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Smart (marque)
Smart (marque)
Smart (marque)
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Smart (stylized in lowercase) is a German automotive marque established in 1994. Smart Automobile Co., Ltd. is a joint venture established by Mercedes-Benz AG and Zhejiang Geely Holding Group in 2019 and aimed at producing Smart-badged cars in China to be marketed globally. The venture is headquartered in Ningbo.

Key Information

Originally, Smart was known for producing microcars and subcompacts, primarily the Fortwo and Forfour, at Smartville in Hambach, Moselle, France and additionally at Renault's Revoz plant (Novo Mesto, Slovenia). Since its restructuring in 2019, the brand now produces small battery electric vehicles at a manufacturing plant in China, with distribution, marketing and aftersales activities in Europe handled by Smart Europe GmbH, which is headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany

The marque was founded in 1994 by Micro Compact Car AG (MCC), a joint venture between SMH and Daimler-Benz. MCC became a wholly owned subsidiary of Daimler-Benz in 1998, and was subsequently renamed MCC smart GmbH, then smart GmbH. smart GmbH was then absorbed by DaimlerChrysler (later Daimler AG) in 2006, making smart a marque within the Mercedes-Benz Cars division.[6]

The name Smart derives from the cooperation of the Swiss company Swatch with Mercedes-Benz: "Swatch Mercedes ART".[7]

History

[edit]

Origins

[edit]

The design concept for the marque's automobiles began at Mercedes-Benz in the early 1970s to late 1980s. After brief backing by Volkswagen, the first model was released by Daimler-Benz in October 1998. Several variants on the original design have been introduced, with the original being the "City Coupé" that would be renamed the "ForTwo".[8]

In late 1982, SMH (makers of the Swatch brand of watches) CEO Nicolas Hayek began developing an idea for a new car using the same type of manufacturing strategies and personalization features used to popularize Swatch watches. He believed that the automotive industry had ignored a sector of potential customers who wanted a small and stylish compact city car. This idea soon became known as the "Swatchmobile". Hayek's private company Hayek Engineering AG began designing the new car for SMH, with seating for two and a hybrid drivetrain.[9] The name Smart was coined by Manfred Gotta.

While design of the car was proceeding, Hayek feared existing manufacturers would feel threatened by the Swatchmobile. Thus, rather than directly competing, he preferred to cooperate with another company in the automotive industry. This would also relieve SMH of the cost burden in setting up a distribution network. Hayek approached several automotive manufacturers, and on 3 July 1991, he reached an agreement with Volkswagen to share development of the new project.[10]

By 1993, Ferdinand Piëch had become CEO of Volkswagen, and he immediately sought to terminate the project with SMH. Volkswagen had already been working on their own "three-litre car": a car which would consume three litres of fuel per 100 kilometres of driving (the eventual Volkswagen Lupo 3L). Volkswagen's own concept was believed to be a better business proposition, featuring four seats and more cargo room.[11]

Hayek had suspected that Piëch would seek to end the agreement with SMH upon his ascendancy to the CEO position; therefore, he discreetly began approaching other car companies with the Swatchmobile project. Rebuffed by BMW, Fiat, General Motors and Renault, he finally reached an informal agreement with Daimler-Benz AG, maker of Mercedes-Benz cars.[12]

A deal was announced on 4 March 1994 at a press conference at Mercedes-Benz headquarters in Stuttgart, that the companies would join forces in founding Micro Compact Car AG (MCC). 49% of the initial capital of 50 million Swiss francs was provided by SMH and the remaining 51% by Daimler-Benz. The company consisted of two subsidiaries: MCC GmbH based in Renningen (a town 18 km west of Stuttgart), which would design the car, and the then-unnamed manufacturing plant. SMH Auto SA, owned by Hayek, would design a hybrid electric drive system for the car, while Hayek Engineering would audit the design and manufacturing.[13]

The press conference also featured the debut of two concept cars: the "eco-sprinter" and "eco-speedster", styled by Mercedes-Benz's design studio in California.[14] The cars were similar to the eventual Smart City-Coupé. No mention was made of the fact that SMH had no input in the design of these concepts,[15] and they were badged as normal Mercedes-Benz vehicles.

By the end of April 1994, MCC had set up a head office in Biel/Bienne, Switzerland.[16]

Pre-launch (1994–1997)

[edit]
Former Smart offices in Böblingen

Three co-directors were immediately named to head the new company: designer and engineer Johann Tomforde and financial administrator Christoph Baubin from Daimler-Benz, and marketing manager Hans Jürg Schär, who spearheaded the original Swatch marketing campaigns in the mid-1980s. Tomforde had previously created concept sketches of an electric rear-engine, 2-seat, ultra-short economy car in 1972,[17][18] which formed the basis for the 1981 Mercedes-Benz NAFA concept.[19] Tomforde had been working on the Mercedes City Car (coincidentally abbreviated MCC) project at Daimler-Benz since 1990, which produced the eco-sprinter and eco-speedster concepts, as well as the Vision-A concept, which eventually became the Mercedes-Benz A-Class.[20]

One of the first controversies at MCC was the name of the car itself. Nicolas Hayek insisted it retain Swatch in some way: "Swatchmobile", or "Swatch Car". Daimler-Benz refused and pushed for a neutral name.[21] The final selection was Smart, an acronym that had been previously used internally by MCC for *S*watch *M*ercedes *Art*.

By May 1994, the co-directors had identified 74 potential sites for the assembly plant. The final site was announced on 20 December 1994: Hambach, France.[22] The purpose-built factory quickly gained the nickname "Smartville".

In 1995, Tomforde devised a modular system of assembly for the car, insisting that suppliers design and assemble and even install their own modules onto the final car at the new plant, using their own employees and thus reducing the cost overhead for the parent companies and divesting MCC of the financial and legal liabilities for those parts. It also provided a fiscal framework whereby MCC could share the development costs with the suppliers, rather than having to fund the entire project themselves.[23] MCC secured contracts with suppliers to design and supply almost all parts of the car: seats by Faurecia, interiors by VDO, chassis and door modules by Magna, door panels by Dynamit Nobel, and suspension by Krupp.[24]

Despite offloading a substantial amount of the development on the suppliers, MCC required more capital. Recapitalization by Daimler-Benz increased their share of ownership in the company to 81% by 1996, leaving SMH with only the remaining 19%.[25]

The assembly plant opened on 27 October 1997, with a ceremonial ribbon-cutting by then-French President Jacques Chirac and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl.[26] Introduction of the new Smart City-Coupé was planned for March 1998; however, dynamic instability of the prototypes prompted Daimler-Benz to announce postponing the launch until October 1998. Johann Tomforde was replaced as chief engineer by Gerhard Fritz.[27] Fritz lowered the centre of gravity, widened the track, stiffened the suspension, changed the steering, and added ballast weight to the front of the car in order to increase its stability in emergency avoidance manoeuvres (notably the Swedish "moose test").[28]

The car launched successfully in nine European countries in October 1998, but the final design did not fulfill Hayek's expectations. Hayek pushed for a hybrid drivetrain, but the final product used a relatively conventional gasoline engine. Shortly afterward, Daimler-Benz bought out SMH's remaining stake in the company.[29] MCC was now a wholly owned subsidiary of Daimler-Benz (which soon merged with Chrysler Corporation to become DaimlerChrysler). The office in Biel was shut down and operations were consolidated at the MCC GmbH design centre in Germany. On 1 January 1999, MCC GmbH changed its name to MCC smart GmbH,[30] and by 2000, it dropped the last vestiges of the association with SMH, becoming smart GmbH.[31]

Expansion (1998–2019)

[edit]
A Smart glass tower near Smartville, Hambach, in 2007

The model line was subsequently expanded to include the rear-engine, rear-drive Roadster and a four-door, four-seat supermini aptly named Forfour (the original City-Coupé was renamed Fortwo to fit the new naming scheme).

