 0.5% of the provincial population and mainly residing in sub-Himalayan districts such as , , and Kangra. Several prominent Saini families were appointed as zaildars—local revenue officials tasked with tax collection and estate management—reflecting their economic influence and cooperation with colonial administration; examples include Chaudhari Nand Ram Saini, who inherited his zaildari in 1906 in present-day . Sainis also participated in military service for the , particularly after the , enlisting in engineering, infantry, and Sikh units such as , Sappers and Miners, and Sikh Regiments. Community records highlight contributions in campaigns like , with Subedar-Major Jagindar Singh Saini earning recognition as a hero of the in 1915 for his leadership under fire. Similarly, Subedar-Major Gurmukh Singh Saini received the for service in frontier expeditions between 1888 and 1894. While many Sainis aligned with colonial structures through land tenure and recruitment, others engaged in resistance; Harnam Singh Saini, a Ghadar Party member, was executed by British authorities on March 16, 1917, following his involvement in plots to overthrow rule in . This duality underscores the community's varied responses to imperial policies, including revenue systems like the Punjab Land Revenue Act of 1887, which reinforced proprietary rights for cultivating groups like Sainis amid broader canal colony expansions.

Post-Independence Era

The in 1947 led to the mass migration of Hindu and Sikh members of the Saini community from and other areas that became part of to , , , and , resulting in the near-complete displacement of Hindu Sainis from Pakistani territory. This upheaval disrupted agricultural livelihoods, as many Sainis had been tenants or small landowners under Muslim zamindars, prompting resettlement efforts by the Indian government that allocated land to refugees in canal-irrigated regions of northern . Post-independence land reforms significantly altered Saini socio-economic conditions, particularly in where the Zamindari Abolition and Land Reforms Act of 1950 redistributed land from absentee landlords to tenants and laborers, many of whom were Sainis, thereby enabling ownership and reducing exploitative dependencies. In and , the from the 1960s onward boosted agricultural productivity through high-yield varieties, irrigation, and fertilizers, benefiting Saini farmers who constituted a notable portion of the rural landowning class in these states and contributing to increased incomes and . Sainis continued their historical martial tradition in the after 1947, serving in conflicts such as the Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971, with the community maintaining recruitment preferences for and police roles due to prior classifications as a under British policy. This service provided economic stability and social prestige, though exact enlistment numbers remain undocumented in public records. Reservation policies further shaped community trajectories, with Sainis designated as Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in states including Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Rajasthan, Bihar, Uttarakhand, and Punjab (from 2016), affording quotas in education, employment, and political representation to address historical backwardness in non-agricultural sectors. In Jammu and Kashmir, OBC status was extended in 2022 following legal advocacy. These measures facilitated upward mobility, evidenced by increased participation in government jobs, education, and urban professions, though a majority—estimated at 60-70%—remained engaged in agriculture amid broader rural economic challenges. Sub-regional variations persisted, with groups like Gola Sainis in Saharanpur achieving higher economic standing compared to Bhagirti subgroups.

Demographics and Geography

Population Distribution

The Saini community is primarily distributed across northern , with the largest concentrations in , , and , alongside smaller populations in , , , , and . Due to the absence of comprehensive caste-specific data in India's censuses since 1931—when the recorded Saini population in and adjacent regions totaled approximately 60,445, comprising both Hindu and Sikh members—no official nationwide figures exist for recent decades. Contemporary estimates, derived from ethnographic surveys and people-group profiles, suggest a total Hindu Saini population of several hundred thousand, while Sikh Sainis are estimated at around 600,000, predominantly in 's sub-mountainous districts such as , , , and .
State/TerritoryEstimated Hindu Saini Population
312,000
187,000
114,000
75,000
~37,000 (partial estimate)
These figures reflect Joshua Project's projections based on linguistic and regional affiliations, though they may undercount due to overlaps with related groups like in , where "Saini" serves as a surname for communities. In , political analyses indicate Sainis form about 2.5% of the state's ~30 million residents, influencing OBC voting blocs despite their relatively small share. Migration to urban areas, including and , has increased in recent decades, driven by agricultural shifts and service-sector opportunities, but rural dominance persists in traditional strongholds. Variations in self-identification and regional synonyms (e.g., Shoorsaini or in some contexts) complicate precise enumeration.

