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Crocuta
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Crocuta
Temporal range: 3.8–0 Ma
↓
 Pliocene - Present
Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Hyaenidae
Subfamily: Hyaeninae
Genus: Crocuta
Kaup, 1828
Type species
Hyaena crocuta
Erxleben, 1777
Species

Crocuta is a genus of hyena containing the largest extant member of the family, the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta). Several fossil species are also known, with the Pleistocene Eurasian cave hyenas either being regarded as distinct species or subspecies of the spotted hyena.

Taxonomy

[edit]

It is still unclear whether the genus evolved in Africa or Asia, although the oldest known fossils are from Africa and dated to about 3.8 mya.[1] The earliest remains from Asia currently attributed to the genus is Crocuta honanensis from the Early Pleistocene of China dating to around 2.5-2.2 million years ago, but its relationship to the living spotted hyena is ambiguous. Crocuta first appears in Europe around 800,000 years ago at the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene, replacing the giant hyena Pachycrocuta.[2]

The Eurasian "cave hyenas" (Crocuta spelaea, Crocuta ultima and others) have either been considered subspecies of the living spotted hyena,[1] or as distinct species.[3] Genetic analysis of cave hyenas have found them to be strongly genetically divergent from living African spotted hyenas, albeit with some evidence of limited interbreeding between the two populations.[4]

Two extinct species are known to have coexisted with each other in eastern Africa during the Pliocene; Crocuta eturono and Crocuta dietrichi, each one probably occupying a different niche in regards to their preference for scavenging or hunting.[5] In Ahl al Oughlam, a Pliocene site in Morocco, lived the species Crocuta dbaa.[6] In China there was a Pliocene species, Crocuta honanensis,[7] The holotype of Crocuta sivalensis from the Indian subcontinent has been determined to be a specimen of Pliocrocuta and unrelated to Crocuta proper.[8]

References

[edit]
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Crocuta

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from Grokipedia
Crocuta is a in the Hyaenidae, comprising the (Crocuta crocuta) as its sole extant and several extinct known from the record spanning the to Pleistocene epochs, with the genus distributed across , , and . The genus originated around 5 million years ago, with evidence indicating a historical range far beyond the current sub-Saharan African distribution of the living , and morphological adaptations evolving from solitary scavenging to cooperative hunting behaviors. The , the largest living , measures 95–150 cm in body length, stands 75–85 cm at the shoulder, and weighs 45–90 kg, with females typically larger and more aggressive than males. It features a sandy to gray coat heavily spotted with black, a sloping back, short hind legs, and exceptionally strong jaws with bone-crushing dentition adapted for scavenging and hunting. Native to open habitats such as savannas, grasslands, and semi-deserts in —from to —C. crocuta avoids dense forests but can inhabit elevations up to 4,000 m. Socially, spotted live in matriarchal clans of 6–100 individuals, where females dominate males and follows female lines; males disperse from natal clans at maturity to join others. They are highly vocal, producing a characteristic "whoop" call and a laughter-like sound during conflicts, and exhibit complex behaviors including cooperative hunting of prey like and zebras, which forms up to 70% of their diet, supplemented by scavenging. Reproduction is aseasonal and polygynous, with a 110-day yielding 1–4 cubs (twins common); s possess a unique formed from fused , through which they urinate, mate, and give birth. Cubs are born precocial but remain dependent in communal dens for up to 18 months. Ecologically, C. crocuta serves as an and , competing with lions and influencing dynamics through carcass disposal and nutrient cycling, though it faces human persecution due to livestock depredation. The is listed as Least Concern on the , with a decreasing trend estimated at 27,000–47,000 individuals, primarily threatened by habitat loss, snares, and retaliatory killings outside protected areas. species of Crocuta, such as C. spelaea (the European ) and up to seven others, highlight the genus's former diversity and adaptation to environments before regional extinctions.

