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Domestic cats have been diversified by humans into breeds and domestic and wild hybrids. Many such breeds are recognized by various cat registries. Additionally, there are new and experimental breeds, landraces being established as standardized breeds, distinct domestic populations not being actively developed and lapsed (extinct) breeds.

As of 2023, The International Cat Association (TICA) recognizes 75 standardized breeds,[1] the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) recognizes 45,[2] the Fédération Internationale Féline (FIFe) recognizes 50,[3][4] the Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF) recognizes 45,[5] and the World Cat Federation (WCF) recognizes 69.[6]

Inconsistency in a breed's classification and naming among registries means that an individual animal may be considered different breeds by different registries (though not necessarily eligible for registry in them all, depending on its exact ancestry). For example, TICA's Himalayan is considered a colorpoint variety of the Persian by the CFA, while the Javanese (or Colorpoint Longhair) is a color variation of the Balinese in both the TICA and the CFA; both breeds are merged (along with the Colorpoint Shorthair) into a single "mega-breed", the Colourpoint, by the World Cat Federation (WCF), who have repurposed the name "Javanese" for the Oriental Longhair. Also, "Colourpoint Longhair" refers to different breeds in other registries. There are many examples of nomenclatural overlap and differences of this sort. Furthermore, many geographical and cultural names for cat breeds are fanciful selections made by Western breeders to sound exotic and bear no relationship to the actual origin of the breeds;[7] the Balinese, Javanese, and Himalayan are all examples of this trend.

The domestic short-haired and domestic long-haired cat types are not breeds, but terms used (with various spellings) in the cat fancy to describe random-bred, non-pedigree "moggy" or "household" cats by coat length, ones that do not belong to a particular breed. Some registries such as the Cat Fanciers' Association allow for domestic short hairs and domestic long hairs to be registered for the purpose of outcrossing.[8] They should not be confused with standardized breeds with similar names, such as the British Shorthair and Oriental Longhair.

Breeds

[edit]
Breed Location of origin Type Body type Coat type and length Coat pattern Image
Abyssinian[9] Unspecified, but somewhere in Afro-Asia, likely Ethiopia[10] Natural Semi-foreign Short Ticked tabby Abyssinian
Aegean Greece Natural Moderate Semi-long Multi-color Aegean
American Bobtail[11] United States[12] Mutation of shortened tail Cobby Semi-long All American Bobtail
American Curl[13] United States[12] Mutation Semi-foreign Semi-long All American Curl
American Shorthair United States[12] Natural Cobby Short All American Shorthair
American Wirehair United States[12] Mutation Normal Rex All American Wirehair
Aphrodite Giant Cyprus Natural Lean and muscular All All Aphrodite Giant
Arabian Mau Arabian Peninsula Natural Moderate and muscular Short All Arabian Mau
Asian United Kingdom Crossbreed between the Burmese and Chinchilla Persians Moderate Short All without white and without siamese pointing Asian
Asian Semi-longhair United Kingdom Crossbreed between the Burmese and Chinchilla Persians Moderate Semi-long All without white and without siamese pointing Asian Semi-longhair
Australian Mist Australia[14] Crossbreed between the Abyssinian, Burmese, and Australian short-haired cats[14] Moderate Short Spotted or marbled Australian Mist
Balinese Developed in United States;[12]
foundation stock from Thailand		 Mutation of the Siamese Semi-foreign Long Colorpoint
Bambino United States[14] Crossbreed between the Munchkin and Sphynx[14] Dwarf Short Black + white hairless
Bengal Developed in United States,[14]
but created in Asia		 Hybrid of the Abyssinian and Egyptian Mau × leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) Large Short Spotted, marbled, or rosetted
Birman Developed in France;
foundation stock from Burma (Myanmar)[12]		 The original Birman was crossed with the Siamese and the Persian to create the Birman of today. Cobby Semi-long Mitted colorpoint Birman
Bombay United States and Burma (Myanmar) Crossbreed between the Black American Shorthair and Sable Burmese Cobby Short Solid black Bombay
Brazilian Shorthair Brazil Natural Normal Short All Brazilian Shorthair
British Longhair United Kingdom (England)[12] Natural Cobby Semi-long All British Semi-longhair
British Shorthair United Kingdom (England)[12] Natural Cobby Short All[15] British Shorthair
Burmese Burma (Myanmar)[12] Natural Semi-foreign or semi-cobby Short Solid and Tortoiseshell[16] Burmese
Burmilla United Kingdom (England)[12] Crossbreed between the Burmese and the Chinchilla Persian Semi-cobby Short Solid with Shaded Silver and Silver Tipped patterns Burmilla
California Spangled United States[12] Crossbreed between the Abyssinian, American Shorthair and British Shorthair Moderate Short Spotted tabby California Spangled
Chantilly-Tiffany United States Natural Cobby Long Solid, classic tabby, spotted tabby and ticked tabby Chantilly-Tiffany
Chartreux France[12] Natural Muscular; cobby Short Varying shades of blue Chartreux
Chausie United States Hybrid of the Abyssinian × jungle cat (Felis chaus) Normal Short Solid black, black grizzled tabby and black ticked tabby Chausie
Colorpoint Shorthair United Kingdom (England) Crossbreed between the Abyssinian, Siamese and short-haired cats Foreign Short Colorpoint Colorpoint Shorthair
Cornish Rex Cornwall, England,

