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Key Information

3 World Trade Center (3 WTC; also known as 175 Greenwich Street) is a skyscraper constructed as part of the new World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The tower is located on Greenwich Street along the eastern side of the World Trade Center site. The building was designed by Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, and is managed by Silverstein Properties through a ground lease with the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ), the landowner. It is 1,079 ft (329 m) high, with 80 stories. As of 2025, it is the tenth-tallest building in the city.[6]

The current edifice is the second on the World Trade Center site to bear the address 3 World Trade Center. The original building was the Marriott World Trade Center, a 22-story, 825-room hotel located in the southwest corner of the World Trade Center complex. Opened in July 1981 as the Vista International Hotel, it was destroyed during the September 11 attacks in 2001, along with the rest of the World Trade Center.

The current 3 World Trade Center was planned as a skyscraper measuring 1,240 feet (378 m) tall. The building's groundbreaking took place in January 2008, but only the lower stories were built because the skyscraper lacked an anchor tenant. Construction resumed in 2014 after advertising company GroupM was signed on as anchor tenant. The building's concrete core was topped out during August 2016, with the perimeter steel structure following on October 6, 2016. The building opened on June 11, 2018.

Site

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Main article: World Trade Center site

3 World Trade Center is at 175 Greenwich Street, within the new World Trade Center (WTC) complex, in the Financial District neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City. The land lot is bounded by Greenwich Street to the west, Dey Street to the north, Church Street to the east, and Cortlandt Way to the south.[7][8] Within the World Trade Center complex, nearby structures include the National September 11 Memorial & Museum to the west; One World Trade Center to the northwest; World Trade Center Transportation Hub and 2 World Trade Center to the north; and 4 World Trade Center to the south.[9] Outside World Trade Center, nearby buildings include 195 Broadway and the Millennium Hilton New York Downtown hotel to the northeast, as well as One Liberty Plaza to the southeast.[10][11]

Previous buildings

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For most of the 20th century, the site of 3 WTC was occupied by the Cortlandt Building, built in 1907 and one of two office structures that comprised the Hudson Terminal complex.[12] The site was also abutted by several low-rise buildings on Greenwich Street to the west.[13] During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the adjoining section of Cortlandt Street had been part of Manhattan's Radio Row, which contained many electronics stores.[14] The Hudson Terminal complex was demolished in 1972, when the original World Trade Center was built.[15]

The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ), which was responsible for the construction of the World Trade Center, had demolished several streets to make way for the towers within the World Trade Center, including parts of Cortlandt, Dey, and Greenwich Streets.[14] The site of the current skyscraper was occupied by 5 World Trade Center at the northeast corner of the World Trade Center site.[16][17] Terrorists destroyed the World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks.[18] Greenwich Street was restored as part of the redevelopment of the World Trade Center,[19] and the block of Cortlandt Street next to 3 WTC was rebuilt as a pedestrian walkway.[20] The intersection of Cortlandt Way and Greenwich Street reopened in 2014, improving access to the National September 11 Memorial.[14]

The 3 World Trade Center address was originally used by the Marriott World Trade Center (originally the Vista International Hotel), a 22-story[21][22] hotel building with 825 rooms.[21] The Vista Hotel was on the western side of the World Trade Center, near the intersection of West Street and Liberty Street.[23][16] Construction began in 1979,[21] and it opened on July 1, 1981.[21][24] The hotel was heavily damaged in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing[25] and reopened in 1994 after repairs.[26] The Host Marriott Corporation acquired the hotel in 1995 for $141.5 million.[27] Forty people in the hotel died when the complex was destroyed during the September 11 attacks.[28] Marriott, which held a long-term lease on the hotel site, surrendered its lease in 2003,[29] allowing the National September 11 Memorial & Museum to be built there.[30]

History

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Site redevelopment

[edit]

Larry Silverstein had leased the original World Trade Center from the PANYNJ in July 2001.[31] His company Silverstein Properties continued to pay rent on the site even after the September 11 attacks.[32] In the months following the attacks, architects and urban planning experts held meetings and forums to discuss ideas for rebuilding the site.[33] The architect Daniel Libeskind won a competition to design the master plan for the new World Trade Center in February 2003.[34][35] The master plan included five towers, a 9/11 memorial, and a transportation hub.[30][36] By July 2004, two towers were planned on the southeast corner of the site: the 62-story 3 World Trade Center and the 58-story 4 World Trade Center.[30] The plans were delayed due to disputes over who would redevelop the five towers.[37] The PANYNJ and Silverstein ultimately reached an agreement in 2006. Silverstein Properties ceded the rights to develop 1 and 5 WTC in exchange for financing with Liberty Bonds for 2, 3, and 4 WTC.[38][39]

British architect Richard Rogers of Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners was hired to design the new 3 World Trade Center, on the eastern part of the World Trade Center site at 175 Greenwich Street, in May 2006.[40] Additionally, Norman Foster and Fumihiko Maki were selected as the architects for 2 and 4 World Trade Center, respectively.[41][42] The plans for 2, 3, and 4 World Trade Center were announced in September 2006.[7][8] 3 World Trade Center would be a 71-story, 1,155-foot-tall (352 m) building with diagonal bracing on its facade for structural reinforcement.[7][43][44] The tentative plans also called for four spires, one at each corner, rising 100 feet (30 m) above the flat roof.[44] The building would have contained 133,000 ft2 (12,400 m2) of retail space in its base; five trading floors; and 2.1×10^6 ft2 (200,000 m2) of offices across 54 stories.[43] The lowest stories of 3 World Trade Center and several neighboring buildings would be part of a rebuilt Westfield World Trade Center Mall.[45]