Etymology and taxonomy

Etymology

The genus name Crocuta derives from the Latin crocuta, which in turn is borrowed from the krokóttas (κροκόττας), referring to a mythical beast described in classical texts as a ferocious dog-wolf hybrid inhabiting or . This creature, first attested in the writings of (5th–4th century BCE), was said to imitate human voices to lure and devour prey, combining traits like the speed of a horse, the strength of an ox, and the savagery of a . further popularized the term in his Naturalis Historia (c. 77 CE), using variants such as crocotas, corocottas, and leucrocottas to describe a similar mythical animal with magical properties, including the ability to dig up gold and speak like humans. The name krokóttas itself traces etymologically to the koṭṭhâraka (a type of ), possibly altered through phonetic shifts in ancient traveler accounts from to . These ancient depictions likely stemmed from distorted observations of spotted (Crocuta crocuta), whose vocalizations and scavenging habits evoked lore. The spotted hyena was first described as Canis crocuta by Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben in his 1777 work Systema Regni Animalis, drawing on earlier descriptions by Thomas Pennant (1771). The genus Crocuta was established by Johann Jakob Kaup in 1828 to distinguish the spotted hyena from other hyena genera, such as Hyaena (derived from Greek hyaina, meaning "female pig," alluding to the striped and brown hyenas' hog-like features), reflecting early recognition of distinct morphological and behavioral differences within the family Hyaenidae.

Taxonomic classification

Crocuta is a within the family Hyaenidae, which belongs to the order and suborder . It is classified in the subfamily Hyaeninae, comprising the bone-cracking , alongside genera such as Hyaena and Parahyaena. Phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear and sequences indicate that Crocuta forms a monophyletic sister to the group containing Hyaena and Parahyaena, while the aardwolf Proteles represents the most basal lineage within Hyaenidae. This positioning reflects the family's evolutionary divergence within , closer to felids than canids. The genus Crocuta is currently monotypic among extant forms, with C. crocuta (the spotted hyena) as its sole living species; no subspecies are recognized due to extensive genetic and morphological variation across populations. Historically, the spotted hyena was initially described as Canis crocuta by Erxleben in 1777, but morphological distinctions—such as robust build and dentition—led to its separation from the genus Hyaena and the establishment of Crocuta by Kaup in 1828.

Species

Extant species

The genus Crocuta is represented by a single extant species, the (Crocuta crocuta), which is the largest living member of the Hyaenidae family. This species inhabits diverse open habitats across , from semi-deserts and savannas to lightly wooded areas, with confirmed presence in countries including , , , , and . Its range is widespread across , though populations are decreasing due to . The possesses a distinctive powerful build, with a massive head, and shoulders, and a slightly sloping back that gives it a bear-like appearance. It features a short, dense coat that varies from light brown, beige, or sandy to yellowish-gray, marked by irregular dark spots on the sides, back, and legs; these spots are more prominent in younger individuals and may fade with age. Key identifiers include rounded, short ears and a dog-like muzzle, contributing to its robust adapted for bone-crushing. Adults measure 95–165 cm in head-body length and 70–92 cm at the shoulder, with a of 25–35 cm. Body mass shows , with females averaging 49–90 kg and males 40–55 kg, making females the larger sex. Regional variations in size and pelage coloration occur across its range, with individuals in tending to be larger and those in arid northern areas smaller and paler. Although contemporary considers C. crocuta monotypic, earlier classifications proposed various reflecting observed differences in morphology and coat pattern.

Extinct species

The genus Crocuta includes at least seven extinct known primarily from fossil records spanning the to the , distinct from the extant C. crocuta. One prominent extinct is Crocuta spelaea, commonly referred to as the , which inhabited during the , approximately 125,000 to 11,700 years ago. Fossils of this species have been extensively recovered from European cave deposits, such as those in , , and the , where they are often associated with den sites containing bone accumulations from prey like mammoths and . Morphologically, C. spelaea exhibited a larger body size than modern spotted , with estimates reaching up to 100 kg based on postcranial measurements, alongside more robust dentition adapted for bone-cracking. Another species, Crocuta ultima, is recorded from , particularly , dating to around 50,000 to 10,000 years ago. Remains of C. ultima have been found in sites such as caves in the and southern , indicating a distribution across northern latitudes during the . This species featured larger cheek teeth relative to size, suggesting enhanced bone-processing capabilities, though its postcranial was comparatively smaller than that of C. spelaea, potentially reflecting adaptations to colder environments. The earlier Crocuta dietrichi represents a species from and possibly early Eurasian dispersals, with fossils dated to approximately 3.85–3.63 million years ago in the Pliocene transitioning into the Pleistocene. Key discovery sites include localities in (e.g., Meob) and , where mandibular and dental fragments indicate a smaller overall form compared to later Crocuta species, serving as a transitional morphology in the genus's evolutionary history. Its robust , similar to later congeners, points to early specialization in hypercarnivory and scavenging.