United Kingdom

Mutation Foreign Rex All Cornish Rex
Cymric, Manx Longhair or Long-haired Manx[a] Isle of Man, United States, and Canada[b][12] Mutation of the Manx (shortened tail) Semi-cobby Long All Cymric
Cyprus Cyprus Natural Lean and muscular All All Cyprus
Devon Rex Buckfastleigh, Devon, England, United Kingdom Mutation Semi-foreign Rex All Devon Rex
Donskoy or
Don Sphynx 		Russia Mutation Semi-foreign Hairless Solid Donskoy or Don Sphynx
Dragon Li or
Chinese Li Hua 		China Natural Normal Short Ticked tabby
Dwelf United States Crossbreed between the American Curl, Munchkin and Sphynx Dwarf Hairless All
Egyptian Mau Egypt[12] Natural Moderate and muscular Short Spotted tabby Egyptian Mau
European Shorthair Continental Europe[12] Natural Moderate Short All European Shorthair
Exotic Shorthair United States[12] Crossbreed between the American Shorthair and Persian Cobby Short All Exotic Shorthair
Foldex[17] Canada Crossbreed between the Exotic Shorthair and Scottish Fold Cobby Short All Foldex
German Rex Germany[12] Mutation Semi-foreign Rex All German Rex
Havana Brown United Kingdom (England);
foundation stock from Thailand		 Crossbreed between the Siamese and black short-haired cats Semi-foreign Short Solid brown Havana Brown
Highlander United States Crossbreed between the Desert Lynx and Jungle Curl Moderate Short/long All Highlander
Himalayan or
Colorpoint Persian[c] 		United States and United Kingdom[12] Crossbreed between the Persian and Siamese Cobby Long Colorpoint Himalayan or Colorpoint Persian
Japanese Bobtail Japan[d][12] Mutation of shortened tail Moderate Short/long All Japanese Bobtail
Javanese or
Colorpoint Longhair[e] 		Developed in United States[12] and Canada;
foundation stock from Southeast Asia		 Crossbreed between the Balinese (with some Colorpoint Shorthair), Oriental Longhair and Siamese Oriental Long Colorpoint Javanese or Colorpoint Longhair
Kanaani Israel[14] Hybrid of short-haired cats ×  African wildcat (Felis lybica) Semi-foreign Short Solid black, chocolate spotted tabby or cinnamon spotted tabby Javanese or Colorpoint Longhair
Karelian Bobtail Ladoga Karelia, Russia[18] Natural, mutation of shortened tail[19] Medium[20] Short/long[21] All, except pointed
Khao Manee Thailand[14] Natural Moderate Short Solid white Khao Manee
Kinkalow United States Crossbreed between the Munchkin and American Curl Dwarf Short All Kinkalow
Korat Thailand[12] Natural Semi-foreign or semi-cobby and muscular Short Solid blue Korat
Korean Bobtail Korea Natural, mutation of shortened tail Moderate Short/long All
Korn Ja or Konja
[citation needed] 		Thailand Natural Small Short Solid black
Kurilian Bobtail or
Kuril Islands Bobtail 		Kuril Islands, North Pacific[14] Natural, mutation of shortened tail Semi-cobby Short/long[14] All Kurilian Bobtail or Kuril Islands Bobtail
Lambkin United States[12] Crossbreed between the Munchkin and Selkirk Rex Dwarf Rex All
LaPerm United States[12] Mutation Moderate Rex All LaPerm
Lykoi United States Mutation Moderate Sparse haired Black roan Lykoi
Maine Coon United States[12] Natural, crossbreed Large Semi-long/long All excluding chocolate and colourpoint Maine Coon
Manx Isle of Man[12] Mutation of shortened tail Moderate Short/long All Manx
Mekong Bobtail Developed in Russia;
foundation stock ultimately from Southeast Asia[14]		 Mutation of shortened tail Moderate Short Colorpoint Mekong Bobtail
Minskin United States[14] Crossbreed between the Munchkin, Burmese, Devon Rex, and Sphynx Dwarf Hairless All Minskin
Minuet United States Crossbreed between the Persian and Munchkin Dwarf Short/long All Minuet
Munchkin United States[12] Mutation of dwarf cat Dwarf Short/long All Munchkin
Nebelung United States[14] Natural, mutation Foreign Semi-long Solid blue Nebelung
Neva Masquerade (colorpoint Siberian)[f] Russia[14] Crossbreed between the Siberian and a colorpoint cat[23] Cobby[14] Long[14] Colorpoint Neva Masquerade
Norwegian Forest cat Norway[12] Natural Cobby Long Chocolate or orange and white bicolor Norwegian Forest Cat
Ocicat United States[12] Crossbreed between the Abyssinian, American Shorthair and Siamese Large Short Spotted tabby Ocicat
Ojos Azules
(extinct) 		United States[12] Crossbreed Moderate Short All Ojos Azules
Oriental Bicolor Developed in United States and United Kingdom, later in Continental Europe;
foundation stock ultimately from Thailand		 Color variety of the Oriental Shorthair Oriental Short Bicolor Oriental Bicolor
Oriental Longhair[g] Developed in United States and United Kingdom;
foundation stock ultimately from Thailand[12]		 Crossbreed between the Oriental Shorthair and long-haired cats Oriental Semi-long All; if colorpoint is considered to be a separate breed, it is called the Javanese Oriental Longhair
Oriental Shorthair[g] Developed in United States and United Kingdom;
foundation stock ultimately from Thailand[12]		 Crossbreed between the European Shorthair and Siamese Oriental Short All Oriental Shorthair
Persian (modern) Developed in United States and Europe;
foundation stock from Greater Iran[12]		 Mutation of the Traditional Persian Cobby Long All but colorpoint Persian, modern
Persian (traditional) Greater Iran[12] Natural, but some crossbreeding with the Turkish Angora Cobby Long All but colorpoint Traditional Persian
Peterbald Russia Crossbreed between the Donskoy, Oriental Shorthair and Siamese;
before this, it was between the Balinese and Javanese		 Oriental Hairless, velour, brush, or straight coat All Peterbald
Pixie-bob United States[12] Mutation (falsely claimed to be a hybrid of the domestic cat and the bobcat (Lynx rufus) early on) Medium Short Spotted tabby Pixie-bob
Ragamuffin or
Liebling (obsolete) 		United States Crossbreed between the Ragdoll with limited out-crossing to the Himalayan, the Persian, and other long-haired cats Cobby Long All Ragamuffin
Ragdoll United States[12] Behavioral mutation in a crossbreed, presumed to be between the Persian or Turkish Angora and the Birman or Burmese Cobby Long Colorpoint, mitted, or bicolor Ragdoll
Raas Raas Island, Indonesia Natural Moderate Short Solid blue, solid cinnamon, or cinnamon colorpoint Raas
Russian Blue Russia[12] Natural Moderate, Oriental Short Solid blue Russian Blue
Russian White, Russian Black and Russian Tabby Developed in Australia;
foundation stock from Russia		 Crossbreeds between the Russian Blue and short-haired cats from Siberia, Russia Moderate Short Solid white, solid black and tabby Russian Blue
Sam Sawet Thailand Color variety of the Thai Moderate Short Solid Russian Blue
Savannah United States[14] Hybrid of the domestic cat x serval (Leptailurus serval)[24] Large Short Spotted Savannah
Scottish Fold United Kingdom (Scotland)[12] Mutation of the bones and cartilage of the ears Cobby Short/long All Lilac-coated Scottish Fold
Selkirk Rex United States in 1988[12] Mutation/crossbreed between the American Shorthair, Persian, Himalayan, Exotic Shorthair and British Shorthair Large and cobby Short/long (longhair, sometimes in early generations, can appear to be semi-long) All Selkirk Rex
Serengeti United States Crossbreed/hybrid between the Bengal and Oriental Shorthair Oriental Short Spotted Serengeti
Siamese (modern)