As part of the project, Cortlandt Street (which had been closed to make way for the original World Trade Center) was planned to be rebuilt between 3 and 4 WTC.[46] The plans for Cortlandt Street affected the design of the lower stories of both 3 and 4 WTC, as one of the proposals called for an enclosed shopping atrium along the path of Cortlandt Street, connecting the two buildings.[47] The street was eventually rebuilt as an outdoor path.[20] Final designs for 2, 3, and 4 WTC were announced in September 2007.[48][49] The three buildings would comprise the commercial eastern portion of the new World Trade Center, contrasting with the memorial in the complex's western section.[50] At the time, construction of 3 WTC was planned to begin in January 2008.[51] As part of its agreement with the PANYNJ, Silverstein Properties was obliged to complete 3 and 4 WTC by the end of 2011.[52]

Construction

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Initial construction and disputes

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Preliminary site plans for the World Trade Center rebuild

In 2007, the PANYNJ started constructing the East Bathtub, a 6.7-acre (2.7 ha) site that was to form the foundations of 3 and 4 WTC.[53] The process involved excavating a trench around the site to a depth of 70 feet (21 m), then constructing a slurry wall around the site.[54] The PANYNJ was supposed to give the site to Silverstein Properties at the end of 2007; the contractors would have received a $10 million bonus if they had completed the work early.[55] If Silverstein did not receive the site by January 1, 2008, the PANYNJ would pay Silverstein $300,000 per day until the site was transferred.[53][56] The agency ultimately gave the site to Silverstein on February 17, 2008.[57][58] The PANYNJ paid a $14.4 million penalty for turning over the site 48 days after the deadline.[55]

Investment bank Merrill Lynch & Co. expressed interest in relocating its headquarters to 3 World Trade Center in mid-2008.[52][59] Following this, the PANYNJ voted to extend the deadline for the building's completion to June 2012.[52][60] Merrill had been the first private firm to show interest in leasing significant amounts of space at the World Trade Center, and the announcement raised the possibility that 3 WTC could be redesigned for Merrill's use.[59] The PANYNJ offered to lease the underlying land to Merrill for $510 million, 25 percent lower than the agency's original asking price for the land, and Silverstein offered to sell his stake in the project for $340 million.[61] Merrill balked at Silverstein's offer,[62] and it withdrew from the project in July 2008 after failing to secure a lease on favorable terms.[61][63] Merrill's withdrawal came shortly after the PANYNJ had announced that the World Trade Center redevelopment would be delayed significantly.[61][64] Meanwhile, police officials expressed concern that the building's all-glass design posed a security risk.[65] A study published in early 2009 predicted that 3 WTC would not be fully occupied until 2037, due to the 2008 financial crisis.[66]

By May 2009, the PANYNJ was seeking to reduce the size of 2 and 3 WTC and postpone the construction of 5 WTC, citing the Great Recession and disagreements with Silverstein.[67][68] The developer had requested that the PANYNJ fund two of the towers, but the agency wanted to take control of the 3 WTC site and was willing to provide funding for only one tower.[68][69] The PANYNJ wanted to build 3 WTC only to the fourth story,[67][70] allowing Silverstein to construct a hotel or office building above when market conditions improved.[68] New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg attempted to mediate the dispute with little success.[71] In July 2009, Silverstein wrote a letter to the development's stakeholders, recommending that the dispute go to arbitration.[72][73] Silverstein officially requested arbitration the next month.[74][75] He requested that the PANYNJ pay $2.7 billion in damages.[76][77] An arbitration panel ruled in January 2010 that the agency did not owe him any damages.[76][77] However, the panel also voided a clause that would have forced Silverstein to hand over the towers to PANYNJ if they were not completed by 2014.[77][78] The panel gave Silverstein and the PANYNJ two months to reach an agreement.[79]

As part of the arbitration process, Silverstein requested a $2.6 billion tax-free bond issue for the redevelopment of the World Trade Center site.[80] The New York state government approved the bond issue in December 2009, though the construction of 2 and 3 WTC remained on hold.[81] In February 2010, Silverstein proposed constructing 3 WTC and delaying plans for 2 WTC, a move that was expected to save $262 million in the short term.[82] The next month, the PANYNJ and the city and state governments of New York agreed to fund $600 million for 3 WTC's construction after Silverstein had found tenants for at least 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2) of the space.[83][84] Silverstein would build the first five stories by 2013 if he were unable to finance the project and lease the office space.[85] PANYNJ board members from New Jersey acquiesced to the deal with Silverstein, but only on the condition that the agency also fund a reconstruction of the Bayonne Bridge.[86][87]

Three PureCell fuel cells were delivered at the World Trade Center site in November 2010, providing about 30 percent of 3 WTC's power.[88] In the meantime, the 1,137-foot (347 m) tower had been delayed indefinitely.[89] The investment bank UBS was considering leasing space at 3 WTC in mid-2011[90][91] but ultimately decided against it.[92][93] At the time, although the complex was originally supposed to have been anchored by large financial firms, these companies were generally no longer seeking to expand their space.[94]

Funding compromise and anchor tenant

[edit]
Construction of Three World Trade Center as of May 2012. A portion of the National 9/11 Memorial's South Pool can be seen in the foreground.

Silverstein Properties and the PANYNJ agreed in early 2012 to complete only the first seven stories of 3 WTC unless tenants could be found by the end of the year.[95][96] The base had been built entirely with insurance proceeds,[97] and the tower stories would only be built after Silverstein met the requirements.[95][96][98] By that February, the ground floor concrete was almost done and the lower podium had reached the 5th floor; the podium was then planned to be completed in September 2012.[99] Owen Steel's president David Zalesne announced in June 2012 that his company had been selected to provide the structural steel for the building.[100] The next month, the concrete core had reached the 8th floor, and all concrete work had halted.[101][102] Media conglomerate Viacom and financial firm Citigroup had both declined to relocate to 3 WTC.[102] The lower podium was completed by November 2012.[103] If Silverstein were unable to finalize a lease by the end of 2013, he would have been required to build a semi-permanent roof above the 7th story.[104]

