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View of a street in the old town

Key Information

Pulo di Altamura - A large doline in Altamura's territory.
The classical lyceum "Cagnazzi"

Altamura (/ˌæltəˈmʊərə/; Italian: [ˌaltaˈmuːra]; Barese: Jaltamure) is a town and comune of Apulia, in southern Italy. It is located on one of the hills of the Murge plateau in the Metropolitan City of Bari, 45 kilometres (28 miles) southwest of Bari, close to the border with Basilicata. As of 2017, its population amounts to 70,595 inhabitants.[3]

The city is known for its particular quality of bread called Pane di Altamura, which is sold in numerous other Italian cities. The 130,000-year-old calcified Altamura Man was discovered in 1993 in the nearby limestone cave called grotta di Lamalunga.

View of Altamura (final years of the 16th century) - Taken from the maps of Angelica Library - Archivio Generalizio Agostiniano, Carte Rocca P/33[4]

History

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Interior of the Cathedral.

The area of modern Altamura was densely inhabited in the Bronze Age (La Croce settlement and necropolis). The region contains some fifty tumuli. Between the 6th and the 3rd century BC a massive line of megalithic walls were erected, traces of which are still visible in some areas of the city.

Ancient city

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The city was inhabited until around the tenth century AD. Then it was reportedly looted by Saracens. There are no reliable sources confirming what the original name of Altamura was. Inside the Tabula Peutingeriana, only Sublupatia occurs, which may refer either to Santeramo in Colle, Altamura or to a small region nearby named Jesce. Sublupatia implies that a city whose name was Lupatia was also present, even though there is no mention of Lupatia either in Tabula Peutingeriana or the Antonine Itinerary. Nevertheless Lupatia occurs in Ravenna Cosmography (Byzantine period)[5] and in Guido of Pisa's work Geographica (Middle Ages).[6][7]

According to an ancient legend, appearing for the first time in the 13th century AD, Altamura's former name was Altilia, from Alter Ilium, the "other Troy". According to a legend, it was founded by a friend of Aeneas, Antellus, also a fugitive from the Asian city destroyed by the Greeks. Another legend attributes the foundation to Althea, queen of the Myrmidons. Ottavio Serena, as early as in 1880, rejected the above legends as well as the belief that the ancient name of Altamura was Altilia, as it lacked reliable sources. Serena suggested that this name may have originated with an unknown High Middle Ages scholar who tried to provide an explanation of the ruins found in that place.[8]

During the 15th and 16th centuries AD, Altamura was also mistaken for the ancient city of Petilia. The belief that Petilia was the ancient name of Altamura at that time was so strong that on some Italian translations of Ptolemy's Geography, "Petilia" was translated as "Petilia, now Altamura", despite the coordinates given by Ptolemy unequivocally pointed toward today's Calabria.[9][10][11] The hypothesis that Altamura was the ancient city of Petilia probably originated with Raffaello Maffei, as he was the first known author that suggested it.[12] Leandro Alberti, instead, was the first scholar who dismissed that Altamura was Petilia in his work Descrittione [sic] di tutta Italia (1550).[12] According to modern scholars, Petilia probably refers to the archeological remains found on Monte Stella.[13]

The new city

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A couple of centuries[vague] after Altamura was reportedly looted by the Saracens[when?], it started to be inhabited again as emperor Frederick II refounded the city (1232) and ordered the construction of the large Altamura Cathedral, which became one of the most venerated sanctuaries in Apulia. In 1248, under pressure from Frederick, Pope Innocent IV declared Altamura exempt from the jurisdiction of the bishop of Bari, making it a "palatine church", that is the equivalent of a palace chapel.

Altamura was ruled by various feudal families, including the Orsini del Balzo and the Farnese (1538–1734), the latter responsible of the construction of numerous palaces and churches. In the past, Altamura also had a large castle, whose construction dated back to the 11th-13th century, which has been completely demolished and is not visible anymore. In 1748 Charles VII of Naples had a university built in the city.

View of Altamura in 1770 ca. (in the center are porta Bari and the ancient castle, now completely demolished)

The Altamuran Revolution occurred in the city in 1799. From 8 February to 9 May, the city was self-governed and it embraced the ideals spread by the French Revolution, with the city joining the Parthenopean Republic after the king had fled to Palermo fearing for his safety. On 9 May, Sanfedisti reached Altamura, and after a battle on the city walls, the rule of the Kingdom of Naples was restored in Altamura. During the Risorgimento (19th century), Altamura was the seat of the Insurrection Bari Committee and, after the unification, the provisional capital of Apulia.

