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Toyota Tercel
Toyota Tercel
Toyota Tercel
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Toyota Tercel
The fourth generation Toyota Tercel DX sedan (EL42, US)
Overview
ManufacturerToyota
Also called
  • Toyota Corsa (Japan)
  • Toyota Corolla II (Japan, 1982–1999)
  • Toyota Corolla Tercel (United States, 1978–1982)
  • Toyota Soluna (Thailand and Indonesia, 1996–2003)
ProductionAugust 1978[1] – July 1999[2] (extended production as Soluna until 2003)
AssemblyJapan: Toyota, Aichi (Takaoka plant); Hamura, Tokyo (Hino plant)
Body and chassis
ClassSubcompact car
Chronology
Successor

The Toyota Tercel (Japanese: トヨタ・ターセル, Hepburn: Toyota Tāseru) is a subcompact car manufactured by Toyota from 1978 until 1999 across five generations, in five body configurations sized between the Corolla and the Starlet. Manufactured at the Takaoka plant in Toyota City, Japan, and sharing its platform with the Cynos (aka Paseo) and the Starlet, the Tercel was marketed variously as the Toyota Corolla II (トヨタ・カローラII, Toyota Karōra II)—sold at Toyota Japanese dealerships called Toyota Corolla Stores—and was replaced by the Platz in 1999. It was also known as the Toyota Corsa (トヨタ・コルサ, Toyota Korusa) and sold at Toyopet Store locations. Starting with the second generation, the Tercel dealership network was changed to Vista Store, as its badge engineered sibling, the Corolla II, was exclusive to Corolla Store locations.

The Tercel was the first front-wheel drive vehicle produced by Toyota, although it was the only front-wheel drive Toyota to have a longitudinally mounted engine.[2] For example, the E80 series Corolla's frame (except AE85 and AE86) is similar to the L20 series Tercel's frame. Also, Toyota designed the A series engine for the Tercel, attempting simultaneously to achieve good fuel economy and performance and low emissions. Choice of body styles increased as well, with the addition of a four-door sedan.

The name "Tercel" was derived from the Latin word for "one third", with "tiercel" referring to a male falcon which is one-third smaller than its female counterpart. Similarly, the Tercel was slightly smaller than the Corolla. The early Tercels have a logo on the trunk with a stylized falcon as the T in Tercel. All Tercels were assembled at the Takaoka factory in Toyota City, Aichi or by Hino Motors in Hamura, Tokyo. Hino assembled the third generation Tercel from 1986 to 1990 for the two-door and some three-door models. When Japanese production of the Tercel/Corsa/Corolla II (and the related Cynos/Paseo coupés) came to an end in 1999, 4,968,935 examples had been built.[2]

First generation (L10; 1978)

[edit]
First generation (L10)
Toyota Tercel 1500 Hi-Deluxe (AL10, Japan)
Overview
Also called
  • Toyota Corsa (Japan)
  • Toyota Corolla Tercel (US)
ProductionAugust 1978[1] – April 1982[3]
Body and chassis
Body style
LayoutLongitudinal front-engine, front-wheel-drive
Powertrain
Engine
  • 1.3 L 2A I4 (AL11)
  • 1.5 L 1A I4 (AL10)
  • 1.5 L 3A I4 (AL12)
Transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,500 mm (98.4 in)
Length
  • 3,960 mm (155.9 in) (hatchback)
  • 3,990 mm (157.1 in) (sedan)
Width1,555 mm (61.2 in)
Height
  • 1,355 mm (53.3 in) (hatchback)
  • 1,375 mm (54.1 in) (sedan)

The Tercel was introduced in Japan in August 1978,[1] Europe in March 1979 (Geneva Motor Show)[4] and the United States in 1980.[5] It was originally sold as either a two- or four-door sedan, or as a three-door hatchback. The hatchback's rear design was the result of using taillights similar in design to those used on the bigger Mark II: the Tercel was originally intended to be sold through Toyopet Stores, alongside the Mark II.[6] The Tercel ended up being marketed through the Corolla Store and the Diesel Store locations in Japan, while a version badged "Toyota Corsa" was marketed in parallel through the separate Toyopet distribution network.[7] In the United States it was named the "Corolla Tercel". Models sold in the US were powered by a 1,452 cc SOHC four-cylinder 1A-C engine producing 60 hp (45 kW) at 4,800 rpm. Transmission choices were either a four- or five-speed manual, or a three-speed automatic available with the 1.5-litre engine from August 1979 on.[8]

In the Japanese market, the 1,500 cc engine developed 80 PS (59 kW) at 5,600 rpm,[9] while the 1.3-litre 2A engine, added in June 1979, offered a claimed 74 PS (54 kW).[8] In Europe, mainly, the 1.3-litre version was available, with 65 PS (48 kW).[10]

In this new front-wheel-drive design, the first for Toyota, the engine is mounted longitudinally. The transmission is mounted under the floorpan, as is the case in a rear-wheel-drive car. Unlike a rear-wheel-drive car, the transmission has a ring and pinion gear on the front part of the transmission, underneath the engine. The engine, transmission and differential are located a little off of the centre line of the car. Halfshafts then extend from the transmission to the front wheels. This made for a taller package than usual, making the beltline higher as well, but Toyota felt that traditionalists might be scared off by a transverse setup. As early as 1980, Toyota also hinted that this setup made the conversion to a four-wheel-drive setup easier,[11] although such a version had to wait for the second generation. The Tercel also had rack and pinion steering, the first time such a design was used by Toyota since the 2000GT.[12]

In August 1980, the Tercel (and Corsa) underwent a facelift, with considerable changes to the front and minor ones to the interior and rear. The 1A engine was replaced by the 3A of identical displacement but now with 83 PS (61 kW).[7] This engine eschewed the TGP lean burn design used on the 1A, instead depending on a catalytic converter to meet the ever more stringent emissions standards of the time.

  • 1980 Tercel three-door
    1980 Tercel three-door
  • 1981 Tercel two-door (facelift)
    1981 Tercel two-door (facelift)
  • Tercel L11 four-door
    Tercel L11 four-door

Second generation (L20; 1982)

[edit]
Second generation (L20)
Toyota Tercel 1500 3-door Hatchback (AL21, US)
Overview
Also called
  • Toyota Corsa (Japan)
  • Toyota Corolla II (hatchback, Japan)
  • Toyota Sprinter Carib
ProductionMay 1982[3] – February 1988[13]
Body and chassis
Body style
  • 3/5-door hatchback
  • 4-door sedan
  • 5-door station wagon
LayoutLongitudinal front-engine, front-wheel-drive or four-wheel-drive
Powertrain
Engine
  • 1.3 L 2A I4 (AL20)
  • 1.5 L 3A I4 (AL21/25)
Transmission
  • 3-speed automatic
  • 4-speed manual
  • 5-speed manual
  • 6-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,430 mm (95.7 in)

Toyota redesigned the Tercel in May 1982, now called the Tercel in all markets. Its internal model code is the L20 series. It was available in three- or five-door hatchback models or a four-door station wagon, and also as a four-door sedan in Japan. The station wagon, known in Japan as the Sprinter Carib (Japanese: Toyota Sprinter Carib, short for "caribou"[13]), was introduced in August 1982. The wagon was also available with four-wheel drive (front-wheel-drive wagons were only available in select markets). In Japan, a four-wheel-drive sedan was also available; it, too remained in production alongside the wagon version even after the introduction of the third generation Tercel. Standard front-wheel drive vehicles (and four-wheel drive wagons not equipped with the six-speed manual transmission) came with either a three-speed automatic or a four- or five-speed manual transmission. The four-speed manual was reserved for the very simplest version in North American markets.

