Felinae

Felinae; Temporal range: Miocene–Holocene, 9–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Clockwise, an ocelot, a European wildcat, a cougar and a cheetah
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Suborder:	Feliformia
Family:	Felidae
Subfamily:	Felinae; Fischer von Waldheim, 1817
Type genus
	Felis; Linnaeus, 1758
Genera
	See §Taxonomy
	Native ranges of Felinae

The Felinae or small cats are a subfamily of the Felidae distinguished by a bony hyoid, because of which they can purr but not roar.^[2] Other authors have proposed an alternative definition for this subfamily, as comprising only the living conical-toothed cat genera with two tribes, the Felini and Pantherini, and excluding the extinct sabre-toothed Machairodontinae.^[3]^[4]

Characteristics

The members of the Felinae have retractile claws that are protected by at least one cutaneous lobe. Their larynx is kept close to the base of the skull by an ossified hyoid.^[5] They can purr owing to the vocal folds being shorter than 6 mm (0.24 in).^[6]^[7] The cheetah Acinonyx does not have cutaneous sheaths for guarding claws.^[8]

Taxonomy

The term 'Felini' was first used in 1817 by Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim, at the time for all the cat species that had been proposed as belonging to the genus Felis.^[9] In 1917, Reginald Innes Pocock also subordinated the following genera to the Felinae that had been proposed in the course of the 19th century: Lynx, Puma, Leptailurus, Prionailurus, Pardofelis, Leopardus, Herpailurus, Neofelis and four more.^[5]

The Felinae and Pantherinae probably diverged about 11.5 million years ago. The genera within the Felinae diverged between 10.67 and 4.23 million years ago.^[10]^[11]

Today, the following living genera and species are recognised as belonging to the Felinae:^[2]

Genus	Species	Range
Acinonyx Brookes, 1828^[12]	Cheetah (A. jubatus) Schreber, 1777^[13]	Africa and Southwestern Asia
Caracal Gray, 1843^[14]	Caracal (C. caracal) (Schreber, 1776)^[15] African golden cat (C. aurata) (Temminck, 1827)^[16]	Africa and Southwestern Asia
Catopuma Severtzov, 1858^[17]	Asian golden cat (C. temminckii) (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827)^[18] Bay cat (C. badia) (Gray, 1874)^[19]	Southeastern Asia
Felis Linnaeus, 1758^[20]	Domestic cat (F. catus) Linnaeus, 1758^[20] European wildcat (F. silvestris) Schreber, 1777^[21] Jungle cat (F. chaus) Schreber, 1777^[22] African wildcat (F. lybica) Forster, 1780^[23] Black-footed cat (F. nigripes) Burchell, 1824^[24] Sand cat (F. margarita) Loche, 1858^[25] Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti) Milne-Edwards, 1892^[26]	Afro-Eurasia Worldwide (Domestic Cat)
Herpailurus Severtzov, 1858^[17]	Jaguarundi (H. yagouaroundi) (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)^[27]	Central and Southern America
Leopardus Gray, 1842^[28]	Ocelot (L. pardalis) (Linnaeus, 1758)^[29] Oncilla (L. tigrinus) (Schreber, 1775)^[30] Pampas cat (L. colocolo) (Molina, 1782)^[31] Kodkod (L. guigna) (Molina, 1782)^[31] Margay (L. wiedii) (Schinz, 1821)^[32] Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi) (d'Orbigny & Gervais, 1844)^[33] Andean mountain cat (L. jacobitus) (Cornalia, 1865)^[34] Southern tiger cat (L. guttulus) (Hensel, 1872)^[35]	Central and Southern America
Leptailurus Severtzov, 1858^[17]	Serval (L. serval) (Schreber, 1775)^[36]	Africa
Lynx Kerr, 1792^[37]	Eurasian lynx (L. lynx) (Linnaeus, 1758)^[38] Bobcat (L. rufus) (Schreber, 1777)^[39] Canada lynx (L. canadensis) Kerr, 1792^[37] Iberian lynx (L. pardinus) (Temminck, 1827)^[40]	Northern Hemisphere
Otocolobus Brandt, 1842^[41]	Pallas's cat (O. manul) (Pallas, 1776)^[42]	Central Asia
Pardofelis Severtzov, 1858^[17]	Marbled cat (P. marmorata) (Martin, 1836)^[43]	Southeastern Asia
Prionailurus Severtzov, 1858^[17]	Leopard cat (P. bengalensis) (Kerr, 1792)^[44] Sunda leopard cat (P. javanensis) (Desmarest, 1816)^[45] Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps) (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827)^[18] Fishing cat (P. viverrinus) (Bennett, 1833)^[46] Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus) (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1834)^[47]	Southeastern and Eastern Asia
Puma Jardine 1834^[48]	Cougar (P. concolor) Linnaeus, 1771^[49]	Americas