By late 2012, advertising company GroupM was negotiating to lease 550,000 square feet (51,000 m2) at 3 WTC,[105][106] and law firm White & Case was looking for about 500,000 square feet (46,000 m2).[107][108] Either of these deals would be large enough to qualify the project for up to $600 million in public benefits.[107][108] GroupM signed a letter of intent for the building in mid-2013,[94][109] and the company finalized its lease that December, taking 500,000 square feet (46,000 m2).[110][111][112] The following month, U.S. senator Chuck Schumer obtained $340 million in federal Recovery Zone bonds to finance the project's construction.[113][114]

Silverstein asked the city, state, and PANYNJ in 2014 to refinance the project on terms that were more favorable to him. In exchange, he would contribute a greater share of private capital.[115][116] The PANYNJ postponed a vote on whether to guarantee $1.2 billion of construction loans in March 2014,[117][118] and the vote was delayed again that April.[119][120] Although PANYNJ chairman Scott Rechler supported the subsidy, other PANYNJ board members said the guarantee was wasteful because the majority of the proposed building still did not have tenant commitments.[121] The PANYNJ voted against guaranteeing the construction loans in May 2014,[122][123] but the PANYNJ and Silverstein reached a financing agreement the next month.[124] The large amount of unleased space made it difficult for Silverstein to sell bonds to private investors, so the building was instead mainly funded by the sale of $1.6 billion of tax-exempt bonds, the largest-ever unrated bond deal in the municipal bond market.[125][126] Other sources of funding included $600 million in insurance proceeds, $210 million in cash from the city and state governments of New York, and $55 million in cash from Silverstein Properties.[125] Silverstein sold the municipal bonds at the end of October 2014.[127][128]

Resumption of construction

[edit]

Following the financing agreement, the tower crane returned, and the PANYNJ and Silverstein announced that the building would be completed by 2017.[129] Unusual for a high-rise, the building's concrete core was built before the rest of the structure was completed.[130] Fintech company Fundrise sold $5 million of the building's municipal bonds to private investors in January 2015.[131] Work above the second story had begun by the next month.[132][133] That June, the architects eliminated the planned rooftop masts, reduced the building to its final height of 1,079 feet (329 m).[134][135] Nonetheless, by August 2015, the building had reached half of its final height.[136][137] The construction process was complicated by the fact that water started leaking into the construction site in late 2015, delaying the opening of the adjacent Westfield World Trade Center mall.[138][139] The site was completely exposed to the outdoors, and workers were constantly spraying water onto the building's concrete to decrease dust levels, both of which caused water to seep into the building.[138]

On May 20, 2016, the tower's concrete core reached the symbolic height of 1,000 feet (300 m), thus officially reaching supertall status and exceeding the roof height of neighboring 4 World Trade Center.[140] 3 World Trade Center's core was topped out one month later on June 23, 2016.[141][142] In a ceremony held at the base of the building, a 2-ton bucket of concrete was signed by workers, and executives, including developer Larry Silverstein, and was hoisted up with an American flag, which was also used with the topping out of 7 and 4 World Trade Center, to the top of the tower.[142]

On the evening of August 11, 2016, a construction crane struck one of 3 World Trade Center's windows. There was a heavy wind gust at the time,[143] and construction workers were securing the crane when it veered into a 12th-story glass panel, cracking it. No one was injured.[144] On October 6, 2016, the entire building was topped out when the last steel beam was lifted and installed on top.[145] The glass facade was completed in August 2017, at which point several retailers had signed leases for the atrium retail space.[146]

  • Construction of 3 World Trade Center as of April 2014
    Construction of 3 World Trade Center as of April 2014
  • 3 World Trade Center under construction on June 10, 2015. The PATH station is visible to the right.
    3 World Trade Center under construction on June 10, 2015. The PATH station is visible to the right.
  • The PATH Station, 3, and 4 World Trade Center at night in May 2016
    The PATH Station, 3, and 4 World Trade Center at night in May 2016
  • Developer Larry Silverstein and construction workers sign the last bucket of concrete during the topping-off ceremony on June 23, 2016.
    Developer Larry Silverstein and construction workers sign the last bucket of concrete during the topping-off ceremony on June 23, 2016.
  • 3 World Trade Center under construction on January 26, 2017
    3 World Trade Center under construction on January 26, 2017
  • 3 World Trade Center under construction on May 8, 2017
    3 World Trade Center under construction on May 8, 2017

Opening and early years

[edit]

3 WTC's anchor tenant GroupM had expanded its space to 700,000 square feet (65,000 m2) in January 2016,[147] and GroupM hired the architectural firm to redesign 15 floors in the building for its nine constituent companies.[148] The stock exchange platform IEX leased 45,000 ft2 (4,200 m2) in the building in April 2018.[149] This was followed the next month by global consulting company McKinsey & Company, which leased 186,000 square feet (17,300 m2).[150] The building officially opened on June 11, 2018.[151][152] At the time, the building was 38 percent occupied.[152]

In the first three months of 2019, Silverstein leased space to Hudson River Trading,[153] Casper Sleep,[154] beverage firm Diageo,[155] technology startup Asana Inc.,[156] and mortgage lender Better.com.[157] These five leases totaled 355,000 square feet (33,000 m2).[156] Later that year, ridesharing company Uber leased more than 300,000 square feet (28,000 m2),[158] and law firms Kelley Drye & Warren[159] and Cozen O'Connor also leased space there.[159] Private equity firm Blue Wolf Capital Partners leased space in early 2020,[160] and Uber sought to sublease some of its space by the end of that year.[161] Casper subleased some of its space to advertising company Index Exchange in 2021.[162][163] In addition, the law firm Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer leased four stories at 3 WTC in August 2022.[164]

Architecture

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3 World Trade Center was designed by Richard Rogers of Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners.[165][166] The structural engineer for the building was WSP Global.[167] It is 1,079 feet (329 m) tall[134] with 80 above-ground stories.[166][168] The lowest 17 stories of the tower comprise a podium.[169][170] There are five stories of retail, spanning the basement and sub-basement levels as well as the first three above-ground stories.[170]

Facade

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K-bracing on the tower's facade