During World War II, the transit camp known as P.G. 51 was located at Villa Serena in Altamura.[14]

Geography

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The city is located in the south-west area of the Metropolitan City of Bari, near the borders with the Province of Matera, in Basilicata. The bordering municipalities are Bitonto, Cassano delle Murge, Gravina in Puglia, Grumo Appula, Matera, Ruvo di Puglia, Santeramo in Colle and Toritto.

Some 12,660 hectares (31,300 acres) of the communal territory are included in the Alta Murgia National Park.

Demographics

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Main sights

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Altamura's main landmark is the Romanesque cathedral, begun in 1232 by Frederick II and restored in 1330 and 1521–47. It is one of the four Palatine churches of Apulia,[15] the others being the cathedral of Acquaviva delle Fonti, the Basilica of San Nicola in Bari and the church of Monte Sant'Angelo sul Gargano. The construction is influenced by that of Bari, but also with strong Gothic influences typical of the time of Frederick II. The orientation of the construction was probably changed during the 14th century restoration, to which also belongs the northern portal opening on the square; a second bell tower, the altar area and the sacristy are instead from the 16th century. Externally, the main features are the rose window, with 15 small columns radially intermingling, and the Gothic portal, set into the entrance portico standing on two stone lions. On the arch of portals are sculpted 22 panels with scenes from Jesus' life. The interior, with a nave and two aisles, has stone presepe by Altobello Persio (1587).

The medieval walls, erected by Frederick II, rest upon the megalithic walls of an ancient city of unknown name. These early walls are of rough blocks of stone without mortar.[15]

Ancient tombs with fragments of vases and terracottas have also been found, of which there is a collection at the Museo Archeologico Statale di Altamura. There are caves which have been used as primitive tombs or dwellings, and a group of some fifty tumuli near Altamura.[15]

Some thirty thousand dinosaur footprints were discovered in 1999 in Altamura's territory named "contrada Pontrelli", making it a major site for the study of dinosaurs.

Events

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A three-day medieval fair called Federicus is held every year in the city, usually on the last weekend of April.

Economy

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Banca Popolare di Puglia e Basilicata, a cooperative bank of southern Italy, is based in Altamura. The bank is a successor of Banca Popolare della Murgia.

Education

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Museums

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Transport

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The city is crossed by the SS7 "Via Appia" national road.

Altamura railway station, operated by the national company FS and by FAL, is located on the regional lines Rocchetta Sant'Antonio-Altamura-Gioia del Colle [it] (FS), Bari-Altamura-Matera (FAL) and

Altamura-Avigliano-Potenza (FAL). Also the municipal localities of Casal Sabini, Marinella and Pescariello have their own stations. The one of Sanuca was closed in the late 1990s.

Twin towns — sister cities

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Altamura is twinned with:

People

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Military

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The 31st tank regiment of the Italian Army is stationed at Altamura.

See also

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References

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Sources

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Altamura

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from Grokipedia
Altamura is a situated on the Murge plateau in the , region, . As of 31 December 2023, its resident population stands at 70,038. The town is globally distinguished for Pane di Altamura, a rustic bread produced from re-milled durum semolina, mother , , and water, which has held (DOP) status since 2003 under regulations. Altamura's medieval historic center encompasses the Cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta, a Romanesque founded in 1232 by Frederick II as part of his efforts to repopulate and fortify the region. The surrounding terrain features significant prehistoric archaeological resources, including the Lamalunga Cave, site of the 1993 discovery of the —a nearly complete skeleton preserved and representing one of the most intact examples from Europe.

Geography

Location and Topography

Altamura is situated in the Metropolitan City of Bari, Apulia region, southern Italy, at coordinates 40°49′35″N 16°32′58″E. The town center lies approximately 41 kilometers southwest of Bari by straight-line distance, with a driving distance of about 48 kilometers. The municipality occupies an elevation of roughly 467 meters above , positioned on the , a . The topography features undulating terrain shaped by processes, including dolines and sinkholes resulting from the dissolution of , with doline densities exceeding 100 per square kilometer in some areas. Notable landforms include the Pulo di Altamura, a doline with a of 550 meters and depth of 92 meters, highlighting the dramatic vertical and erosional features of the Murge landscape. This environment extends into the nearby Alta Murgia National Park, preserving the plateau's geological and ecological characteristics.