Extinct taxa

Genus	Species	Image
Felis	Felis lunensis
Acinonyx	A. aicha A. intermedius A. pardinensis
Lynx	L. issiodorensis L. rexroadensis^[50]^[51] L. thomasi
Puma	P. lacustris P. pardoides P. pumoides
Leopardus	L. vorohuensis
Leptofelis Salesa et al., 2017	L. vallesiensis
Miracinonyx Adams, 1979^[52]	M. inexpectatus M. trumani
Pratifelis Hibbard, 1934	P. martini
Pristifelis Salesa et al., 2012	P. attica
Sivapanthera Kretzoi, 1929^[53]	S. arvernensis S. brachygnathus S. linxiaensis S. padhriensis S. pleistocaenicus S. potens
Sivapardus Bikr, 1969^{[citation needed]}	S. punjabiensis
Vishnufelis Pilgrim, 1932	V. laticeps

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of Felinae are shown in the following cladogram:^[54]^[55]^[2]

Felinae

Felinae

Domestic cat lineage

Felis

	Felis catus (domestic cat)

	Felis lybica (African wildcat)

Felis bieti (Chinese mountain cat)

Felis silvestris (European wildcat)

†Felis lunensis (Martelli's cat)

Felis margarita (Sand cat)

Felis nigripes (Black-footed cat)

Felis chaus (Jungle cat)

†Pristifelis

†Pristifelis attica

Leopard cat lineage

Prionailurus

	Prionailurus bengalensis (Leopard cat)

	Prionailurus javanensis (Sunda leopard cat)

	Prionailurus viverrinus (Fishing cat)

Prionailurus planiceps (Flat-headed cat)

Prionailurus rubiginosus (Rusty-spotted cat)

Otocolobus

Otocolobus manul (Pallas's cat)

Puma lineage

Puma

	Puma concolor (Cougar)

	†Puma pardoides (Eurasian puma)

	†Puma pumoides

†Miracinonyx

	†Miracinonyx inexpectatus

	†Miracinonyx trumani

Herpailurus

Herpailurus yagouaroundi (Jaguarundi)

Acinonyx

	Acinonyx jubatus (Cheetah)

	†Acinonyx pardinensis (Giant cheetah)

	†Acinonyx aicha

	†Acinonyx intermedius

†Sivapanthera

	†Sivapanthera brachygnathus

	†Sivapanthera pleistocaenicus

	†Sivapanthera potens

	†Sivapanthera linxiaensis

	†Sivapanthera padhriensis

	†Sivapanthera arvernensis

Lynx

Lynx lineage

	Lynx lynx (Eurasian lynx)

	Lynx pardinus (Iberian lynx)

Lynx canadensis (Canada lynx)

Lynx rufus (Bobcat)

†Lynx issiodorensis (Issoire lynx)

†Lynx rexroadensis

†Lynx thomasi

Leopardus

Ocelot lineage

	Leopardus pardalis (Ocelot)

	Leopardus wiedii (Margay)

Leopardus tigrinus (Oncilla)

Leopardus guigna (Kodkod)

	Leopardus geoffroyi (Geoffroy's cat)

	Leopardus guttulus (Southern tiger cat)

	Leopardus colocolo (Pampas cat)

	Leopardus jacobita (Andean mountain cat)

†Leopardus vorohuensis

Caracal lineage

Caracal

	Caracal caracal (Caracal)

	Caracal aurata (African golden cat)

Leptailurus

Leptailurus serval (Serval)

Bay cat lineage

Catopuma

	Catopuma badia (Bay cat)

	Catopuma temminckii (Asian golden cat)