The facade is composed of double-glazed, low emissivity glass panels.[171] Most of the facade is a curtain wall with 10,000 panels of annealed glass, which are more resistant to shattering compared with traditional glass panels.[169][172] The curtain wall panels span from the floor to the ceiling on each story. They measure 13.5 feet (4.1 m) high on each of the podium stories and 24 feet (7.3 m) high on each of the tower stories.[173] At the base of the building, a cable-net wall surrounds the lobby on three sides. The cable-net wall is composed of panels measuring 5 feet (1.5 m) wide and 10 feet (3.0 m) tall.[174][175]

The eastern and western elevations of the facade contain K-shaped bracing, which is composed of diagonal beams clad in stainless steel. The diagonal beams reinforce the superstructure and remove the need for structural columns at the corner.[174][175] The stainless steel cladding is used to protect the beams from weathering,[174] and it was also intended to complement the glass panels on the facade.[175] The roof of the building is flat, though originally it was planned with several spires.[134][135]

Features

[edit]

3 World Trade Center covers 2.5 million square feet (230,000 m2) in total. Each of the building's stories spans 30,000 to 70,000 square feet (2,800 to 6,500 m2).[168][176] The building uses 27,000 short tons (24,000 long tons; 24,000 t) of steel and 145,000 cubic yards (111,000 m3) of concrete.[174] 3 WTC also includes 44 passenger elevators and five service elevators.[175][173] Four of the service elevators are also specifically designed to be used for emergency evacuations.[177] Eight of the passenger elevators serve the first 17 stories exclusively, and there are two passenger and two service elevators within the retail section of the building. There are also four staircases within the podium and two staircases within the upper stories.[170]

Lobby and retail

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There are nine entrances to 3 WTC's lobby.[174] The floor of the lobby is made of Sardinian gray granite.[174][175] The western wall of the lobby is made of Zimbabwe black granite and measures 43 feet (13 m) high.[174] The walls of the elevator banks contain glass panels with a metallic mesh embedded into them. There are also LED wall panels next to the elevators themselves.[172] The lobby's ceiling measures up to 62 feet (19 m) high, though it slopes down to as low as 22 feet (6.7 m).[174] The ceiling is made of a stretched material, behind which are LED lights; at the time of 3 WTC's opening, this was the largest stretched ceiling in the world.[174][176]

One wall of the lobby contains Joystick, a 46-foot-wide (14 m) mural by James Rosenquist, which was originally painted in 2002 and reinstalled at 3 WTC in 2020.[178] Untitled (Fish on Fire, Greenwich Street) 2024, a copper sculpture by Frank Gehry, has been mounted in the lobby of 3 WTC since 2025. The sculpture, measuring 20 by 7 feet (6.1 by 2.1 m) across, can rotate and is illuminated from inside.[179][180]

The rest of the ground, second, and third stories are used as retail space. There are two basement levels, which also contain retail and are part of Westfield World Trade Center mall.[168] The five retail stories are connected by two passenger elevators and four staircases.[170][181] The mall connects to the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, which in turn links with the New York City Subway and PATH trains.[170][181]

Upper stories

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The building has ceiling heights ranging from 13 to 24 feet (4.0 to 7.3 m).[168] There are terraces wrapping around 3 World Trade Center on floors 17, 60, and 76.[166][168] The terrace on floor 17 is 205 feet (62 m) high and is divided into two sections, each measuring 5,500 square feet (510 m2).[173] One of the terraces on floor 17 is shared by all of the building's tenants, while the other is a private terrace.[173][181][182] The terrace on floor 17 was originally designed as a mechanical area with space for financial companies' equipment, but this was scrapped when GroupM became the building's anchor tenant.[182] The terrace on floor 60 is 718 feet (219 m) high, while that on floor 76 is 934 feet (285 m) high.[173]

The air-conditioning systems on each story are controlled separately, thus reducing energy consumption. In addition, the building's filtration systems are able to extract 95 percent of particulates, in addition to ozone and volatile organic compounds.[171] The building contains air intake openings on its upper stories, since the air on higher stories was supposed to be cleaner than the air near ground level.[175] Jaros, Baum & Bolles installed the mechanical, electrical, and plumbing system.[1]

Critical reception

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When 3 WTC was completed in 2018, James Gardner of The Real Deal New York wrote: "I can say with reasonable confidence that it will prove to be the least architecturally interesting of the four main buildings on the hallowed site."[183] In particular, Gardner criticized "the arbitrary asymmetries, the industrial aesthetic in one part but not another, the shift in cladding patterns" in the design.[183]

See also

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References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

3 World Trade Center

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia

3 World Trade Center is an 80-story supertall situated at 175 within the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in , .
Rising to 1,079 feet (329 meters), the tower provides approximately 2.5 million square feet of office and retail space, with construction completing in June 2018.
Developed by and designed by Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners under , it incorporates a stepped profile with exposed kinked bracing elements for enhanced structural performance and visual dynamism. The structure replaces the original 3 World Trade Center—a 22-story hotel destroyed during the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks—and forms part of the site's comprehensive redevelopment overseen by the .
Development proceeded amid extended delays stemming from negotiations over leasing commitments, financing, and coordination among stakeholders, with groundbreaking occurring in 2014 only after securing major tenants to mitigate risks of vacancy in a competitive market.
in June 2016, the building achieved Gold certification for its energy-efficient systems and resilient design features, including a triple-height lobby with cable-net glazing and multiple outdoor terraces. As of 2025, 3 World Trade Center ranks among the city's ten tallest buildings and exemplifies engineering adaptations post-9/11, such as fortified bases and redundant structural systems to withstand extreme events.