In Japan, body styles on offer were different for the different models as they had to suit the lineups of the various dealer networks. the Corolla II was originally only available as a three- or five-door hatchback, while the Tercel and the Corsa were both offered exclusively with the five-door or the four-door sedan body styles.[14] The second generation Tercel was moved from the Corolla to the Vista sales network, while the Corsa remained available through Toyopet stores, and the Corolla II in the Corolla dealer network.[14] The Toyota Diesel sales network, which had handled some Tercel sales earlier, was shut down in the 1980s.

As only the first two generations were sold officially in Europe, this was the last generation of the Tercel series available there, with either the hatchback or station wagon bodywork. In Japan, power outputs were as follows:

  • 1295 cc 2A-U: 75 PS (55 kW) at 6,000 rpm[15]
  • 1452 cc 3A-U: 83 PS (61 kW) at 5,600 rpm (9.0:1 compression, 82.05–86.05)[15]
  • 1452 cc 3A-U: 85 PS (63 kW) at 5,600 rpm (9.3:1 compression, 86.03–88.02)[15]
  • 1452 cc 3A-HU: 86 PS (63 kW) at 6,000 rpm (variable venturi carburetor, 9.3:1 compression, 82.05–84.08)[15][16]
  • 1,452 cc 3A-SU: 90 PS (66 kW) at 6,000 rpm (twin variable venturi carburettors, swirl intake version, 84.08–88.02)[15]

North American Tercels were all fitted with the 1.5-litre engine, producing 63 hp (47 kW) at 4,800 rpm. In Europe, both the 1.3 and the 1.5 litres were available, as per national importers' preferences.[17] As with the earlier generation, engine and transmission were still mounted longitudinally, and the arrangements were the same. In some markets, engines received minor improvements, such as reformulated combustion chambers (to improve emissions and fuel economy), higher compression ratios, and new auxiliary devices for the carburettor assemblies.

The four-wheel-drive models (chassis code AL25, only with the 1.5 litre engine) could be equipped with six-speed manual transmissions, and could be shifted from two- to four-wheel drive without coming to a stop. The sixth gear it carries is an "extra low" (EL) first gear, a standard transmission gear with a very low (4.71:1) gear-ratio. The EL gear generates a 17.6:1 final drive ratio, giving the driver the torque needed to extract the vehicle from conditions which otherwise may have trapped it. It is only available when in four-wheel drive, and because of its low gear-ratio it is suitable only for very low-speed use. Also included with better equipped four-wheel-drive models was an inclinometer above the radio and air conditioner that measures the tilt of the car.

The new Tercel 4WD was built from existing pieces in the Toyota inventory. The engine, transaxle and front-wheel-drive system were from the existing Tercel; the longitudinally mounted engine made such a conversion a simple affair.[18] The coil-sprung, live rear axle and the drive shaft was taken from the rear-wheel drive Corolla.[19] The only major part specifically designed for the new Tercel 4WD was the transfer case, built into the transmission.[20] The transfer case provides the driver with three different power arrangements: Normally, the car is operated with front-wheel drive. When the driver pulls the 4WD selector lever back into four-wheel drive, or presses a button on the gear selector for the automatic transmission, front and rear differentials are driven at the same RPM via a direct mechanical coupling. There is no conventional center differential, so the four-wheel-drive system can be used only on loose or slippery road surfaces (such as snow, gravel, or sand); otherwise the drivetrain experiences severe wear, and handling is compromised. The third power option (which was only available on the six-speed manual) is low range. This is not the same as the low-range power option found in a truck or conventional SUV, as the Tercel lacks a high-range-low-range transfer case. When the lever is placed in four-wheel-drive mode it becomes possible to down shift the vehicle from first to EL.[20]

In 1985, there were minor changes to gear ratios and to the grille design, and the interior was updated in 1986. The Tercel wagon (and four-door sedan in Japan) continued with the same design until February 1988 (when the Sprinter Carib was replaced by a larger, Corolla-based design), while the sedans and hatchbacks moved on to the newer design.[13]

Europe

[edit]

Versions available in Europe:

  • 1.3 litre DX (three-door hatchback, five-door hatchback)
  • 1.3 litre GL (three-door hatchback, five-door hatchback)
  • 1.5 litre GL (three-door hatchback, five-door hatchback)
  • 1.5 litre 4WD (five-door estate, only version from 1986 onwards)

Engines:

  • 1,295 cc 2A: 65 PS (48 kW) at 6,000 rpm
  • 1,452 cc 3A/3A-C: 71 PS (52 kW) at 5,600 rpm
[edit]
  • 1985–1986 Tercel 5-door (AL21, North America)
    1985–1986 Tercel 5-door (AL21, North America)
  • 1983–1984 Tercel 3-door (AL21, US)
    1983–1984 Tercel 3-door (AL21, US)
  • Tercel 1300 (AL20, Europe)
    Tercel 1300 (AL20, Europe)
  • Toyota Sprinter Carib (AL25, Japan)
    Toyota Sprinter Carib (AL25, Japan)
  • 1986 Tercel wagon (AL25, US)
    1986 Tercel wagon (AL25, US)
  • Dash and interior of 1983 Tercel
    Dash and interior of 1983 Tercel

Third generation (L30; 1986)

[edit]
Third generation (L30)
Toyota Tercel 5-door hatchback (EL31, US)
Overview
Also calledToyota Corsa/Corolla II (hatchback, Japan)
ProductionMay 1986[21]–1990
Body and chassis
Body style
  • 2-door sedan
  • 3/5-door hatchback
LayoutTransverse front-engine, front-wheel-drive
RelatedToyota Starlet
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
  • 4- or 5-speed manual
  • 3- or 4-speed automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,380 mm (93.7 in)
Length
  • 3,910–3,995 mm (153.9–157.3 in) (hatchback)
  • 4,235 mm (166.7 in) (sedan)
Width
  • 1,625 mm (64.0 in) (hatchback)
  • 1,635 mm (64.4 in) (sedan)
Height
  • 1,370–1,440 mm (53.9–56.7 in) (hatchback)
  • 1,315 mm (51.8 in) (sedan)
Curb weight800–950 kg (1,764–2,094 lb)

In 1986, Toyota introduced the slightly larger third generation Tercel with a new 12-valve engine which featured a variable venturi carburetor, and later models with EFI. From this generation on, the engine is mounted transversely, with the transmission mounted on the right side of the engine in a layout developed by Dante Giacosa and earlier popularised in such vehicles as the Fiat 128 and Volkswagen Golf. Other changes included revised rack-and-pinion steering and a newly designed, fully independent suspension. The Tercel continued in North America as Toyota's least expensive vehicle, while it was no longer offered in Europe. In other markets, the smaller Starlet was also offered.

In Japan, the top trim package Tercel Retra GP-Turbo came installed with Toyota's four wheel independent suspension, labeled "Pegasus", along with their "Lasre" branded multi-port fuel injection, using the 115 PS (85 kW) 3E-TEU engine. "Retra" was short for retractable, a reference to the car's unique hidden headlamps.