Pardofelis

Pardofelis marmorata (Marbled cat)

†Pratifelis

†Pratifelis martini

†Leptofelis

†Leptofelis vallesiensis

sensu stricto

Pantherinae

†Miopanthera

	†Miopanthera pamiri

sensu lato

References

^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Felinae". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–545. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 11: 11−63.
^ Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.
^ Werdelin, L. (2013). "Subfamily Felinae − Cats". In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.). Mammals of Africa. Vol. 5. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 144–210. ISBN 978-1-4081-2251-8.
^ ^a ^b Pocock, R. I. (1917). "The classification of the existing Felidae". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series 8. XX (119): 329–350. doi:10.1080/00222931709487018.
^ Hast, M. H. (1989). "The larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats". Journal of Anatomy. 163: 117–121. PMC 1256521. PMID 2606766.
^ Peters, G. (2002). "Purring and similar vocalizations in mammals". Mammal Review. 32 (4): 245−271. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00113.x.
^ Pocock, R. I. (1917). "VII.—On the external characters of the Felidæ". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 8. 19 (109): 113−136. doi:10.1080/00222931709486916.
^ Fischer, G. (1817). "Adversaria Zoologica. Fasciculus primus. Quaedam ad Mammalium systema et genera illustranda". Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou. 5: 357−446.
^ Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment". Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825.
^ Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J. (2016). "Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)". Genome Research. 26 (1): 1−11. doi:10.1101/gr.186668.114. PMC 4691742. PMID 26518481.
^ Brookes, J. (1828). "Section Carnivora". A catalogue of the Anatomical and Zoological Museum of Joshua Brookes. London: Richard Taylor. p. 16.
^ Schreber, J. C. D. (1777). "Der Gepard". Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen (Dritter Theil). Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 392–393.
^ Gray, J. E. (1843). "Felidae". List of the specimens of Mammalia in the British Museum. London: The British Museum. pp. 39–46.
^ Schreber, J. C. D. (1777). "Der Karakal". Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 413–414.
^ Temminck, C. J. (1827). "Félis doré Felis aurata". Monographies de Mammalogie. Paris: G. Dufour et E. d'Ocagne. pp. 120−121.
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^ Burchell, W. J. (1824). "Felis nigripes". Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa, Vol. II. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. p. 592.
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^ Milne-Edwards, A. (1892). "Observations sur les mammifères du Thibet". Revue Générale des Sciences Pures et Appliquées. III: 670–671.
^ Geoffroy St. Hilaire, É. (1803). "Le Chat Yagouarundi Felis yagouarundi". Catalogue des Mammifères du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris, France: Museum National d'histoire naturelle. p. 124.
^ Gray, J. E. (1842). "Descriptions of some new genera and fifty unrecorded species of Mammalia". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 10 (65): 255−267. doi:10.1080/03745484209445232.
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^ Schreber, J. C. D. (1778). "Die Maragua". Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 396–397.
^ ^a ^b Molina, G. I. (1782). "La Guigna Felis guigna". Saggio sulla storia naturale del Chilli. Bologna: Stamperia di S. Tommaso d’Aquino. p. 295. Archived from the original on 2019-06-08. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
^ Schinz, H. R. (1821). "Wiedische Katze Felis wiedii". Das Thierreich eingetheilt nach dem Bau der Thiere: als Grundlage ihrer Naturgeschichte und der vergleichenden Anatomie von dem Herrn Ritter von Cuvier. Säugethiere und Vögel, Volume 1. Stuttgart, Tübingen: Cotta. pp. 235–236.
^ D'Orbigny, A.; Gervais, P. (1844). "Mammalogie: Nouvelle espèce de Felis". Extraits des Procès-verbaux des Séances. 9: 40−41.
^ Cornalia, E. (1865). "Descrizione di una nuova specie del genere Felis. Felis jacobita (Corn.)". Memorie della Societá Italiana di Scienze Naturali. 1: 3−9.
^ Hensel, R. (1872). "Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Säugethiere Süd-Brasiliens". Physikalische Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (1873): 1−130.
^ Schreber, J. C. D. (1778). "Der Serval". Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther.
^ ^a ^b Kerr, R. (1792). "F. Lynx canadensis". The Animal Kingdom or zoological system of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus. Class I. Mammalia. Edinburgh & London: A. Strahan & T. Cadell. p. 157−158.
^ Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Felis lynx". Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. 43.
^ Schreber, J. C. D. (1778). "Der Rotluchs". Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 442–443.
^ Temminck, C. J. (1827). "Felis pardina". Monographies de mammalogie, ou description de quelques genres de mammifères, dont les espèces ont été observées dans les différens musées de l'Europe. Vol. 1. Leiden: C. C. Vander Hoek. pp. 116−117.
^ Brandt J. F. (1842). "Observations sur le manoul (Felis manul Pallas)". Bulletin Scientifique. Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Petersbourg. 9: 37–39.
^ Pallas, P. S. (1776). "Felis manul". Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs in einem ausführlichen Auszuge. Volume 3. Frankfurt und Leipzig: J. G. Fleischer. p. 490.
^ Martin, W. C. (1836). "Description of a new species of Felis". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. IV (XLVII): 107–108.
^ Kerr, R. (1792). "Bengal Tiger-Cat Felis bengalensis". The Animal Kingdom or zoological system of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus. Class I. Mammalia. Edinburgh & London: A. Strahan & T. Cadell. pp. 151–152.
^ Desmarest, A. G. (1816). "Le Chat de Java, Felis javanensis Nob.". In Société de naturalistes et d'agriculteurs (ed.). Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine. Tome 6. Paris: Chez Deterville. p. 115.
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^ Linnaeus, C. (1771). "Felis concolor". Mantissa plantarum altera. Generum editionis VI et specierum editionis II. Regni animalis appendix. Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. p. 522.
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^ Adams, D. B. (1979). "The Cheetah: Native American". Science. 205 (4411): 1155–1158. Bibcode:1979Sci...205.1155A. doi:10.1126/science.205.4411.1155. PMID 17735054. S2CID 17951039.
^ Kretzoi, M. (1929). "Materialien zur phylogenetischen Klassifikation der Ailuroïden". In Csiki, E. (ed.). Xe Congrès international de zoologie, tenu à Budapest du 4 au 10 septembre 1927. Volume 2. Budapest: Imprimerie Stephaneus. pp. 1293−1355.
^ Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.
^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