Site and Historical Context

Pre-9/11 Site Usage

The site of 3 World Trade Center formed part of the original World Trade Center complex in , redeveloped by the of New York and starting in the late on land previously occupied by —a cluster of small electronics and surplus goods shops dating to the —and the rail station, which handled up to 80,000 daily passengers before its closure in 1959. The specific footprint between the North and South Towers initially served as open plaza space following the towers' completion in 1973. In April 1981, construction completed a 22-story hotel on this plaza location, opening as the Vista International Hotel—the first major hotel built south of Canal Street since the in 1836—and managed initially by Hilton International. The 825-room property, designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, offered guest accommodations, conference facilities, and dining options including the Greenhouse Cafe and Tall Ships Bar & Grill, while connecting to the adjacent towers via skybridges for pedestrian access. The hotel rebranded under Marriott management in the 1990s, sustaining significant structural damage from the February 26, 1993, truck bombing at the World Trade Center complex, which killed six people and injured over 1,000; repairs allowed operations to resume shortly thereafter. By , 2001, it functioned primarily as a traveler hub within the financial district, leveraging its central position amid the complex's office towers and retail concourse.

Impact of September 11 Attacks and Initial Cleanup

3 World Trade Center, operating as the 22-story New York Marriott World Trade Center hotel, suffered near-total destruction during the September 11, 2001, attacks due to its position directly between the Twin Towers. At 9:59 a.m., the collapse of the South Tower (2 World Trade Center) crushed the southern half of the hotel, severing upper floors and trapping occupants amid debris and fires fueled by jet fuel and building contents. The subsequent collapse of the North Tower (1 World Trade Center) at 10:28 a.m. demolished the remaining northern section, leaving only the lower stories partially intact but heavily compromised by structural failure, fires, and over 100,000 tons of debris per tower impacting the site. This rendered the building beyond repair, with an estimated 43 fatalities among guests, staff, and rescuers inside the hotel. Initial rescue efforts focused on the hotel's , where firefighters and survivors emerged from voids in the lower levels; for instance, several individuals were extracted in the hours following the collapses, though ongoing instability and fires limited operations. By midday , the site's hazards— including uncontrolled fires smoldering for months and risk of further collapse—prompted engineers to assess 3 World Trade Center's remains as unsafe, initiating phased demolition. Cleanup integrated with broader Ground Zero recovery, involving over 3,000 workers from agencies like the , FDNY, and NYPD, who manually sifted debris for human remains (recovering more than 20,000 fragments from the entire site) before mechanized removal using cranes, torches, and excavators. Debris clearance at the 3 World Trade Center footprint proceeded amid site-wide challenges, such as pumping 1 billion gallons of contaminated water and handling 1.8 million tons of steel, concrete, and hazardous materials transported by barge to the for forensic processing. The unstable lower structure was dismantled by late 2001, contributing to the progressive lowering of the site's elevation to level for stability and redevelopment preparation. Operations ran 24 hours daily, costing hundreds of millions and concluding officially on May 30, 2002—eight months and 19 days after the attacks—clearing the parcel for future construction while prioritizing victim identification and evidence preservation.

Planning and Development

Redevelopment Framework and Stakeholder Roles

The redevelopment of the , including 3 World Trade Center, operated under a framework established after the , 2001 attacks, building on pre-existing lease agreements between the of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) and private developers. The PANYNJ, as the landowner, retained oversight of site-wide infrastructure, transportation elements like the PATH station, and vehicular security, while delegating commercial office tower development to lessees. In April 2001, Larry Silverstein's signed a for the entire 10.6 million square foot complex, assuming responsibility for rebuilding in case of destruction, which became operative on July 24, 2001. Silverstein Properties played the central developer role for 3 World Trade Center as part of its commitment to reconstruct Towers 2, 3, and 4 on the site's eastern portion along Church Street. On September 21, 2006, the PANYNJ board approved a series of agreements formalizing Silverstein's development rights for these towers, totaling approximately 7.5 million square feet of , subject to and tenant commitments. This framework integrated with the broader World Trade Center Memorial and Redevelopment Plan, coordinated initially by the (LMDC), which emphasized memorial, cultural, and commercial elements while ensuring coordination with PANYNJ's transportation priorities. Key stakeholder dynamics involved negotiations over insurance proceeds, public subsidies, and variances, with Silverstein financing through private capital and , while PANYNJ provided ground approvals and site preparation. World Trade Center Properties LLC, an affiliate of , held the direct ground for 3 World Trade Center from the PANYNJ, managing design, , and tenancy. Additional roles included architectural firms like Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, commissioned by Silverstein in May 2006 for 3 WTC's design, and managers such as Tishman, ensuring compliance with site-wide security and sustainability standards set by the PANYNJ.

Design Competition and Architectural Selection

In the redevelopment of the following the , 2001 attacks, , through , held development rights for towers 2 through 5 under a ground lease with the of New York and . These towers were to be designed in accordance with the guidelines of the overall master plan, originally conceived by and refined through collaboration with Silverstein's team. Unlike the master plan, which emerged from a 2003 international competition organized by the , the architectural selection for individual towers such as 3 World Trade Center involved direct commissioning by Silverstein rather than a public design competition. In May 2006, Silverstein Properties commissioned British architect Richard Rogers and his firm, Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners (RSHP), to design 3 World Trade Center, located at 175 Greenwich Street on the site's eastern edge. This selection prioritized architectural diversity across the towers, with Rogers' high-tech style—known from projects like the Pompidou Center—chosen to complement designs by Norman Foster for Tower 2 and Fumihiko Maki for Tower 4. The decision reflected Silverstein's strategy to advance construction on Towers 3 and 4 first, given their proximity to planned retail areas, while aiming for approximately 2 million square feet of office space in Tower 3. The design for 3 World Trade Center was publicly unveiled by Silverstein on September 7, , alongside the proposals for Towers 2 and 4. RSHP's concept adhered to Libeskind's master plan parameters, including height restrictions and site integration, featuring a terraced form with stacked volumes to create open sky views and mitigate wind loads. Initial concept drawings were targeted for completion within four months of the commission, with foundation work anticipated to begin in 2007, though delays later occurred due to market and funding issues.