Regional Variations

The Saini community displays notable regional differences in religious affiliation, primary occupations, and land tenure patterns across northern . In , particularly in sub-mountainous districts like , , and , a significant proportion of Sainis follow , with estimates placing the Sikh Saini population at approximately 481,000 in the state as of recent ethnographic surveys; they are predominantly landowners engaged in intensive , including crop cultivation and , reflecting a historical emphasis on martial and agrarian roles. In , the community is largely Hindu, comprising around 51,000 Sikh adherents alongside a larger Hindu base, and focuses on farming, though a lease rather than own land, adapting to denser rural economies. Uttar Pradesh hosts the largest estimated Saini population among Hindu subgroups, with surname prevalence data indicating about 34% of national Saini identifiers in the state; here, occupational traditions lean toward and , often overlapping with Baghban subgroups, as evidenced by joint classification in official backward class lists. In and , smaller clusters emphasize and animal management, with populations estimated at tens of thousands, maintaining landowner status but facing varied constraints compared to Punjab's systems. These variations influence social dynamics, such as OBC reservations applied uniformly in , , and since the 1990s for in education and jobs, though some Saini factions in Jammu and Kashmir have resisted inclusion, citing higher historical status. Urban migration from rural bases has further diversified pursuits, with and hosting diaspora engaged in service sectors, diluting traditional agrarian ties.

Socio-Economic Profile

Traditional Occupations

The Saini community in northern , particularly in , , and , has traditionally been engaged in as landowners (zamindars) and cultivators, with a focus on cash crops such as and . This agrarian role traces back to at least the medieval period, when communities migrating to sub-montane adopted intensive farming practices to sustain settled populations. Ethnographic records describe Sainis as specializing in market and domestic vegetable production, distinguishing them from broader grain-focused cultivators in the region. In addition to crop cultivation, traditional Saini occupations included the management of farm animals and leasing arrangements for land use, particularly in where outright ownership varied. British colonial classifications in the late 19th and early 20th centuries formally recognized Sainis as a statutory agricultural , reflecting their entrenched role in rural economies while also noting occasional recruitment from these farming stocks. Historical shifts, such as post-Turko-Islamic conquests, reinforced as the dominant after earlier involvements waned, with communities prioritizing land-based livelihoods over . These occupations contributed to Sainis' socio-economic stability in pre-independence , where they formed a significant portion of intermediate landholding groups, though exact proportions varied by district—for instance, comprising up to 10-15% of cultivators in certain tehsils per early 20th-century gazetteers. Community-specific accounts emphasize expertise in , such as maintenance and irrigated vegetable plots, which aligned with the ecological niches of Indo-Gangetic plains.

Modern Economic Shifts

In the post-independence period, particularly over the last three decades, Sainis in regions like have shifted from general as small or marginal landowners and tenants toward specialized cultivation, responding to rising urban for fresh produce. This adaptation has generated substantial income, enabling investments in and the emergence of an educated within the community. Concomitant with agricultural specialization, Sainis have diversified into non-farm sectors, including , government employment, and urban professions, bolstered by Other Backward Classes (OBC) reservations. The community has a notable presence in the , continuing a historical association with roles, as evidenced by participation in regiments such as and Sikh units during the British era and beyond. In and , OBC status has facilitated access to educational institutions and jobs; for example, in June 2024, the state government increased OBC job reservations to 27% and raised the creamy layer income threshold to ₹8 annually from ₹6 , reflecting efforts to accommodate growing community aspirations amid economic mobility. Urban migration has accelerated this transition, with many Sainis entering , small businesses, and technical roles in cities, though —often horticulture-focused—remains prevalent, sustaining land-based livelihoods amid land fragmentation from practices. This diversification has elevated the community's socio-economic profile, positioning it as a competitor to dominant agrarian groups like in local economies.

Landownership and Agriculture

The Saini community has long been associated with as a primary occupation, particularly in the regions of , , and , where they cultivate crops such as , , and . Historically, Sainis transitioned to farming during the medieval period following Turko-Islamic conquests, adopting intensive cultivation practices including market and . By the British colonial , they were formally recognized as a statutory agricultural tribe under the Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1900, a designed to safeguard land rights for cultivating classes by restricting transfers to non-agriculturalists, thereby enabling Sainis to maintain and of farmland. This classification underscored their role as proprietors rather than tenants, distinguishing them from landless laborers, though some historical accounts note periods of tenancy under zamindari systems prior to . Post-1947 land reforms in , including the abolition of intermediaries in and , further consolidated smallholder ownership among communities like the Sainis, who benefited from redistributed tenanted lands. In practice, Saini farmers often specialize in diversified , managing orchards, vegetable plots, and alongside staple grains, reflecting adaptive strategies to local soil and market conditions. In the modern context, Sainis remain active in the agrarian economy of northern India, contributing to high-productivity zones amid the Green Revolution's legacy since the , which introduced high-yielding varieties, , and fertilizers to boost wheat and rice outputs in and . While official caste-disaggregated landholding data remains scarce—due to the absence of routine publication in agricultural censuses—community profiles indicate that many Saini households hold small to medium plots, with some leasing additional land for operations. Challenges include fragmentation from inheritance laws and , yet their involvement persists, with estimates suggesting they form a significant portion of intermediate landowning groups in Punjab's regions.