Climate and Geology

Altamura features a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa), typical of inland Puglia, with hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. Annual average temperatures fluctuate between seasonal lows of approximately 4°C in January and highs reaching 31°C in August, with extremes rarely dipping below -2°C or exceeding 35°C. Precipitation totals around 630 mm yearly, concentrated from autumn to spring, while summers remain arid with minimal rainfall. Geologically, the city occupies the Alta Murgia plateau, a rectangular karst tableland formed primarily from Mesozoic carbonate rocks of the Apulian Platform, dating back over 140 million years to the Cretaceous period. The landscape exhibits pronounced karst features, including dolines, sinkholes, and extensive cave networks resulting from long-term dissolution of permeable limestones by rainwater. Notable sites include the Lamalunga Cave, preserving a Neanderthal skeleton estimated at over 150,000 years old, and areas with dinosaur footprints, underscoring the region's paleontological significance. Tectonically, the Murge area lies in the Apulian foreland, experiencing faulting and seismotectonic activity linked to the Africa-Eurasia plate convergence driving Apennine . Evidence includes soft-sediment slumps in Lower peritidal limestones, attributed to seismic shaking, alongside mesoscale faults and observed in outcrops. This positions Altamura in a zone of moderate , with historical and instrumental records of earthquakes in the broader southeastern Italian foreland.

History

Prehistory and Ancient Settlements

The territory surrounding Altamura has yielded evidence of human occupation dating back to the era, with the most significant discovery being the nearly complete skeleton of a individual, known as the , found in the Lamalunga Cave in 1993. This , preserved in a karst sinkhole and encrusted with stalactites and stalagmites, represents an archaic form of Neanderthal and has been dated via uranium-thorium analysis of associated to between 130,000 and 172,000 years old. The remains, left due to their fragile integration with the cave formations, provide rare insights into Neanderthal morphology and behavior in , though extraction challenges have limited direct study. Archaeological surveys in the Alta Murgia region, including sites near Altamura, document additional artifacts, alongside and materials such as lithic tools and , indicating intermittent but persistent human presence through prehistoric phases. The National Archaeological Museum of Altamura houses collections from these periods, illustrating the transition from economies to early agricultural settlements in the karstic landscape. In antiquity, the area was settled by the Peucetians, an Iapygian tribe inhabiting central from the onward, with Altamura corresponding to one of their twelve proto-statelets characterized by fortified villages. These settlements featured megalithic defensive walls constructed between the 5th and 3rd centuries BCE, remnants of which remain visible along certain roads, reflecting adaptation to the rugged terrain and interactions with neighboring Greek colonies. Protohistoric and classical artifacts from the , including ceramics and votive objects, attest to Peucetian cultural practices influenced by trade with Etruscans and , prior to Roman incorporation in the 3rd century BCE.

Medieval Foundation and Expansion

Altamura's medieval foundation occurred under the Frederick II of , who established the city in 1232 as part of his efforts to consolidate control over and repopulate strategic sites abandoned since antiquity. Choosing the location for its defensible plateau and proximity to ancient megalithic structures, Frederick II ordered the construction of a new urban center, including a dedicated to Santa Maria Assunta, completed by 1232 to serve as both a religious and administrative hub. This initiative followed a period of decline after earlier settlements, with the granting privileges to attract settlers, including exemptions from certain taxes to foster rapid growth. The city's expansion accelerated through Frederick II's policies, which drew diverse populations—, , and —offering incentives for artisans, merchants, and farmers to inhabit the area, thereby transforming it into a prosperous imperial outpost. Enclosing the settlement with robust walls during the 13th century provided defense against invasions, while the integration of a , likely predating the formal foundation but renovated under imperial oversight, reinforced its military role. By the mid-13th century, Altamura had evolved into a key node in the Kingdom of Sicily's network of planned towns, supporting agricultural production and trade routes across the Murgia plateau. Following Frederick II's death in 1250, the city continued to expand under Angevin and later Aragonese rule, with feudal lords enhancing infrastructure and monasteries, though it faced periodic conflicts that tested its fortifications. The medieval layout, characterized by orthogonal streets radiating from the , persisted as the core of urban development, laying the groundwork for Altamura's enduring role in regional and .