The expansion did not increase profits at the company; Smart GmbH lost nearly four billion euros from 2003 to 2006.[32] Plans were enacted to increase the company's profitability and integrate its operations with Daimler (at the time DaimlerChrysler).

In 2005, Daimler decided against purchasing a 50% share in the Dutch NedCar plant used to manufacture the ForFour, ending its production. A planned SUV called Formore was terminated as the assembly plant in Brazil was being fitted with machines, and production of the Roadster was discontinued. In 2006, after dwindling sales and heavy financial losses, Smart GmbH was liquidated and its operations were absorbed by DaimlerChrysler directly.

Until April 2019, Smart operated under the Mercedes-Benz Cars division of Daimler AG, offering the Fortwo coupé, Fortwo convertible and Forfour hatchback.[33]

Geely partnership (2019–present)

[edit]
Smart Concept #1

In 2019, Daimler announced the establishment of a joint venture partnership with Chinese automaker Geely.[34] The deal, worth a total of ¥5.4b RMB (about $830m USD),[35] involves a new production plant to be built in China, which will start production on a new generation of Smart-branded vehicles. In 2021, the first concept of this partnership, called Concept #1, was unveiled at the Munich Motor Show. The concept vehicle is built on Geely's SEA platform and features design details of existing Smart models, including a panoramic glass roof, frameless suicide-style rear doors, and a large 12.8-inch (33 cm) touchscreen infotainment system.[36]

Leadership

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Models

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Apart from the original Smart Fortwo, a sporty Smart Roadster, a limited production of 2000 erstwhile concept Smart Crossblade and a supermini Smart Forfour were also offered. These have now been discontinued. There were also plans to introduce the French made cross-over based on the body of the ForFour and the AWD hardware of the Mercedes C-class with the name of Formore but industrialization of this was cancelled at the 11th hour (even as tooling was being installed in the assembly plant) due to unfavourable exchange rate swings and spending cutbacks driven by losses elsewhere within Smart.

Current

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Production Model Picture
2022–present Smart #1
2023–present Smart #3
2024–present Smart #5

Former

[edit]
Production Model Picture
1998–2000 Smart City-Coupé (C450) & City-Cabrio (from 2000) (A450)
2002 Smart Crossblade
2001–2007 Smart City-Coupé (C450) & City-Cabrio (renamed Fortwo in 2002) (A450)
2001–2004 Smart K (Japan only)
2003–2005 Smart Roadster Coupé (R452)
Smart Roadster Cabrio (C452)
2004–2006 Smart Forfour (W454)
2007–2015 Smart Fortwo (C451)
Smart Fortwo Cabrio (A451)
2008–2016
(2008–2011 in limited trials)[40] 		Smart Fortwo Electric Drive (formerly known as EV) (C453)
Smart Fortwo Cabrio Electric Drive (A453)
2014–2019 Smart Fortwo (C453)
Smart Fortwo Cabrio (A453)
2014–2019 Smart Forfour (W453)
2017–2022 Smart EQ Forfour
2017–2024 Smart EQ Fortwo
Smart EQ Fortwo Cabrio

Concept vehicles

[edit]

Marketing

[edit]

Asia

[edit]

Japan

[edit]

First generation Smart models equipped with engine sizes smaller than 660 cc (40 cu in) fit into the Kei car category of cars in Japan, and are eligible for a range of lower taxes. Recent models with a larger engine do not meet the Kei qualifications. An official version of the Smart Fortwo called the Smart K has been released to fit the Kei car category. English musician Steve Appleton is featured in a Smart TV commercial, running in Japan during 2010.

China

[edit]
Smart showroom in Shenzhen

Smart was shown in April 2008, at the Beijing Auto Show. The Smart Fortwo started the pre-sales in October 2008 and the Smart vending machine road show in 12 cities from October 2008 to February 2009.[citation needed]

Smart is available in Hong Kong through an authorised dealer, Zung Fu Motors.[42]


Indonesia

[edit]

Since 29 November 2010, the Smart Fortwo has been available in Indonesia with PT. Mercedes-Benz Indonesia (MBI) as the authorised dealer. MBI originally offered three models: Pure Coupe, Passion Coupe, and Passion Cabriolet, for sale in Jakarta and Bali.[43] Indonesia is also the first country in Southeast Asia to have the Smart Electric Drive, which has been lent to the Government of DKI Jakarta for a one-year period and can be extended for further indefinite period by a signed agreement between PT. Mercedes-Benz Indonesia, PT. Siemens Indonesia, and the Government of DKI Jakarta. The Smart ED will then serve as a pilot project to prove the effectivity of zero-emission car usage that can utilize alternative sources of energy.[44][45] Smart is coming back in Indonesia after the MOU signing with Inchcape at the GIIAS 2024 and bringing Smart #3 Premium and Brabus.


North America

[edit]

Canada

[edit]
The Smart Fortwo

The Smart Fortwo was introduced in Canada in late 2004 and was sold through Mercedes-Benz dealers. Demand was initially heavy with up to 6-month waiting lists in major urban areas in the spring of 2005. The vehicle was especially popular for commuters, small car enthusiasts, people needing light delivery and service vehicles. Demand relaxed slightly in the second year on the market. Sales rebounded with the second generation. Canadian Smart cdis cannot be registered in some states in the US.

10,239 Smart Fortwo cdis had been sold in Canada by the first month of 2008. Just before the Type 450 ended production (after which the production had equaled 770,256 cars) Mercedes-Benz Canada built up stock of cdis to tide dealers over until the successor model 451 arrived at the end of 2007.

The Canadian version of the Type 450 Smart Fortwo cdi sold to 915 customers over three months in 2004; 4,080 were sold in 2005, and 3,023 in 2006. Virtually all the deliveries in 2004 and many of the deliveries in 2005 were to long-time Smart fans who had been waiting for their car for years, which largely accounts for the higher numbers. Through 2007, sales totaled about 2,200 units, with the last few cars being sold in the first month of 2008, when the new Type 451 was already on sale. The Smart's strongest sales performance ever in Canada was in April 2007, when more than 500 units were sold. Sales are strongest (per capita) in Western Canada, with Vancouver Island and Vancouver being especially hot markets.

The 2008-2011 (North America) Smart Fortwo Type 451 was totally redesigned, with a 70-horsepower (71 PS; 52 kW) naturally aspirated Mitsubishi-sourced gasoline engine of 999 cc (61.0 cu in) for North America, up from the 799 cc (48.8 cu in) cdi diesel, with the attendant loss of fuel economy. Smart decided not to import the cdi version of the 451, now with 55 DIN HP, although this decision has led to criticism that the new Smart does not get the fuel economy that many would expect from such a small car. The 799 cc, far more fuel efficient diesel is sold in Europe and some other markets.