Culture and Social Practices

Religious Affiliations

The Saini community predominantly adheres to , with members of both religions retaining a shared identity across northern . Estimates place the Hindu Saini population at approximately 725,000 and the Sikh Saini population at 600,000 within , though these figures derive from ethnographic compilations rather than direct census data. A small Muslim Saini subgroup exists, but it constitutes a negligible fraction compared to the Hindu and Sikh majorities. Hindu Sainis follow core Vedic traditions, venerating principal deities such as , , and associated goddesses, alongside ancestor worship. Religious practices include followed by immersion of ashes in the Ganges River at sites like , with priests conducting rituals for life events. Beliefs incorporate concepts of karma and , supplemented by practices like exorcisms to address malevolent spirits. Key observances encompass major Hindu festivals—, —and the community-specific Shoorsain Jayanti on December 22, commemorating legendary forebears. Sikh Sainis align with the teachings of and subsequent Gurus, emphasizing a formless, omnipresent accessible through ethical living, on divine names, and rejection of hierarchies in doctrine. Practices include charity (), abstinence from alcohol, , and drugs, and male adherents commonly wearing turbans as a symbol of . and karma inform worldview, tempered by Sikh , though endogamous marriage within the Saini persists socially. Regional concentration in underscores higher Sikh affiliation there, with 481,000 Sikh Sainis versus 114,000 Hindu ones. Interfaith ties within the community are evident, as Hindu and Sikh Sainis often intermarry while preserving caste endogamy, reflecting historical fluidity in religious adoption among agricultural groups in Punjab and adjacent regions. Historical data from the 1931 census in undivided Punjab indicated 82% Hindu and 18% Sikh composition, a ratio that has shifted with partition and Sikh consolidation in post-1947 Punjab.

Marriage and Kinship Customs

The Saini community maintains endogamous marriage practices within the caste, preferring alliances that preserve social and lineage boundaries, while enforcing exogamy at the gotra (patrilineal clan) and village levels to prohibit unions among close kin. This structure aligns with broader northern Indian kinship norms, where gotras serve as exogamous units tracing descent from ancient sages or ancestors, ensuring genetic diversity and adherence to Vedic prohibitions on sapinda (shared bloodline) marriages. Kinship among Sainis is patrilineal, with descent, , and authority passed through the line, often within joint households in rural agrarian settings. Marriages are predominantly arranged by elders through negotiation, emphasizing compatibility in , landholding, and subcaste affiliations, though adult consent is increasingly factored in modern contexts. prevails as the standard, with ceremonies varying by religious affiliation: Hindu Sainis follow Vedic rituals including (seven steps around the fire), while Sikh Sainis opt for the at a . Widow remarriage, historically restricted but now permitted under customs (where a widow marries a man of equal or lower status), reflects pragmatic adaptations amid agricultural labor needs, though divorce remains rare and typically requires mutual consent or panchayat intervention. Inter-caste marriages, once , occur sporadically in urban areas due to and mobility, but face social resistance to uphold cohesion. These customs reinforce the community's identity as landowners, prioritizing alliances that sustain familial land rights and cooperative farming networks.

Festivals and Traditions

The Saini community, predominantly Hindu and Sikh in northern , observes major festivals aligned with their agricultural heritage and regional customs. Prominent among these are , celebrated in to mark the and harvest, involving bonfires, folk songs, and offerings of sesame seeds and ; Baisakhi, observed on April 13 or 14 as the Sikh New Year and harvest thanksgiving, featuring processions, displays, and communal feasts; and , a festival in July or August primarily for women, entailing fasting, swings, and rituals for marital bliss and prosperity. In addition to these, Sainis participate in widespread Hindu festivals such as (festival of lights in October or November, with lamps, fireworks, and sweets symbolizing victory of light over darkness) and (spring festival of colors in March, involving bonfires and playful throwing of pigments to celebrate renewal). A distinctive observance is Shoorsain Jayanti on , commemorating the birth of the legendary king Shoorsain, from whom the community claims descent, often marked by prayers, gatherings, and cultural programs reinforcing ancestral pride. Cultural traditions include folk dances like ghoomer (circular skirt dance evoking joy), jhoomer (rhythmic clapping and swaying), and chari (pot-balancing dance from Rajasthan symbolizing water collection and fertility), performed during weddings, harvests, and festivals to preserve social cohesion and agrarian roots. These practices, rooted in Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan, blend devotion with community bonding, though variations exist between Hindu and Sikh subgroups.

