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Camille Flammarion's L'atmosphere (1888)

The wheel of time or wheel of history (also known as Kalachakra) is a concept found in several religious traditions and philosophies, notably religions of Indian origin such as Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism, which regard time as cyclical and consisting of repeating ages. Many other cultures contain belief in a similar concept: notably, the Q'ero people of Peru, the Hopi people of Arizona, and the Bakongo people of Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Ancient Africa

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Main article: Kongo cosmogram
The Bakongo Cosmogram

In traditional Bakongo religion, the four elements are incorporated into the Kongo cosmogram. This sacred wheel depicts the physical world (Nseke), the spiritual world of the ancestors (Mpémba), the Kalûnga line that runs between the two worlds, the sacred river (mbûngi) that began as a circular void and forms a circle around the two worlds, and the path of the sun. Each element correlates to a period in the life cycle, which the Bakongo people also equate to the four cardinal directions and seasons. According to their cosmology, all living things go through this cycle.[1]

  • Mbûngi represents aether and is the void that exists before creation.
  • Musoni time (South) represents air and is the period of conception that takes place during spring.
  • Kala time (East) represent fire and is the period of birth that takes place during summer.
  • Tukula time (North) represents earth and is the period of maturity that takes place during fall.
  • Luvemba time (West) represents water and is the period of death that takes place during winter.

Ancient Rome

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The philosopher and emperor Marcus Aurelius saw time as extending forwards to infinity and backwards to infinity, while admitting the possibility (without arguing the case) that "the administration of the universe is organized into a succession of finite periods".[2]: Book 5, Paragraph 13 

Buddhism

[edit]
Main article: Kalachakra

The Wheel of Time or Kalachakra is a Tantric deity that is associated with Tibetan Tantric Buddhism, which encompasses all four main schools of Sakya, Nyingma, Kagyu and Gelug, and is especially important within the lesser-known Jonang tradition.

The Kalachakra tantra prophesies a world within which (religious) conflict is prevalent. A worldwide war will be waged which will see the expansion of the mystical Kingdom of Shambhala led by a messianic king.

Hinduism

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Main articles: Yuga Cycle, Manvantara, and Kalpa (time)

In Hindu cosmology, kala (time) is eternal, repeating general events in four types of cycles. The smallest cycle is a maha-yuga (great age), containing four yugas (dharmic ages): Satya Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga and Kali Yuga. A manvantara (age of Manu) contains 71 maha-yugas. A kalpa (day of Brahma) contains 14 manvantaras and 15 sandhyas (connecting periods), which lasts for 1,000 maha-yugas and is followed by a pralaya (night of partial dissolution) of equal length, where a day and night make one full day. A maha-kalpa (life of Brahma) lasts for 100 of Brahma's years of 12 months of 30 full days (100 360-day years) or 72,000,000 maha-yugas, which is followed by a maha-pralaya (full dissolution) of equal length.[3]

Jainism

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Main article: Ajiva
Kalachakras in Jainism

Within Jainism, time is thought to be a wheel that rotates for infinity without a beginning. This wheel of time holds twelve spokes that each symbolize a different phase in the universe's cosmological history. It is further divided into two equal halves having six eras in them. While in a downward motion, the wheel of time falls into what is known as Avasarpiṇī and when in an upward motion, enters a state called Utsarpini. During both motions of the wheel, 24 tirthankaras come forth to teach the three jewels or sacred Jain teachings of right faith, right knowledge, and right practice, then create a spiritual ford across the ocean of rebirth for humanity.[4][5]

Modern usage

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Literature

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In an interview included with the audiobook editions of his novels, author Robert Jordan has stated that his bestselling fantasy series The Wheel of Time borrows the titular concept from Hindu mythology.[6]

The first chapter of every book in the series begins with the lines: "The Wheel of Time turns, and ages come and pass, leaving memories that become legend. Legends fade to myth, and even myth is long forgotten when the Age that gave it birth comes again." [7]