(for traditional, see Thai)

Developed in United States and Europe;
foundation stock from Thailand[12]		 Mutation of the Thai Oriental Short Colorpoint Siamese
Siberian or
Siberian Forest Cat

(for colorpoint, see Neva Masquerade)

Siberian Tundra, Russia. Natural Cobby[14] Long[14] All; except chocolate, lilac, cinnamon, and fawn[22] Siberian
Singapura Developed in United States;
foundation stock from Singapore[12]		 Possibly a mutation of a crossbreed (excluding the Munchkin), solving why they are so small Small Short Ticked tabby Singapura
Snowshoe United States[12] Crossbreed between the American Shorthair and Siamese Moderate Short Mitted colorpoint Snowshoe
Sokoke Kenya[14] Natural Moderate Short Ticked tabby Sokoke
Somali United States, Canada Mutation Cobby Long Ticked tabby Somali
Sphynx Canada, Europe[12] Mutation Oriental Hairless All Sphynx
Suphalak Thailand Natural Moderate Short Solid reddish-brown Suphalak
Thai or
Traditional, Classic, or Old-style Siamese;
Wichien Maat[h] 		Developed in Europe;[14]
foundation stock from Thailand[12]		 Natural Moderate Short Colorpoint Thai
Thai Lilac, Thai Blue Point and Thai Lilac Point Thailand Color varieties of the Korat Moderate Short Solid lilac and colorpoint (blue point and lilac point only) Thai Lilac
Tonkinese Canada, United States[12] Crossbreed between the Burmese and Siamese Oriental Short Colorpoint, mink, or solid Tonkinese
Toybob Russia Mutation Dwarf Short All
Toyger United States[14] Crossbreed/hybrid between the Bengal and short-haired cats Moderate Short Mackerel tabby Toyger
Turkish Angora Turkey[12] Natural Semi-cobby Semi-long All Turkish Angora
Turkish Van[i] Developed in United Kingdom;
foundation stock from Turkey[14]		 Natural Semi-cobby Semi-long Van pattern Turkish Van
Turkish Vankedisi
(white variety of Turkish Van)[i] 		Developed in United Kingdom;
foundation stock from Turkey[14]		 Natural Svelte Long Solid white Van cat
Ukrainian Levkoy Ukraine Crossbreed between the Donskoy and Scottish Fold Moderate Hairless Solid gray Ukrainian Levkoy
York Chocolate New York, United States Natural Moderate Long Solid chocolate, solid lilac and solid taupe or any of these colors with white York Chocolate

See also

[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

List of cat breeds

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
A list of cat breeds compiles the distinct varieties of the domestic cat (Felis catus) that have been selectively bred over centuries for unique physical traits, coat types, colors, and behavioral characteristics, distinguishing them from the general population of mixed-breed cats. These breeds are officially recognized and standardized by major international registries, including the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA), which as of 2025 acknowledges 45 pedigreed breeds eligible for championship competition; (TICA), recognizing 73 breeds; and the Fédération Internationale Féline (FIFe), with 48 standardized breeds across its member clubs. The origins of modern cat breeds trace back to the late , when organized emerged in , particularly in Britain, through the establishment of cat shows and breeding societies that aimed to document and refine specific traits from natural variations in domestic . This built upon the ancient of , which began around 10,000 years ago in the , where wildcats (Felis silvestris lybica) formed symbiotic relationships with early human settlements for , leading to gradual genetic adaptations. Today, recognized breeds encompass a diverse spectrum, from ancient natural breeds like the Abyssinian—believed to resemble early Egyptian —to designer hybrids such as the , developed in the by crossing domestic with wild Asian for their spotted coats and energetic temperaments, including recent additions like the Cherubim in 2025. Cat breeds are categorized by registries into classes based on coat length (short-haired, long-haired), body type (cobby, oriental), and other features, with ongoing evaluations for new breeds entering preliminary or advanced status before full championship recognition. Popular breeds often reflect regional histories and preferences, such as the robust from or the elegant Siamese from , and they play a key role in cat shows, where conformation to breed standards is judged. Among the breeds most frequently regarded as particularly friendly and cuddly are the Ragdoll, known for going limp when held and being highly affectionate; the Maine Coon, often described as gentle giants due to their sociable and loving nature; the Sphynx, extremely affectionate and prone to seeking human warmth and cuddles due to their hairless coats; the Burmese, devoted lap cats that crave companionship; and the Siamese, vocal and strongly bonded to their owners. Other breeds commonly noted for affectionate temperaments include the Scottish Fold, Birman, Tonkinese, and Persian or Exotic Shorthair. Individual cat personalities vary greatly, however, and many non-pedigree cats are also very affectionate. While the total number of breeds varies by organization due to differing criteria for recognition, these lists serve as essential references for breeders, owners, and enthusiasts seeking cats with predictable traits suited to companionship, exhibition, or specific lifestyles.