Caste Status and Reservations

Classification in Caste System

The Saini community, a jati primarily concentrated in , , , and , traditionally identifies with the varna in the Hindu caste system, based on claims of descent from ancient warrior clans such as the Yaduvanshis (linked to Krishna) and Shursenis (from the king Shursena). This assertion draws from historical narratives of , including roles in medieval armies and as a designated under British colonial post-1857, reflecting their landowning and defensive agrarian roles rather than priestly or mercantile functions. However, traditional varna assignments often placed agriculture-focused jatis like Sainis under the or categories, as the varna theoretically encompassed rulers and soldiers, while cultivation aligned with productive labor castes. Community genealogies and oral histories emphasize warrior origins to elevate status, but ethnographic accounts from colonial censuses (e.g., 1881 and 1891) grouped them with other Hindu-Sikh agricultural tribes like Kambohs, without explicit upper-varna endorsement, highlighting a discrepancy between self-perception and occupational reality. Regional differences further complicate classification: in and , Sainis stress martial heritage and ties, reinforced by a Punjab High Court recognition of their identity in legal contexts; conversely, Saini subgroups in eastern regions overlap with horticulturists, who are more consistently viewed as due to gardening trades. This dual identity reflects the fluidity of jati-varna mappings, where empirical warrior contributions (e.g., land defense) support elevated claims, though rigid scriptural varna prioritizes birth and ritual purity over historical .

Reservation Policies and Benefits

The Saini community is classified as an (OBC) in the central list for states including , where it is enumerated alongside and Baghban communities, qualifying members for under government notifications dating back to 1993. Similar inclusion applies in Delhi's central OBC list, effective from amendments. This status extends to state-level lists in and , where Sainis are eligible for backward class reservations in and . As OBC beneficiaries, eligible Sainis receive a 27% quota in jobs and admissions to centrally funded educational institutions, subject to the exclusion of the "" defined by an annual family income threshold (currently ₹8 as of 2015, unchanged in subsequent updates). State-specific quotas vary; for instance, provides backward class reservations in state jobs, while aligns with central OBC criteria for local recruitment. These policies aim to address historical socio-economic disadvantages through prioritized access to seats in , , and courses, as well as horizontal reservations in promotions for serving employees. However, implementation faces challenges, including community divisions; in Jammu and Kashmir, a 2022 central inclusion in the OBC list prompted protests from subgroups rejecting the designation as it implies social backwardness inconsistent with their self-perceived heritage, leading to a 2023 directive barring reservation certificates against community wishes in that . No nationwide data isolates Saini-specific uptake, but OBC reservations broadly facilitate entry-level opportunities in civil services and public universities for qualifying non-creamy layer members.

Internal Debates on Status

The Saini community exhibits internal divisions over its caste status, particularly concerning varna affiliations and implications for reservation policies. A prominent faction asserts or warrior origins, linking descent to the ancient Shoorsaini kingdom, Yaduvanshi lineage, and figures like King Shursena, positioning themselves above mere agricultural roles. This narrative, rooted in community traditions and epics, contrasts with classifications viewing Sainis as or varna due to their historical occupations in , cultivation, and market produce, as reflected in some ethnographic accounts. Such claims of elevated status often serve sanskritization efforts but lack independent archaeological or textual verification beyond self-referential lore, leading to skepticism among external observers and even intra-community disputes over authenticity, including assertions that post-1930 adoptions by subgroups diluted original identities. These varna debates intersect with modern reservation frameworks, where Sainis are designated Other Backward Classes (OBC) in states including , , , and Jammu and Kashmir, based on empirical socio-economic indicators like landholding patterns and rather than purity. Opposition arises from perceptions that OBC tagging implies inherent backwardness, clashing with martial self-image; in Jammu and Kashmir, for instance, the government’s 2022 inclusion prompted widespread protests by groups like the Yuva Saini Sabha, who demanded revocation to preserve forward status. Community members filed petitions arguing non-fulfillment of criteria for backwardness, such as or underrepresentation. In October 2023, the Saini community escalated challenges by petitioning the High Court of J&K and Ladakh against their social caste listing, citing inadequate data on economic deprivation. The court, in December 2023, stayed issuance of reservation certificates to Sainis, highlighting procedural lapses in the inclusion process. While some subgroups embrace OBC benefits for access to quotas in education and jobs—evident in acceptance by portions of the Jammu and Kashmir Saini Sabha—the rejecting faction prioritizes symbolic prestige, underscoring a broader intra-community rift between pragmatic advancement and historical assertion. This tension mirrors patterns in other upwardly mobile castes, where reservation eligibility fuels identity-based schisms without altering official empirical classifications.