See also

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Wheel of time

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The , also known as the wheel of history or , is a philosophical and religious concept symbolizing the cyclical nature of time, existence, and cosmic processes in various ancient traditions. Unlike linear time prevalent in , it posits that events, ages, and lives recur in endless cycles of creation, preservation, destruction, and renewal, influencing views on karma, , and . This idea is prominent in : in as the Kaal Chakra, representing eternal cycles of yugas (ages) and kalpas (cosmic eras) governed by divine forces; in through the , which encompasses outer (astronomical), inner (biological), and other (enlightenment) wheels of time; and in , where it embodies the inexorable law of temporal progression. The concept also appears in indigenous traditions worldwide, including African, Greco-Roman, Native American, and Mesoamerican views of recurring cosmic rhythms, as explored in subsequent sections.

Conceptual Foundations

Definition and Symbolism

The serves as a profound for the cyclical model of , portraying time not as a straight progression but as an endless loop of recurring events and transformations. This concept emphasizes phases of creation, preservation, destruction, and renewal, where cosmic and historical processes repeat indefinitely, fostering a view of unbound by a definitive origin or conclusion. In contrast to linear time models dominant in many Western philosophies, which envision a directional flow from past to future with a clear beginning and end, the wheel underscores interconnectedness and repetition, suggesting that all phenomena are part of an inexorable pattern. Symbolically, the wheel is often rendered as a circle, embodying and the seamless unity of all things, without corners or interruptions that might imply finality. This circular form highlights the wholeness of the , where endings seamlessly birth new beginnings. Spokes or segments within the represent delineated phases of the cycle; for example, certain ancient depictions feature 12 spokes, symbolizing divisions like the months of a year or zodiacal stages, which mark the structured yet repetitive progression through temporal epochs. The 's further evokes the inevitability of change, propelling the transition between phases with unyielding momentum and reinforcing themes of fate and cosmic . A key instantiation of this idea is the term "," originating from , where "kala" denotes time and "" signifies wheel, collectively meaning "wheel of time." Visually, it manifests as a —a intricate, geometric diagram structured in concentric circles that encapsulate the universe's rhythms and the interplay of temporal cycles. Linguistic parallels appear in other traditions, such as the Latin "rota," meaning wheel, which similarly connotes cyclic motion and transformation in conceptualizing fate and recurrence.

Historical Origins

The concept of the wheel of time, representing cyclical patterns of existence, finds its earliest traces in through motifs that evoke continuous motion and renewal. Spiral designs, appearing in across as early as approximately 10,000 BCE, are interpreted by archaeologists as symbolic of natural cycles, such as seasonal changes and celestial rotations, due to their form suggesting endless revolution. For instance, spiral petroglyphs in the megalithic structures of , including in Ireland (c. 3200 BCE), align with astronomical observations of solar and lunar paths, hinting at an emerging awareness of time's repetitive nature. These motifs predate written records and distinguish early human cognition of periodicity from mere survival notations. The first textual precursors to the wheel of time emerge in ancient civilizations around 2000–1500 BCE, where astronomical cycles inspired metaphors of revolving time. In , the established by ca. 2450 BCE tracked the annual inundation and sun's path, embodying neheh—cyclical time tied to the sun's daily journey through the sky and , which renewed creation each dawn. This view contrasted with more static or linear reckonings elsewhere, emphasizing eternal recurrence through solar observations that divided the year into 365 days across three seasons. Similarly, the , composed c. 1500–1200 BCE in ancient , contains hymns describing time as a "wheel with twelve spokes" that revolves without cease, encompassing months, seasons, and years in , as in 1.164.11, which portrays it as an unyielding cosmic mechanism. These references mark the transition from symbolic art to articulated philosophies of repetition. Astronomical observations profoundly shaped these early concepts, with solar year cycles providing the foundational metaphor for the wheel. Ancient sky-watchers noted the sun's apparent revolution and the predictable return of solstices and equinoxes, leading to calendrical systems that visualized time as a turning disk or wheel to reconcile daily, monthly, and annual rhythms. In Egypt, the heliacal rising of Sirius around 3000 BCE but refined by 2000 BCE synchronized the calendar with the solar year, reinforcing the idea of time's eternal loop. Vedic texts similarly drew from stellar and solar patterns to depict time's wheel as driven by cosmic order (ṛta), influencing later elaborations. This empirical basis from astronomy underscores the wheel's origins in observable periodicity rather than abstract speculation. In contrast to these cyclical innovations, Mesopotamian chronologies from the same era emphasized linear progression, as seen in king lists and historical that recorded sequential events without invoking repetitive wheels. Sumerian and Akkadian texts c. 2000 BCE, such as the , presented time as a forward march of rulers and eras, prioritizing irreversible historical accumulation over renewal motifs. This distinction highlights the wheel of time's emergence as a framework in Egyptian and Indic contexts, rooted in solar astronomy's emphasis on return rather than Mesopotamian focus on cumulative narrative.