The Brabus Tailor-Made program is not well advertised in Canada, but at least 16 Tailor-Made cars have been produced to Canadian specification. These vehicles are sent to the Brabus factory in Bottrop, Germany, where the standard ex-works cars are stripped to the shell and repainted/retrimmed to suit individual customers' tastes. The first four are the Brabus Canada 1; three in bright red (including the tridion, two cabriolets and one coupé) and one in all white (a cabriolet). Aside from the special paint, all had every Brabus part fitted to the body and interior, and the seats, door panels and dashboards were trimmed in black Nappa leather and Alcantara. Three of these cars are in British Columbia and #1-of-1, the Concept vehicle used at Canadian International Auto Shows (a red cabrio with silver alloys), is now in London, Ontario. The next Brabus tailor made Canadian car was a one-off all orange 451 made for a customer in Vancouver. The other ten were all ordered by Mercedes-Benz Canada as the special "edit10n" of the Canadian Brabus 451 (with only 70 HP), painted in metallic dark grey with an orange Nappe leather interior. There is also at least one BoConcept 451 built to Canadian standards.

In 2009, the Government of Canada acquired the European Smart mhd (micro hybrid drive) through partnership with Mercedes-Benz Canada. The project was administered by the ecoTECHNOLOGY for Vehicles(eTV) program within Transport Canada. Goals were to identify the benefits of the start-stop system equipped on the vehicle and how to accelerate the penetration of this technology throughout Canada. See Smart mhd Test Results Report.

On 30 April 2019 Daimler announced that 2019 would be the last year for Canada and will continue to support owners going forward.[34]

United States

[edit]
smart Fortwo (2nd generation)

Before 2008, Smart cars were only available in the United States as "grey market" imports, such as ZAP. U.S. federal regulations allow certain grey market importing in large quantities, provided the vehicles are modified and tested to conform to U.S. safety and emissions regulations. Smarts were imported into the United States by "The Defiance Company LLC", modified by G&K Automotive Conversion in Santa Ana, California, and distributed and sold by independent dealerships which were not affiliated with Mercedes. U.S. regulations did not permit the purchase and import of used Smart CDi vehicles from Canada, as the diesel powered Canadian Smarts did not meet American emissions regulations.

In June 2006, DaimlerChrysler confirmed that Smart would be officially launched in the United States in the first quarter of 2008. The cars were offered through a dealership holding company Penske Automotive Group, which created a new U.S. dealership network for the brand under the name Smart USA.[46] Initially, an updated gasoline powered Fortwo was offered, starting around US$12,000.[47] The new model made its debut at European auto shows in November 2006.

A Forbes article has been critical of the stated reasons that Daimler-Chrysler gave for introducing the car in the United States.[48] The Smart Fortwo may have claimed to be the most fuel-efficient fully gasoline-engined car for sale in the U.S., but it actually lags behind the 4-door Mitsubishi Mirage and 2-door Scion iQ (combined 40 mpg‑US (5.9 L/100 km; 48 mpg‑imp) and 37 mpg‑US (6.4 L/100 km; 44 mpg‑imp), respectively).[49] According to the EPA, the Smart's fuel efficiency is lower than the fuel efficiency of some hybrids, including the Ford Fusion, the Toyota Prius, the Honda Civic Hybrid, and the two-seat Honda Insight, which achieve 41 mpg‑US (5.7 L/100 km; 49 mpg‑imp)/36 mpg‑US (6.5 L/100 km; 43 mpg‑imp), 51 mpg‑US (4.6 L/100 km; 61 mpg‑imp)/48 mpg‑US (4.9 L/100 km; 58 mpg‑imp), 40 mpg‑US (5.9 L/100 km; 48 mpg‑imp)/43 mpg‑US (5.5 L/100 km; 52 mpg‑imp), and 40 mpg‑US (5.9 L/100 km; 48 mpg‑imp)/43 mpg‑US (5.5 L/100 km; 52 mpg‑imp) (city/highway) respectively while the Smart achieves 33 mpg‑US (7.1 L/100 km; 40 mpg‑imp) city and 41 mpg‑US (5.7 L/100 km; 49 mpg‑imp) highway. The Smart Fortwo is the most efficient car at its pricepoint, since it costs about half as much as a hybrid in the U.S.[citation needed]

Car2Go carsharing Smart fortwo (2nd generation)

The Fortwo has received much attention in the U.S. In its April 2008 issue, Men's Vogue raised the question, "in a nation where your supersized car is your castle, is the Smart too mini for a man?".[50]

To obtain a Smart Fortwo originally required obtaining a "reservation" costing $99 through a dealer or over the internet. The waiting time in January 2009 was approximately 12 months; by July 2009, there was no wait to obtain a vehicle and dealers had them in stock for immediate delivery.

On 25 January 2010 Smart USA began its first lease program in the U.S. market for Smart Fortwo models.[51] The program was scheduled to last until 28 February 2010 but has been extended indefinitely despite lack of leasing sales.

Penske Automotive Group announced plans on 14 February 2011 to relinquish distribution of the Smart Fortwo under Smart USA, to Mercedes-Benz USA.[52] In 2011, Smart USA offered four versions of their Fortwo model. These models include the following: cabriolet, the high-cost convertible version; passion, the mid-cost moonroof version; pure, the low-cost basic version; and electric drive, the electric version.[53]

On 1 July 2011 Mercedes-Benz USA took over the distribution, sales and marketing of the Smart brand from Penske Automotive Group. Smart is owned and produced by Mercedes' parent, Daimler AG.

The third generation Smart Fortwo coupe (C453) was introduced in the United States as a 2016 model in September 2015.[54] The fortwo cabrio (A453) model arrived at American dealerships in 2016 as a 2017 model, and was sold alongside the fortwo coupe.[55] In February 2017, smart USA announced that gasoline models would be discontinued after the 2017 model year, and the brand would focus on an all-electric strategy beginning for the 2018 model year. Both coupe and cabrio models will remain on sale as battery-electric vehicles, with the fortwo cabrio electric drive being offered as the only electric convertible for sale in the United States.[56]

The year 2018 marked 10 years of Smart sales in the U.S., and the brand offered a limited-edition 10th anniversary edition fortwo coupe electric drive to celebrate. The edition was announced in January 2018, and shown at the 2018 North American International Auto Show.[57]

Smart exited the U.S. market after the 2019 model year due to slow sales and the high cost of homologating the Fortwo for the U.S.[58]

Mexico

[edit]

Smart offers the hardtop and convertible models of the Fortwo coupé in Mexico.[59]

The Smart Fortwo was introduced in 2003, and were sold in department stores Sanborns and Liverpool. Later Mercedes-Benz dealers started to offer the car. Currently Smart cars are still offered in the country, with only the Fortwo model available.

South America

[edit]

Argentina

[edit]

In Argentina,[60] the Fortwo has been for sale since 2010 and models (Fortwo Cabrio and Fortwo Coupé) can be bought in dealerships located in the Puerto Madero neighborhood of Buenos Aires.

