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Carthaginian II in 1997, while a museum in Lahaina Harbor
History
NameMary, Familiens Haab, Komet
BuilderFr. Krupp Germania Shipyard, Kiel
Yard number388
Completed1920
Out of service1970
FateSold to Lahaina Restoration Foundation, 1972
History
NameCarthaginian II
OwnerLahaina Restoration Foundation
Acquired1972
IdentificationIMO number: 5192080
FateSunk, December 13, 2005
General characteristics
Typetwo-mast square-rigged whaler, auxiliary motor power
Tonnage140 short tons (130 t) (gross)
Length30 metres (98 ft)
Beam6.7 metres (22 ft)
Draft2.1 metres (6 ft 11 in)

Carthaginian II was a steel-hulled brig outfitted as a whaler, which served as a symbol of that industry in the harbor of the former whaling town Lahaina on the Hawaiian island of Maui. She replaced the original Carthaginian, a schooner converted into a barque to resemble a period whaler, which had initiated the role of museum ship there in 1967.

Carthaginian II was built in Germany as a schooner in 1920 and christened as Mary. She was brought to Maui in 1973, re-rigged, and served as a whaling museum until 2005, and after being sunk to create an artificial reef, now serves as a diving destination.

History

[edit]

The vessel was built in 1920 in Kiel, Germany, as a two-masted schooner at the Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft shipyard. Christened as Mary, she was just under 30 metres (98 ft) long, with a nominal displacement of 125 short tons (113 t) (gross).[1]

Mary was one of a group of forty ships completed at Kiel intended to operate primarily under motor power, with auxiliary sail. [1] Terms imposed in the wake of the World War I Armistice required Germany to hand over all new ships built as large steam or motor vessels.

As Komet in Sweden

As a result, Mary was sold shortly after completion to Denmark, and renamed Familiens Haab in 1922. In 1923 she was sold to Sweden and renamed Komet. She worked the Baltic Sea as a freighter hauling cement until 1970 and was decommissioned.[2] Because Krupp had built her hull using steel that had been intended for U-boats, Komet (and her sisters) developed a reputation for longevity.[1]

Komet was purchased in 1973 by the non-profit "Lahaina Restoration Foundation" (LRF). for approximately $21,000 and motored from Søby, Denmark to Hawaii by an all-Lahaina crew.[3] The 105 day passage,[2] via Madeira and the Panama Canal, arrived on September 7, 1973.[1] After installing 15 short tons (14 t) of cement and steel ballast to counterbalance a heavy square rig being assembled onshore to replace its original streamlined schooner sail plan, it was renamed Carthaginian II and restored over several years. Masts made of spruce, a deck of eucalyptus, and other details for a whaling supply ship of the 19th century were installed. In 1980, the ship was opened as a floating whaling museum.[4]

Underwater in 2017

The addition of internal ballast allowed moisture to condense between it and the steel hull, which rusted to a point where it nearly split in half. LRF was spending $50,000 per year to maintain the ship.

In 2003, LRF approached Atlantis Submarines, a local tourist concern, proposing to sell Carthaginian II to be sunk as an underwater attraction. Atlantis spent $350,000 on an environmental study and cleaning her in preparation for becoming an artificial reef. On December 13, 2005, the boat was towed and sunk at a depth of approximately 97 feet (30 m), 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km) off the coast near Puamana Beach Park. It serves as a destination for diving expeditions and submarine tours.[5][6] Scuba Diving and Sport Diver have rated the site as one of the top locations for shipwreck diving.[7][8]

LRF was given 120 days to replace the vessel before the berth would be reclaimed for commercial operations.[9][10] The berth was proposed as a potential home for the voyaging canoes Mo'okiha o Pi'ilani[11] or Mo'olele,[12] but Mo'okiha was berthed at Maalaea Harbor instead in 2016.[13]