Ancient Cultural Traditions

African Traditions

In traditional African cosmologies, particularly among the Bakongo people of , the concept of manifests through the dikenga, also known as the yowa or Kongo cosmogram. This sacred symbol depicts a enclosed within a circle, illustrating the cyclical nature of existence where life flows continuously through phases of creation, growth, transformation, and renewal. The dikenga serves as a visual and philosophical map of temporal processes, emphasizing harmony between the physical and spiritual realms while underscoring the interconnectedness of individual lives with cosmic rhythms. The cosmogram delineates four primary phases aligned with the sun's daily journey, each corresponding to stages of human life and broader existential cycles. Musoni represents the beginning of creation at , marking the "big bang" of emergence from emptiness and the seed of all development. Kala embodies birth and the dawn of visible life at sunrise, evoking the physical manifestation of beings. Tukula signifies maturity and peak creativity at noon, a zone of growth and leadership where individuals contribute to communal vitality. These phases culminate in Luvemba at sunset, denoting , transformation, and the transition to the spiritual world, completing the cycle before renewal. This solar-based framework ties temporal wheels to perpetual regeneration in and . Rooted in pre-colonial oral traditions of the Bakongo in regions spanning the of Congo and , the dikenga reflects ancient understandings of time as non-linear and communal, passed down through , rituals, and symbolic engravings. Ethnographic documentation in the , notably by K. K. Bunseki Fu-Kiau, preserved these concepts amid colonial disruptions, highlighting their endurance in Bantu-Kongo philosophy. A distinctive feature is the dikenga's integration with ancestor worship, where the cycles facilitate ongoing dialogue between the living and the dead; ancestors in the spiritual realm (Ku Mpemba) guide renewal, fostering communal continuity and moral equilibrium across generations.

Greco-Roman Traditions

In classical Greco-Roman thought, the concept of time as a cyclical wheel emerged from philosophical reflections on change, fate, and renewal, influencing both mythology and historiography. Greek philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus (c. 500 BCE) laid foundational ideas with his doctrine of flux, asserting that all things are in constant motion and transformation, encapsulated in the fragment: "On those stepping into rivers staying the same other and other waters flow" (DK B12). This flux was not mere chaos but a structured process of opposites uniting, with cyclical elemental changes—such as fire turning to sea and back—maintaining cosmic balance without total destruction or rebirth of the world. Heraclitus' emphasis on perpetual becoming influenced later Roman thinkers, portraying time as an endless rotation rather than linear progression. This Greek heritage evolved in through ' theory of anacyclosis in his Histories (c. 150 BCE), which described governments as undergoing inevitable cycles of rise and decay. outlined six stages— to tyranny, to , to mob-rule—before returning to , stating: "Such is the cycle of political revolution, the course appointed by in which constitutions change, disappear, and finally return to the point from which they started" (Book 6.9.10). He viewed these rotations as natural laws observable in history, urging leaders to blend constitutional forms for stability, thus framing time as a driving societal renewal amid inevitable decline. Mythologically, the Roman Rota Fortunae symbolized time's capricious cycles of fortune, rooted in the goddess Fortuna's domain over fate's ups and downs. Though popularized in Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy (c. 524 CE), the wheel drew from earlier Roman traditions, as Philosophy explains to the imprisoned author: "What! art thou verily striving to stay the swing of the revolving wheel? Oh, stupidest of mortals, if it takes to standing still, it ceases to be the wheel of Fortune" (Book 2, Prose 2). This imagery depicted life's fortunes as rotating unpredictably, with individuals rising and falling, emphasizing acceptance over resistance. Stoic philosophy, particularly in Marcus Aurelius' (c. 170 CE), integrated these ideas into a view of time as an infinite wheel of cosmic recurrence, precursor to later concepts. As a Stoic, Marcus endorsed the doctrine of ekpyrosis, where the universe cyclically dissolves into fire and regenerates identically, reflecting on human life's flux: "Of human life the time is a point, and the substance is in a flux, and the perception dull" (Book 2.17). He urged personal resilience, focusing on amid these inevitable turns, as the rational aligns with nature's eternal cycles rather than succumbing to despair. This Stoic approach highlighted inner fortitude, distinguishing it by prioritizing ethical endurance over passive fate.