In 1986, Toyota also introduced a turbodiesel version with Toyota's 1.5-litre 1N-T engine coupled with a manual five-speed transmission. This was exclusively sold in the Japanese domestic market.[22]

The wagon version continued to be of the previous generation, as did the four-door sedan (which was not exported to most countries), until it was moved to the Corolla's underpinnings in 1988. The variable venturi carburettor reportedly has some problems, especially in the earlier models, such as a too rich mixture, which is caused by the too thin Teflon coating of the fuel-metering needle, which erodes over time due to friction. It also has had problems with the compensator (choke device), which can also cause overly rich mixture when not working properly.[23]

North America

The third generation Tercel arrived in North America in late 1986, for the 1987 model year. As with Tercels globally, it received the new 12-valve E-series engine family. In North America, only the 1.5-litre engine was available, producing 78 hp (58 kW) in federalized trim.[24] In 1987 (for the 1988 model year), Toyota introduced the Tercel EZ to North America.[25] Fitted with less standard equipment than the standard Tercel it has vinyl upholstery, a four-speed manual transmission, rubber mats instead of carpeting, and a deleted passenger's side sun visor. This was also when the two-door sedan model was introduced, sometimes referred to as a "coupe" in the United States.[25] The two-door sedan was exclusively sold in North America, as most economy car buyers elsewhere expected either a hatchback or four doors on their sedans.

For the 1990 model year, the Tercel Wagon was discontinued, having been upgraded to the larger platform used for the Corolla/Sprinter Carib. Non-motorized two-point passive seatbelts for the front seats were introduced in 1990 in the United States only.

[edit]
  • Toyota Tercel 2-door sedan (EL31, US)
    Toyota Tercel 2-door sedan (EL31, US)
  • Toyota Tercel DX 2-door sedan (EL31, Canada)
    Toyota Tercel DX 2-door sedan (EL31, Canada)
  • 1988 Toyota Tercel EZ 3-door hatchback (EL31, US)
    1988 Toyota Tercel EZ 3-door hatchback (EL31, US)
  • Toyota Corsa 5-door hatchback (Japan)
    Toyota Corsa 5-door hatchback (Japan)
  • Toyota Corsa 5-door hatchback (Japan)
    Toyota Corsa 5-door hatchback (Japan)
  • Toyota Corsa Retra SXi 3-door hatchback (Japan)
    Toyota Corsa Retra SXi 3-door hatchback (Japan)
  • Toyota Corolla II 5-door hatchback (Japan)
    Toyota Corolla II 5-door hatchback (Japan)

Fourth generation (L40; 1990)

[edit]
Fourth generation (L40)
Pre-facelift Toyota Tercel Standard 2-door (EL42, US)
Overview
Also called
  • Toyota Corsa (Japan)
  • Toyota Corolla II (hatchback, Japan)
  • Toyota Corolla Tercel (Chile)
ProductionSeptember 1990[21]–1994
Body and chassis
Body style
  • 3-door hatchback
  • 2/4-door sedan
LayoutTransverse front-engine, front-wheel-drive
Related
Powertrain
Engine
Transmission
  • 3-speed automatic
  • 4/5-speed manual
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,380 mm (94 in)
Length
  • 3,930 mm (155 in) (hatchback)
  • 4,110 mm (161.8 in) (sedan)
Width
  • 1,645 mm (64.76 in) (hatchback)
  • 1,661 mm (65.4 in) (sedan)
Height
  • 1,351 mm (53.2 in) (sedan)
  • 1,365–1,435 mm (53.74–56.49 in) (hatchback)
Curb weight914 kg (2,015 lb)

Toyota introduced the fourth generation Tercel in September 1990, as either a three-door hatchback or as a sedan with either two or four doors. In the North American markets it was powered by either a 1.5 L 3E-E four-cylinder engine producing 82 hp (61 kW) at 5,200 rpm and 89 lb⋅ft (121 N⋅m) of torque at 4,400 rpm, or a 1.5-litre 5E-FE 16-valve DOHC 4-cylinder engine producing 110 hp (82 kW). The hatchback was not offered in North America, while the two-door sedan was not sold in any market outside of the US and Canada. The rear of the hatchback had an unusual, rounded design, with a large wraparound windshield which was curved in three dimensions.[26]

The Tercel 3-door hatchback was offered in VC, VS, VZ, Joinus and Avenue trim levels. Model grades for the sedan were Joinus, Avenue, VE, VX and VZ. The top-of-the-line VZ is powered by a 5E-FHE engine. The Joinus hatchback and sedan, Avenue and VX sedan were also offered with 1.5-litre 1N diesel engine. The 4WD models were available as Joinus and VS hatchbacks, as well as the Avenue and VX sedans. 4WD models were all powered by the 1.5-liter 5E-FE engine.[27] The higher level Japanese sedans have different tail lights and a better-equipped interior than the export models. This was the first Tercel to offer anti-lock brakes.[26]

  • Facelift Tercel VZ hatchback, rear view (EL43, JDM)
    Facelift Tercel VZ hatchback, rear view (EL43, JDM)
  • Facelift Toyota Tercel DX 2-door (EL42, US)
    Facelift Toyota Tercel DX 2-door (EL42, US)
  • Pre-facelift model Tercel 1.3 DX sedan (EL40, Chile)
    Pre-facelift model Tercel 1.3 DX sedan (EL40, Chile)

Export models

[edit]
North America

North American models were the base (2-door), DX (2-/4-door) and LE (4-door). Colour-keyed bumpers, full wheel covers and folded rear seat were optional on the DX, standard on the LE. The LE has red trunk garnish similar to the Japanese model.

Facelift was given for the 1993 model year with a restyled grille and the addition of a standard driver's side airbag The driver-side now has 3-point seatbelt, but the passenger-side retained the non-motorized two-point passive passenger-side seatbelt with manuallap belt. ABS (anti-lock brakes) was optional.[28] The Tercel was carried over to 1994 with no major changes aside from changing over to haloalkane, a non-CFC refrigerant, for the air conditioning system.

South America

In Chile, the Tercel was introduced in 1991 as a four-door sedan with a 1.3-litre, SOHC 12-valve 78 hp (57 kW), four-cylinder, carburetor engine, under the name "Corolla Tercel". The "DX" basic version came with tachometer and four spoke steering wheel. It gained moderate success, helped by the recognition of the Corolla name.

In September 1992, a Canadian-spec version was introduced to Chile to replace the previous one with a new 1.5-litre SOHC engine. Unlike the previous one, it was simply called "Tercel". It was brought along the Canadian-spec Corolla to meet the new emission standard since no Latin American version of either was yet available with a catalytic converter. Due to the higher trim level of the Canadian-spec versions, the Tercel was initially marketed as a successor of the Corolla E90, which had just been discontinued.

[edit]
Corsa
  • Pre-facelift Toyota Corsa 1.3 AX Special (EL41, Japan)
    Pre-facelift Toyota Corsa 1.3 AX Special (EL41, Japan)
  • Pre-facelift Toyota Corsa 1.3 AX Special (EL41, Japan)
    Pre-facelift Toyota Corsa 1.3 AX Special (EL41, Japan)
  • Facelift Toyota Corsa sedan (Japan)
    Facelift Toyota Corsa sedan (Japan)
  • Facelift Toyota Corsa sedan (Japan)
    Facelift Toyota Corsa sedan (Japan)
Corolla II
  • Pre-facelift Corolla II 1.3 TX hatchback (EL41)
    Pre-facelift Corolla II 1.3 TX hatchback (EL41)
  • Pre-facelift Corolla II 1.3 TX hatchback (EL41)
    Pre-facelift Corolla II 1.3 TX hatchback (EL41)
  • Facelift Corolla II hatchback 4WD (EL45, Japan)
    Facelift Corolla II hatchback 4WD (EL45, Japan)

Fifth generation (L50; 1994)