Background and Recognition

History of Cat Breed Development

The domestication of the domestic (Felis catus) originated from the ( lybica) in the , specifically the region, approximately 10,000 to 12,000 years ago, coinciding with the rise of agricultural settlements where wildcats were attracted to rodent-infested grain stores. This process was gradual and self-initiated by the cats, as they formed symbiotic relationships with early farmers without intensive human selection, leading to genetic adaptations for tameness while retaining much of their wild ancestry. By around 4,000 years ago, domesticated cats had reached , where they were revered in temple settings and depicted in art, with some slender, pointed-eared varieties serving as precursors to modern pointed breeds like the Siamese. From , cats spread via maritime trade routes to , , and beyond by approximately 1000 BCE, accompanying merchants on ships to control pests in cargo holds and thus facilitating their global dispersal. Formal cat breeding emerged in 19th-century amid the Victorian fascination with selective , with the first organized held at London's in 1871, organized by , featuring early breeds such as the and Persian as prized long-haired and short-haired varieties. This event marked the shift from functional working cats to ornamental pets, spurring the establishment of the National Cat Club in the UK in 1893 to oversee pedigrees and standards. In the early 20th century, cat breeding expanded to the , with the formation of the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) in 1906 to register and promote breeds globally. The post-World War II era saw a surge in cat ownership and breeding innovation, particularly in the , where enthusiasts developed hybrid breeds by crossing domestic cats with wild species to create novel aesthetics, exemplified by the , initiated in the 1960s by Jean Sugden Mill through matings with the Asian leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis). This period also witnessed the founding of the (TICA) in 1979, which emphasized genetic diversity and recognized a broader array of experimental breeds. In the , trends have shifted toward "designer" breeds emphasizing extreme traits, such as hairless varieties like the Sphynx (refined from 1960s origins) and dwarf-legged types like the (developed in the 1980s), driven by aesthetic preferences but raising significant genetic health concerns including skeletal deformities, respiratory issues, and reduced lifespan. In response, major registries like TICA and CFA have imposed breeding restrictions and health screening requirements to mitigate inherited disorders, prioritizing welfare over novelty in breed development.

Standards and Registries

The major organizations responsible for standardizing and recognizing cat breeds include the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA), which recognizes 45 breeds as of 2025 and emphasizes traditional pedigreed cats with established lineages. The (TICA) recognizes 73 breeds as of 2025, adopting a more inclusive approach that accommodates new, experimental, and hybrid breeds derived from domestic or wild crosses. In , the Fédération Internationale Féline (FIFe) focuses on approximately 50 breeds, prioritizing continental standards and genetic uniformity across its member countries. The Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF), based in the , recognizes around 40 breeds and places strong emphasis on mandatory health testing to ensure breed welfare. The recognition process for new breeds typically begins with provisional status, requiring documentation such as at least three generations of breeding records to verify pedigree consistency and genetic background. Advancement to championship status involves demonstrating show performance, where cats must compete and receive favorable evaluations from judges, alongside evidence of to prevent . Full registration follows a structured timeline: TICA employs a four-year advancement track, starting with preliminary exhibition and progressing through annual requirements like registering 25 cats and showing in multiple rings across regions. In contrast, CFA imposes stricter criteria, including a minimum five-year wait for some breeds, with applications needing support from at least 25 breeders and 100 registered cats before board approval. Standardization criteria mandate strict conformance to a , encompassing , texture and color, eye shape, and traits that define the ideal specimen. Health testing is integral, particularly for breeds prone to hereditary conditions; for instance, cats require screening for (HCM) via DNA tests like the A31P mutation panel before breeding eligibility in registries such as GCCF. Certain crosses are prohibited to safeguard , as exemplified by CFA's outright ban on the breed due to its short-leg mutation causing chronic skeletal and joint issues. In 2025, notable updates include TICA's acceptance of the Cherubim as a new breed variation and the Highlander's advancement to full championship status, allowing competition in sanctioned shows. CFA granted full championship to the breed for the 2025-2026 show season, reflecting its growing exhibition success. The emerged as the top registered breed in CFA registrations for 2025, surpassing the in popularity due to its sociable temperament and robust size. Differences among registries arise in their openness to innovation and interpretive standards; TICA permits experimental breeds like the , which mimics markings through selective hybridization, while CFA prioritizes breeds with long-established, stable lines. International variations are evident in colorpoint recognition, where CFA classifies the Himalayan as a colorpoint variant of the Persian rather than a separate breed, whereas TICA and FIFe treat it as distinct, affecting show eligibility and pedigree classifications.

