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Hudud
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Hudud
In traditional Islamic jurisprudence, Hudud (also Hadood, Hadud, Hudood, Arabic: حدود, romanized: ḥudūd pl., Hadd Arabic: حد sing.) literally "borders, boundaries, limits"), refers to punishments (ranging from public lashing, public stoning to death, amputation of hands, crucifixion, depending on the crime), for several specific crimes (drinking alcohol, illicit sexual intercourse, false accusations of adultery, theft, apostasy from Islam, highway robbery, revolt against the ruler), for which punishments have been determined by verses of Quran or hadith.
Hudud is one of three categories of crime and punishment in classical Islamic literature, the other two being Qisas ("eye for an eye")–Diya (paying victims compensation), and Ta'zeer, (punishment left to the judge's or ruler's discretion). Hudud are crimes "against God", and cover the punishments given to those who exceed the "limits of God" (hududullah), associated with the Quran and in some cases inferred from hadith. (Qisas, Diya, and Ta'zeer deal with "crimes against man".)
Hudud crimes cannot be pardoned by the victim or by the state, and the punishments must be carried out in public, but in traditional practice were rarely implemented because the evidentiary standards were so high. Offenders who escaped a hudud punishment could still receive a ta'zir sentence.
These punishments were applied through most of Islamic history, replaced in many parts of the Islamic world in the 19th century by European inspired models, and then restored in the late 20th/early 21st century, in several Muslim-majority states as a result of the Islamic revival and calls by Islamists for full implementation of Sharia. In the 21st century, hudud, including amputation of limbs, is part of the legal systems of Afghanistan, Brunei, Iran, Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen, and northern part of Nigeria.
Hudud offenses with prescribed punishments are mentioned in the Quran. The punishments for these offenses are drawn from both the Quran and the Sunnah. The Quran does not define the offenses precisely: their definitions were elaborated in fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence).
Hududullah, or the "limits of God", is a phrase found several times in the Quran, but not as a label for a particular type of crime. The Quran warns Muslims of the sin of transgressing the limits, which should not even be approached (Quran 2:187). But nowhere does the phrase appear in the clear context of labeling certain crimes (see Quran, 2:229, 4:14, 58:4, 65:1), though 4:14 is followed by discussion of sexual impropriety.
The Qur'an describes several crimes determined by scholars as hudud and in some cases sets out punishments.
The hudud crime of theft is referred to in Quran verse 5:38:
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Hudud
In traditional Islamic jurisprudence, Hudud (also Hadood, Hadud, Hudood, Arabic: حدود, romanized: ḥudūd pl., Hadd Arabic: حد sing.) literally "borders, boundaries, limits"), refers to punishments (ranging from public lashing, public stoning to death, amputation of hands, crucifixion, depending on the crime), for several specific crimes (drinking alcohol, illicit sexual intercourse, false accusations of adultery, theft, apostasy from Islam, highway robbery, revolt against the ruler), for which punishments have been determined by verses of Quran or hadith.
Hudud is one of three categories of crime and punishment in classical Islamic literature, the other two being Qisas ("eye for an eye")–Diya (paying victims compensation), and Ta'zeer, (punishment left to the judge's or ruler's discretion). Hudud are crimes "against God", and cover the punishments given to those who exceed the "limits of God" (hududullah), associated with the Quran and in some cases inferred from hadith. (Qisas, Diya, and Ta'zeer deal with "crimes against man".)
Hudud crimes cannot be pardoned by the victim or by the state, and the punishments must be carried out in public, but in traditional practice were rarely implemented because the evidentiary standards were so high. Offenders who escaped a hudud punishment could still receive a ta'zir sentence.
These punishments were applied through most of Islamic history, replaced in many parts of the Islamic world in the 19th century by European inspired models, and then restored in the late 20th/early 21st century, in several Muslim-majority states as a result of the Islamic revival and calls by Islamists for full implementation of Sharia. In the 21st century, hudud, including amputation of limbs, is part of the legal systems of Afghanistan, Brunei, Iran, Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen, and northern part of Nigeria.
Hudud offenses with prescribed punishments are mentioned in the Quran. The punishments for these offenses are drawn from both the Quran and the Sunnah. The Quran does not define the offenses precisely: their definitions were elaborated in fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence).
Hududullah, or the "limits of God", is a phrase found several times in the Quran, but not as a label for a particular type of crime. The Quran warns Muslims of the sin of transgressing the limits, which should not even be approached (Quran 2:187). But nowhere does the phrase appear in the clear context of labeling certain crimes (see Quran, 2:229, 4:14, 58:4, 65:1), though 4:14 is followed by discussion of sexual impropriety.
The Qur'an describes several crimes determined by scholars as hudud and in some cases sets out punishments.
The hudud crime of theft is referred to in Quran verse 5:38:
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