[edit]
Fifth generation (L50)
1997 Toyota Tercel CE 2-door sedan (EL53, Canada)
Overview
Also called
  • Toyota Corsa (Japan)
  • Toyota Corolla II (hatchback, Japan)
  • Toyota Soluna (sedan, South-East Asia)
Production
  • September 1994[21] – July 1999[2]
  • August 1996 – April 2003 (Thailand)
Assembly
Designer
  • Yasuhisa Hamano (1992)
  • Shinichi Hiranaka (1992)[32]
Body and chassis
Body style
  • 2/4-door sedan
  • 3-door hatchback
LayoutTransverse front-engine, front-wheel-drive
Related
Powertrain
Engine
  • 1.3 L 2E I4 (Central and South America)
  • 1.3 L 4E-FE I4
  • 1.5 L 5E-FE I4
  • 1.5 L 5A-FE I4 (Soluna)
  • 1.5 L 1N-T I4 (turbo-diesel)
Transmission
  • 4- or 5-speed manual
  • 3- or 4-speed automatic
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,380 mm (93.7 in)
Length
  • 3,915 mm (154.13 in) (hatchback)
  • 4,120 mm (162.2 in) (1995–97; sedan)
  • 4,133 mm (162.7 in) (1998–99; sedan)
  • 4,175 mm (164.37 in) (Soluna)
Width
  • 1,646 mm (64.8 in) (1998–99; sedan)
  • 1,660 mm (65.35 in) (hatchback)
  • 1,661 mm (65.4 in) (1995–97; sedan, Soluna)
Height
  • 1,351 mm (53.2 in) (sedan)
  • 1,370 mm (53.93 in) (hatchback)
  • 1,380 mm (54.33 in) (Soluna)
Chronology
Successor
1997 Tercel CE 2-door sedan (EL53, Canada)
1994 Corsa 4-door sedan (Japan)
1995–1997 Corolla II 3-door hatchback (Japan)

Designed between 1991 and 1992 by Shinichi Hiranaka and Yasuhisa Hamano, Toyota introduced an all-new Tercel in September 1994, for the 1995 model year. The new Tercel featured a redesigned exterior and new engine, offering a stiffer body[citation needed] with better handling and was one of only a handful of cars in the US to have OBDII in 1995. Reflecting the state of Japan's post-Bubble economy, the car was somewhat decontented in comparison to its over-engineered predecessor.[26] The Tercel now offered standard driver's and passenger's side airbags in the United States, but only a driver's side bag for Canada. Three-point seatbelts for front and outboard rear passengers and adjustable shoulder-belt anchor points for front seat passengers were installed on four-door models. All models met federal standards for 1997 side-impact protection, and offered anti-lock brakes. Standard models came with only a four-speed manual or automatic transmission and grey bumpers, while DX models were offered with the addition of body-coloured bumpers and either a five-speed manual or four-speed automatic transmission.

Its all-new appearance appears to be influenced by the Japanese-market Toyota Camry V40 series, also introduced that year. Both vehicles were available together at Toyota Corolla Store Japanese dealerships. Design patents were filed at the Japan Patent Office on 12 October 1992, under patent number 1009387.[32]

In Japan, the Tercel was again also offered with the Corsa and Corolla II nameplates, for sale through parallel marketing channels. There was also a three-door hatchback body version offered in addition to the four-door sedan. The two-door sedan was only ever marketed in North America. There was also a four-wheel-drive option available in Japan.

The interior design pushed the dash further away, but brought the switches closer. This same dashboard (left sided version) was shared with the Toyota Starlet and Toyota Paseo of the time. The all-new DOHC 1.5 L inline-four engine provides 93 hp (69 kW) and 100 lb⋅ft (140 N⋅m) of torque, offering a 13 percent power increase over the previous generation as well as a 15 percent increase in fuel economy. The new 5E-FE engine gets 45 mpg‑US (5.2 L/100 km; 54 mpg‑imp) on the highway with a five-speed manual transmission, making it the most fuel-efficient four-cylinder car of its time in the United States.[citation needed] As Toyota's entry-level car, the Tercel was also available with the smaller, 1.3-litre, 4E-FE and 2E petrol four-cylinder, and the Toyota 1N-T engine; a 1,453 cc inline-four turbocharged diesel engine which provided 67 PS (49 kW) at 4,200 rpm and 137 N⋅m (101 lb⋅ft) of torque at 2,600 rpm.[33]

For 1997, all North American market Tercels were available only in the CE trim level and incorporated many of the standard and optional items from previous base and DX models. All Tercels came standard with a new 13-inch wheel and tire combination.

Inside, the Tercel's dashboard was revised with rotary ventilation controls. All Toyota models had revised seat fabric and door panels. The RedHawk and WhiteHawk editions were introduced in addition to the BlackHawk trim already offered, which came standard with air conditioning, 185/60R14 tires on custom wheels, a rear spoiler with integrated brake light, and hawk symbols to identify the special model.

Facelift

[edit]

For 1998, the Tercel's styling was updated, highlighted by multi-reflector headlights, a revised grille and front fascia design and clear lens turn signal lights for the front and rear. The facelift occurred in December 1997 for the Japanese market, and covered all three lines (Tercel, Corsa, Corolla II).

The Tercel's rear styling was also enhanced with redesigned composite tail lights and updated bumper molding. The new molding extended across the entire length of the rear bumper.

Production of the Tercel for the American market ended in 1998 as the model was superseded by the Echo. Production for Japan, Canada and some other countries continued through 1999. Taiwanese production continued until 2003.[30]

  • Facelift Toyota Tercel 4-door sedan (Japan)
    Facelift Toyota Tercel 4-door sedan (Japan)
  • Facelift Tercel 1.3 Joinus Extra L 4-door sedan (EL51, Japan)
    Facelift Tercel 1.3 Joinus Extra L 4-door sedan (EL51, Japan)
  • Facelift Corolla II 4WD hatchback (EL55, Japan)
    Facelift Corolla II 4WD hatchback (EL55, Japan)
  • Facelift Corolla II 4WD hatchback (EL55, Japan)
    Facelift Corolla II 4WD hatchback (EL55, Japan)

Markets

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Taiwan

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The Tercel was also sold in Taiwan, where it was manufactured and assembled by Kuozui Motors.

  • Toyota Tercel (AL50; pre-facelift, Taiwan)
    Toyota Tercel (AL50; pre-facelift, Taiwan)
  • Toyota Tercel 1.5 CL (AL50; facelift, Taiwan)
    Toyota Tercel 1.5 CL (AL50; facelift, Taiwan)
  • Interior
    Interior

Chile

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The fifth generation of Tercel was introduced in September 1995, presented in the FISA auto Show of that year as the "all-new Tercel twin cam", available in three different levels: basic XLI, the medium GLI, and the full equipment LEI. All Tercels featured a 5E-FE 1.5 16v twin cam (DOHC) engine, rated at 100 hp (70 kW) at 6,400 rpm and 95 lb⋅ft (129 N⋅m) of torque at 3,200 rpm.

Toyota Soluna

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In Thailand and Indonesia, a version of the Tercel with different front and rear fascias was sold as the Toyota Soluna. The name "Soluna" is taken from Spanish words sol, meaning "sun" and luna, meaning "moon".[34] The Soluna AL50 was powered by the 1.5-litre 5A-FE engine, and campaigned as the "Asian family car". Trim levels are XLi, SLi (Thailand only), and GLi.

Only the XLi and GLi were sold in Thailand (from January 1997) and Indonesia (from April 2000)[35] where the XLi was common for taxis. Based on the GLi, the Soluna S-Limited with body kits was offered for a short time. A facelifted Soluna appeared in Thailand in late 1999 and arrived in Indonesia in May 2001.