Breeds by Origin

Natural Breeds

Natural breeds of cats, also known as landraces, are populations that evolved organically through in specific geographic regions over centuries or millennia, with little to no early human-directed breeding. These cats adapted to their local environments, developing distinct physical and behavioral traits that enhanced survival, such as robust builds for harsh climates or patterns for hunting. Unlike modern engineered breeds, natural breeds were later standardized by cat fanciers in the 19th and 20th centuries through selective showing and registration, preserving their heritage while refining type. Common traits among natural breeds include resilience to environmental stresses, ancient genetic lineages often verified through DNA studies, and behaviors suited to their origins, like agility in rugged terrains or sociability in communal human settings. For instance, many exhibit thick, weather-resistant coats in cold regions or sleek forms for speed in warmer areas, reflecting adaptations without artificial selection. These breeds typically maintain hardy health profiles due to their diverse gene pools from natural variation. The Abyssinian exemplifies a natural breed with its ticked coat—each hair banded in multiple colors for a ruddy, , , or fawn hue—and an active, affectionate driven by and playfulness. Genetic traces its origins to the coastal regions of the , rather than as once thought, with the breed's agile, medium-sized build aiding its historical role as a hunter. It was first exhibited in around and gained formal recognition by major registries shortly thereafter. Originating in during the 14th century as royal companions known from ancient manuscripts, the Siamese features the distinctive pointed color pattern—darker ears, face, tail, and paws on a lighter body—and a vocal, social personality that fosters strong bonds with owners. This slender, elegant cat, descended from the Wichienmaat , was prized for its and , often accompanying dignitaries abroad in the , leading to its widespread recognition by 1900. The , one of the oldest longhaired natural breeds, hails from the region of central in , where it developed silky, fine fur and an agile, graceful form suited to mountainous terrains since at least the . Documented in European records from the 1500s, this medium-sized cat is known for its playful energy and affinity for heights, with colors ranging from white to tabby; it was nearly lost to crossbreeding but revived through dedicated preservation efforts. From the area in eastern , the emerged as a distinct prized for its unique van pattern—color restricted to the head and tail on a white body—and exceptional swimming ability, attributed to a water-repellent, semi-long that insulates during aquatic play. Discovered by Western breeders in the , this robust, energetic cat, weighing 7 to 20 pounds, adapted to the region's hot summers and cold winters, earning its nickname as the "swimming cat" through natural behavioral traits. The , revered in as a symbol of good fortune and called "Si-Sawat" for its silver-blue coat, traces its roots to the in ancient texts like the Tamra Maew poems, featuring a heart-shaped face, muscular build, and quiet, loyal demeanor. This natural breed from northeastern blends seamlessly with granite landscapes, showcasing a glossy, short coat with silver tipping and large, luminous green eyes; it remains rare outside its homeland due to traditional breeding restrictions. With naturally occurring spots that distinguish it as one of the few truly spotted domestic cats, the Egyptian Mau draws from ancient Egyptian depictions dating to 1550 B.C., showing tabby-like markings on a spotted coat in silver, bronze, or smoke shades, paired with remarkable speed reaching 30 miles per hour. Originating from North descendants, this medium-sized, athletic breed exhibits a melodious voice and affectionate nature, though modern lines stem from mid-20th-century imports to and America for standardization. The , featuring a distinctive pom-pom-like short resembling a rabbit's, arose naturally in over a millennium ago, appearing in from the 1600s as a symbol of and luck. This playful, vocal breed with an oval face and triangular ears boasts a short, dense in various colors and a lively, dog-like personality, adapting well to family life; genetic studies confirm its ancient, unaltered lineage without spinal defects. Associated with Viking lore from around A.D. 1000, the Norwegian Forest Cat developed in Scandinavia's harsh winters as a working mouser, with a water-repellent double coat—long guard hairs over a woolly undercoat—and powerful, tufted paws for snow traversal. This large, sturdy breed, weighing up to 20 pounds, displays a gentle yet adventurous temperament, with genetics affirming its pure status free from modern hybridization. The , one of the oldest natural breeds in , originated in the state of through among farm cats, developing into the largest domesticated breed with a semi-long, shaggy coat, tufted ears, bushy tail, and sociable temperament suited to harsh winters. Emerging in the 1800s, it was selectively refined for size and hardiness, gaining CFA championship status in 1976; as of 2025, it is the CFA's most popular breed by registrations. Most natural breeds received full championship status from the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) and (TICA) in the early 20th century, following initial exhibitions in the late 1800s, with ongoing efforts to maintain through registries' standards.