Construction Process

Early Construction and Halts

Construction of the superstructure for 3 World Trade Center began in 2010, led by developer in coordination with the of New York and . Foundation and site preparation work had preceded this phase, dating back to activities in early 2008. By mid-2012, the concrete core had advanced to the eighth floor, representing initial vertical progress on the planned 80-story, 1,079-foot tower. Progress halted shortly thereafter in 2012 due to a lack of anchor tenants and challenges securing financing amid a weak commercial real estate market recovering from the . had constructed the lower levels speculatively, but without pre-leased commitments exceeding 30-40%—a threshold often required for such developments—lenders and partners withheld further funding. The structure remained a skeletal eight-story podium for over two years, symbolizing broader delays in the World Trade Center redevelopment tied to economic conditions and stakeholder negotiations.

Funding Negotiations and Resumption

In December 2013, secured a major anchor tenant in GroupM, the media investment arm of , which signed a 20-year lease for approximately 516,000 square feet across multiple floors, representing about 20% of the building's office space. This commitment addressed a key sticking point in prior disputes, as the of New York and had conditioned further support on demonstrated market demand to avoid subsidizing unleased space. Negotiations between and the intensified in early 2014, focusing on revising the 2010 redevelopment agreement to release escrowed funds while shifting primary financing responsibility to private sources. On June 25, 2014, the board approved the modification, permitting Silverstein immediate access to $159 million in proceeds from the 9/11 attacks—previously held in escrow pending full project completion. In exchange, Silverstein committed to privately financing the tower's upper portions without loan guarantees, planning to raise $1.2 billion through Liberty Bonds and $300 million in equity, supplemented by additional recoveries totaling around $463 million. The deal also allocated up to $80 million from the for potential base-level cost overruns, while ensuring the agency received over $300 million in projected site revenues and $14 million in savings from avoided delays. This agreement resolved longstanding tensions over risk allocation, with the Port Authority emphasizing fiscal prudence amid criticisms of prior subsidies for the site. Construction resumed promptly in late June 2014, advancing the concrete core and superstructure without further major interruptions, culminating in the core on June 23, 2016. Additional leasing, including GroupM's expansion by 170,000 square feet in late 2015, further stabilized financing as vertical progress accelerated.

Completion and Technical Milestones

Construction of 3 World Trade Center reached a significant milestone on June 23, 2016, when the marked the completion of the building's concrete core at a height of 1,079 feet (329 meters). During the event, developer and over 500 union construction workers signed the final bucket of concrete, which was then hoisted to the top of the 80-story structure, symbolizing the structural of the core. Following the core completion, installation of the curtain wall facade progressed, fully enclosing the tower by early 2018. This step transitioned the project from structural framing to exterior finishing, enabling interior fit-out work for tenants. The building's design incorporated advanced engineering, including the use of the WOLFFKRAN 700B-US crane model, the first of its kind in , selected for its suitability to the site's spatial constraints and lifting requirements. The project achieved substantial completion in June 2018, with the issuance of a temporary allowing tenant move-ins. On June 11, 2018, 3 World Trade Center officially opened with a ribbon-cutting ceremony hosted by , marking it as the fourth office tower completed in the World Trade Center redevelopment. At opening, approximately 38 percent of the office space was leased, including major tenants such as GroupM occupying nine floors and IEX on the 58th floor.

Architectural and Engineering Features

Structural Design and Materials

The structural system of 3 World Trade Center consists of a central core surrounded by a perimeter , designed to provide redundancy, wind resistance, and alignment with post-9/11 building codes emphasizing prevention. The core, constructed via slip-forming techniques, measures approximately 60 feet by 80 feet and houses 44 passenger elevators, six freight elevators, stairwells, and mechanical systems, positioned offset toward Church Street to maximize rentable lobby space on the side. This configuration transfers gravity loads through the core while distributing lateral forces via the external elements. The perimeter structure employs roughly 27,000 tonnes of , including boxed, wide-flange, and plate-welded columns, girders, and beams fabricated for 80 above-grade levels plus subsurface areas. Distinctive K-shaped bracing at the four corners—externally visible and clad in —enhances torsional stiffness, enables column-free corner vistas, and contributes to the building's terraced setback geometry without compromising interior flexibility. Floor plates utilize with metal decking over steel joists, spanning up to 36,000 square feet per office level (with 20-foot floor-to-ceiling heights on trading floors and 13.5 feet on standard offices). Concrete elements, totaling over 145,000 cubic yards across the core, foundations, and slabs, were supported by custom during pours, with the core's high-strength mix ensuring under dynamic loads. The components, detailed by firms like DBM Vircon, incorporate connections tested for blast and impact resilience, reflecting engineering input from WSP Cantor Seinuk to balance efficiency with the site's seismic and wind demands in . No specific compressive strengths for the were publicly detailed beyond standard high-performance classifications typical for supertall cores (e.g., 10,000–14,000 psi equivalents in comparable WTC towers).

Facade and Exterior Systems


The facade of 3 World Trade Center features a glass curtain wall system with over 10,000 units, primarily annealed glass panels framed by linen-finish mullions. The glass incorporates a laminated interlayer and low-emissivity coating, enhancing thermal efficiency and resistance to shattering under impact. This system, fabricated and installed by Permasteelisa Group, includes single-skin curtain walls, oversized podium units, and ornamental elements. The exterior structural framework integrates visible K-shaped steel bracing, which shares loads with the curtain wall and defines the building's angular profile and aesthetic. Mullions utilize 2205 in custom laser-fused square-cornered tube profiles for enhanced strength, resistance, and compliance with architectural exposed standards. At the ground level, the lobby employs a high-performance cable-net supported wall for transparency and structural efficiency. These elements contribute to the facade's durability, sustainability, and alignment with post-9/11 security requirements for blast resistance.