Modern Developments and 20th Century

In the early , Altamura experienced modest infrastructural advancements amid Italy's broader push for modernization under the Giolitti era and later fascist regimes. Rail connectivity improved when linked to Altamura in 1912, facilitating trade in agricultural goods like , a staple of the region's economy dominated by farming and pastoral activities. Urban development included neoclassical residences, such as a notable palazzo built in 1902 in , reflecting the town's growing bourgeois class tied to local commerce. Economic activity remained agrarian, with limited industrialization; the area focused on grain production and traditional baking, precursors to the formalized Pane di Altamura designation later achieved. During , Altamura became a significant site for Axis prisoner-of-war operations. Camp 65, located between Altamura and nearby , served as Italy's largest POW facility, housing up to 15,000 Allied prisoners—primarily British, , and American forces—starting in 1942 after its construction as a military barracks in 1941. The camp's expansion under Italian control reflected Mussolini's alliance with , but its role shifted post-1943 as many prisoners escaped or were liberated during Allied advances in . Local impacts included strained resources and occasional resistance activities, though Altamura avoided major direct combat. patterns intensified, with significant Altamurani communities forming in the United States, particularly New York, driven by economic hardship and wartime disruptions. Post-war reconstruction emphasized recovery from material shortages and population displacements, with Italy's national efforts under the aiding Puglia's rural economy. In Altamura, archaeological initiatives gained momentum during this period, including excavations from the late 1940s onward that enriched the National Archaeological Museum's collections with and classical artifacts, underscoring the town's layered prehistoric heritage amid modernization. Economic growth was gradual, centered on and small-scale food processing; bread-making traditions persisted, supported by local cooperatives, while outmigration continued into the 1950s-1960s "economic miracle" era, reducing population pressures but sustaining remittances. By the late , a pivotal discovery occurred in October 1993 when spelunkers found the 150,000-400,000-year-old remains of "," a or neanderthalensis specimen in a karst cave, boosting scientific interest and foreshadowing tourism potential without immediate infrastructural overhaul. Overall, Altamura's 20th-century trajectory mirrored southern Italy's: resilient agrarian roots with episodic external shocks, but persistent challenges in diversification beyond traditional sectors.

Demographics

As of 31 December 2024, Altamura's resident population totaled 70,431, consisting of 34,607 males and 35,824 females, marking a net decrease of 23 inhabitants from the prior year. This slight decline aligns with broader patterns in , driven by falling birth rates, rising deaths, and emigration, as documented in the city's 2024 demographic balance. Over the period from 2002 to 2025, the has exhibited near-stagnation, fluctuating minimally around 70,000, with a projected figure of 70,094 residents as of 1 January 2025. Earlier growth was more pronounced; between 2000 and 2015, numbers rose by 10.7%, reflecting post-war and economic pull factors before stabilizing amid Italy's low fertility (national rate below 1.3 children per woman in recent ISTAT data) and youth outflows to northern regions or abroad. The municipal population density stands at approximately 165 inhabitants per square kilometer across an area of about 428 km², underscoring Altamura's dispersed rural-urban character in the Bari metropolitan area. Age demographics skew toward an aging profile typical of Apulia, with ISTAT-derived distributions showing a higher proportion of residents over 65 and fewer in younger cohorts, exacerbating natural decrease (births minus deaths). Migration flows remain modestly positive internally but negative overall due to economic emigration, contributing to the observed plateau.

Migration and Social Composition

Altamura experienced significant outward migration during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, driven by economic pressures in southern Italy, with an estimated 3,000 to 4,000 residents emigrating to the Americas in search of better opportunities. This contributed to the establishment of enduring Altamurani diaspora communities, particularly in the United States, where mutual aid societies like the Buoncammino Society formed in the 1920s to support immigrants. In the postwar period, internal migration within Italy saw many from Puglia, including Altamura, move northward for industrial jobs, though specific local figures are limited; Puglia's overall emigration peaked between 1956 and 1971 before reversing with economic improvements. Recent decades reflect a shift toward net immigration, stabilizing the population amid declining birth rates (9.4 per 1,000 in 2022) and rising deaths (7.5 per 1,000). As of January 1, 2024, foreign residents in Altamura totaled 3,184, representing 4.5% of the 70,093 inhabitants, up from 2,304 (3.4%) in 2005 and aligning with Puglia's 2.8% foreign share in 2023. The migrant population primarily originates from (e.g., ), followed by and , with growth rates mirroring provincial trends of 12.8‰ in Bari. Socially, Altamura's composition is largely homogeneous, dominated by native of Apulian heritage, with structures emphasizing extended ties rooted in agricultural and artisanal traditions. The skews older, with 18.6% aged 0-14, 66.7% 15-64, and 18.6% 65+ in 2024, yielding a of 50.0 and old age index of 126.0, indicating strains on local support systems from low and of youth. This aging demographic, combined with modest immigrant integration into labor sectors like , underscores a stable but evolving social fabric reliant on traditional community networks.

Economy

Agriculture and Traditional Industries

Agriculture in the Altamura area centers on the cultivation of durum wheat (Triticum durum) on the soils of the Alta Murgia plateau, which supplies the remilled essential for local baking traditions. This crop thrives in the region's and landscape, supporting Puglia's position as Italy's leading producer of cereals, accounting for 20% of national output. The of Altamura (Lens culinaris), cultivated in adjacent territories spanning Puglia and , holds Protected (PGI) status due to its distinctive small size, thin skin, and flavor derived from poor, soils; it is traditionally used in simple soups with , , and olive oil. Traditional industries in Altamura are dominated by artisanal bread production, particularly Pane di Altamura, a (DOP) product made exclusively from local durum , water, , and natural yeast, baked in wood-fired ovens. Established bakeries, including the Forno Santa Caterina operational since 1306, preserve methods rooted in medieval peasant practices, where dough was fermented using lievito madre and baked in communal stone ovens. The DOP , formed to enforce these standards, oversees production limited to Altamura and specified nearby communes, ensuring authenticity and preventing adulteration with non-local flours. Production of Pane di Altamura has expanded in recent years, with output increases noted in amid steady demand, reflecting its role in sustaining local tied to farming and milling. While Puglia's broader agricultural sector, including olives and vegetables, underpins regional GDP—agriculture comprising a key share of —these elements in Altamura remain closely linked to wheat-based traditions rather than diversified cash crops.