  • 1997 Toyota Soluna 1.5 XLi (AL50; pre-facelift, Thailand)
    1997 Toyota Soluna 1.5 XLi (AL50; pre-facelift, Thailand)
  • Toyota Soluna 1.5 GLi Auto (AL50; pre-facelift, Thailand)
    Toyota Soluna 1.5 GLi Auto (AL50; pre-facelift, Thailand)
  • Toyota Soluna 1.5 GLi (AL50; facelift, Thailand)
    Toyota Soluna 1.5 GLi (AL50; facelift, Thailand)
  • Toyota Soluna 1.5 SLi (AL50; facelift, Thailand)
    Toyota Soluna 1.5 SLi (AL50; facelift, Thailand)

Dimension growth

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The Tercel remained smaller than the Corolla throughout its production, though by the end of its production the Tercel had become almost the same size as the North American-market 1975–1978 Corollas that were current at the time the first generation Tercel was introduced.

Dimension 1995–1999 Tercel 1975–1978 Corolla
Length 4,120 mm (162.2 in) 4,120 mm (162.2 in)
Width 1,661 mm (65.4 in) 1,585 mm (62.4 in)
Height 1,349 mm (53.1 in) 1,384 mm (54.5 in)
Wheelbase 2,380 mm (93.7 in) 2,370 mm (93.3 in)
Curb weight 909 kg (2,005 lb) 1,002 kg (2,210 lb)

References

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[edit]
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Toyota Tercel

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from Grokipedia
The Toyota Tercel was a subcompact car manufactured by Toyota from 1978 to 1999 across five generations, positioned as an affordable entry-level vehicle known for its reliability, fuel efficiency, and optional four-wheel-drive capability in select models. Introduced initially in Japan as part of a lineup of sister models including the Corsa and Corolla II, the Tercel debuted in the North American market in 1980 as Toyota's first front-wheel-drive passenger car, marking a significant shift from the company's traditional rear-wheel-drive designs. Offered in body styles such as three- and five-door hatchbacks, four-door sedans, two-door coupes, and station wagons, it catered to urban commuters and budget-conscious buyers with compact dimensions typically measuring around 150-160 inches in length. Powertrains evolved across generations, starting with 1.3-liter and 1.5-liter inline-four gasoline engines producing 60-70 horsepower in early models, progressing to more efficient 1.5-liter units with up to 97 horsepower by the 1990s, alongside rare turbo-diesel options in non-U.S. markets. Transmission choices included four- and five-speed manuals, three- and four-speed automatics, with front-wheel drive standard and part-time four-wheel drive available on wagons from the second generation onward. The first generation (1978-1982) featured a with a longitudinally mounted , emphasizing simple, boxy styling and basic amenities. Subsequent generations introduced sleeker designs, improved features like antilock in later models, and enhanced interiors, with the third generation (1986-1990) adding a 12-valve for better performance. The fourth (1990-1994) and fifth (1994-1999) generations refined and power, culminating in the final U.S. models with a 93-horsepower 1.5-liter before production ended to make way for the .

Overview

Introduction and market positioning

The Toyota Tercel is a subcompact that served as an entry-level offering in 's lineup, positioned below the larger Corolla to appeal to budget-conscious buyers prioritizing and reliability. Manufactured from 1978 to 1999 across five generations, it was 's first production front-wheel-drive vehicle, marking a shift toward more efficient urban transportation. Introduced in in August 1978 as the Tercel and its sibling model the Corsa, it debuted in the North American market for the 1980 model year, initially badged as the Corolla Tercel to leverage the established Corolla name. Key selling points included affordable starting prices, with the base model priced at around $3,700 in 1979 U.S. dollars, high fuel economy reaching up to 40 miles per on the highway in later variants, and a straightforward, durable suited for daily in environments. The Tercel's development evolved from influences of Toyota's rear-wheel-drive Corolla platform, incorporating a pioneering front-wheel-drive architecture that emphasized space efficiency and low operating costs, making it a staple for first-time buyers and fleet use worldwide.

Development and engineering foundations

The Toyota Tercel project originated in the spring of 1974 as Toyota's strategic response to the , which heightened global demand for compact, fuel-efficient automobiles. This initiative positioned the Tercel as Toyota's inaugural front-wheel-drive passenger car, diverging from the company's traditional rear-wheel-drive designs to prioritize space efficiency and economy. The underlying platform was a new front-wheel-drive design influenced by the Corolla, featuring a of 98.4 inches (2500 mm) to optimize maneuverability in urban environments. It employed a front suspension for responsive handling and a torsion beam rear setup for cost-effective stability and simplicity in manufacturing. Engineering objectives centered on construction, achieving curb weights under 2,000 pounds to improve and performance. Additionally, the design incorporated modular elements for versatility across body configurations and markets, while from the early , extensive use of galvanized enhanced resistance, particularly in underbody and exposed panels. Central innovations included the front-wheel-drive architecture with a mounting in the debut model to maximize interior room, later transitioning to transverse layouts for even greater packaging efficiency in subsequent iterations. The 1A engine family served as the foundational powerplant, offering a balance of reliability and economy with displacements starting at 1.3 liters. Prototyping and testing involved rigorous durability evaluations in and the , targeting 100,000-mile to ensure long-term robustness under diverse conditions.

First generation (L10; 1978)

Design and body styles

The first-generation Toyota Tercel (L10) was introduced in in August 1978 as Toyota's first front-wheel-drive passenger car, featuring a layout unusual for the era's transverse FWD designs. It shared its platform with sister models Corsa and Corolla II, emphasizing affordability and simplicity with boxy, angular styling suited to urban use. The measured 98.4 inches (2,500 mm), with overall lengths varying by body style: approximately 155.9 inches (3,960 mm) for the 2-door and 4-door sedan, and up to 160 inches (4,065 mm) for the . Curb weights ranged from about 1,800 to 2,000 pounds (816 to 907 kg), contributing to nimble handling and . In the Japanese market, body styles included 2-door , 4-door sedan, 3-door (as Corsa), 3-door , and 5-door , offering versatility for families and commercial use. The Tercel entered the North American market in 1980 as the Corolla Tercel, available as a 2-door , 4-door sedan, and 3-door , without the hatchback or van options. Interiors were basic, with cloth upholstery, analog instrumentation, and manual windows standard; higher trims like SR5 added sportier seats and a . Cargo space in the sedan provided 11 cubic feet (0.31 m³) in the trunk, while the offered expanded utility with foldable rear seats. features were minimal by modern standards, including 2-point lap belts for rear passengers and basic , with no airbags or ABS available.

Powertrain and performance

The first-generation Tercel was powered by inline-four SOHC engines: a 1.3-liter 1A-U producing 71 PS (52 kW; 70 hp) in some markets, and a 1.5-liter 1A-U variant delivering 60 hp (45 kW) at 5,200 rpm and 75 lb-ft (102 N⋅m) at 2,800 rpm in the . These carbureted engines featured cast-iron blocks and emphasized reliability over power. economy reached 30-35 (7.8-6.7 L/100 km) combined, per EPA estimates for manual models. Transmission options included a 4-speed manual standard, with a 5-speed manual available on higher trims from 1980, and a 3-speed automatic optional with the 1.5-liter engine. The front-wheel-drive system, with the engine mounted longitudinally ahead of the front axle, provided balanced weight distribution. Suspension used MacPherson struts in front and a beam axle in rear, tuned for soft ride compliance. Performance was modest, with 0-60 mph times of 12-15 seconds and a top speed around 95-100 mph (153-161 km/h). No four-wheel-drive variants were offered in this generation.