Brazil

[edit]

In Brazil,[61] the Fortwo has been for sale since 2009 and models (Fortwo Cabrio turbo, Fortwo Coupé turbo and Fortwo Coupé MHD) can be bought in some Smart and/or Mercedes-Benz dealerships in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte and Porto Alegre cities. The electric, Brabus and Forfour versions are not available for the Brazilian market.

Smart was launched in Brazil in 2009, but stopped being sold in 2016.[62]

Eventually, Smart is planning a return to Brazil by 2026, with electric cars.[63]

Oceania

[edit]

Australia

[edit]

Smart models were for sale in Australia from 2003 to 2015. It was announced in March 2015 that the Smart brand would be withdrawn from Australia due to poor sales, however, it was announced in May 2024 that the Smart brand would re-enter the Australian market.[64]

Europe

[edit]

In 2004, the brand was launched in Canada, Malaysia, Malta, Norway and Romania.[65]

United Kingdom

[edit]

Launched in the United Kingdom in 2000, the current range features the Smart Fortwo convertible, and Smart Fortwo Coupé. Smart is available in the UK through Mercedes-Benz retailers.

The UK is host to a number of annual events, both official and unofficial, including the Smart Festival, held annually at Mercedes-Benz World in Weybridge, near historic Brooklands - the world's first purpose-built motor racing circuit.

Russia

[edit]

The Smart brand debuted in the Russian market in 2012 with the Fortwo model only.[66]

Safety

[edit]
Cutaway showing structure of the smart Fortwo

The Smart Fortwo uses a very small front crumple zone. The second generation Smart Fortwo has been awarded 4 out of 5 stars in the Euro NCAP Adult Occupant Protection and 2 out of 4 stars in the Pedestrian protection test, but was not tested for Child Occupant Protection, as it has no rear seats.[67] The original Smart was awarded 3 out of 5 stars for Adult Occupant Protection.[68] In American tests using a five-star rating, Smart cars received a four-star safety rating for the driver from a front impact, and a five-star safety rating for the driver for a side impact.[69] It also received "Good" ratings for front and side crash protection in Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) tests.[70] However, in an April 2009 40-mile-per-hour (64 km/h) frontal offset crash test between a Fortwo and a Mercedes C-Class, "the Smart went air-borne and turned around 450 degrees" causing "extensive intrusion into the space around the dummy from head to feet". The IIHS rated the Smart Fortwo "Poor," noting that "Multiple injuries, including to the head, would be likely for a real-world driver of a smart in a similar collision."[71]

The main structure of the car is a stiff structure, marketed as the Tridion Safety Cell, designed to activate the crumple zones of a colliding vehicle. This design creates a safety cell around the passengers, according to the manufacturer.[72]

See also

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Notes

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References

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Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Smart (marque)

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Smart (marque) is a German premium automotive brand specializing in compact, innovative vehicles designed for urban mobility, originally launched in 1998 by Daimler-Benz as a sub-brand focused on microcars like the iconic two-seater smart fortwo, and since 2019 operated as a 50/50 joint venture between Mercedes-Benz AG and Zhejiang Geely Holding Group to produce all-electric models under the smart # naming convention. The brand's origins trace back to 1972, when Daimler-Benz conceptualized a lightweight, fuel-efficient city car to address growing urban congestion and environmental concerns, leading to the public debut of the smart City-Coupé prototype at the 1997 Motor Show and the start of production at the Hambach plant in in 1998. Over the next two decades, Smart expanded its lineup to include the (a four-seater variant produced in collaboration with from 2014 to 2019) and pioneered electric mobility with test fleets in in 2007 and mass production of the electric fortwo in 2011, though sales remained niche outside due to its specialized focus on maneuverable, parking-friendly vehicles. In 2019, facing declining sales and a strategic pivot toward electrification, partnered with to form smart Automobile Co., Ltd., headquartered in , , with a "China-Europe dual-home" strategy that leverages European design expertise from Mercedes and Geely's manufacturing capabilities in . This relaunch marked the end of combustion-engine production, with the all-electric smart #1 crossover debuting in April 2022 as the first model of a new portfolio, followed by the smart #3 sedan in late 2023, the smart #5 SUV in 2025, and a planned reinvented two-seater smart #2 in 2027. Today, Smart emphasizes sustainable, technology-driven vehicles with features like 800-volt fast charging, over-the-air updates, and premium interiors, targeting eco-conscious urban drivers while committing to carbon neutrality by 2045; as of mid-2025, the brand had expanded to 38 global markets, including recent entries in , with production at Geely's facilities in and ongoing development at the Hambach site for future models. The marque has earned accolades such as Red Dot and iF Design Awards for its #1, #3, and #5 models, underscoring its evolution from a quirky city car pioneer to a leader in premium electric urban mobility.

History

Origins

The concept for the Smart marque originated in the late when , founder of the Swiss watchmaker (SMH), envisioned a , fuel-efficient to address urban mobility challenges, drawing inspiration from the affordable, customizable design of watches. Hayek aimed to create an "ultra-compact" vehicle that combined low operating costs with innovative manufacturing techniques, initially dubbing it the "Swatchmobile" to emphasize its playful, accessible ethos. This idea sought to revolutionize city driving by prioritizing minimal footprint, environmental efficiency, and ease of personalization for congested European streets. In 1994, the vision materialized through the formal founding of Micro Compact Car AG (MCC) on April 27 in , as a 50-50 between SMH and Daimler-Benz. The partnership leveraged SMH's expertise in high-volume, low-cost production with Daimler-Benz's automotive engineering prowess, establishing MCC as the entity responsible for developing and producing the new marque's vehicles. This collaboration marked a departure from traditional carmaking, focusing on modular assembly to enable scalability and affordability. At the core of the Smart design philosophy were innovative principles emphasizing safety, compactness, and versatility: a Tridion safety cell made of high-strength to form a rigid compartment capable of withstanding severe impacts; interchangeable, recyclable body panels for quick color changes and low-maintenance repairs; and a rear-engine layout to minimize the front overhang, achieving a sub-2.5-meter length while optimizing interior space. These elements ensured the vehicle could absorb crash energy effectively despite its diminutive size, with the Tridion cell acting as a protective "cage" around occupants. The rear-mounted further contributed to a tight , ideal for urban navigation. Early prototypes, including the 1993 Eco-Speedster (a petrol-powered two-seater) and Eco-Sprinter (an electric variant), demonstrated these principles by showcasing a 2.5-meter-long body with underfloor components and modular exteriors. These concepts evolved directly into the production model, refining the rear-engine configuration and plastic panel system for practicality while retaining the focus on eco-friendly urban transport. This foundational work paved the way for further advancements in the subsequent development phase.