Political and Military Contributions

Role in Indian Independence

Members of the Saini community participated in the across revolutionary, political, and military fronts, including the Ghadar Party's anti-colonial activities, the Akali Movement's non-violent resistance, and the 's armed campaigns. This involvement often stemmed from their agricultural and warrior backgrounds in and , regions central to anti-British agitation, with many facing , execution, or combat deaths. Harnam Singh Saini emerged as a prominent , aiding the Ghadar Party's newsletter in the United States and returning to after the 1914 to organize uprisings; he was convicted in the Lahore Conspiracy Case and hanged by British authorities on March 16, 1917. Similarly, other Sainis like contributed to Ghadar propaganda efforts. In the non-violent sphere, Sardar Labh Singh Saini (1895–1947), born to Sardar Dula Singh, led as president of the and joined the Movement, enduring arrests before his death in 1947 communal violence while mediating for harmony in Punjab's region. On the military side, Captain Ajit Singh Saini (1922–2007) served in the INA under , managing wire services and publicity during operations in . Additional Sainis, such as those in the INA's Hoshiarpur contingent including Mahavrat Vidyalankar and Shamsher Singh, bolstered these efforts through enlistment and sacrifice.

Military Service and Valor

Members of the Saini community have maintained a longstanding tradition of in , originating from their roles as warriors in pre-colonial Sikh misls and armies, and continuing through enlistment in the as part of designated martial classes valued for and prowess. This involvement persisted post-independence, with Sainis serving across various regiments of the , including the Sikh and Jat units, often in significant numbers due to their agricultural backgrounds fostering physical resilience suited to demanding terrains. During World War I, Jemadar Gurmukh Singh Saini, serving with the Bengal Lancers, demonstrated exceptional bravery on the night of March 1, 1916, in Mesopotamia, where he led a daring assault on entrenched Turkish positions under intense fire, capturing key ground and earning the Indian Order of Merit (1st Class), equivalent to a Victoria Cross in precedence. For the same action, he was additionally awarded the 2nd Class Cross of the Russian Order of St. George, recognizing his leadership in sustaining momentum against superior enemy forces despite casualties. In the modern era, Joginder Singh Sahnan of the 1st Battalion, , posthumously received India's highest wartime gallantry award, the , for his defense of a ridge near on October 23, 1962, during the . Despite being wounded early in the assault by a numerically overwhelming Chinese force estimated at 200 troops, he refused evacuation, manned a , and directed fire that neutralized over 20 attackers while inspiring his to hold the position until ammunition depleted, ultimately dying from injuries after a final charge. Born into an agricultural Saini Sikh family in , , on September 26, 1921, his actions at Tongpen La exemplified tactical resolve under extreme odds, with Chinese forces later repatriating his remains with honors upon learning of the award.

Contemporary Political Influence

The Saini community has exerted notable influence in contemporary Indian politics, particularly within the (BJP) in , where members of the serve as key figures in consolidating Other Backward Classes (OBC) support against traditional Jat dominance. Nayab Singh Saini, a prominent Saini leader and Lok Sabha MP from , was appointed Chief Minister of Haryana on March 12, 2024, succeeding as part of the BJP's strategy to appeal to the state's approximately 38% OBC electorate, including the roughly 2.5% Saini population. Under his leadership, the BJP secured a third consecutive term in the October 2024 Haryana Assembly elections, winning 48 out of 90 seats despite after a decade in power, by emphasizing welfare schemes and counter-polarization tactics that mobilized non-Jat votes, including OBCs. This elevation of Saini reflects the BJP's broader reliance on OBC leaders from communities like the Sainis to broaden its base in northern , where caste equations play a pivotal role in electoral outcomes. Prior to his chief ministership, Nayab Singh Saini served as the BJP's unit president from October 2023, a position that underscored the party's intent to project OBC faces amid internal shifts. His government's first year, marked by initiatives such as releasing Rs 2,697 in development grants for panchayats and increasing social security pensions, has been highlighted by supporters as evidence of transformative governance aligned with national priorities like the abrogation of Article 370. Critics from the opposition , however, have pointed to persistent issues like crime and unemployment as shortcomings of the Saini administration. Beyond , the Saini community's political clout is being leveraged by the BJP for expansion into , with Nayab Singh Saini positioned as a bridge to attract the state's Saini voters ahead of the 2027 Assembly elections. This outreach builds on the community's agricultural and landowning base, which aligns with BJP's narrative, though Sainis remain a minority within Punjab's diverse OBC landscape. Overall, the Sainis' contemporary role exemplifies how sub-caste dynamics within OBCs enable parties to navigate regional power shifts, with empirical electoral data from 2024 demonstrating their efficacy in vote consolidation.