Interior Layout and Tenant Amenities

3 World Trade Center features column-free floor plates on each office level, enabling flexible, open-plan interior layouts that maximize usable space and adaptability for tenants. The design incorporates floor-to-ceiling glass windows, providing abundant across spacious floor plates averaging approximately 40,000 square feet. These elements support modern office configurations, including large open workspaces, private offices, breakout areas, kitchens, and storage rooms, as evidenced by tenant fit-outs such as those on the 35th floor. The building includes five retail levels—comprising the , two below-grade levels, and two above-ground levels—integrated into base to serve both tenants and visitors. Above these, 53 office floors provide roughly 2.5 million square feet of leasable space, with mechanical and trading floors distributed to optimize vertical circulation via 44 passenger elevators. Tenant amenities emphasize wellness and , with outdoor terraces accessible on floors 17, 60, and 76, offering at least 5,500 square feet of open space per tenant for meetings and relaxation. Additional facilities include a fitness center, wellness room, and shared kitchens, supplemented by tenant-exclusive programming such as classes, happy hours, culinary events, lectures, and massage sessions. These amenities extend across ' portfolio, fostering connectivity among buildings in the complex. The supports high-speed and advanced building systems tailored for financial and tenants.

Operational History and Tenancy

Opening and Initial Leasing

3 World Trade Center opened to tenants on , 2018, becoming the fourth office tower completed in the rebuilt after 7 World Trade Center, , and 1 World Trade Center. The 80-story structure, developed by , provided about 2.7 million square feet of office space designed for high-density occupancy and modern work environments. Leasing momentum for the tower accelerated after GroupM, the media investment arm of WPP, signed the anchor lease on December 23, 2013, committing to over 500,000 square feet across multiple floors on a 20-year term. This agreement, the first significant private tenancy commitment, consolidated GroupM's 2,400 employees from scattered Midtown locations and provided the financial certainty needed to resume full-height beyond the initial podium levels. GroupM later expanded its footprint by an additional 170,000 square feet in late 2015, further solidifying its role as the building's foundational occupant. At the time of opening, the building stood at approximately 40 percent pre-leased, with GroupM scheduled to commence occupancy in July 2018. Early commitments also included leases by IEX Group, an electronic operator, and , a global firm, which joined as key initial tenants to occupy portions of the upper floors. These deals reflected targeted marketing toward , media, and firms drawn to the site's prestige, connectivity via the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, and resilience features post-9/11. Initial occupancy proceeded gradually, prioritizing fit-out completion for anchor spaces amid broader market caution in downtown leasing. As of October 2025, 3 World Trade Center accommodates 15 major tenants, collectively employing over 13,000 office workers across its approximately 2.8 million square feet of leasable office space. GroupM, a of WPP, serves as the , occupying roughly 700,000 square feet and consolidating operations for about 2,400 employees from multiple Midtown locations. Other prominent occupants include Technologies, which expanded its presence with a lease of approximately 44,000 square feet, and the law firm Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer, which relocated to a 180,000-square-foot space spanning four floors in early 2024 under a 15-year agreement. Additional key tenants encompass (40,000–50,000 square feet), , Blue Wolf Capital Partners, , Vistria Group (10,000–20,000 square feet), and Adonis Technologies, reflecting a mix of technology, finance, legal, and investment firms drawn to the building's premium amenities and location. The tenant roster underscores a focus on high-profile, growth-oriented companies, with recent additions like and Masterworks contributing to combined leases exceeding 81,500 square feet across the World Trade Center campus, including 3 World Trade Center. Occupancy trends indicate steady improvement, with the building achieving around 70% occupancy by mid-2023 amid broader World Trade Center campus rates nearing 95%. By April 2025, the overall World Trade Center vacancy had declined to 12.7%, outperforming the average of 13.5%, driven by return-to-office mandates and demand for trophy properties. Leasing activity accelerated in 2024–2025, fueled by a downtown boom, including large deals that boosted absorption and stabilized rates, though specific figures for 3 World Trade Center remain closely held by owner . This progress contrasts with persistent hybrid work challenges but aligns with stronger performance in Class A buildings offering transit connectivity and modern facilities.

Security, Sustainability, and Operations

Post-9/11 Security Enhancements

Following the September 11, , attacks, the reconstruction of the , including 3 World Trade Center, incorporated extensive security measures to mitigate vehicle-borne threats, enhance perimeter defenses, and integrate advanced monitoring systems, coordinated primarily by the New York Police Department (NYPD) and Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ). These enhancements addressed vulnerabilities exposed in the and bombings, such as unrestricted vehicle access and insufficient standoff distances from explosive devices, by redesigning the 16-acre campus to prioritize blast resistance and controlled entry while maintaining operational functionality for office towers like 3 World Trade Center at 175 . Central to these measures is the (VSC), a subsurface facility operational by approximately 2015, which screens all incoming vehicles—including deliveries, tenant vehicles, and tour buses—for explosives and radioactive materials using credentialing, mechanical inspections, and interdiction tools like K-9 units and license plate readers. Located south of Liberty Street east of Route 9A, the VSC features sally ports with retractable barriers, a Trusted Access Program for pre-approved entrants, and underground routing to loading docks and parking, eliminating surface vehicle proximity to buildings and accommodating up to 47 truck berths and 500 parking spaces without public access. This system, managed by the Police Department in coordination with NYPD, processes vehicles through two-stage checks to prevent unscreened entries, reducing risks to structures like 3 World Trade Center by channeling threats away from the core campus. Perimeter protections include static bollards spaced at 4-foot intervals, operable hydraulic barriers such as HT1 Raptors at eight sally ports, and managed streets like Vesey and Fulton to restrict through-traffic, creating standoff distances against vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices (VBIEDs) around office towers. encompasses a network of CCTV cameras monitored from the WTC Operations , enabling proactive threat detection across the site, supplemented by patrols from NYPD units, , and forces equipped with heavy weaponry. For 3 World Trade Center specifically, engineering firms like incorporated blast-resistant design elements into the towers 1 through 4, enhancing structural resilience to explosive forces while integrating with campus-wide protocols.