External links

Media related to Felinae at Wikimedia Commons

[MSW3-1] Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Felinae". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–545. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

[Catsg2017-2] Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 11: 11−63.

[werdelin-3] Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)". In Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.

[Kingdon-4] Werdelin, L. (2013). "Subfamily Felinae − Cats". In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.). Mammals of Africa. Vol. 5. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 144–210. ISBN 978-1-4081-2251-8.

[Pocock1917-5] Pocock, R. I. (1917). "The classification of the existing Felidae". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series 8. XX (119): 329–350. doi:10.1080/00222931709487018.

[6] Hast, M. H. (1989). "The larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats". Journal of Anatomy. 163: 117–121. PMC 1256521. PMID 2606766.

[7] Peters, G. (2002). "Purring and similar vocalizations in mammals". Mammal Review. 32 (4): 245−271. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00113.x.

[8] Pocock, R. I. (1917). "VII.—On the external characters of the Felidæ". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 8. 19 (109): 113−136. doi:10.1080/00222931709486916.

[9] Fischer, G. (1817). "Adversaria Zoologica. Fasciculus primus. Quaedam ad Mammalium systema et genera illustranda". Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou. 5: 357−446.

[Johnson2006-10] Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment". Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825.

[11] Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J. (2016). "Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)". Genome Research. 26 (1): 1−11. doi:10.1101/gr.186668.114. PMC 4691742. PMID 26518481.

[12] Brookes, J. (1828). "Section Carnivora". A catalogue of the Anatomical and Zoological Museum of Joshua Brookes. London: Richard Taylor. p. 16.

[13] Schreber, J. C. D. (1777). "Der Gepard". Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen (Dritter Theil). Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 392–393.

[14] Gray, J. E. (1843). "Felidae". List of the specimens of Mammalia in the British Museum. London: The British Museum. pp. 39–46.

[15] Schreber, J. C. D. (1777). "Der Karakal". Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 413–414.

[16] Temminck, C. J. (1827). "Félis doré Felis aurata". Monographies de Mammalogie. Paris: G. Dufour et E. d'Ocagne. pp. 120−121.

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