Notable Individuals

Political Leaders

Nayab Singh Saini, born on January 25, 1970, in village of , , serves as the Chief Minister of Haryana since March 12, 2024, representing the (BJP). From a farming family within the Saini community—recognized as Other Backward Classes (OBC) in —Saini entered politics through the (RSS) and joined the BJP in the 1990s, eventually becoming the party's Haryana unit president in October 2023 and Lok Sabha MP from in 2019. His elevation to Chief Minister replaced Manohar Lal Khattar amid BJP's efforts to broaden its non-Jat voter base, leveraging Saini's OBC identity in a state where caste dynamics heavily influence electoral outcomes. Under Saini's leadership, the BJP secured a majority in the October 2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly elections, securing 48 seats and enabling his continuation as Chief Minister, a feat attributed to effective mobilization of OBC and Punjabi communities. Saini's political ascent underscores the Saini community's growing influence in 's BJP-dominated governance, particularly in countering dominant Jat agricultural lobbies through targeted welfare schemes and administrative appointments favoring OBC groups. Post-election, he has extended BJP outreach into , engaging Saini and Sikh voters in border districts to expand the party's footprint beyond . Other notable Saini political figures include Brigadier Dilbagh Singh Saini, who served as a minister in the government following a military career, representing the community's historical involvement in regional Sikh . In Haryana, figures like Saini have held ministerial positions across party lines, contributing to the community's legislative presence in state assemblies. Earlier leaders, such as Chaudhary Dewan Chand Saini, a criminal lawyer and politician in British-era awarded the Most Excellent , highlight the community's pre-independence political engagement.

Military Figures

Subedar Sahnan (1921–1962) was a Sikh from the Saini community of Munaka village in , , who posthumously received the , India's highest wartime gallantry award, for his actions during the 1962 . On October 23, 1962, while serving with 1 at Bum La in the , he led a in repelling multiple Chinese infantry assaults despite being heavily outnumbered; he continued fighting even after sustaining mortal wounds, killing over 30 enemy soldiers and delaying their advance until reinforcements arrived. Krishan Kant Saini earned the Vir Chakra, the third-highest gallantry award, for his role in the 1962 Sino-Indian War, where he conducted a daring reconnaissance mission under fire, providing critical intelligence that enabled Indian forces to counter enemy movements. His actions exemplified the combat valor associated with Saini personnel in the Indian Army during that conflict. Lieutenant General Satinder Kumar Saini (born 1959) served as Vice Chief of the Army Staff from 2019 to 2021 and commanded the Western Army Command; he received the Param Vishisht Seva Medal, Ati Vishisht Seva Medal, Yudh Seva Medal, and Vishisht Seva Medal for distinguished service in operational and leadership roles, including counter-insurgency operations in Jammu and Kashmir. Earlier, Lieutenant General S.K. Saini, another prominent figure, held the Param Vishisht Seva Medal, Yudh Seva Medal, and Ati Vishisht Seva Medal for contributions to military strategy and command. Vice Admiral Ravneet Singh Saini has been awarded the and Nao Sena Medal for exemplary naval service, including operational deployments and in fleet commands. These officers highlight the Saini community's continued representation in senior Indian military , building on a tradition of service documented in both World Wars and post-independence conflicts.

Freedom Fighters and Activists

Harnam Singh Saini participated in the Ghadar Conspiracy, a revolutionary plot by overseas Indians to incite mutiny against British rule in India, and was executed by hanging on March 16, 1917, in . Ajit Singh Saini (1922–2007) served as an officer in the (INA), working closely with in propaganda efforts including the INA's wire service and the Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind; he was imprisoned by British authorities for his involvement and later became a and in . Maya Singh Saini, a cavalryman from Naushahra in , , was imprisoned by the British for anti-colonial activities during the early 20th-century struggle. Community records indicate broader Saini involvement in the independence movement, including participation in the Ghadar Party's recruitment drives and INA battalions, with figures like Captain Shamsher and Mahavrat Vidyalankar noted for direct association with Bose's campaigns; however, independent verification beyond self-reported remains limited for most individuals.

Sports and Other Fields

Navdeep Saini, born December 28, 1992, in , is a right-arm fast bowler who debuted for the Indian national team in August 2019 during a T20I series against , following strong domestic performances including IPL stints with teams like Daredevils and Royal Challengers Bangalore. In , the Saini sisters from —Rupa, Prema, Krishna, and Swarna—formed a dominant quartet in Indian women's hockey during the 1970s and 1980s; Rupa Saini captained the national team at the 1980 Moscow Olympics, while Prema also led the side in international competitions. Nirmal Saini (née , 1938–2021), a player from , captained the Indian women's national team before marrying athlete , contributing to early advancements in representation in the country. In other fields, , a British-Indian with and science degrees from and , has authored books like Superior (2019), which critiques race science by arguing against genetic explanations for group differences, though such positions have drawn rebuttals for overlooking twin studies and genome-wide association data supporting partial of traits like . Shaila Saini, a student-entrepreneur at , launched Lushious Beauty in 2023 to promote inclusive skincare products targeting diverse skin tones and types, reflecting a niche focus on in .