Environmental Standards and Efficiency Measures

3 World Trade Center achieved Gold certification from the U.S. Council, recognizing its adherence to high standards in sustainable site development, , energy performance, materials selection, and indoor environmental quality. This certification, awarded for core and shell construction, verifies that the building incorporates features reducing environmental impact compared to conventional office towers. The structure employs advanced energy efficiency measures, including high-performance glazing and optimized HVAC systems, resulting in significantly lower energy consumption and operational costs relative to typical Manhattan skyscrapers of similar scale. These systems prioritize passive design elements, such as the building's orientation and facade assembly, to minimize reliance on mechanical cooling and lighting, aligning with criteria for optimized energy performance. Water conservation is addressed through low-flow fixtures and potential integration with campus-wide strategies like , though building-specific reductions target at least 20-30% savings over baseline standards as per protocols. Sustainable materials were selected for the core and shell, favoring recycled content, regional sourcing to cut transportation emissions, and low-VOC finishes to enhance air quality. The certification process emphasized management, diverting over 75% of debris from landfills, a standard metric for Gold projects. While the World Trade Center campus aspires to broader net-zero goals through green energy offsets, 3 World Trade Center's measures focus on on-site efficiencies rather than off-site credits, reflecting pragmatic integration of post-9/11 resilience with environmental priorities.

Reception, Impact, and Controversies

Architectural and Design Critiques

The design of 3 World Trade Center incorporates a distinctive sloped base that ascends from street level to integrate with the plaza, clad in a facade of exposed braces arranged in a diamond-pattern diagrid, evoking ' high-tech structural expressionism while prioritizing post-9/11 blast resistance through a core with 5-foot-thick base walls and a load-sharing system. This configuration, completed in 2018, has been praised for its engineering robustness and functional restraint, aligning with site-wide security imperatives that favor durability over ornamentation. However, the aesthetic execution has elicited for diluting Rogers' signature boldness into a subdued corporate , described as a "rather bland, even sublimated version of the Rogers diagrid" that "generally lacks the courage of its convictions" due to compromises from , regulatory hurdles, and the need to harmonize with neighboring towers. Early proposals for the tower were similarly characterized as "solid, competent work" by a talent, yet lacking the imaginative spark to transcend utilitarian imperatives. Visual inconsistencies compound these reservations: asymmetrical ledges on north and south elevations, mismatched facade rhythms—vertical metal lines on primary axes versus exposed framing on secondary ones—and a fence-like crown contribute to a of disjointedness, while prominent dark mechanical vents and tailpipes at the base overwhelm pedestrian-scale interactions. The tower's tight adjacency to further disrupts skyline coherence, rendering the pair as a visually awkward amalgamation resembling "" from oblique angles and undermining the streamlined uniformity of adjacent structures like 1 and . These elements reflect broader site-wide tensions between solemnity, commercial viability, and urban legibility, where empirical constraints—such as fixed footprints and height limits—curtailed opportunities for more assertive formal gestures.

Economic Contributions and Challenges

The of 3 World Trade Center generated significant employment in the building trades, involving over 4,000 union workers across millions of man-hours from site preparation through completion in June 2018. This activity contributed to the broader post-9/11 economic revitalization of , where major projects including 3 World Trade Center helped restore private-sector jobs lost in the attacks, with the site's investments exceeding $15 billion by 2014 and supporting ancillary economic multipliers in construction supply chains and services. Upon opening, the 80-story tower added approximately 2.5 million square feet of premium , including flexible floor plates of 30,000 to 70,000 square feet, enhancing Lower Manhattan's capacity for high-value industries such as media and technology. Key tenants have driven operational economic value, with anchor lessee GroupM securing 700,000 square feet in 2014 to enable full construction, followed by expansions and new occupants like Uber, which grew its footprint to 351,500 square feet by March 2025. These leases, at rates aligning with Class A downtown averages of $120–$125 per square foot in 2025, generate substantial property tax revenue for New York City and support thousands of white-collar jobs in advertising, fintech, and related sectors, bolstering the area's shift toward a diversified 24/7 economy. Development faced notable challenges, including a multi-year halt from 2012 to 2014 due to insufficient pre-leasing amid post-financial crisis caution from potential tenants, necessitating a revised agreement with the that included $1.6 billion in tax-exempt Liberty Bonds and state incentives totaling $210 million in tax breaks. Broader leasing difficulties, with about 20% vacancy persisting in comparable towers as of 2018, underscored risks from oversupply and tenant preferences for modern amenities, though 3 World Trade Center mitigated these through targeted anchor commitments rather than speculative build-out.

Key Disputes and Alternative Perspectives

The development of 3 World Trade Center faced significant contention between developer and the of New York and (PANYNJ) over financing responsibilities for below-grade infrastructure and the sequencing of construction relative to tenant commitments. Construction began in 2010 following that affirmed Silverstein's rights under its post-9/11 ground lease, but halted in 2012 after seven stories due to unresolved disputes on cost-sharing for foundational work, with Silverstein arguing the PANYNJ's delays in site preparation impeded leasing efforts. In 2014, the impasse intensified as the PANYNJ conditioned up to $600 million in infrastructure funding on Silverstein securing an for the tower, a prerequisite Silverstein contested as circular given the site's incomplete state deterred prospective lessees. The PANYNJ board repeatedly deferred votes on loan guarantees exceeding $1 billion, citing fiscal caution amid uncertain office demand post-financial crisis. Resolution came in June 2014 via a modified agreement enabling Silverstein to access $159 million immediately for resumption and pursue private financing, with further PANYNJ support phased to leasing milestones, allowing full construction restart in 2015 without an upfront . Critics of the PANYNJ's approach, including Silverstein, portrayed it as bureaucratic obstructionism that exacerbated delays and inflated costs, undermining the site's momentum and symbolic recovery. In contrast, PANYNJ defenders, such as commissioner Kenneth Lipper, argued the tenant-first policy ensured taxpayer funds avoided subsidizing potentially vacant space in a softening market, prioritizing over expediency. These perspectives highlighted broader tensions in public-private partnerships at the site, where lease terms from 2001 left ambiguities on risk allocation amid evolving economic conditions.

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