Eastern Religious Traditions

Hinduism

In Hindu cosmology, time is conceptualized as an eternal wheel, known as samsara in its microcosmic aspect of individual rebirth and in its macrocosmic cycles of creation and dissolution, governed by divine order and karma. The framework divides time into progressively larger cycles, beginning with the maha-yuga or chatur-yuga, which comprises four successive ages: (also called Krita Yuga), , , and . These yugas total 4.32 million human years, with durations in the ratio 4:3:2:1, calculated as 1,728,000 years for Satya Yuga, 1,296,000 for Treta Yuga, 864,000 for Dvapara Yuga, and 432,000 for Kali Yuga. A , or era of a Manu (progenitor of humanity), consists of 71 maha-yugas plus intervening periods of dissolution, spanning approximately 306.72 million years and ruled by a specific Manu and deities. The kalpa, equivalent to a day of Brahma the creator, encompasses 1,000 maha-yugas or about 4.32 billion years, followed by an equal night of partial dissolution (), during which the universe contracts but does not fully end. The grandest cycle, the maha-kalpa or lifetime of Brahma, lasts 100 divine years (each year comprising 360 days and nights), totaling around 311.04 trillion human years, after which complete cosmic dissolution (maha-pralaya) occurs, restarting the wheel. The current age is , characterized by moral decline, strife, and shortened lifespans, which began on February 18, 3102 BCE, coinciding with the departure of Krishna, marking the end of and the Mahabharata war. It is projected to end around 428,898 CE, ushering in a renewed after a transitional period. Vishnu, the preserver , maintains the wheel's balance through periodic avatars (incarnations) such as Rama in and Krishna in , intervening to restore (cosmic order) when adharma (disorder) predominates. These concepts are primarily detailed in the , especially the (Book I, Chapters 3 and 7), which outlines the cyclical divisions and their divine oversight, and the (Shanti Parva, Section 231), which describes the yugas' moral progression and the role of karma in perpetuating samsara. In samsara, the wheel of rebirth binds souls to endless cycles of birth, death, and based on accumulated karma (actions and their consequences), with liberation () possible only through ethical living and devotion, breaking the wheel's grip. The yugas exhibit descending moral quality— as an era of truth and virtue, progressively eroding to 's hypocrisy and materialism—underscoring the system's emphasis on temporal decay and renewal, quantified with astronomical precision derived from Vedic calendrical traditions.