Second generation (L20; 1982)

Design and body styles

The second-generation Toyota Tercel (L20) was introduced in September 1982 for the 1983 , featuring a boxier and more angular design compared to the first generation, with squared-off lines and a utilitarian aesthetic suited to its entry-level positioning. The measured 92.5 inches (2,350 mm) for sedans and wagons, or 90.6 inches (2,300 mm) for the hatchback and coupe, while overall length varied from 151.2 inches (3,840 mm) for the 3-door to 162.2 inches (4,120 mm) for the . This compact sizing contributed to curb weights ranging from 1,800 to 2,000 pounds (816 to 907 kg), promoting and easy handling in urban environments. Body styles in North American markets included a 2-door (notchback sedan), 3-door , 4-door sedan, and 4-door , with a 5-door added in 1984; the was discontinued after 1986. In , rebadged versions as the Corolla II (sedan and ) and Corsa () offered similar configurations, including 3-door and 5-door hatchbacks for local preferences. The sedan's interior seated five with 41.1 inches (1,044 mm) of front legroom but more limited 31.5 inches (800 mm) in the rear. Interior features emphasized simplicity and affordability, with standard cloth bucket seats, a dashboard featuring analog gauges for speed, fuel, and temperature, and manual controls for windows and locks. Higher SR5 trims included optional , intermittent wipers, and a tilt , while the sedan's trunk provided 10.6 cubic feet (300 L) of cargo space for daily use. Aerodynamic considerations were minimal, but flush door handles and simple bumpers maintained a clean profile aligned with the model's budget focus. Safety features reflected early standards, with standard 3-point seatbelts for front occupants and lap belts for rear passengers, a collapsible , and basic in the body structure. No driver-side or anti-lock braking system () was available, and child seat anchors were absent, prioritizing essential protection in a low-cost subcompact.

Powertrain and performance

The second-generation Toyota Tercel (L20; 1982-1986) was powered by a 1.5-liter 3A-U SOHC inline-four with a cast-iron block and a carbureted . This produced 62 horsepower (46 kW) at 4,800 rpm and 78 lb-ft (106 N⋅m) of at 2,800 rpm, offering sufficient power for commuting and light use in the lightweight chassis. Fuel delivery used a with emissions controls to meet standards, including a . Transmission options included a five-speed manual standard on base and SR5 trims for optimal efficiency, or a three-speed automatic for ease in stop-and-go traffic. The front-wheel-drive layout provided responsive handling, aided by front suspension and a leaf-spring rear that balanced ride comfort and durability. Performance figures suited its economical intent: 0-60 mph acceleration took about 12.5 seconds, with a top speed of approximately 105 mph (169 km/h). Fuel economy was a strong point, with EPA ratings of 32 city and 40 highway (7.4 L/100 km city and 5.9 L/100 km highway) for the manual transmission model, positioning it as an efficient choice among subcompacts.

Four-wheel-drive variants

The four-wheel-drive variants of the second-generation Toyota Tercel were introduced in 1983 as the SR5 4WD models, available in both and body styles. These models marked Toyota's first front-wheel-drive-based all-wheel-drive passenger car, engineered specifically for light off-road capability and enhanced traction in snowy or inclement weather conditions. The 4WD system employed a part-time configuration with a manual locking differential, allowing drivers to engage four-wheel as needed for low-traction scenarios, and featured a in the rear differential for limited-slip functionality to distribute effectively between wheels. These variants were primarily offered on the wagon body style in three-door and five-door configurations, paired exclusively with the 1.5-liter inline-four engine, and positioned as an option on higher SR5 trims for buyers seeking added versatility. Built on the second-generation front-wheel-drive platform, the 4WD setup integrated seamlessly without a traditional in some configurations to optimize efficiency. Key features included elevated ground clearance of 6.7 inches for better obstacle clearance, all-season tires for improved grip on varied surfaces, factory roof rails for cargo carrying, and an underbody to protect vital components during light off-road use. The addition of resulted in a modest reduction in fuel economy compared to front-wheel-drive models, with EPA estimates of 25 mpg and 35 mpg , while providing superior traction on and snow-covered roads.

Third generation (L30; 1986)

Design and body styles

The third-generation Toyota Tercel (L30), introduced in 1986, featured a more aerodynamic design with softer, rounded lines compared to the boxy second-generation model, while maintaining compact proportions for urban use. The measured 93.7 inches (2,380 mm), with overall length of approximately 158 inches (4,013 mm) for the and sedan variants, and curb weight ranging from 1,900 to 2,000 pounds (862 to 907 kg). In North American markets, body styles included a three-door , two-door , and four-door sedan, with the discontinued after the previous generation. In , sold as the Corolla II or Corsa, it offered three- and five-door configurations for added versatility. The interior emphasized simplicity and functionality, with cloth bucket seats, analog instrumentation, and basic manual climate controls. Higher trims like the LE added and an AM/FM radio. The sedan's trunk provided about 11 cubic feet (311 L) of cargo space, while legroom offered 40 inches (1,016 mm) front and 31 inches (787 mm) rear for five passengers. Safety features were basic for the era, including standard three-point seatbelts for front occupants and improved in the body structure. Anti-lock brakes (ABS) were optional on some models, but driver-side airbags were not available until later generations.

Powertrain and performance

The third-generation Tercel was equipped with a 1.5-liter 3E-E inline-four , featuring a SOHC 12-valve design with a cast-iron block and aluminum head. It produced 78 horsepower (58 kW) at 5,200 rpm and 87 lb-ft (118 Nm) of torque at 2,800 rpm, with early models using a variable venturi carburetor and later ones (from 1987) adopting electronic fuel injection (EFI) for better efficiency. A 1.3-liter 2E (73 hp) was available in some non-U.S. markets. Transmission options included a five-speed manual standard on most trims or a three-speed automatic (four-speed from 1988), paired with front-wheel drive. Suspension used MacPherson struts in the front and a torsion beam rear, providing responsive handling for its class. Performance was adequate for daily driving, with 0-60 mph acceleration in approximately 11.7 to 12 seconds and a top speed of around 100 mph (161 km/h). Fuel economy was a strong point, with EPA ratings of 31 mpg city and 36-38 mpg highway for manual transmission models, contributing to its appeal as an efficient subcompact.

Fourth generation (L40; 1990)

Design and body styles

The fourth-generation Toyota Tercel (L40) adopted an evolutionary design characterized by softer body lines and integrated plastic bumpers, enhancing its aerodynamic profile compared to the angular third-generation model. The wheelbase measured 93.7 inches, while the overall length was 161.8 inches for the sedan and 161.9 inches for the coupe. This compact footprint contributed to a curb weight ranging from 1,975 to 2,025 pounds, emphasizing efficiency and ease of parking in tight spaces. Body styles were streamlined for broader appeal, offering a 2-door and 4-door sedan in North American markets, with the discontinued after the previous generation. In , the rebadged Corsa variant continued to include 3-door configurations such as the VC, Joinus, and Avenue trims, providing more versatile options for local consumers; it was also available with 1.3 L 2E or 1.5 L 3E engines. The sedan's design prioritized family practicality, seating five passengers with ample front legroom of 40.2 inches but tighter rear accommodations at 31.9 inches. Interior features focused on functional simplicity, with standard cloth on bucket seats and a straightforward layout that included analog gauges and basic controls. Higher LE trims added tilt-adjustable steering wheels and outlets for convenience, while the sedan's trunk offered 10.7 cubic feet of capacity, suitable for everyday needs like groceries or luggage. Aerodynamic side mirrors and clear-lens taillights contributed to the model's clean, modern aesthetic, with chrome accents on the LE grade enhancing visual appeal without compromising the subcompact's utilitarian ethos. Safety enhancements included standard driver-side airbags from the 1993 model year onward, optional (ABS) for better control on slippery surfaces, and height-adjustable front shoulder-belt anchors in sedans. The structure incorporated improved to absorb impact energy, along with 3-point seatbelts for the driver and front passengers, though child seat anchors were not available. These features aligned with early standards, prioritizing basic occupant protection in a budget-oriented .