References

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Carthaginian II

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Carthaginian II is a 97-foot steel-hulled shipwreck intentionally sunk off the coast of Lahaina, Maui, Hawaii, in 2005 to create an artificial reef and popular scuba diving site at a depth of approximately 97 feet. Originally constructed in 1920 in Kiel, Germany, by Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft as a two-masted schooner, later known as the Komet for use as a cement carrier in the Baltic Sea, the vessel was converted to diesel power.[1][2] In 1973, the Lahaina Restoration Foundation purchased the ship in Sweden for approximately $21,000 and towed it to Maui, where it was renamed Carthaginian II and extensively refitted over seven years with spruce masts, an eucalyptus deck, and other features to replicate a 19th-century whaling brig, honoring Lahaina's historical role as a major whaling port.[1][2] It replaced the original Carthaginian, a Danish barque that had served as a whaling museum since 1967 but sank accidentally in 1972 after striking a reef.[1] From 1980 to 2005, Carthaginian II operated as a floating museum in Lahaina Harbor, attracting visitors with exhibits on whaling history, including harpoons, tryworks, and period artifacts, while undergoing annual maintenance that grew increasingly costly at up to $50,000 per year by the early 2000s.[2][1] Deemed a safety hazard and uneconomical to repair by 2003, the ship was towed offshore and sunk on December 13, 2005, by Atlantis Submarines in a ceremony featuring leis and the Hawaiian song “Aloha ‘Oe,” at a cost of about $350,000.[2] As of 2025, the upright wreck, accessible by a short boat ride from Lahaina despite the 2023 wildfires affecting the area, supports a vibrant marine ecosystem with species such as turtles, frogfish, and reef sharks, and is rated suitable for intermediate divers due to mild currents and excellent visibility often exceeding 100 feet.[3][2][4]

Construction and Early History

Design and Launch

Carthaginian II was constructed in 1920 at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel, Germany, as a two-masted schooner with a steel hull designed primarily for reliable operation in northern European waters. The Friedrich Krupp-owned yard, known for its advanced shipbuilding techniques during the interwar period, employed riveted steel plating for the hull to ensure durability against harsh maritime conditions common in the Baltic and North Seas. This construction approach reflected post-World War I German efforts to revive commercial shipping under treaty restrictions, emphasizing efficient, versatile vessels for regional trade routes.[5][1] The vessel's original dimensions measured 97 feet (29.6 meters) in length overall and 22 feet (6.7 meters) in beam, with a displacement of approximately 140 gross tons, providing ample capacity for its intended roles while maintaining stability. It was equipped with a primary diesel engine and auxiliary sails, allowing for consistent propulsion in variable winds and enabling operations in congested or ice-prone European ports. This hybrid design balanced traditional sailing efficiency with emerging mechanical reliability, making it suitable for shorter coastal voyages.[6][7] Upon completion, the ship was christened Mary but sold shortly thereafter to Danish owners and renamed Familiens Haab in 1922, then to Swedish owners as Komet in 1923. It was initially intended for transporting goods such as cement and other materials across European waters, exemplifying the transitional maritime technology of the era, serving commercial needs until its purchase by the Lahaina Restoration Foundation in 1973.[5][1]

Service as Mary

Following its launch, the schooner Mary (later Familiens Haab and Komet) entered service as a cargo vessel, primarily trading between ports in the Baltic Sea from 1920 through 1970, hauling goods such as cement and general cargo under primary motor power with auxiliary sails.[2] The vessel supported coastal trade operations in post-war Europe, contributing to the region's economic recovery efforts. It benefited from routine maintenance and refits to ensure seaworthiness amid evolving shipping demands. By 1970, economic shifts toward more efficient motorized vessels led to its decommissioning, marking the end of its active commercial career in Europe.[1]

Conversion and Museum Role

Acquisition and Transport to Maui

In 1973, the Lahaina Restoration Foundation acquired the steel-hulled schooner Komet for $21,000 from its owner in Søby, Denmark, as a replacement for the original Carthaginian museum ship, which had run aground and sunk off Lahaina in April 1972.[2] The purchase, funded by insurance money from the original Carthaginian, was motivated by the foundation's need to maintain a floating exhibit dedicated to Maui's whaling history, with the Komet's design resembling 19th-century whalers.[2][1] Following the acquisition, the vessel—renamed Carthaginian II—underwent a transoceanic journey under diesel power from Søby across the Atlantic Ocean, through the Panama Canal, and into the Pacific to reach Hawaii, departing in 1973.[2] The voyage, crewed entirely by Lahaina residents, lasted approximately four months and highlighted the foundation's commitment to local involvement in preserving maritime heritage.[2] Upon arrival in Hawaiian waters in 1973, the ship was initially moored for assessments before proceeding to Lahaina Harbor, where it would be prepared for its role as a museum vessel.[6] Prior to this relocation, the ship had served in European trade under the name Mary.[2]