Buddhism

In Tibetan Buddhism, the concept of the wheel of time is most prominently embodied in the Kalachakra tantra, a Vajrayana system introduced in India around the 10th century CE through visionary transmissions from the mythical kingdom of Shambhala. This tantra integrates cosmology, psychology, and soteriology into three interconnected wheels: the outer wheel, which maps astronomical and cosmic cycles including the structure of the universe around Mount Meru and planetary movements; the inner wheel, which parallels these with physiological processes in the human body, such as karmic winds driving rebirth and the subtle energy systems; and the alternative wheel, which outlines tantric practices leading to enlightenment by harnessing the clear light mind to dissolve karmic compulsions. These wheels emphasize time not as linear progression but as cyclic processes governed by ignorance and karma, offering a meditative framework to transcend samsara. Central to the Kalachakra's eschatological vision is a prophecy foretelling a future conflict where an enlightened king from , Rudra Chakrin, leads a army against invading "barbarians" symbolizing forces of and that dominate the world. This war results in the defeat of these forces and the ushering of of universal peace and , highlighting the tantra's unique blend of and spiritual urgency as a call to inner preparation for cosmic renewal. Unlike the preservative cycles in Hindu yugas, Buddhist kalpas—vast eons marking phases of world formation, duration, destruction, and emptiness—underscore the pervasive (dukkha) inherent in samsaric rebirths across realms, urging practitioners toward nirvana as the ultimate escape. Visually, the wheel of time manifests in the Bhavachakra, or wheel of life, a depicting samsara's cycle clutched by , the lord of death, symbolizing impermanence. At its core lie the —ignorance, attachment, and aversion—driving motion through the six realms of existence (gods, demigods, humans, animals, hungry ghosts, and hell beings), with an arrow piercing the wheel to denote the fleeting nature of all phenomena. In practice, this imagery serves as a meditative tool, where visualizing the and reciting mantras dismantle temporal illusions, fostering non-dual awareness that propels the practitioner beyond cyclic suffering toward enlightened liberation.

Jainism

In Jainism, the wheel of time, known as kālachakra, represents an eternal, symmetrical cycle that structures the progression and regression of cosmic conditions, particularly the evolution of souls toward liberation, independent of any . This non-theistic framework portrays time as a self-existent substance (svabhāva) that perpetually rotates without beginning or end, influencing the moral, physical, and spiritual states of existence through its inherent transformations. The kālachakra is visualized as a wheel with 12 spokes, symbolizing the six descending epochs of the Avasarpinī (era of decline) and the six ascending epochs of the Utsarpiṇī (era of ascent), each half-cycle encompassing vast durations equivalent to billions of years. The structure of the kālachakra divides each half-cycle into six unequal periods called āras, marked by progressive deterioration in the Avasarpinī—from utmost happiness (sukhama-sukhama) with lifespans of three palyopama years (an immense unit approximating 10^14 years) and wish-fulfilling trees, to partial happiness mixed with misery (sukhama-dukhama), and finally to absolute misery (dukhama-dukhama) with shortened lives under 20 years and . The Utsarpiṇī mirrors this in reverse, beginning with extreme degradation and culminating in prosperity. These āras underscore the cyclical nature of virtue and vice, with the full cycle repeating infinitely to govern soul migration across realms. A defining feature of the kālachakra is the appearance of 24 tīrthaṅkaras (ford-makers) per complete cycle, enlightened beings who revive the path to liberation; in the current Avasarpinī, the first tīrthaṅkara Rṣabha emerged in the third āra, followed by the remaining 23, including Pārśvanātha (23rd) and Mahāvīra (24th) in the fourth āra. Humanity currently resides in the fifth āra of the Avasarpinī, the dukhama period of predominant sorrow, which began approximately 2,500 years ago after Mahāvīra's nirvāṇa and will endure for a total of 21,000 years, during which ethical decline intensifies and direct attainment of salvation becomes impossible for ordinary souls. The doctrinal foundation of the kālachakra lies in key scriptures such as the Tattvārtha Sūtra, which classifies time as one of the six substances (dravya) with attributes of origination, persistence, and dissolution, facilitating gradual change in other substances like and matter. Jain Purāṇas, including the Trilokaprajñapti and Bhagavatī Sūtra, provide detailed elaborations on the cycles' phases and their implications. Central to this cosmology is karma, the subtle matter that binds to the wheel, accumulating through actions and dictating progression or entrapment across āras; as the binding force, karma ensures the inexorable turn of the cycle until purified. Distinctively non-anthropomorphic, the Jain kālachakra emphasizes ahiṃsā (non-violence) as the ethical compass for to mitigate karmic influx and navigate the cycles toward mokṣa (liberation), freeing them from the wheel's without reliance on divine agency. This approach highlights personal ethical discipline over external intervention, aligning with broader Eastern cyclical views of time while maintaining a unique focus on .