Modern Sectors and Tourism

Altamura's modern features a shift toward services and light , complementing its agricultural base. The services sector, particularly banking and , plays a pivotal role, with the headquarters of Banca Popolare di Puglia e —a serving the region—located in the city, supporting local financial stability and business operations. industries, including milling for durum used in DOP-protected Altamura , represent key activities; Industria Molitoria Mininni, operational since 1877, exemplifies this sector's continuity and adaptation through modern production techniques. Tourism has gained prominence as a growth driver, leveraging the city's cultural, historical, and natural assets. In January 2020, the Puglia Region officially recognized Altamura as a "comune ad economia prevalentemente turistica," highlighting its reliance on visitor-related activities for economic vitality. Primary attractions include the 12th-century Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta, a prime example of Apulian Romanesque architecture, and nearby prehistoric sites such as the Lamalunga Cave, home to the 150,000-year-old "Man of Altamura" skeleton, drawing archaeological interest. The Alta Murgia National Park, encompassing karst landscapes and biodiversity, further supports ecotourism and outdoor pursuits, contributing to seasonal visitor influxes amid Puglia's broader tourism recovery post-2020, with regional arrivals and presences rising in subsequent years. These elements foster authentic experiences centered on heritage, gastronomy like pane di Altamura, and rural exploration, bolstering local employment and revenue without the overcrowding seen in coastal Puglia destinations.

Economic Disparities and Growth Factors

Altamura, situated in southern Italy's region, experiences economic disparities characteristic of the Mezzogiorno, with rates persistently higher than national averages. In 2019, the town's rate stood at 14.65%, exceeding Italy's overall figure, while data indicate a rate of 20.1% in Altamura compared to 10.5% nationally. in reached 32.5% in 2023, exacerbating generational gaps and contributing to outward migration among younger residents. disposable income averaged approximately €16,151 in recent assessments, lagging behind northern Italian benchmarks and reflecting structural limitations in and . These disparities stem from historical underinvestment and reliance on low-value-added sectors, though recent trends show mitigation. Apulia's overall unemployment fell to 11.6% in 2023, with Altamura benefiting from regional recovery post-pandemic. Income growth accelerated, with Altamura recording a national-high 7.3% increase in average redditi, adjusted for inflation at 5.3%. Broader southern Italian challenges, including limited industrial diversification beyond Bari's orbit, persist, yet Altamura's position avoids the extremes seen in more peripheral Apulian locales. Key growth factors include a diversified sectoral base, with industry employing 47.75% of the active population in 2001 and showing 104.45% employment expansion from 1991-2001. , though only 7% of employment, leverages high-value products like Pane di Altamura DOP, fostering agro-industry and . Services, at 45.26% of employment, benefit from enhanced accessibility—population reachable within 30 minutes grew 49.2% from 1951-2001—and heritage sites drawing visitors. Apulia's GDP surged 5% in 2022, the highest in the south, supporting Altamura's stability amid population growth contrary to neighboring declines.

Cultural Heritage

Architectural Monuments

The Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta, constructed in 1232 by Frederick II, exemplifies Apulian with early Gothic influences. Its facade features the most intricately carved portal in Puglia, adorned with biblical scenes and fantastical creatures sculpted in local stone. The central and three portals, originally oriented eastward for liturgical symbolism, have undergone restorations, including post-earthquake repairs in the 19th and 20th centuries that preserved its medieval core. Designated a basilica in 1248, it served as a key religious and imperial site, housing relics and hosting significant diocesan events. Beyond the cathedral, Altamura's architectural heritage includes the Church of San Nicola dei Greci, erected in the by a Greek rite community, notable for its external frescoes depicting saints and its blend of Byzantine and Latin styles reflecting the city's multicultural . Palazzo D'Urso, a palace from the , stands out for its interior frescoes and ornate work, exemplifying noble residential architecture amid the historic center. Defensive structures like Porta Bari, a 13th-century integrated into the medieval walls, highlight Frederick II's , with its arched design and stone fortifications adapted over centuries for access to the surrounding countryside. These monuments, clustered in the centro storico, underscore Altamura's role as a Swabian stronghold, with ongoing preservation efforts maintaining their structural against seismic risks prevalent in the region.