Refitting as Whaling Replica

Upon its arrival in Lahaina Harbor, Maui, in September 1973, the Carthaginian II—originally a steel-hulled schooner named Komet—was docked at the historic wharf by the Lahaina Restoration Foundation for extensive refitting to serve as a replica of a 19th-century whaling vessel.[8][9] The transformation process spanned seven years, from 1973 to 1980, during which the vessel was re-rigged dockside into a two-masted brig with historically accurate square sails, 80-foot masts, spars, yards, and hand-crafted iron fittings to replicate a typical brigantine whaler of the whaling era.[9][10][11] To enhance stability under sail, 15 tons of steel and cement ballast were added to the hull.[2] Key modifications included the installation of replica whaleboats (known as chase boats), a carved warrior figurehead at the bow, lookout hoops on the masts, tryworks for rendering blubber, and various period-appropriate deck fittings and whaling tools to evoke the operational appearance of an 1800s whaling ship.[2] These alterations, funded and overseen by the Lahaina Restoration Foundation, positioned the Carthaginian II as a floating symbol of Maui's whaling heritage.[6]

Operations as Floating Museum

Exhibits and Educational Programs

The Carthaginian II housed a collection of exhibits focused on 19th-century whaling, featuring artifacts such as harpoons, lances, and other whaling tools recovered from Pacific sites, alongside photographs of whalemen and a full whale skeleton to depict the industry's operations.[2] These displays emphasized the dangers and daily routines of whalers, including replicated cramped crew quarters that highlighted shipboard hardships during long voyages.[2] Interactive elements allowed visitors to engage with whaling techniques, such as examining small boats used for harpooning whales, blubber processing tools, and lookout platforms, providing insight into the mechanics of the hunt.[1] Additional exhibits explored shipboard life and Maui's prominence as a key whaling port in the 1800s, where hundreds of vessels anchored annually for resupply and rest, underscoring Lahaina's economic and cultural ties to the trade.[2] Educational programs included guided tours led by docents, who narrated the ship's history and the broader context of Pacific whaling using onboard displays and audio-visual aids like slide projectors with commentary.[2] These tours extended to school groups, fostering understanding of maritime history and marine ecology through immersive experiences aboard the replica vessel. Special events featured whaling reenactments and lectures on conservation efforts for endangered whale species, connecting historical practices to modern environmental protection.[1]

Daily Operations and Visitor Experience

The Carthaginian II functioned as a floating whaling museum from 1980 to 2005, permanently moored in Lahaina Harbor on Maui, where it served as a key attraction highlighting the town's 19th-century maritime heritage. Operated by the Lahaina Restoration Foundation, the vessel welcomed visitors daily, typically from 9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., with nominal admission fees that made it accessible to tourists and locals alike.[2][12] Access was provided via a gangway from the harbor dock, allowing guests to board and navigate the decks and interior spaces under guided or self-directed tours. Maintenance of the steel-hulled brig was a continuous effort, requiring annual dry-docking in Honolulu for hull inspections and repairs, along with regular volunteer-led upkeep to address rust and wear from the tropical marine environment. By the late 1990s and early 2000s, these operations cost approximately $50,000 per year, supported by a combination of foundation staff, paid crew, and community volunteers who handled tasks such as cleaning and structural reinforcements.[2][9] Safety protocols included secure railings along walkways and the availability of life vests, particularly important during peak summer visitation when crowds swelled due to high tourist season in Lahaina.[2] Visitor experiences emphasized interactive engagement with the ship's layout, including below-deck areas simulating whalers' quarters, complemented by interpretive displays on whaling artifacts—though the core focus remained on operational logistics rather than detailed exhibit content. Challenges arose from escalating funding demands for preservation, occasionally straining resources and prompting temporary adjustments to public access, while the vessel withstood environmental stresses like harbor conditions without major publicized disruptions during its museum tenure.[2][9]

Sinking and Transition to Artificial Reef

Reasons for Decommissioning

By the early 2000s, the Carthaginian II had suffered significant structural deterioration due to prolonged exposure to saltwater, resulting in extensive rust on its steel hull that rendered ongoing repairs increasingly difficult and costly.[2] The Lahaina Restoration Foundation, which owned and operated the vessel as a floating museum, faced annual maintenance expenses of approximately $50,000, with marine engineers advising in 2003 that further repairs were no longer feasible given the escalating costs.[13][9] In response, the foundation sought alternative ways to preserve the ship's connection to Lahaina's whaling heritage, leading to a 2004 proposal in partnership with Atlantis Submarines to repurpose the vessel as an artificial reef, which would enhance local tourism through submarine tours while supporting marine ecology.[14] Environmental assessments, including a draft environmental impact statement released in 2004 and a final environmental impact statement in 2005, confirmed the prepared steel hull posed no risk of leaching toxins into the marine environment after removal of hazardous materials, aligning the project with Hawaii's broader initiatives for artificial reef creation to bolster coral habitats and biodiversity.[14][15] This approach allowed the foundation to transition the Carthaginian II from a burdensome museum asset to a sustainable ecological and educational feature.