Mutation-Based Breeds

Mutation-based breeds of cats originate from spontaneous genetic that alter specific physical traits, such as texture or body structure, which are then selectively bred to establish distinct varieties. These typically involve single-gene changes that produce novel phenotypes, distinguishing them from breeds developed through extensive crossbreeding. Breeders identify and propagate these rare within isolated populations to fix the trait, often resulting in breeds with unique appearances but potential health implications due to the genetic alterations. The emerged in 1960 in , , from a curly-coated named Kirlee born to a , marking the first instance of this in the region. This breed features a soft, curly coat, large ears, and a pixie-like face, with low-shedding that appeals to sufferers. The curly coat results from a recessive in the KRT71 gene, which affects structure in hair follicles, leading to loose, wavy guard hairs. Similarly, the arose in the 1950s in , , from a barn litter producing a wavy-coated male called Kallibunker. Characterized by a short, soft, marcel-waved coat and a slender, whippet-like build, this breed's fur lacks straight guard hairs, giving it a velvety texture. The trait stems from a recessive in the KRT71 , distinct from the variant, causing altered hair shaft formation. The Sphynx breed traces to 1966 in , , where a hairless named appeared in a domestic litter due to a spontaneous . These cats exhibit wrinkled, hairless that feels warm to the touch, along with large ears and a playful , though they require extra warmth and skincare to prevent issues like oily buildup. The hairlessness is governed by a recessive (hr) in the KRT71 gene, which disrupts hair follicle development and is epistatic to other traits. In 1961, a Scottish named Susie gave birth to kittens with folded ears in , , founding the breed. Known for their rounded heads, gentle temperament, and owl-like ear fold, these cats display a dominant mutation in the TRPV4 gene that affects cartilage formation, causing the ears to bend forward. However, homozygous individuals suffer severe , leading to and skeletal deformities, which prompts many registries to prohibit breeding two folded-ear cats together. The , native to the Isle of Man, derives from an ancient tailless preserved in the island's isolated cat population, with records dating back centuries. Variants range from "rumpies" (completely tailless) to those with stubs or full tails, featuring strong hindquarters adapted for jumping despite the spinal alteration. The tailless arises from a semi-dominant, lethal in the T (Brachyury) locus, where homozygous embryos die in utero, necessitating careful breeding to avoid spinal defects like Manx syndrome. Similar tail mutations have given rise to other bobtail breeds, such as the Japanese Bobtail, which features a short, pom-pom-shaped tail resulting from a genetic mutation, and the American Bobtail, with its short, flexible tail from a natural mutation. The developed in 1966 in New York, , from a where a named sported a dense, wiry and crimped . This resilient, springy sets the breed apart, with cats displaying a medium build and affectionate nature. The wiry texture is produced by a dominant autosomal , unique to this and unrelated to other rex , altering hair to a coarse, broken structure. Genetically, these breeds often involve recessive inheritance for coat mutations, such as the hr in Sphynx or the rex variants in and , requiring both parents to carry the gene for expression in offspring. Dominant , like the fold in or the wirehair trait, appear in heterozygotes but carry risks of homozygous lethality or disease, as seen in Manx and lines. Breeding practices emphasize to maintain and mitigate health issues, with restrictions in some programs to prevent mating of two affected individuals. Recognition varies among registries; (TICA) accepts all these mutation-based breeds, including the with its short-leg mutation from a 1983 Louisiana discovery, viewing them as valid varieties. In contrast, The Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) recognizes most but excludes the Munchkin due to ethical concerns over its skeletal dysplasia, prioritizing in breed standards.

Developed and Hybrid Breeds

Developed and hybrid cat breeds represent modern feline varieties resulting from deliberate human-directed crossbreeding to achieve specific aesthetic, temperamental, or physical traits, primarily emerging in the 19th to 21st centuries. These breeds often involve selective matings between established domestic lines or, in the case of hybrids, introductions of wild felid ancestry to impart distinctive features like exotic patterns or enhanced vitality, while aiming to retain pet-friendly dispositions. Unlike naturally evolving populations, these creations stem from planned programs by breeders, with registries like The Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) and (TICA) playing key roles in standardization and oversight. Hybrid breeds, which incorporate wild cat genetics, exemplify this intentional engineering, with generational dilution ensuring progressive domestication. The , developed in the United States during the 1980s by Jean Mill (née Sugden) through crosses between the Asian leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) and domestic shorthairs, features a wild spotted or marbled coat and an energetic, athletic build. Early foundation cats (F1 to F3 generations) retain significant wild ancestry—up to 50% in F1s—and face restrictions in breeding and ownership in some regions due to their higher energy and potential for unpredictable behavior; only "studbook tradition" (SBT) Bengals, achieved after four generations of domestic interbreeding (diluting wild content to about 12.5% or less), are fully recognized for by TICA since 1983 and CFA since 2016. Similarly, the Savannah, originating in the United States in 1986 from a (Leptailurus serval) crossed with a domestic cat, produces tall, slender cats with a spotted , long legs, and a dog-like loyalty and trainability, often weighing 12–25 pounds depending on generation. Filial classifications (F1 to F5 and beyond) denote wild content, with F1s (50% serval) being the largest and most serval-like, classified in size categories A through E based on height and build; later generations show diluted wild traits, and high-generation Savannahs (F4+) are more commonly kept as pets, though early hybrids may require special permits in certain U.S. states due to serval ancestry regulations. TICA granted registration in 2001 and full championship status in 2012. The CFA does not recognize the Savannah due to its wild ancestry. The , created in the 1960s in by breeder Ann starting from a longhaired white female (possibly Angora-influenced) crossed with a black Persian-like tom, followed by outcrosses to and Burmese lines, is known for its semi-long plush coat, striking blue eyes, and docile temperament—reportedly going limp when held, hence the name. This planned development emphasized a relaxed, affectionate personality suitable for family life, with TICA recognizing it in 1979 and CFA in 1993. Earlier developed breeds include the , refined in the from the late 1800s onward through of street and farm cats to produce a stocky, muscular "teddy bear" body type with a dense short coat, notably the iconic blue-gray variant. Harrison Weir's 1871 cat show formalized its standards, and crosses with in the early 1900s briefly introduced longhair genes before refocusing on shorthairs; it holds full CFA and TICA status today. The Persian, tracing developed origins to 17th-century from longhaired cats imported from (formerly Persia), features a flat face, long luxurious fur, and calm personality but is prone to brachycephalic-related health issues such as respiratory distress, eye conditions, and (affecting 36–49% of the breed). intensified these traits in the , earning CFA recognition in 1906; modern efforts focus on health screening to mitigate risks. The Munchkin, developed in the United States in the 1980s from a short-legged in a stray cat crossed with other domestics to fix the trait, results in a low-slung "sausage cat" appearance with normal lifespan and agility despite shortened legs. TICA advanced it to championship status in 2003, praising its playful nature, while CFA has withheld recognition due to concerns over potential skeletal issues from the dominant . TICA generally adopts a more inclusive stance toward hybrids and novel developments, recognizing breeds like the , developed in the 1980s to mimic tiger stripes through Bengal-based crosses and granted championship status in 2007—while CFA proceeds more cautiously, prioritizing established domestication and excluding controversial types such as the . This reflects broader ethical considerations in crossbreeding, including health and welfare standards enforced by registries.