Pre-Launch Development (1994–1997)

Following the formation of the Micro Compact Car (MCC) in 1994 between Daimler-Benz and , engineering efforts intensified on the Smart City Coupe as the first production , measuring 2.5 meters in length and 1.5 meters in width to prioritize urban maneuverability and parking efficiency. The featured a rear-mounted 599 cc turbocharged three-cylinder engine, delivering 45 PS (approximately 44 horsepower) while maintaining low emissions and fuel consumption suitable for city driving. This compact was selected to balance performance with the vehicle's lightweight design goals, enabling a top speed of around 130 km/h. To support production, construction of the Hambach assembly plant in began in 1995 on a greenfield site, with the facility opening on October 27, 1997, in a ceremony attended by French President and German Chancellor . The plant, dubbed Smartville, adopted a cross-shaped layout spanning 210,000 square meters, incorporating over 150 robots in an automated bodyshop for efficient assembly of small-volume runs, with integrated supplier parks to minimize and enable just-in-time manufacturing. This innovative setup was tailored for high flexibility in producing modular microcars, targeting annual outputs of up to 200,000 units while emphasizing environmental standards like reduced waste and energy use. A major challenge during development was reconciling Swatch's vision of a fully , lightweight, and customizable —evoking interchangeable watch straps—with Daimler's rigorous and requirements, ultimately leading to the adoption of recyclable body panels over a high-strength Tridion safety cell rather than an all- structure. The Tridion cell, a rigid tubular frame originating from early concepts for microcars, protected occupants by channeling crash forces away from the interior while allowing panels to absorb minor impacts and reduce overall weight to about 725 kg. Conflicts arose over stability, exemplified by the prototype's initial failure in high-speed swerve tests (like the maneuver), prompting a redesign to widen the track by 40 mm and reinforce the , which delayed finalization. Initial testing in encompassed extensive crash simulations, dynamic handling evaluations, and emissions assessments at Daimler's facilities, culminating in regulatory approvals for European markets under ECE standards for safety and environmental compliance. These validations confirmed the vehicle's adherence to pedestrian impact and occupant protection norms, paving the way for first customer deliveries scheduled in September 1998 across nine European countries.

Expansion and Challenges (1998–2019)

The , originally known as the Smart City Coupé, was launched in in 1998 as the brand's inaugural model, marking the debut of the Micro Compact Car (MCC) between Daimler-Benz and . Designed for urban mobility with its and tandem seating for two, the Fortwo quickly gained attention for its innovative tridion safety cell and compact dimensions, achieving over 2.1 million units sold globally by 2024. Initial production occurred at MCC's Hambach plant in , with the model emphasizing efficiency and ease of parking in densely populated cities. To diversify its lineup, Smart introduced the Roadster in 2002, a two-seat built on an extended Fortwo platform, offering a more engaging driving experience with a 0.7-liter turbocharged producing up to 61 horsepower. This was followed by the Forfour in 2004, a four-seat supermini developed through a partnership with , which shared its platform and engines with the and was produced at Mitsubishi's NedCar facility in the until its discontinuation in 2006 due to insufficient sales. The Forfour aimed to broaden Smart's appeal beyond solo urban commuters but struggled with higher production costs and market competition, contributing to the model's short lifespan. In 2014, Smart revived the Forfour nameplate with a second generation, developed in collaboration with Renault and sharing the rear-engine platform of the . Produced at Renault's plant in , this model offered four seats in a compact package with engines up to 90 horsepower, targeting urban families; it sold over 100,000 units before discontinuation in 2019 as part of the brand's shift to . Despite these expansions, Smart faced significant financial challenges under DaimlerChrysler ownership, incurring cumulative losses of nearly €3.9 billion from to , primarily from high fixed production costs at the specialized Hambach facility and low sales volumes that failed to achieve . The brand's niche positioning limited broader , exacerbating deficits amid rising material expenses and development overruns for new variants. In response, DaimlerChrysler absorbed Smart into its division in , initiating a major restructuring that discontinued the Forfour and Roadster to streamline operations and reduce costs by approximately 30% through integration into the Mercedes sales network. Post-restructuring, Smart refocused on Fortwo variants, launching updated and cabriolet models in with a revised 1.0-liter three-cylinder offering 70 or 95 horsepower, alongside the introduction of the limited-edition electric drive (ED) test fleet version featuring a 14 kWh for zero-emission urban use. This rationalization emphasized core strengths in micro-mobility, with the electric edition signaling early efforts toward amid ongoing profitability pressures. Global expansion continued with the Fortwo's entry into in early 2008, imported to the U.S. and to target eco-conscious city dwellers, though initial sales were modest due to unfamiliarity with the brand and concerns over crash safety perceptions.

Geely Partnership (2019–Present)

In 2019, and established Smart Automobile Co., Ltd. as a 50-50 to own, operate, and develop the Smart brand globally, with an initial investment of approximately €700 million split equally between the partners. This collaboration addressed prior financial challenges faced by Smart under Daimler ownership, pivoting the marque toward sustainable mobility. Headquartered in , the venture focuses on premium electric vehicles, leveraging 's expertise in and 's design heritage. The partnership marked a strategic reorientation of Smart toward an all-electric lineup, beginning with the unveiling of the Concept #1 in 2021, a near-production preview of compact electric SUVs that signaled the brand's shift from urban microcars to spacious, intelligent EVs. Production shifted to a new manufacturing base in , , which became operational in 2023 and has since produced over 100,000 vehicles, enabling efficient global exports. contributes its Sustainable Experience Architecture () platform, a modular architecture supporting diverse body styles from sedans to SUVs, which underpins Smart's current and future models for enhanced range, performance, and connectivity. Key milestones in 2024–2025 include the launch of the #5 in late 2024, Smart's first mid-size electric offering built on the platform, emphasizing premium features like augmented-reality head-up displays and AI voice assistants. A variant of the #5, dubbed EHD and utilizing Geely's NordThor Hybrid system, entered pre-sales in September 2025 with deliveries commencing in Q4, offering up to 252 km of electric range and a combined total of over 1,600 km. In January 2025, Smart announced plans to expand into over 10 new overseas markets, building on its presence in 39 countries by prioritizing regions like , the , and to drive global sales growth.

Corporate Structure

Ownership and Governance

The Smart marque originated as a under Micro Compact Car AG (MCC), established in 1994 with an approximately equal ownership split between Daimler-Benz AG and SMH (Société de Microtechnique et d'Horlogerie SA), the parent company of , to develop compact urban vehicles. This partnership allocated roughly 51% to Daimler-Benz and 49% to SMH, reflecting collaborative efforts in and . By 1998, following development delays and strategic shifts, SMH exited the venture, selling its remaining 19% stake to Daimler-Benz, which thereby gained full ownership of MCC and restructured it as a wholly owned . In , amid financial challenges from slow sales and production issues during the marque's early expansion, Smart GmbH was fully integrated into DaimlerChrysler AG (later Daimler AG) as a direct operating within the Mercedes-Benz Cars division. This consolidation streamlined governance under Daimler's corporate structure, aligning Smart's operations with 's passenger car portfolio while maintaining its distinct brand identity. The move addressed prior annual losses of nearly €1 billion (part of total losses exceeding €3.9 billion from 2003 to ) by leveraging shared resources and expertise. The ownership model evolved significantly in 2019 with the formation of Smart Automobile Co., Ltd. as a 50/50 joint venture between AG and , each contributing approximately €350 million in registered capital of 5.4 billion RMB. is managed by an independent comprising six executives—three from each parent company—to oversee strategic decisions, including vehicle development and market expansion. The joint venture reports to the supervisory boards of both AG and , ensuring balanced oversight. As of 2025, the JV continues to operate under this 50/50 structure with no reported changes in ownership. Smart Automobile Co., Ltd. maintains its global headquarters in , , , to capitalize on regional and R&D strengths, while operational functions in are handled by smart Europe GmbH, located in near , . This dual-headquarters structure supports the marque's international focus, with design contributions from Mercedes-Benz's global network and production leveraging Geely's supply chain.