Sinking Process

In preparation for sinking, the Carthaginian II was thoroughly cleaned in Lahaina Harbor, including scrubbing of bilges, flushing of the engine, and cleaning of fuel tanks and lines under the direction of the U.S. Coast Guard to remove all hazardous materials such as fuel and oil in compliance with EPA standards.[6][16] Pre-cut holes in the hull, located 18 inches above the waterline, were temporarily patched and later prepared for controlled flooding, while the vessel was loaded with an additional 10 tons of concrete (on top of 35 tons already onboard) to ensure upright positioning upon sinking; compartments were sealed as needed to manage the flooding process.[9] Mooring lines were attached to guide and stabilize the ship during the operation.[2] On December 13, 2005, the vessel was towed approximately 0.5 miles offshore from Lahaina Harbor to the coordinates 20°52.5′N 156°40.5′W, near Puamana Beach Park.[2][1] Once positioned, the hull patches were removed, and seawater was pumped into the vessel through the pre-cut holes and valves, causing it to flood and sink upright in 27 minutes at a depth of 97 feet (30 meters) of water on a sandy bottom.[9][2] The sinking was supervised by a team of divers from Atlantis Adventures, with oversight from the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR) to ensure environmental compliance and safety.[6][17] The total cost of the project, including preparations and execution, was approximately $350,000, funded primarily by Atlantis Adventures in collaboration with local dive operators.[9] Following the sinking, post-sinking surveys conducted by Atlantis staff, Maui Community College students, and the DLNR Division of Aquatic Resources confirmed the vessel's stability on the seabed, minimal scatter of debris, and suitability as an artificial reef with no adverse environmental impacts.[9][6]

Current Status as Dive Site

Location and Dive Characteristics

The wreck of the Carthaginian II is situated off the coast of Lahaina, Maui, Hawaii, at coordinates 20°52.5′N 156°40.5′W, approximately 0.5 miles from shore in 97 feet (30 meters) of water on a sandy bottom.[6][2] The vessel rests upright, with its masts collapsed onto the deck since around 2011, providing a prominent structure for exploration, and is accessible via a short 10-minute boat ride from Lahaina Harbor.[2][18][19] As of 2025, the site remains accessible, with local dive operations continuing despite recovery efforts following the 2023 Lahaina wildfires. This site is rated for intermediate to advanced divers due to its depth and occasional mild currents ranging from 0.5 to 1 knot, though it remains manageable for certified participants.[3][2] Visibility at the site typically ranges from 50 to 100 feet, allowing clear views of the surrounding environment, with divers entering via an anchor line to the deck for safety and control.[18][11] The wreck features swim-through opportunities in the holds and around the rigging, enhancing the dive experience while emphasizing non-penetrative exploration.[2] Many dive operators require advanced open water certification or equivalent experience for participants to ensure safety, and strict no-touch policies are enforced to preserve the wreck's structural integrity and historical value.[3][18]