Breeds by Physical Characteristics

Long-Haired Breeds

Long-haired cat breeds are characterized by coats exceeding 2 inches in length, typically featuring a dense undercoat and longer guard hairs that provide insulation and a flowing appearance, often necessitating regular grooming to prevent matting. These breeds encompass both natural varieties adapted to cold environments and developed types selectively bred for aesthetic traits, with many originating from regions requiring protective fur for harsh weather. Common traits include plush textures that enhance their regal or rugged looks, though they demand more maintenance than short-haired counterparts due to shedding and tangle risks. The Persian exemplifies the extreme longhair type, boasting a thick, long coat that forms a full ruff, bib, and trousers, requiring daily brushing to avoid matting and face cleaning to manage tear staining from its short, flat face. Originating from ancient Persia and refined in , this heavily boned breed with a sweet, round-faced expression has been a CFA top-registered breed for decades, prone to eye issues like epiphora due to its brachycephalic structure. CFA recognizes it in the longhair division with standards emphasizing its luxurious, flowing coat in solid, shaded, tabby, and parti-color patterns. In contrast, the features a semi-long, shaggy coat with a water-resistant quality suited to its origins, where in snowy climates produced a rugged, adaptable . This large, muscular breed, with tufted ears and a bushy tail, needs weekly brushing for its minimal undercoat, shedding seasonally but resisting mats better than denser longhairs. Known for its amiable, dog-like personality, it holds CFA championship status since 1976, competing in the longhair category across diverse colors like brown tabby and bi-color. The Norwegian Forest Cat possesses a thick double coat with a water-repellent outer layer and woolly undercoat, evolved for Scandinavian winters to trap warmth and shed snow. Its sturdy, rectangular body, lynx-tipped ears, and bushy tail reflect forest-dwelling heritage, with grooming focused on spring/fall brushing to handle heavy seasonal shedding. CFA granted full recognition in , placing it in the longhair division for all traditional colors except pointed or lilac/chocolate variants. Similarly, the Siberian from sports a triple-layered —soft undercoat, awn hairs, and long guard hairs—that is notably due to low protein levels, ideal for cold environments with its water-resistant properties. This robust, powerful breed matures slowly to 5 years, requiring bi-weekly combing to manage its plush ruff and britches without excessive matting. CFA recognizes it in the longhair section since 2006, allowing all colors and highlighting its gentle, water-loving nature. Developed breeds like the , or Sacred Birman, display a medium-long, silky colorpoint coat with white-gloved paws, tracing to legendary Burmese temple cats and refined in . Its non-matting fur needs only weekly grooming, while its stocky build and sapphire-blue eyes define CFA standards in the longhair division since 1967, excluding solid colors. The offers a semi-long, coat in pointed patterns with vivid blue eyes, bred in the for its docile temperament that inspires its name—going limp when held. Grooming involves moderate weekly brushing for its dirt-resistant fur, with slow maturation to large size over 3-4 years. As one of CFA's top registered breeds, it competes in longhair shows with seal, blue, chocolate, and lilac points. The is prized for its fine, silky longhair without undercoat, originating from ancient , , where it was preserved in royal settings for its elegant, athletic form. This agile breed sheds moderately and requires occasional combing, with odd-eyed white variants famously protected at Zoo. CFA fully recognized it in 1972 for the longhair category, embracing all colors including the rare . Overall, these breeds are showcased in dedicated longhair divisions at CFA and TICA competitions, where judges evaluate coat quality, texture, and length alongside conformation. Many, like the Siberian and Norwegian Forest Cat, tie their plush coats to cold-climate adaptations, enhancing resilience but underscoring the importance of tailored grooming routines.

Short-Haired Breeds

Short-haired cat breeds are characterized by sleek, dense coats that typically measure less than 2 inches in length, lying close to the body and requiring minimal grooming compared to longer-haired varieties. These coats often feature a plush or close-lying texture, contributing to low shedding and ease of maintenance, making them suitable for active lifestyles and households with moderate pet care routines. Short-haired breeds dominate modern pedigreed cat populations, forming the foundation of many registry standards due to their adaptability and historical prevalence among domestic cats. Prominent examples include the American Shorthair, a hardy working breed originating in the United States during the 1900s, valued for its versatile coat colors including tabby patterns and robust health suited to mousing roles. The British Shorthair features a distinctive dense, plush short coat with more undercoat hairs per square inch than most breeds, paired with a calm temperament. Siamese cats exhibit a short, fine pointed coat with heat-sensitive colorpoints—darker on cooler extremities like ears, face, paws, and tail—accentuated by striking almond-shaped blue eyes. Other notable short-haired breeds encompass the Burmese, recognized for its solid sable or champagne coat colors and affectionate, sturdy build often described as a "brick of affection" due to its people-oriented nature. The possesses a short double coat in shimmering blue-gray with vivid green eyes, considered for its ability to trap , and is known for its quiet, adaptable demeanor. display a ticked short coat resembling ancient Egyptian felines, with a lithe, high-energy build that conveys an active, playful personality. Additionally, the stands out with its short, spotted or marbled coat mimicking wild leopards, derived from hybridization with the Asian for a muscular, athletic appearance. The Egyptian Mau is prized for its naturally occurring random spots on a short coat, along with exceptional speed—capable of reaching up to 30 miles per hour—thanks to elongated hind legs, evoking a falcon-like . These breeds showcase diverse pattern variations, such as the classic tabby stripes in American Shorthairs or the solid hues in Burmese, while traits like the Russian Blue's reserved yet loyal adaptability highlight their versatility in various environments. Short-haired breeds form the core of championship recognition in major registries, with the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) accepting over 30 such varieties as foundational pedigreed types, emphasizing their straight coats and color standards. (TICA) similarly champions these breeds while incorporating additional pattern variations and experimental crosses to expand diversity within short-haired categories.