Archaeological Discoveries

In 1993, speleologists from the Centro Altamurano di Ricerche Speleologiche discovered a nearly complete skeleton, known as the , within a narrow cavity of the Lamalunga Cave system near Altamura. The remains, consisting of a cranium, , and postcranial bones, were found embedded in coralloid formations and stalagmitic structures, preserving an estimated 150,000-year-old individual from the Middle Pleistocene. places the fossil between 128,000 and 187,000 years old, classifying it as an early specimen with archaic features, such as a robust and large . Due to the skeleton's encrustation and structural fragility, it remains , with non-invasive analyses—including CT scans and virtual reconstructions—conducted in subsequent decades to study its morphology without extraction. The Lamalunga discovery highlights Altamura's landscape as a repository for human activity, with the cave's likely trapping the individual during exploration. Associated and sediment layers suggest a humid, forested environment at the time, supporting habitation in . Virtual paleoanthropological methods have enabled detailed examination of features like the , confirming traits while revealing post-mortem alterations from mineral deposition. Beyond the Paleolithic, excavations in Altamura's urban and suburban areas have uncovered artifacts from the through the , including Daunian (Peucetian) pottery and tools displayed in the National Archaeological Museum of Altamura. A notable dating to the 6th–4th centuries BCE, featuring rock-cut with , was identified beneath properties like the Rajola Pescarini estate, indicating an settlement with Italic cultural influences. Apulian red-figure vases, recovered from local graves and sanctuaries, attest to Greek colonial interactions by the 4th century BCE, with over 90 cataloged examples analyzed for their stylistic and contextual significance. These findings, aggregated in the museum since the 19th century, underscore Altamura's role as a peripheral center in trade networks.

Culinary Traditions and Products

Altamura's culinary identity centers on its renowned Pane di Altamura, a bread crafted exclusively from durum wheat varieties such as Appulo, Arcangelo, and Cappelli grown in the surrounding Murgia plateau, combined with natural , sea salt, and water, then baked in wood-fired ovens adhering to strict traditional methods. This bread received (PDO) status from the in 2003, marking it as the first—and to date, only—bread product in Europe to achieve this certification, which mandates production within a defined geographic area encompassing Altamura and nearby municipalities to preserve its unique flavor profile derived from local and ancient milling techniques. Historical records trace its origins to at least the , when Roman poet praised a similar wheat-based loaf from the region for its digestibility and quality, elevating it to imperial tables as panis pulmentarius. The bread's significance extends beyond preservation of technique; its high-protein semolina yields a dense, crusty exterior with an elastic crumb that resists mold for up to a week without preservatives, reflecting adaptations to the area's pastoral economy where durable staples supported shepherd communities. Artisanal bakeries, such as those operating since the , maintain communal ovens (forni pubblici) that once served entire neighborhoods, a practice documented in local guild regulations from the era emphasizing hygiene and flour purity. In contemporary usage, Pane di Altamura forms the base for simple yet iconic preparations like pane e pomodoro—sliced bread rubbed with ripe tomatoes, drizzled with extra virgin from Puglia's ancient olive groves—and focaccia di Altamura, a dimpled flatbread variant topped with and herbs, often paired with local caciocavallo cheese or taralli (crunchy wheat-flour rings seasoned with or pepper). Complementing the bread tradition, Altamura's products include artisanal taralli pugliesi and biscuits baked with and almonds, alongside extra virgin from cultivars like Ogliarola prevalent in the province, which emphasize the region's agrarian heritage of dry-farming and stone-ground milling. Local wines, such as those from Primitivo vines in adjacent Gravina di Puglia, occasionally feature in pairings, though Altamura's inland position prioritizes grain-based staples over . These elements underscore a rooted in resource scarcity and communal labor, with minimal reliance on imported ingredients, as evidenced by PDO compliance audits ensuring 100% local sourcing for certified goods.