Marine Life and Ecological Impact

Since its intentional sinking in 2005, the Carthaginian II wreck has become a prominent artificial reef off the coast of Lahaina, Maui, attracting a diverse array of reef fish species that utilize its structure for shelter and foraging. Common inhabitants include moray eels, which often peer from crevices in the hull, along with butterflyfish such as the pyramid butterflyfish schooling around the exterior, and various jacks contributing to the dynamic fish assemblages observed by divers.[3][20][18] Frequent sightings also include green sea turtles grazing on encrusting organisms and white-tip reef sharks resting in the shaded areas beneath the vessel, enhancing the site's appeal as a habitat for larger predators.[18][2][21] Coral colonization began rapidly on the wreck's hull and rigging, with significant encrustation of plant and animal life forming within five years of deployment, transforming barren sandy substrate into a structured ecosystem. This growth has created microhabitats for invertebrates, including octopuses that utilize the rigging for camouflage and hunting, as well as nudibranchs that thrive on the developing fouling communities.[6][22][18] The artificial structure has thereby fostered a garden-like environment that supports plankton-feeding fish and smaller cryptic species previously scarce in the surrounding soft-bottom areas.[6] As an artificial reef, the Carthaginian II has played a key role in enhancing local marine biodiversity by providing vertical relief in an otherwise featureless sandy seafloor, leading to documented increases in fish biomass. Studies on Hawaiian artificial reefs indicate that such structures can boost mean fish biomass by up to 20-fold within 2-3 years compared to adjacent barren sand habitats, primarily through aggregation and habitat provision rather than net production gains.[23] This enhancement is evident at the site, where diverse assemblages of reef fish and invertebrates have flourished, contributing to overall ecosystem resilience in West Maui waters.[2][18] Ongoing monitoring efforts in Maui's nearshore environments, including assessments for invasive species establishment and sediment deposition effects on artificial structures, help mitigate potential negative impacts while preserving the wreck's ecological benefits. Researchers from institutions like the University of Hawai'i have contributed to broader reef health evaluations in the region, ensuring that sites like the Carthaginian II support native biodiversity without facilitating invasives.[24][25]

Historical and Cultural Significance

Connection to Lahaina's Whaling Heritage

The Carthaginian II, a steel-hulled brig replica of a 19th-century whaling vessel, was purposefully designed to evoke Lahaina's pivotal role as a major Pacific whaling port during the mid-1800s, when the town hosted up to 400 ships annually for resupplying and repairs.[26][27] Originally constructed in 1920 in Kiel, Germany, as the two-masted schooner Mary (later renamed Komet in 1923) and acquired by the Lahaina Restoration Foundation in 1973, the vessel was refitted with 80-foot masts, square rigging, and historical fittings to authentically represent the brigs that dominated the era's whaling fleets.[2] This transformation underscored Lahaina's anchorage as a hub for American and international whalers, particularly during peak years like 1846, when a record 736 vessels called at the port for provisions such as water, livestock, and tropical produce, fueling local economies through trade and labor.[28] As a floating museum anchored in Lahaina Harbor, the Carthaginian II symbolized the whaling industry's profound economic and cultural influences on Hawaiian communities, including expanded commerce in ship refitting, recruitment of local sailors, and social shifts from intermarriages and population influxes of foreign crews.[29][30] The influx of whalers brought prosperity via sales of Hawaiian goods but also introduced challenges like rowdy shore leave and cultural disruptions, transforming quiet Lahaina into a bustling, multicultural outpost.[31] By replicating these vessels, the ship highlighted how whaling integrated Native Hawaiian labor into global trade networks, with ports like Lahaina serving as vital stops for vessels pursuing sperm whales across the Pacific.[32] The Carthaginian II built upon the precedent set by its predecessor, the original Carthaginian—a Danish vessel originally built as a schooner but converted into a square-rigged whaling barque replica and museum in 1967—which had been sunk in 1972 after grounding on Lahaina Reef, thereby continuing public education on the industry's trajectory.[10] Exhibits aboard focused on whaling's eventual decline in the late 19th century, driven by overharvesting that depleted whale populations and the rise of petroleum-based kerosene as a cheaper alternative to whale oil following the 1859 oil discovery.[33][34] This narrative emphasized the shift from whale oil's dominance in lighting and lubrication to modern energy sources, marking the end of an era that had once anchored hundreds of ships in Lahaina's roadstead each season.[28] Positioned within Lahaina's waterfront, the Carthaginian II integrated seamlessly with the town's historic district, designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962 for its layered significance as a royal capital, missionary outpost, and whaling center.[29][35] The vessel's presence in the harbor complemented onshore landmarks tied to whaling commerce, reinforcing the district's maritime heritage that encompassed both terrestrial structures and adjacent waters.[36]