Organizational Changes

In response to the global financial crisis, Smart, under Daimler AG, implemented significant consolidation measures at its Hambach plant in 2009. Production schedules were idled and adjusted to match plummeting demand, with the workforce reduced amid sales falling sharply amid the recession. The 2019 partnership with Geely Holding Group marked a pivotal shift toward electric vehicles (EVs), prompting recruitment of over 300 specialized engineers for battery and new energy technologies as part of broader JV initiatives. This included integrating Geely's R&D teams in China to accelerate development of all-electric models, leveraging combined expertise for platform engineering and powertrain innovation. Ongoing integration of design and software capabilities, leveraging parent company expertise, supports features like over-the-air (OTA) updates and advanced driver assistance systems across the lineup. These evolutions reflect Smart's broader adaptation from a focus on luxury microcars to a premium urban EV , requiring robust to harmonize German with Chinese-scale production and innovation. Ownership transitions, such as the 50-50 JV with , facilitated these operational realignments.

Models

Current Models

The Smart marque's current lineup, as of 2025, consists of three all-electric SUVs built on Geely's Sustainable Experience Architecture (SEA) platform, emphasizing compact urban mobility with influences from the historical Fortwo's agile design philosophy. The , introduced in 2022 and continuing production, is a compact crossover featuring a 66 kWh NCM battery that delivers a maximum WLTP range of 440 km in its Premium variant. It supports DC fast charging from 10% to 80% in under 30 minutes at up to 150 kW, with rear-wheel drive standard and an optional all-wheel-drive version offering 315 kW of power. Pricing starts at approximately €32,900 for the base Pro model in European markets, positioning it as an accessible premium EV option. Launched in 2023, the is a coupe-style crossover available in rear-wheel and all-wheel-drive configurations, utilizing an 800V that enables 10-80% charging in as little as on compatible 400 kW DC chargers. Its battery options range up to 66 kWh, providing a WLTP range of up to 455 km in the rear-drive Premium trim, with from 0-100 km/h in 5.8 seconds for standard models. The variant boosts output to 310 kW for enhanced performance while maintaining similar efficiency. European pricing begins around €37,900 for entry-level versions. The Smart #5, launched in 2025, represents the marque's mid-size SUV offering with battery capacities up to 100 kWh in higher trims, achieving a WLTP range of up to 589 km and supporting ultra-fast 400 kW DC charging for 10-80% in under 18 minutes. It features rear-wheel drive in base forms with 250–267 kW output, and all-wheel-drive options exceeding 300 kW, including a Brabus model with 475 kW. A plug-in hybrid variant, the #5 EHD, debuted in Q4 2025 for the Chinese market with a 41.46 kWh battery and 1.5-liter turbocharged engine, offering 252 km CLTC electric range and combined efficiency of 4.4 L/100 km. In Europe, pure EV models start at about €45,000. Across the lineup, Smart integrates Mercedes-Benz's MBUX infotainment system, featuring a 12.8-inch central touchscreen with AI-driven voice control, over-the-air updates, and seamless Apple CarPlay/ compatibility for intuitive connectivity. Level 2+ autonomous driving capabilities are standard via the Smart Pilot suite, including , lane-keeping assist, and blind-spot monitoring that enable hands-free highway driving under supervision. is prioritized through the use of recycled materials, such as up to 25% recycled plastics in interior components and 30% recycled aluminum in body parts, aligning with the brand's goal of carbon-neutral vehicles by 2045.

Discontinued Models

The , the marque's flagship model since its debut, was produced from 1998 to 2024 across three generations, available in coupe, cabriolet, and electric (EQ) variants. The final units rolled off the assembly line at the Hambach plant in on March 29, 2024, marking the end of production for the model to align with the brand's shift toward an all-electric lineup. Over its 26-year run, more than 2.5 million Fortwo units were manufactured, with key high-performance variants including editions offering enhanced power outputs up to 130 hp in later models. The , a four-seater city , appeared in two generations: the first from 2004 to 2006, built on the platform at the NedCar plant in the , and discontinued due to insufficient sales volumes that failed to justify continued production. The second generation, launched in 2014 and ending production in December 2021, shared underpinnings with the , incorporating rear-engine layout and approximately 70% common parts for cost efficiency, before being phased out as part of the marque's pivot to electric SUVs. The , a lightweight sports produced from 2002 to 2005, featured a base 45 kW (61 PS) turbocharged three-cylinder engine and was offered alongside a variant. Production halted in November 2005 after approximately 43,000 units due to high claims related to reliability issues and lower-than-expected demand.

Concept Vehicles

The Smart marque has explored innovative urban mobility through several concept vehicles, showcasing experimental designs that previewed potential expansions beyond its core compact cars. These often emphasized , , and adaptability to city environments, influencing the brand's evolution toward electric vehicles without entering production. The Smart Crosstown, unveiled at the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show, was a hybrid compact crossover that tested the feasibility of an SUV-like variant for urban use. Measuring approximately 2.68 meters in length, 1.51 meters in width, and 1.55 meters in height, it featured a stowable for open-air driving and a hybrid combining a 700 cc rear-mounted engine with electric motors, delivering 60 horsepower. Powered by a 55 kW magneto-electric motor, it aimed to blend off-road aesthetics with city agility but was never produced, highlighting Smart's early interest in versatile micro-SUVs. In 2021, the Concept #1 debuted at the IAA Mobility in as a near-production preview of Smart's first all-electric under the partnership. This compact crossover, roughly 4.29 meters long with a panoramic glass roof and 21-inch wheels, incorporated sustainable interior materials like recycled plastics and vegan leathers, emphasizing eco-friendly design. It demonstrated a WLTP-estimated range of 420 km with a high-capacity battery and fast-charging capabilities, integrating AI-driven features for enhanced connectivity and user experience. The concept directly informed the production , marking a shift to larger, premium electric models. The Vision EQ Fortwo, presented in 2017 at the Frankfurt Motor Show (with ongoing relevance into later discussions), envisioned an autonomous, electric urban pod for shared mobility. This zero-emission, two-seater concept lacked a or pedals, relying on Level 5 autonomy for navigation in dense cities, with a modular interior for flexible seating and a range suited for short trips. It promoted micro-mobility through integration with car-sharing apps, underscoring Smart's focus on sustainable, individualized transport without compromising space efficiency. Earlier concepts like the Forstars (2012 ) and For-Us (2012 Auto Show) further illustrated design experimentation. The Forstars, an electric sports utility with a built-in for outdoor entertainment, explored luxury elements in a two-seater format, achieving up to 129 km/h. Meanwhile, the For-Us, a electric pickup based on the Fortwo platform, extended to 3.54 meters with a cargo bed, prioritizing agile, zero-emission utility for urban dwellers. These vehicles collectively advanced Smart's aesthetic and technological progression toward versatile electric concepts. In September 2025, Smart announced the smart #2, a reinvented all-electric two-seater city car reviving the Fortwo's compact urban focus for production premiere in late 2026. Planned for launch in 2027 in markets including and , it emphasizes agile maneuverability, sustainable materials, and advanced connectivity, bridging the brand's heritage with future electric micro-mobility solutions.