Society and Governance

Education and Research Institutions

The University of Altamura was founded in 1747 by of Bourbon as a lay institution offering degrees in , , , , and mathematics, operating until its suppression in 1811 amid political instability and the reforms. Its closure transferred faculty and resources to the , ending Altamura's brief role as a higher education hub in the Kingdom of Naples. Contemporary higher education in Altamura is absent, with residents typically attending universities in Bari, such as the , located approximately 50 kilometers away. Secondary education, however, features several state-run institutes emphasizing classical, scientific, linguistic, and technical curricula. Notable among these is the "Cagnazzi," founded in 1806, which specializes in , Latin, Greek, and philosophy, preparing students for university entrance. The Liceo Scientifico "Federico II di Svevia" focuses on , physics, and sciences, while the Istituto Tecnico Tecnologico "Nervi-Galilei" and Istituto Tecnico Tecnologico "Da Vinci" offer vocational training in engineering, informatics, and mechanics. Research institutions in Altamura center on and , driven by the region's landscape and prehistoric sites. The Centro Altamurano Ricerche Speleologiche (), established in 1950, explores and documents over 1,000 local caves, contributing to biospeleological studies and the preservation of sites like the Lamalunga Cave, home to the Neanderthal remains discovered in 1993. The Rete Museale "Uomo di Altamura," encompassing the Museo Nazionale Archeologico di Altamura and Centro Visite Lamalunga, facilitates ongoing paleontological and anthropological research collaborations with institutions like EURAC Research and Italian universities. These efforts have produced peer-reviewed publications on virtual and Neanderthal morphology using advanced imaging techniques.

Local Government and Administration

Altamura functions as a comune within the Metropolitan City of Bari, Puglia, Italy, governed by a directly elected mayor (sindaco) and city council (consiglio comunale), with terms lasting five years under Italy's municipal framework. The executive branch, known as the giunta comunale, is led by the mayor and includes assessors (assessori) whose number varies by population size; for Altamura's approximately 70,000 residents, this typically comprises 8-10 members. The council handles legislative functions, approving budgets, urban plans, and local ordinances. Vitantonio Petronella has served as since July 14, 2023, following his on May 14, 2023, via a civic list coalition ("Altamura al Centro" and "Altamura con Sindaco"). He secured victory in a tight runoff on May 28-29, 2023, defeating the opposing candidate by just 18 votes out of over 20,000 cast, reflecting polarized local . In 2025, Petronella reconstituted the giunta through decrees nominating new assessors to address administrative continuity amid ongoing municipal challenges. As of 2025, he continued active engagement in areas like public education policy. Historically, Altamura regained administrative autonomy in 1531 by paying 20,000 ducats to the Spanish Crown after Puglia's , establishing it as a self-governing entity with feudal privileges until the 19th-century formalized modern comune structures under the 1806 Napoleonic reforms. Today, the administration oversees services including , , and preservation, operating from the municipal headquarters and coordinating with regional and metropolitan authorities for funding and policy alignment.

Military History and Contributions

Altamura's military history includes defensive fortifications dating to the Norman period, with city walls constructed in the 11th century under Frederick II for protection against invasions, incorporating towers and gates that symbolized the town's strategic position in Apulia. These structures underscored Altamura's role as a fortified outpost amid regional conflicts. During the 1799 Altamuran Revolution, inspired by the Parthenopean Republic, local patriots established a provisional government on February 8, raising the tree of liberty and declaring republican rule until May 10, when Cardinal Fabrizio Ruffo's Sanfedisti forces suppressed the uprising, resulting in significant casualties and earning the city the moniker "Leonessa di Puglia" for its resistance. In the Risorgimento era, Altamura contributed to Italian unification through insurgent activities in 1860, including provisional government measures and support for Garibaldi's campaigns, as documented in local archives detailing political and military actions against Bourbon rule. In , Altamura hosted facilities for Austro-Hungarian prisoners, including the Romanian Legion, with a at Casale di Altamura holding remains of hundreds of soldiers who died from disease and hardship, highlighting the town's logistical role in managing captives far from front lines. During , Campo 65 near Altamura-Gravina became Italy's largest Allied POW camp, operational from 1942 to 1943, housing thousands under Italian control before German occupation repurposed it for Internati Militari Italiani (IMI), with local soldiers among the hundreds deported to labor camps in harsh conditions. A notable incident on September 9, 1943, involved the execution of 16-year-old Antonio Cannito by German forces for refusing forced labor. Altamura's ongoing military contributions center on hosting the 7th Bersaglieri Regiment since the late , part of the Mechanized Brigade "Pinerolo," with the unit tracing its lineage to and participating in campaigns from the through modern operations, providing regional defense and training capabilities.