Legacy and Commemoration

The sinking of the Carthaginian II in 2005 has significantly enhanced Maui's dive tourism, establishing the wreck as a premier attraction for certified scuba divers seeking a blend of historical immersion and underwater exploration off the Lahaina coast. As Hawaii's only intentionally sunk tall ship replica, it draws enthusiasts to its 97-foot depth site, where the vessel's structure offers penetration opportunities and encounters with marine inhabitants, supporting local dive operators through guided boat trips and certification programs.[2] The wreck also integrates into non-diving tourism via Atlantis Submarines' daily tours departing from Lahaina Harbor, allowing thousands of surface visitors to observe the site through viewports and learn about its role in preserving maritime history, thereby generating sustained economic benefits for tour companies and related businesses in the region.[6] This project, spearheaded by Atlantis Adventures with a $350,000 investment to clean and position the vessel, built on the company's prior efforts—such as Hawaii's inaugural artificial reef off Waikiki in 1989—and has influenced subsequent reef initiatives across the state by demonstrating effective methods for combining cultural preservation with habitat enhancement.[2] The Carthaginian II's story has been featured in maritime archaeology literature and diving publications, underscoring its contributions to sustainable underwater heritage sites.[2] The decommissioning ceremony on December 13, 2005, served as a poignant commemoration, with Lahaina Restoration Foundation members adorning the ship with leis, erecting a farewell sign, and performing the traditional Hawaiian song "Aloha ‘Oe" to honor its three decades as a floating whaling museum.[2] Ongoing tributes include educational programs by dive operators that incorporate whaling history narratives during visits to the site, fostering cultural memory tied to Lahaina's 19th-century seafaring legacy. Before its sinking, the Carthaginian II exhibited key artifacts from Lahaina's whaling era, including harpoons, tryworks replicas, period photographs, and a sperm whale skeleton, which educated visitors on the industry's impact.[2] These items were curated by the Lahaina Restoration Foundation, and following the vessel's transition, preservation efforts ensured their relocation to safeguard the collection amid the organization's broader mission to protect historic materials.[37] Despite the 2023 Lahaina wildfires destroying the on-site Heritage Museum, the foundation continues recovery initiatives to maintain such artifacts for public access and study.[37]

References

  1. Sinking of the Two Carthaginians | Images of Old Hawaiʻi
  2. History of Maui's Carthaginian Shipwreck - Scuba Diving Magazine
  3. Carthaginian II Wreck dive site - PADI
  4. https://digitaltmuseum.se/011015406878/fo207781/media
  5. Five years later, Carthaginian II a thriving artificial reef - Lahaina News
  6. [PDF] july 1990 - Historic Hawaii Foundation
  7. Maui News Index 1951-1973: Maui County History - Studylib
  8. Lahaina icon sinks into deep sleep | The Honolulu Advertiser
  9. History of Maui's Carthaginian Shipwreck: Scuba & Submarine Tours
  10. Carthaginian - Lahaina, Maui HI - DiveBuddy.com
  11. https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/12095/1/HHR-Vol2No12-1965.pdf
  12. AROUND MAUI, SUNRISE TO SUNSET - The New York Times
  13. Maintenance costs lead museum to scrap ship
  14. Input sought on artificial reef | The Honolulu Advertiser | Hawaii's ...
  15. [PDF] peter t. young - Hawaii.gov
  16. The Carthaginian II began life in 1920 in Kiel, Germany, as a
  17. [PDF] report to the twenty- fourth legislature - Hawaii.gov
  18. Carthaginian Wreck + Shark and Turtle Dive - Dive Maui
  19. The Carthaginian 2 shipwreck - Review of Island Style Diving, Kihei, HI
  20. Maui's Carthaginian Shipwreck: What to Expect - WildVoice
  21. Top 100 Destination: Maui Diving
  22. [PDF] Hawaii's Artificial Reefs - NOAA
  23. Cooperation is key to reduce sediment runoff into West Maui reefs
  24. Invasive seaweed may better adapt to changes than native species ...
  25. The Story of Whaling in Lahaina, Maui - Panda Travel
  26. Of Kings, Whalers & Missionaries - The History of Maui - Marinalife
  27. Abner Pratt and Michigan's Honolulu House | National Archives
  28. Lahaina Historic District (U.S. National Park Service)
  29. The Last Stop For Whalers And Sailors - Honolulu Civil Beat
  30. What was lost in Lahaina, a glittering jewel of the Hawaiian Kingdom
  31. Cultural History of Three Traditional Hawaiian Sites (Chapter 5)
  32. A history of whaling | National Science and Media Museum
  33. Energy transitions: the decline of whale oil and the rise of petroleum
  34. Rebuilding, preserving Lahaina's historic district
  35. [PDF] SECTION 213 REPORT Lahaina National Historic Landmark District ...
  36. Welcome to the Lahaina Restoration Foundation
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