Indigenous and Global Traditions

Native American Traditions

In Hopi cosmology, time is conceptualized as interlocking cycles of world ages, forming a continuous hoop that encompasses creation, destruction, and renewal. The Hopi tradition describes four successive worlds, with the previous three having been destroyed due to human corruption: the first by , the second by , and the third by . The current era, known as the Fourth World or Túwaqachi, emerged from the underworlds through a series of mythical migrations guided by spiritual beings, marking the beginning of this cycle approximately in ancient times as per oral narratives. Central to this worldview are prophecies inscribed on stone tablets, or Tiponi, which outline the path of harmony and warn of the consequences of straying from it, emphasizing time's hoop-like progression toward inevitable purification. Key figures in Hopi emergence stories include (Kók yang wúti), a who assisted in molding humanity from and guiding the people through the underworlds, and Maasaw, the skeletal guardian of the who instructed the Hopi on living simply and in balance with the land upon their arrival. These tablets, given by Maasaw, contain prophecies predicting signs of the 's end, such as and technological excesses, culminating in a purification process expected in the to usher in the Fifth World. This apocalyptic focus underscores the Hopi's prophetic emphasis on restoring environmental harmony to avert total destruction, a theme underrepresented in broader discussions of cyclical time. These oral traditions, originating from the communities in northeastern , were documented by anthropologists and elders during the 19th and 20th centuries, preserving the cyclical understanding of time. Parallels exist in other Native American traditions, such as the Lakota , which symbolizes seasonal and life cycles through a circular hoop divided into four quadrants representing directions, , and natural rhythms. This shared motif reinforces a broader indigenous view of time as non-linear and interconnected with ecological balance.

Andean and Mesoamerican Traditions

In Andean traditions among the people of the Peruvian highlands, descendants of the Inca, the concept of pachakuti—translating to "world reversal" or "earthquake"—embodies a cyclical understanding of time, where epochs of upheaval and renewal occur approximately every 500 years, facilitating the death and rebirth of societal and cosmic orders. This framework portrays history as a circular process rather than a linear progression, with each pachakuti inverting existing structures to usher in transformation. The view the current pachakuti, initiated in the late and marked particularly in the 1990s by the paqos descending from their isolated mountain communities to share ancestral knowledge following prophetic signs such as receding Andean snows, as an era of spiritual awakening and reconnection with ancestral knowledge amid modern challenges. This aligns with the Eagle and Condor prophecy, foretelling the reuniting of indigenous peoples from the north (eagle) and south (condor) to foster harmony in the new era. Mesoamerican cultures similarly emphasized cyclical time through sophisticated calendrical systems tied to renewal and potential cataclysm. The Maya Long Count calendar tracked extended periods from a creation date in 3114 BCE, culminating in 13 baktun cycles totaling about 5,125 years, with the most recent concluding on December 21, 2012, signifying the end of one era and the implicit start of another without apocalyptic connotations in original texts. Complementing this, the of the Five Suns described five successive worlds, each governed by a solar era that ended in destruction: the first by jaguars, the second by winds, the third by fire, the fourth by flood, and the current Fifth Sun destined to perish in earthquakes, underscoring the precarious renewal of creation through sacrifice and cosmic balance. Central to these traditions is the Inca sun god , positioned as the hub of temporal cycles, embodying the daily and annual revolutions of light that sustain agricultural renewal and ritual life. In Maya practice, the sacred 260-day —used for and ceremonies—and the 365-day Haab solar year intermeshed like gears to produce the 52-year Calendar Round, synchronizing ritual timing with seasonal demands. These systems showcased remarkable astronomical precision, aligning solstices, equinoxes, and lunar phases to guide farming, prophecies, and communal rites. Following centuries of colonial suppression, 20th-century revivals among and Maya communities restored these calendars through oral transmission and ceremonial resurgence, fostering cultural resilience and contemporary indigenous identity.