Infrastructure

Transportation and Connectivity

Altamura's primary road connections utilize the Strada Statale 96 (SS96), a state highway linking the city to , approximately 45 kilometers northeast, with typical drive times of 45 minutes under normal conditions. This route forms part of Puglia's inland road network, enabling access to broader regional , though it lacks direct motorway (autostrada) interchanges, relying instead on secondary state and provincial roads for distribution. Periodic maintenance on SS96, such as closures near 's industrial zone documented in late 2024, can temporarily disrupt flows but underscores ongoing improvements to the corridor. Rail connectivity centers on Altamura's station, served by Ferrovie Appulo Lucane (FAL) regional lines, which integrate with Puglia's secondary rail system for links to Centrale (average journey 1 hour 25 minutes to 2 hours 40 minutes) and extensions toward , , and . These diesel-operated services prioritize local and inter-regional travel over high-speed options, with FAL emphasizing service enhancements in and adjacent as of recent operational updates. Air access depends on (BRI), the nearest major facility about 50 kilometers away, connected via coordinated bus and rail options rather than direct flights. Cotrap operates dedicated buses from the airport to Altamura twice daily, costing €6 and taking around 1 hour, while Pugliairbus and other intercity coaches supplement for less-served routes. Bus networks enhance overall mobility, with operators like Marino Autolinee providing affordable intercity services (from €1) to destinations including and , often cheaper and more flexible than rail for short hauls. Local and regional buses under Puglia's framework further tie Altamura to surrounding municipalities, though frequencies remain modest compared to coastal hubs, reflecting the region's emphasis on road and rail for inland connectivity.

Urban Development and Public Services

Altamura's urban development reflects a blend of medieval planned expansion and contemporary initiatives. Originally established as a fortified settlement by Emperor Frederick II in the 13th century, the city's grid-like layout and enclosing walls laid the foundation for structured growth, accommodating a population that has since stabilized around 70,885 as of 2025. Recent efforts emphasize regenerative , including the SISUS Strategic Program, which targets revitalization along key axes like Via Selva-Via Lago Passarello to enhance connectivity and urban fabric. A notable modern project is the IxE-CO₂ initiative, a co-programming between the of Altamura, professionals, and non-profits, aimed at integrating infrastructures and into urban regeneration. This approach prioritizes adaptive processes to foster resilient public spaces, countering historical sprawl with incremental enhancements to livability and environmental integration. Such strategies address Puglia's broader challenges of limited infrastructure development, promoting "new public city" models that expand areas amid modest . Public services in Altamura are supported by targeted infrastructure upgrades, particularly in energy reliability. In September 2025, Terna, Italy's , received authorization for a €53 million project to construct two 18 km 150 kV underground power lines, enhancing grid capacity and reducing outage risks in the municipality. This builds on Terna's management of over 4,000 km of high-voltage lines across Puglia, with regional investments exceeding €3.2 billion to modernize substations and connectivity. Transportation services remain constrained, with limited local public options supplemented by regional rail improvements; Ferrovie Appulo Lucane plans to introduce Italy's first battery-powered , "," by late 2026, linking Altamura to and promoting low-emission mobility. Expat assessments highlight ongoing gaps in broader infrastructure, such as flexible public transit, which impacts daily accessibility despite these advancements.

Notable People

Historical Figures

Altamura has produced several notable figures in music and the sciences, particularly during the Enlightenment and Romantic eras. Giacomo Tritto (1733–1824), born in Altamura, was an Italian composer and teacher who produced over 50 operas and sacred works after studying at the Conservatorio di Sant'Onofrio in . He later directed the Royal Chapel in , succeeding in 1816. Luca de Samuele Cagnazzi (1764–1852), born in Altamura, served as an archdeacon, , political economist, , and . He taught at the University of Altamura, advanced agricultural and industrial knowledge in Puglia, and held administrative roles under King from 1806 to 1821, including compiling the 1811 statistical report for the Kingdom of . Cagnazzi also pioneered early sound recording concepts through his invention of the tonograph in 1841. Francesco Saverio Mercadante (1795–1870), born in Altamura, emerged as one of Italy's leading opera composers in the 19th century, creating 54 operas including Il giuramento (1837) and Orazi e Curiazi (1846). After studies at the Conservatory, he directed the Istituto di San Pietro a Maiella from 1840 until his death and influenced traditions alongside Rossini, , and Donizetti. Giuseppe Ciccimarra (1790–1836), born in Altamura, was a prominent who premiered roles in six Rossini operas during his tenure at Naples' Teatro San Carlo. His career spanned major Italian theaters, establishing him as a key interpreter of early 19th-century repertory.

Contemporary Notables

, born on 6 August 1987 in Altamura, is a professional footballer who plays as a centre-forward for club . He began his career in the youth systems of Bari and has since competed in Italy's top divisions, including stints with teams such as , , and , accumulating over 300 appearances and more than 100 goals in professional leagues. Caputo has also earned call-ups to the national team, reflecting his prominence in Italian football. Gianni D'Addario, born on 13 1979 in Altamura, is an Italian recognized for his roles in and television series. Notable credits include the comedy Quo Vado? (2016), the series Signora Volpe (2022), and the drama Lucciole (2022), where he has portrayed diverse characters contributing to both mainstream and international productions. His work spans over a decade in the Italian entertainment industry, with appearances in more than 20 projects.

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