Special Coat and Body Type Breeds

Special coat and body type breeds encompass domestic cats exhibiting deviations from typical fur coverage or skeletal structure, such as hairlessness, curly or rexed coats, shortened limbs, folded ears, absent or partial tails, or exaggerated proportions derived from hybrid origins or genetic mutations. These traits often stem from spontaneous mutations or , resulting in distinctive appearances that require specialized care to mitigate associated health risks. Unlike standard long- or short-haired varieties, these breeds prioritize unique textures and forms, influencing their grooming needs, , and mobility. The Sphynx exemplifies hairless breeds, lacking a full coat due to a mutation that produces fine down or no fur, leaving its skin exposed and prone to oil accumulation. This results in a warm body temperature, often feeling like a heated surface to the touch, and necessitates weekly skin wiping or bathing with mild shampoo to prevent greasy buildup and infections. Health concerns include heightened susceptibility to skin conditions like acne or urticaria, as well as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, though with proper care, they maintain an average lifespan of 8-14 years. The breed is fully recognized for championship status by both The Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) and The International Cat Association (TICA). Rex variants, including the and , feature curly or wavy coats from distinct genetic mutations affecting hair structure, with the Devon displaying loose, pixie-like curls and elf-like ears, while the Cornish has tighter, ridged waves. Their oily demands regular to control sebum and reduce risks, though they shed minimally compared to straight-coated cats. Health implications involve potential skin sensitivities or in Devons, requiring vigilant monitoring, but both breeds are energetic and long-lived, averaging 9-15 years. CFA and TICA recognize both in championship classes, embracing their rexed textures as breed hallmarks. Breeds with atypical skeletal features, such as the , possess naturally short legs from a dominant that truncates long bones without causing true . Despite their low stature, Munchkins exhibit agility, capable of leaping onto surfaces despite limited reach, and enjoy a typical feline lifespan of 12-15 years with routine veterinary care to address risks like or . TICA grants full championship status, while CFA withholds recognition due to welfare concerns over mobility limitations. The Scottish Fold's signature trait—forward-folded ears—arises from a in the TRPV4 gene, creating defective cartilage that also affects joints, leading to and potential or requiring and mobility aids. Their rounded faces and docile belie these issues, with straight-eared variants (carriers) used in breeding to dilute severity, though all folded individuals are affected to some degree. Both CFA and TICA recognize the breed, but ethical breeding emphasizes health screening. Tailless or bobtailed breeds like the Manx result from a lethal dominant causing variable absence, from full rumpy (tailless) to stumpy, often linked to Manx syndrome involving malformations. This predisposes them to risks such as , , or hindlimb weakness due to neurological deficits, necessitating early screening and supportive care for affected kittens, many of which may not survive. CFA and TICA fully recognize the breed, valuing its sturdy, tailless form derived from origins. Other bobtailed breeds include the American Bobtail, featuring a short, flexible, and expressive tail approximately one-third to one-half the normal length, originating from natural mutations in North America in the late 1960s. Recognized by both CFA and TICA, the breed is generally healthy due to its diverse genetics, though the tail mutation may predispose some individuals to spine and hip problems. The Kurilian Bobtail, a natural breed from the Russian Kuril Islands, has a distinctive short, pom-pom-like tail with 2-10 kinked vertebrae, unique to each cat. It is known for robust health and a lifespan of 15-20 years, with full championship recognition by TICA since 2012. The Mekong Bobtail, derived from Thai/Siamese lines and further developed in Russia, possesses a naturally shortened, kinked tail shorter than one-quarter of the body length. Generally healthy, it may be prone to eye issues and gastrointestinal problems, and is recognized by TICA and the World Cat Federation (WCF). The Pixie-bob, developed in the United States in the 1980s to resemble the North American bobcat, includes a short tail of at least 2 inches, often kinked or knotted but flexible. With an average lifespan of 13-15 years, it is generally healthy but susceptible to obesity and dental disease, and has been in TICA championship status since 1997. Hybrid-influenced breeds, such as the Savannah, blend domestic cat genetics with African ancestry, yielding tall, upright ears, a long spotted tail, and substantial size—males reaching up to 25 pounds in early generations (F1-F2). Their elongated limbs and athletic build support high energy levels, but they may inherit serval sensitivities to cold or certain foods, with generally robust health when bred responsibly. TICA offers full championship recognition across generations, while CFA limits it to provisional status for later generations (F4 and beyond) due to size and temperament variability. The Highlander, a recent addition to recognized breeds, combines curled ears (lynx-like tips), a naturally short bobtail, and occasional from crosses between Desert Lynx and Jungle Curl lines, creating a wild-appearing, muscular frame. These traits enhance expressiveness and balance, with the bobtail providing a padded, kinked end for playfulness, though polydactyl paws require nail trimming to prevent overgrowth. Health remains stable without breed-specific issues beyond general feline concerns, and TICA advanced it to championship status in 2025. In 2025, TICA introduced the Cherubim as a distinct , reclassifying non-pointed Ragdoll variants (mink, sepia, and solid colors) into a separate group while retaining the semi-longhaired coat and large, affectionate body type. This semi-long fur demands moderate grooming to prevent matting, with no unique body deviations but a playful, relaxed demeanor suited to family environments. Exclusive to TICA as of May 2025, it addresses color standardization without altering core Ragdoll physiology.

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