Production

Facilities

The Hambach plant in , , established in 1997, was the original and primary production facility for Smart vehicles, specializing in the assembly of the Fortwo model until its discontinuation in March 2024. With an annual capacity of approximately 85,000 units, the site employed advanced techniques tailored to compact vehicles and produced over 2.5 million Fortwo units across its operational . Following the cessation of Fortwo production on March 28, 2024, the facility was idled and fully transitioned to other uses under new ownership by Automotive, which resumed production of its and models in January 2025 after a pause. Historically, Smart utilized the NedCar factory in Born, , for short-term production of the first-generation Forfour from 2004 to 2006, in a with . This facility, which shared assembly lines with the , enabled an initial production run of around 115,000 Forfour units before operations ended abruptly in June 2006 due to low demand and strategic shifts. Under the Geely partnership established in 2019, Smart shifted production to facilities in . The plant in Province became operational in 2023 and serves as a primary hub for , with an annual capacity of around 150,000 units and a focus on models like the #1 and #3, utilizing the Sustainable Experience Architecture () platform for scalable production. Built on 's existing in the , the facility is equipped with sustainable features such as a 51 MW generating over 50 million kWh annually, emphasizing efficient, eco-friendly assembly for global export. Additionally, the Changxing plant in , Province, produces the smart #5 , including its all-electric and variants, with production starting in late 2024. Smart's production logistics integrate closely with Mercedes-Benz's supply chains in , particularly for key components like batteries, ensuring reliable sourcing from facilities such as the battery cell development sites in Kamenz and the plant in Kuppenheim. This collaboration supports the brand's transition to while leveraging Mercedes' expertise in high-voltage systems.

Manufacturing Processes

The manufacturing processes for legacy Smart vehicles emphasized modularity, automation, and efficiency, beginning with the iconic Tridion safety cell assembly. This steel safety cage formed the structural core of the vehicle and was constructed first through a highly automated process where high-strength steel components were welded together to create a rigid frame capable of withstanding impacts. Once completed, the Tridion cell was conveyed to the main assembly line, where colorful plastic body panels made from thermoplastic materials were clipped onto the frame using quick-release fasteners, enabling easy customization, repair, and replacement without affecting the core structure. This modular approach reduced assembly complexity and enhanced vehicle longevity by allowing damaged panels to be swapped individually. At the former Hambach facility, production incorporated advanced to achieve precision in small-volume runs, particularly through robotic welding stations that joined the Tridion cell components with high accuracy and consistency. The welding process utilized over 150 industrial robots in a fully automated bodyshop to handle diverse body parts on a single line, minimizing defects and supporting the plant's cross-shaped assembly layout for optimal logistics. Painting followed a similar automated protocol, with robotic arms applying multi-layer coatings to the pre-assembled cells and panels, ensuring uniform finish and corrosion resistance tailored to the compact vehicle scale. These automated lines facilitated high-precision output while accommodating the brand's focus on urban mobility vehicles. Since 2023, Smart's vehicle production at facilities in has integrated Geely's advanced EV- and hybrid-specific workflows, including seamless integration into the vehicle using cell-to-body (CTB) technology for enhanced structural integrity and range efficiency. This process involves mounting lithium-ion modules directly within the underbody structure during early assembly stages, followed by automated testing for thermal management and electrical connectivity. Geely's adoption of gigacasting further streamlines production by using massive die-casting machines to form large aluminum underbody components in a single piece, reducing part count by up to 40% and weld points, which accelerates assembly and improves rigidity. is prioritized through practices such as zero wastewater discharge in painting and surface treatment operations, achieved via closed-loop water systems that eliminate while maintaining quality standards. Overall efficiency is bolstered by advanced just-in-time inventory systems, where suppliers deliver pre-assembled modules directly to the line, minimizing storage needs and waste in the modular workflow. Such processes reflect Smart's evolution toward lean, sustainable under Geely's oversight.

Marketing and Sales

European Markets

Europe has been the primary market for the Smart marque since its launch in September 1998, with initial sales proving promising across continental countries due to the vehicle's compact design tailored for urban environments. The brand established a strong presence in , , and , where marketing campaigns highlighted the Smart Fortwo's ability to parallel park in tight spaces, emphasizing its 2.8-meter as a solution to congestion in dense metropolitan areas. These efforts positioned Smart as an car, contributing to peak European sales of 135,000 units in 2004. The marked Smart's entry into the British market in 2000, with the Fortwo benefiting from tax incentives for low-emission vehicles, including reduced Vehicle Excise Duty rates for models under 100g/km CO2 emissions. In , the brand debuted in 2012 with the Fortwo model, expanding availability through local dealerships to cater to urban drivers in major cities like . Smart's marketing strategies in Europe leverage its historical ties to for premium branding, including partnerships for connectivity services that integrate advanced features like EV charging optimization. The marque has also pursued high-profile events, such as sponsorships of , where limited-edition models like the 2012 Fortwo Truestyle were promoted as stylish urban accessories to appeal to fashion-forward consumers. By 2023, cumulative Smart sales in Europe exceeded 1.5 million units, reflecting the brand's long-standing focus on the region despite fluctuating annual volumes around 20,000-30,000 in recent years. The transition to electric vehicles, led by the Smart #1 compact SUV, drove a nearly 7% year-on-year global sales increase in 2024, with approximately 20,000 units delivered in Europe and the #1 earning accolades as the best small electric SUV. Looking ahead, the Smart #5 mid-size electric SUV launched in Europe in March 2025, targeting the growing premium EV segment with prices starting at €45,900 and a focus on versatile urban-to-adventure mobility. By late 2025, the #5 went on sale in additional markets like the UK in October, priced from £39,800.

Asian and Pacific Markets

Smart entered the Chinese market in 2008, with Daimler announcing plans to launch the by mid-2009 following its premiere at the Beijing Auto Show that year. In 2019, AG and Holding Group established a , Smart Automobile Co., Ltd., to develop and produce electric vehicles under the Smart brand, with production ramping up for global markets. The venture introduced the compact electric in June 2023, marking a shift toward premium battery-electric models targeted at young urban consumers seeking intelligent mobility solutions. At the 2024 Beijing Auto Show, the was showcased alongside the #1 and a new Concept #5, highlighting the brand's focus on expanding its electric lineup in , its largest market with approximately 45,000 units delivered in 2023. In , Smart made its debut in 2001 with the Smart K, a right-hand-drive variant of the Fortwo modified to comply with regulations, featuring a narrowed body to 1.47 meters and a 660cc for tax and size benefits in the . Despite this early adaptation to local standards, Smart's presence remained niche, with limited adoption of electric models amid Japan's slower EV transition compared to other regions. In 2024, the brand re-entered with the electric SUV, positioning it as an entry-level option for urban drivers in a market dominated by kei vehicles. Smart returned to in 2024 after a hiatus, debuting the electric at the (GIIAS) in July, in partnership with distributor to target the growing new segment. The right-hand-drive Premium and editions were highlighted for their premium features, with sales planned by year-end to appeal to tech-savvy consumers in Southeast Asia's emerging EV market. Australia saw Smart's re-entry announced in May 2024, nearly a decade after exiting the market in 2015 due to low sales of the gasoline-powered Fortwo. The brand focused on urban electric vehicles, launching the and #3 SUVs in September 2024 through dealerships, emphasizing compact, premium EVs suited for city commuting with ranges up to 560 km. To support expansion in , Smart employs localization strategies such as producing right-hand-drive variants for markets like and , ensuring compliance with regional driving norms. The partnership facilitates distribution and manufacturing, leveraging the joint venture's resources for efficient global rollout. In 2025, Smart entered 7 new overseas markets, prioritizing growth with additional electric models to capture demand for intelligent urban mobility.