Powertrain and performance

The fourth-generation Toyota Tercel (L40; 1990–1994) was powered by a 1.5-liter 3E-E SOHC 12-valve inline-four engine with electronic fuel injection. This engine delivered 82 horsepower at 5,200 rpm and 89 lb-ft of torque at 2,800 rpm, providing adequate performance for urban and highway driving in a lightweight subcompact chassis. Fuel delivery was handled by electronic fuel injection paired with a three-way catalytic converter, enabling compliance with emission standards of the era. Transmission options included a five-speed manual gearbox standard on higher trims like the DX, offering precise shifts and better , or a three-speed automatic for smoother operation in traffic. The front-wheel-drive layout contributed to responsive handling, supported by front suspension with an that minimized body roll during cornering. Performance metrics reflected the engine's modest output: acceleration from took approximately 11 seconds, while top speed reached around 110 mph under optimal conditions. economy was a highlight, with EPA estimates of 33 city and 37 highway for the manual transmission variant, making it one of the most efficient subcompacts available.

Export adaptations

In , the fourth-generation Tercel saw distinct adaptations to suit regional preferences. Both the two-door and four-door sedan were offered through 1994. European markets received the Tercel, marketed as the Corolla II in some regions, with right-hand drive configurations for left-hand traffic countries like the . To better handle varied and often rougher road conditions, select models featured a higher compared to domestic Japanese versions. A 1.5 L 1N option was available in limited European applications, though production was rare and primarily aimed at fuel-efficiency-focused buyers. In and , export versions of the Tercel were adapted with simplified trim levels that omitted standard airbags and automatic transmissions, offering manual-only setups to lower costs and suit local driving habits. Enhanced rustproofing treatments, including galvanized underbody coatings, were applied to combat in humid and tropical climates prevalent in these regions. Unique features across export models included metric-unit instrument gauges for non-imperial markets, specialized export badging to denote international specifications, and optional factory roof racks tailored for utility demands in rugged or cargo-heavy applications. The base , consisting of the 1.5 L 3E-E engine, was carried over with minimal alterations for global consistency. Compliance adaptations ensured U.S.-bound vehicles met (FMVSS) for crash protection through reinforced structures and minimal design tweaks, while European variants adhered to Euro-spec emissions regulations via adjusted and catalytic systems.

Fifth generation (L50; 1994)

Design and body styles

The fifth-generation Toyota Tercel (L50) adopted an evolutionary design characterized by softer body lines and integrated plastic bumpers, enhancing its aerodynamic profile compared to the angular third-generation model. The wheelbase measured 93.7 inches, unchanged from the previous generation to maintain urban maneuverability, while the overall length was 161.8 inches for the sedan and 161.9 inches for the coupe. This compact footprint contributed to a curb weight ranging from 1,975 to 2,025 pounds, emphasizing efficiency and ease of parking in tight spaces. Body styles were streamlined for broader appeal, offering a 2-door and 4-door sedan in North American markets, with the discontinued after the previous generation. In , the rebadged Corsa variant continued to include 3-door configurations such as the VC, Joinus, and Avenue trims, providing more versatile options for local consumers. The sedan's prioritized practicality, seating five passengers with ample front legroom of 40.2 inches but tighter rear accommodations at 31.9 inches. Interior features focused on functional simplicity, with standard cloth on bucket seats and a straightforward layout that included analog gauges and basic controls. Higher LE trims added tilt-adjustable steering wheels and outlets for convenience, while the sedan's trunk offered 10.7 cubic feet of capacity, suitable for everyday needs like groceries or luggage. Aerodynamic side mirrors and clear-lens taillights contributed to the model's clean, modern aesthetic, with chrome accents on the LE grade enhancing visual appeal without compromising the subcompact's utilitarian ethos. Safety enhancements included standard driver-side airbags from the 1994 model year onward, optional (ABS) for better control on slippery surfaces, and height-adjustable front shoulder-belt anchors in sedans. The structure incorporated improved to absorb impact energy, along with 3-point seatbelts for the driver and front passengers, though child seat anchors were not available. These features aligned with early standards, prioritizing basic occupant protection in a budget-oriented .

Powertrain and performance

The fifth-generation Toyota Tercel (L50; 1994–1998 pre-facelift) was powered by a 1.5-liter 5E-FE DOHC inline-four engine in North American markets, featuring a cast-iron block and aluminum head with four valves per cylinder. This engine delivered 93 horsepower at 5,400 rpm and 100 lb-ft of torque at 4,400 rpm, providing adequate performance for urban and highway driving in a lightweight subcompact chassis. Other markets offered a 1.3-liter 2E engine with 88 horsepower. Fuel delivery was handled by a full electronic fuel injection (EFI) system paired with a three-way catalytic converter, enabling compliance with ultra-low emission standards of the era. Transmission options included a five-speed manual gearbox standard on higher trims like the DX, offering precise shifts and better , or a four-speed automatic with electronic shift control for smoother operation in traffic. The front-wheel-drive layout contributed to responsive handling, supported by front suspension with an that minimized body roll during cornering. Performance metrics reflected the engine's modest output: acceleration from took approximately 10–11 seconds, while top speed reached around 110 mph under optimal conditions. Fuel economy was a highlight, with EPA estimates of 33 mpg city and 39–41 mpg highway for the manual transmission variant, making it one of the most efficient subcompacts available.

1998 facelift

The 1998 facelift of the fifth-generation Toyota Tercel was introduced for the 1999 , targeting markets in and to refresh the subcompact's appearance and features without major mechanical overhauls. Exterior revisions focused on the front and rear styling, including multi-reflector headlights, a redesigned grille and front for a more modern look, clear lens taillights, and updated side moldings to enhance the overall aesthetic. These changes built on the existing L50 platform while aiming to better compete with rivals like the in the entry-level segment. Inside, the updates were modest, with a standard driver-side Supplemental Restraint (SRS) now included across trims, along with options for remote trunk and fuel door releases and a 60/40 split-folding rear seat for added versatility. An improved audio system became available, featuring an optional , and the seat fabric received a subtle refresh for better comfort. Mechanical adjustments were minor, emphasizing ride quality through suspension retuning for a softer feel and added noise insulation, while retaining the unchanged 1.5-liter engine and transmission options. This mid-cycle refresh helped extend the model's lifecycle through the 2000 model year before discontinuation.

Regional variants including Soluna

The Soluna represented a key regional adaptation of the fifth-generation Tercel (L50), designed specifically for emerging markets in as an affordable family sedan and . Launched in on January 31, 1997, it was developed exclusively for overseas production to support 's global expansion , emphasizing cost-effective and local market needs. Production occurred at Motor 's Gateway in Samrong, featuring approximately 70% local content to meet regional trade requirements and reduce costs. The model was exported to neighboring countries including and starting in mid-1997, with assembly or sales extending to the and , where it catered to urban commuters with its compact footprint and reliable performance. Soluna production continued in beyond the global Tercel discontinuation in 1999, lasting until around 2002 in select markets before being succeeded by models like the Vios. Equipped with the 1.5 L 5A-FE inline-four engine tuned for 94–100 hp depending on market specifications, the Soluna offered manual or automatic transmissions to suit diverse driving conditions in hot, humid climates. Adaptations included enhanced cooling systems for tropical environments and simplified safety features to maintain affordability, such as basic drum brakes and optional alloy wheels on higher trims. The suspension was tuned for sportier handling on uneven roads common in , providing better stability than the standard Tercel without compromising ride comfort. In the and , the Soluna sedan and variants emphasized and low maintenance, aligning with local preferences for economical daily transport. In , particularly and , the fifth-generation Tercel underwent local assembly adaptations with modifications like reinforced tropical cooling for high-altitude and hot conditions. These variants prioritized durability in rugged terrains, featuring simplified interiors and cost-reduced components to compete in price-sensitive economies. Japan's domestic version, known as the Toyota Corsa, retained the and body styles in right-hand drive configuration, reflecting the country's preference for compact, maneuverable vehicles influenced by kei-car design principles such as minimal dimensions and efficient space utilization. Powered by 1.3 L (88 PS) or 1.5 L (94 PS) engines, the Corsa emphasized urban practicality with features like foldable rear seats in the wagon for added versatility, distinguishing it from export models through JDM-specific trim levels and emissions compliance.