Modern Interpretations

In Literature and Media

The series by exemplifies the motif of cyclical time in modern , drawing inspiration from Hindu and Buddhist concepts of eternal recurrence to structure its narrative around repeating ages and the inexorable turning of fate. Central to the story is the , a metaphysical weave representing the fabric of where threads of lives are spun by the Wheel, embodying themes of intertwined with individual agency. This secular adaptation transforms ancient religious ideas into a framework for epic storytelling, emphasizing moral dilemmas in a world where history cycles through patterns of heroism and catastrophe. Originally envisioned as a trilogy, the series expanded to 14 main novels published between 1990 and 2013, with Jordan completing 11 before his death in 2007; finished the final three based on Jordan's notes. A prequel novel, (2004), further enriches the lore, bringing the total to 15 books that explore the tension between and the Wheel's design across vast timelines. The series has profoundly influenced the fantasy genre by popularizing expansive, multi-volume epics with intricate world-building and philosophical undertones on destiny, inspiring subsequent works like 's series. An adaptation premiered on November 19, 2021, spanning three seasons that condense elements from the early novels while introducing broader accessibility to the cyclical motif through visual storytelling. The show, which ran until its cancellation in May 2025, highlighted the Wheel's turning as a narrative engine, blending action with explorations of fate's weave in a contemporary media format.

In Philosophy and Science

In , the concept of the wheel of time manifests through cyclical interpretations of existence and history, echoing ancient motifs but framed as tests of human affirmation and cultural inevitability. introduced the idea of eternal recurrence in the 1880s, positing that all events in one's life recur infinitely and identically, serving as a psychological to evaluate life's value. In (1882, section 341), Nietzsche describes it as the "greatest weight," challenging individuals to embrace eternal repetition as a measure of , or love of fate, thereby affirming existence without resentment. This doctrine, further elaborated in (1883–1885), functions not as a cosmological claim but as an ethical imperative, urging wholehearted acceptance of life's joys and sufferings in perpetual cycles. Oswald Spengler extended cyclical thinking to historical philosophy in (1918), viewing civilizations as organic entities that follow inevitable life cycles of birth, growth, maturity, decline, and death, akin to biological organisms. Spengler argued that , entering its "civilization" phase of decay, mirrors patterns in other historical cultures like , with no linear progress but rather morphological analogies across disconnected epochs. This morphology rejects universal history in favor of pluralistic, self-contained cultural organisms, each traversing analogous stages over roughly 1,000 years, influencing 20th-century thinkers on the non-linear nature of societal . In 20th- and 21st-century , cyclical models of the universe revive wheel-of-time imagery by proposing repeating cosmic phases, contrasting with linear narratives. The / hypothesis, rooted in , envisions the universe expanding from a hot dense state and potentially recollapsing into a singularity, initiating a new cycle, as explored in early Friedmann models and later ekpyrotic scenarios. Roger Penrose's (CCC), developed in the , advances this by positing infinite "aeons" where the remote future of one universe—dominated by massless particles and evaporated black holes—conformally rescales to the low-entropy of the next, avoiding singularities through Weyl curvature hypotheses. Stephen Hawking's no-boundary proposal (1983), co-developed with , counters strict linearity by modeling the universe's without an initial boundary in , where time emerges gradually from a spacelike , implying an emergent tied to increasing rather than a absolute beginning. Quantum interpretations further explore time loops within cyclical frameworks, particularly through closed timelike curves (CTCs) that allow self-consistent paths where past and future influence each other. David Deutsch's 1991 analysis integrates with CTCs, showing that probabilistic superpositions resolve paradoxes like the grandfather paradox, enabling fixed points in time loops without violating , as the final state must match the initial one across the curve. These models bridge ancient cyclical metaphors to by addressing empirical challenges, such as cycles; in CCC, for instance, evaporation and dilution by expansion purportedly reset to low values at aeon transitions, testable via anomalies like concentric low-variance rings potentially inherited from prior aeons' mergers. This connects to debates on time's arrow, where second-law increase drives perceived directionality, yet cyclical cosmologies propose mechanisms for reversal or renewal, challenging unidirectional in an eternal universe.

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