References

  1. https://www.angelasaini.co.uk/
  2. https://www.amazon.com/Angela-Saini/e/B005SLITZ4
  3. https://www.beacon.org/Superior-P1495.aspx
  4. https://www.theguardian.com/profile/angela-saini
  5. https://quillette.com/2019/06/05/superior-the-return-of-race-science-a-review/
  6. https://whyevolutionistrue.com/2020/03/15/angela-saini-misrepresents-galton-kerfuffle-at-university-college-london-fails-to-see-the-beam-in-her-own-eye/
  7. https://sciwrite.mit.edu/person/angela-saini/
  8. https://sainionline.net/saini-etymology.html
  9. https://www.wisdomlib.org/names/saini
  10. https://www.familysearch.org/en/surname?surname=saini
  11. https://en.geneanet.org/surnames/SAINI
  12. https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Saini
  13. http://yadavhistory.com/saini_yadavs
  14. https://namecensus.com/last-names/saini-surname-popularity/
  15. http://journal.ardigitech.in/admin/papers/65f7f326e2089.pdf
  16. https://sainionline.net/origin-of-saini-caste-from-yadu-rajputs.html
  17. http://raman522.blogspot.com/2010/07/saini-people-this-article-is-about.html
  18. https://www.facebook.com/maharaja.shoor.saini.101/posts/%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580-%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C-%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25BE-%25E0%25A4%2587%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B8-saini-caste-of-north-indiasaini-is-a-caste-of-north-india-wh/832714435126106/
  19. https://archive.org/download/glossaryoftribes03rose/glossaryoftribes03rose.pdf
  20. https://www.facebook.com/HeritageofPunjabSindh/posts/saini-tribe-from-the-book-a-glossary-of-the-tribes-and-castes-of-the-panjab-and-/3989628224490534/
  21. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC311057/
  22. https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shurasena
  23. https://mythus.fandom.com/wiki/Shurasena
  24. https://newpakhistorian.wordpress.com/tag/saini/
  25. https://www.sainicaste.com/people/army-and-police
  26. https://www.facebook.com/sainipride/posts/subedar-major-gurmukh-singh-saini-iom-cr-st-geo-vcpvc-on-march-1-1916-saini-rajp/326911084425288/
  27. https://sites.google.com/view/saini-caste/people
  28. https://www.ijrar.org/papers/IJRAR19D3098.pdf
  29. https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/17998/PK
  30. https://sainionline.net/sainis-in-army-and-police.html
  31. https://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/cl/delhi.pdf
  32. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/consider-saini-caste-in-obc-category-cat-tells-ut-admn-150274
  33. https://www.newsbharati.com/Encyc/2022/10/29/Saini-community-in-J-K-thanks-PM-Modi-for-giving-OBC-status.html
  34. https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/17998/IN
  35. https://newpakhistorian.wordpress.com/tag/saini-caste-population/
  36. https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/18163/in
  37. https://m.economictimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/how-bjps-saini-gambit-in-haryana-involves-targeting-non-jat-voters/articleshow/110417662.cms
  38. https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/18163
  39. https://forebears.io/surnames/saini
  40. https://ncbc.nic.in/writereaddata/cl/up.pdf
  41. https://www.jatland.com/home/List_of_Saini_Samaj_Gotras
  42. https://sainionline.net/neo-saini-groups/post-1930-appropriation-of-saini-i-b033623cec17ee1.html
  43. https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/print/17998/IN
  44. https://news.sainicaste.com/2023/09/saini-caste-information-about-saini.html
  45. https://www.theindiaforum.in/politics/shifting-ground-society-and-politics-haryana
  46. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-cm-announces-income-quota-increase-for-obcs/articleshow/111215907.cms
  47. http://punjablaws.gov.pk/laws/18.html
  48. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/punjab-land-alienation-act-and-the-professional-moneylenders/74893399EE13AA3384523288FAB616B3
  49. https://secc.dord.gov.in/getLandOwnershipRuralNationalReport.htm
  50. https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/18163/IN
  51. https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/17673/IN
  52. http://wiki-gyan.blogspot.com/2014/03/saini.html
  53. https://newpakhistorian.wordpress.com/2018/05/25/saini-population-of-punjab-according-to-1901-census-of-india/
  54. https://www.jeevansathi.com/matrimonials/saini-matrimonial/
  55. http://sksmcommunity.com/AboutSaini.html
  56. https://www.nruthyashakti.com/folk-dances.html
  57. https://sainicommunity.com/unraveling-the-saini-caste-a-warrior-legacy/
  58. https://news.sainicaste.com/2024/03/what-are-different-types-of-saini.html
  59. https://bcmbcmw.tn.gov.in/obc/faq/uttarpradesh.pdf
  60. https://punjabxp.com/list-backward-other-classes/