Production and markets

Global sales and regional differences

The Toyota Tercel saw total worldwide production of approximately 4.97 million units during its 21-year run from 1978 to 1999. In , it experienced peak popularity in the late , with U.S. sales reaching 104,655 units in 1988 and approximately 100,000 units annually in both 1987 and 1988, driven by its reputation for affordability and reliability in the subcompact segment. In , the wagon body style proved particularly favored for its practicality in diverse terrains and family use. However, sales declined sharply in the post-1990s era amid shifting consumer demand toward midsize vehicles, with U.S. figures dropping to 1,743 units in 1998 and just 46 in 1999. In , where the Tercel was marketed under the Corolla II and Corsa nameplates through separate dealer channels, the model maintained strong urban appeal until its replacement by the in 1999. Combined monthly sales targets for the trio reached about 11,500 units in the mid-1990s, reflecting robust domestic demand and contributing to over 1 million units sold in across its lifespan. The configurations were especially prevalent, catering to city dwellers' needs for compact maneuverability. Sales in other regions varied significantly, with low volumes in totaling around 50,000 units overall, limited by competition from local subcompacts. In , local assembly in starting in 1991 and production in extended the model's availability, sustaining sales into the early 2000s in markets like and . In , the Soluna variant—a Tercel-based model tailored for the region—further boosted performance, with cumulative sales reaching about 100,000 units by 2000, including planned annual volumes of 40,000 in by 1997. Regional differences included an emphasis on basic economy trims in the U.S. for cost-sensitive buyers, a higher proportion of hatchbacks in for urban parking, and added rustproofing features on exports to cold-climate areas like .

Production history and discontinuation

The Toyota Tercel was primarily manufactured at the company's Takaoka Plant in Toyota City, , , where production commenced in August 1978 for the first generation and continued across all five generations until July 1999. Some third-generation models from 1986 onward were also assembled by affiliate at its facility in Hamura, , though production later consolidated at Takaoka. Local assembly supported regional markets, including operations by Kuozui Motors in , which produced Tercel variants for domestic sale until around 2003. Global production volumes peaked in the , exceeding 200,000 units annually as the model gained popularity for its affordability and amid oil crises and economic pressures. In the U.S. market alone, annual sales reached approximately 100,000 units in 1987 and 1988, reflecting strong demand for subcompacts. By the late 1990s, volumes had declined to around 50,000 units globally per year, influenced by shifting consumer preferences toward sport utility vehicles and larger sedans. Discontinuation began in Japan and North America with the 1999 model year, as the aging L50 platform struggled to meet evolving stricter emissions regulations and safety standards. The final U.S. models were 1999 sedans offered in base CE and upscale LE trims, with production ceasing to make way for the more modern Echo subcompact. In Asia, the Tercel persisted under the Soluna nameplate, with assembly in Thailand continuing until March 2003 to serve local demand before replacement by newer platforms like the Vios. Key factors included the platform's age—over two decades old by the end—and a broader market transition to SUVs, which eroded sales of entry-level sedans and hatchbacks. In its final production years, integrated broader environmental efforts, such as the establishment of a Committee to promote material recovery and waste reduction across vehicle manufacturing, aligning with the company's emerging sustainability goals.

Legacy

Reliability, reception, and awards

The Tercel earned a strong reputation for reliability throughout its production run, with many examples exceeding 200,000 miles and some reaching over 745,000 miles (1.2 million kilometers) with proper maintenance. Common issues were minimal and typically occurred at higher mileages, including automatic transmission shifting problems, carbon buildup in idle air control motors around 100,000 miles, and warped front brake rotors leading to vibrations. implemented rustproofing improvements in the mid-1980s, such as vinyl chloride underbody coatings and Excelite steel (a zinc-iron alloy) starting in 1984, which enhanced corrosion resistance compared to earlier models prone to rust in harsh climates. Reception of the Tercel was generally positive for its value, simplicity, and low operating costs, earning an average rating of 4.5 out of 5 stars from owners on Edmunds, who praised its durability and . consumer reviews averaged 4.6 out of 5, highlighting the interior's quality and the vehicle's overall dependability as a budget-friendly daily driver. However, critics and some owners noted its bland styling, particularly after the 1986 redesign, describing the design as unexciting and utilitarian rather than appealing. The Tercel received no major model-specific awards but benefited from Toyota's strong brand recognition in reliability surveys, contributing to solid resale value retention for its era; for instance, a 1998 model depreciated only 6% over three years in recent data, reflecting ongoing demand for well-maintained examples. It appealed primarily to first-time buyers and fleet operators seeking an affordable, no-frills , fostering a dedicated following among enthusiasts who valued its mechanical simplicity and ease of repair.

Successors and cultural impact

The Toyota Tercel was succeeded in by the Toyota Echo, a subcompact model produced from 2000 to 2005 that carried forward the Tercel's emphasis on affordability and . In Asian markets, the Tercel gave way to models like the and Yaris, which adopted similar compact designs tailored for urban driving and budget-conscious buyers. This lineage extended the Tercel's ethos of economical transportation into the early 2000s, influencing the development of the Prius c, a small hybrid that echoed the model's focus on efficiency for entry-level consumers. The Tercel's front-wheel-drive platform, introduced as Toyota's first mass-market FWD vehicle, laid foundational elements for modular designs used across Toyota models, including influences on the Avensis sedan and Matrix through shared engineering principles for lightweight construction and space optimization. Its innovative FWD architecture, combined with optional four-wheel-drive variants, helped standardize layouts in Toyota's small-car lineup, paving the way for broader adoption in subsequent economy vehicles. As an icon of economy cars, the Tercel became a symbol of reliable, no-frills motoring, often celebrated in for its durability and unpretentious appeal. It appeared in films such as (as the 1981 Corolla Tercel), Nightcrawler (2014), and (2018), where it represented everyday struggles or quirky underdogs. In television, the model gained notoriety as Jesse Pinkman's weathered 1986 Tercel wagon in , reinforcing its image as an enduring, meme-worthy survivor in online automotive communities for its legendary longevity. Enthusiast communities have driven a revival through restorations, particularly of the rare 4WD wagons, transforming them into custom rally cars or preserved classics that highlight the model's off-road potential. In modern contexts, the Tercel's legacy informs Toyota's strategies for budget-friendly vehicles, emphasizing simple, efficient designs that prioritize accessibility over luxury. While no direct electric revival has emerged, its principles continue to inspire hybrid small cars like the Yaris Hybrid, adapting the original focus on low-cost mobility to sustainable trends. As of , collector interest has boosted values, with well-maintained examples averaging around $5,000 to $6,500, reflecting growing appreciation for its historical role in Toyota's FWD evolution.

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