American Markets

Smart entered the North American market in 2008 with the Fortwo, positioning it as an ideal solution for urban due to its compact and maneuverability in congested city environments. The vehicle was marketed through a partnership with Penske Automotive, emphasizing its efficiency and ease of parking in tight spaces. Sales peaked at 24,622 units in the in 2008 but declined sharply thereafter, with annual figures dropping to around 5,000-6,000 units by 2011 and further to under 3,000 by 2017. Total sales in the from 2008 to 2019 remained under 100,000 units, reflecting limited consumer adoption amid competition from larger vehicles and economic factors. In , sales followed a similar trajectory, with the brand distributed through dealers. The Fortwo received strong safety ratings in US crash tests, earning top scores from the (IIHS) in frontal and side impacts despite its small stature, though early concerns about its lightweight design and a noted door-opening issue in side tests contributed to public skepticism. Daimler discontinued Smart sales in the US and Canada after the 2019 model year, citing a shrinking micro-car segment and insufficient demand for the all-electric EQ Fortwo variant. In , Smart vehicles have been available since 2003, primarily through imports, with the Fortwo serving as a niche option for urban drivers in cities like . Assembly operations for Latin American markets have not been established locally, but recent Geely-Smart collaborations have boosted imports, positioning the brand among leading entrants in 2024 amid Mexico's growing EV adoption. Brazil saw introductions in 2009 via dealerships, targeting eco-conscious city dwellers with turbocharged and mild-hybrid variants. Sales continued until 2016, when the model was phased out due to modest volumes in a market favoring larger SUVs. A return is planned for 2026 with the all-electric Smart #2, a two-seater successor to the Fortwo, leveraging Geely's expanding footprint in the region. In , the Fortwo has been imported and sold since 2010, available as cabrio and coupe models through specialized centers in . Marketing efforts in the have consistently highlighted Smart's eco-friendly credentials, such as low emissions and , to appeal to environmentally aware urban consumers. Post-2025 expansions draw on Geely's strengthening ties in , including partnerships for distribution in and launches of models like the #1 and #3 in , aiming to revive the brand's presence with electric offerings tailored to regional .

Technology and Safety

Safety Features and Ratings

The Tridion cell, a high-strength safety structure inspired by racecar roll cages, forms the core of Smart vehicles' passive design by encasing and protecting occupants during collisions. This crash-absorbing skeleton absorbs and distributes impact energy, preventing major deformation of the passenger compartment even in severe crashes, and has been a standard feature since the marque's debut with the original Fortwo in 1998. Early models demonstrated solid foundational safety, with the City Coupe variant earning a 3-star overall rating in 2000 tests, reflecting adequate but not top-tier protection for adult and child occupants at the time. Subsequent iterations improved, as seen in the 2014 Fortwo's 4-star rating, scoring 82% for adult occupant protection, 80% for child occupant, 56% for vulnerable road users, and 56% for safety assist features. In the United States, the Fortwo consistently achieved a 4-star overall NHTSA rating, including 4 stars for frontal crash protection (with 5 stars for side impacts), underscoring its strength in lateral collisions thanks to the Tridion cell's reinforced framework. Due to its compact dimensions, the Fortwo was not tested in the IIHS small overlap frontal crash test; however, updates from 2016 onward earned "Good" ratings in moderate overlap frontal and side tests. Smart's transition to electric vehicles brought further advancements in active safety, particularly through advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). The 2022 , the marque's first all-electric , secured a 5-star rating, with exceptional scores of 96% for adult occupant protection, 89% for child occupant, 71% for vulnerable road users, and 88% for safety assist—including effective automatic emergency braking (AEB) that mitigates collisions with vehicles, pedestrians, and cyclists. This model benefits from a high-strength body structure (74% high-strength steel, 19% press-hardened steel) integrated with EV-specific reinforcements, such as enhanced battery enclosure protection to minimize fire risks during impacts. Similarly, the 2023 earned a 5-star rating, with scores of 90% for adult occupant protection, 86% for child occupant, 84% for vulnerable road users, and 85% for safety assist. Innovations like elevated seating, which positions occupants higher for improved visibility and above common side-impact zones, complement the reinforced side structures, contributing to overall stability. Building on these gains, the 2025 Smart #5 targets comprehensive 5-star global ratings, achieving 5 stars in Euro NCAP with 88% adult occupant protection, 93% child occupant, 84% vulnerable road users, and 92% safety assist, emphasizing robust ADAS integration and a high proportion of high-strength steel in its chassis for superior crash energy management.

Electric Vehicle Innovations

Smart has advanced electric vehicle technology through innovative battery systems, emphasizing efficiency and rapid charging capabilities. The Smart #5 incorporates an 800-volt architecture, enabling ultra-fast DC charging at up to 400 kW, which allows the 100 kWh battery to charge from 10% to 80% in approximately 15 minutes. This system represents a first for the brand and supports extended ranges exceeding 740 km under CLTC testing standards. Additionally, models like the Smart #1 utilize lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cells supplied through Geely's technology, offering cost-effective performance with enhanced safety and longevity compared to traditional nickel-based chemistries. Sustainability remains a core focus in Smart's EV design, with the Smart #1 featuring interiors constructed from sustainable and recycled materials, including vegan leather alternatives derived from PET bottles and ocean plastic waste. The brand has incorporated recycled steel (130 kg) and aluminum (40 kg) into the #1's structure. Aligning with broader environmental objectives, Smart transitioned to a primarily electric lineup by 2022, with the introduction of a plug-in hybrid variant for the #5 in select markets in 2025, while committing to carbon-neutral vehicles by 2045. Software enhancements further elevate Smart's EVs, with over-the-air (OTA) updates delivering improvements to features such as advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and . As of October 2024, the brand had released six free OTA updates, with subsequent releases including version 1.6.0 in August 2025, optimizing driving comfort, navigation, and . Connectivity integrates with the ecosystem, leveraging shared platforms for seamless access to services like remote diagnostics and app-based controls, enhancing across the lineup. In 2025 developments, the Smart #5 introduces a variant (EHD) in select markets, combining a 1.5-liter turbo engine with an for a total range of up to 1,600 km, serving as a transitional option while prioritizing full electrification. This model also supports vehicle-to-load (V2L) functionality via a 220V outlet, enabling external power supply for off-grid applications.

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