  61. https://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvxbegUDuc3MN4eB5E3Ecc1drRPAf1qXQ%252Bl0IqIfhjN1xHrf4i2h5g0
  62. https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/all-jammu-and-kashmir-saini-sabh-exit-quota-benefits-8299482/
  63. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/no-reservation-certificate-to-saini-community-orders-high-court-567531/
  64. https://news.sainicaste.com/2024/03/is-saini-kshatriya.html
  65. https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/saini-community-youth-stage-protest-demand-revocation-of-obc-status/
  66. https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/sainis-jk-quota-beneficiary-castes-list-8292133/
  67. https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/saini-community-challenges-its-inclusion-as-social-caste-101697743786080.html
  68. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jammu/hc-stops-jk-admin-from-issuing-social-caste-certificates-to-saini-community-members-9049300/
  69. https://theprint.in/india/saini-community-in-j-k-expresses-gratitude-to-pm-modi-for-giving-obc-status/1186519/
  70. https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/haryana-cm-praises-saini-community-120030100925_1.html
  71. https://prharyana.gov.in/en/haryana-chief-minister-mr-manohar-lal-said-that-the-contribution-of-saini-community-in-indias
  72. https://www.hindujagruti.org/hinduism-for-kids/577.html
  73. https://sainionline.net/personalities/babu-labh-singh.html
  74. https://sainionline.net/saini-freedom-fighters.html
  75. https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Gurmukh_Singh_Saini
  76. https://honourpoint.in/profile/subedar-joginder-singh-pvc-2/
  77. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjps-nayab-singh-saini-to-be-new-haryana-chief-minister-sources-5223688
  78. https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/nayab-saini-haryana-poll-face-cm-bjp-obc-votes-non-jat-9427280/
  79. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-bjps-saini-gambit-to-corner-non-jat-votes-is-playing-out-in-haryana/articleshow/110411443.cms
  80. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/the-dark-horse-cm-nayab-singh-saini-seals-place-in-political-annals-of-haryana/articleshow/114309794.cms
  81. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/haryana-bjp-5-things-saini-winner-9611841/
  82. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/obc-lok-sabha-mp-nayab-singh-saini-appointed-bjp-haryana-president-4520769
  83. https://www.thefinancialworld.com/haryana-state-under-the-leadership-of-chief-minister-nayab-saini-on-completion-of-one-year/
  84. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/saini-hails-11-years-of-modi-rule-as-indias-transformative-decade/
  85. https://newsarenaindia.com/politics/cong-lists-failures-of-nayab-saini-s-govt/59718
  86. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/bjp-bets-on-nayab-saini-for-mission-punjab-2027/
  87. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/premium/saini-woos-punjab-caste-equations-shape-bjp-plan/
  88. https://theprint.in/india/how-counter-polarisation-with-saini-in-focus-rss-micromanagement-paid-off-for-bjp-in-haryana/2303010/
  89. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-dalit-obc-votes-could-be-a-gamechanger-in-haryana-polls/articleshow/113919146.cms
  90. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nayab-singh-saini-stepping-out-of-the-shadows/article68773727.ece
  91. https://www.business-standard.com/elections/haryana-elections/nayab-singh-saini-set-to-become-cm-again-after-bjp-wins-haryana-polls-124100801210_1.html
  92. https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/nayab-singh-saini-bjp-haryana-obc-face-punjab-9947437/
  93. https://www.business-standard.com/politics/from-obscurity-to-fame-cm-saini-seals-place-in-political-annals-of-haryana-124101700585_1.html
  94. https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/mandate-2024/story/20241021-profile-nayab-singh-saini-from-shadows-to-spotlight-2615423-2024-10-11
  95. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-cm-nayab-singh-saini-continues-bjp-push-in-punjab-reels-in-former-badal-aide/articleshow/120654399.cms
  96. https://www.quora.com/Who-are-some-famous-Sainis
  97. https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ace-of-pace-navdeep-saini-indian-cricket-debut-5875915/
  98. https://stick2hockey.com/hockey-player/rupa-saini/
  99. https://thegodofsports.com/remembering-the-forgotten-legends-of-indian-sports/
  100. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jul/03/superior-by-angela-raini-review
  101. https://www.globalindian.com/youth/story/cover-story/shaila-saini-rowan-university-student-shaping-beauty-standards-with-lushious-beauty/
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.