Physical characteristics

Morphology

The genus Crocuta is characterized by a robust adapted for a scavenging and lifestyle, featuring a sloping back resulting from elongated forelegs and shorter hind legs, which elevate the shoulders above the hindquarters. This structure, combined with a massive and large head, supports powerful locomotion and prey handling, with body lengths ranging from 95 to 150 cm and shoulder heights of 75 to 85 cm in the extant species. The of Crocuta is notably massive and specialized for durophagy, with a prominent that provides extensive attachment area for the temporalis muscles, enabling strong bite forces. The includes teeth (the upper fourth and lower first molar) forming a shearing mechanism, alongside robust designed for bone-crushing, allowing the animal to access marrow from large bones. The dental is 3/3, 1/1, 4/3, 1/1, totaling 34 teeth, with the jaws exhibiting the highest strength relative to body size among extant mammals. Sensory adaptations in Crocuta emphasize olfaction and vision suited to nocturnal and crepuscular activity. The species possesses an acute , facilitated by a large nasal surface area and specialized olfactory behaviors, enabling detection of carrion or prey over long distances. Forward-facing eyes provide and enhanced , aiding in precise hunting strikes. The coat of Crocuta consists of coarse, woolly fur with a base color of sandy yellow to gray, overlaid by irregular dark brown or black spots that are most prominent on the neck, shoulders, back, flanks, and legs; these spots are darkest in juveniles and may fade in older adults. Cubs are born with a uniform grayish coat that molts into the spotted pattern by several months of age. A short, erectile mane of longer hairs runs along the neck and back, which can be raised during displays. Extinct species within the genus, such as C. spelaea, showed morphological variations including shorter distal limb segments and more robust metapodials compared to the extant form.

Adaptations

The (Crocuta crocuta), the sole extant species in the genus Crocuta, exhibits remarkable anatomical and physiological adaptations that enhance its survival in competitive ecosystems. These include specialized and cranial features for processing tough food resources, unique reproductive in females, and traits supporting prolonged physical exertion. One of the most distinctive adaptations is the bone-crushing capability of the jaws, facilitated by a robust , powerful masseter muscles, and specialized teeth with reinforced enamel. This structure allows spotted hyenas to generate bite forces estimated at up to 4,500 N, the highest relative to body size among extant mammals, enabling them to fracture large bones such as those of and access nutrient-rich marrow that competitors cannot. Females possess a highly masculinized external genitalia, characterized by an elongated resembling a , which measures up to 17 cm in length and serves multiple functions including , mating reception, and parturition. This structure, unique among mammals, results from elevated prenatal exposure and lacks a typical in other species, requiring dilation during birth to accommodate cubs. For endurance during extended pursuits, spotted hyenas have a proportionately large heart, which supports sustained aerobic activity over distances up to 4 km at speeds of 50-60 km/h. Their gait features a flexible spine and overextendable tarsal joints, promoting an energy-efficient "rocking-horse" lope that minimizes fatigue. Thermoregulation is achieved primarily through panting, which facilitates evaporative cooling in hot environments, supplemented by wallowing in water to dissipate heat post-exertion or after large meals.

Distribution and habitat

Current range

The (Crocuta crocuta) is currently distributed across , with a range extending from in the west through central and eastern regions to in the south, encompassing countries including , , , , , , , , , and . This distribution covers approximately 6.4 million km², though it is patchy in and more continuous in eastern and southern parts of the continent. The species is notably absent from dense equatorial rainforests, such as the , and extreme desert environments like the central , where unsuitable conditions limit its presence. Preferred habitats include open savannas, grasslands, semi-deserts, and lightly wooded areas up to elevations of 4,100 meters, where the hyena's scavenging and hunting behaviors are facilitated by visibility and access to prey. These environments often feature seasonal water sources, and the frequently occurs near settlements, adapting to anthropogenic landscapes while avoiding heavily forested or arid extremes. Logging activities have occasionally enabled expansion into previously inaccessible edges. As of the latest assessments, the global population is estimated at 27,000 to 47,000 individuals, with stable or increasing numbers in protected areas like the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem (Tanzania and Kenya) and Kruger National Park (South Africa), which host the largest known clans. Outside these reserves, populations face declines due to habitat fragmentation and conflict, but the overall range remains widespread enough to classify the species as Least Concern.

Historical distribution

The genus Crocuta originated in Africa during the Pliocene, with fossil evidence of early species such as C. dietrichi dating to approximately 3.63–3.85 million years ago in eastern Africa. Earlier forms remained primarily confined to Africa throughout the Early Pleistocene, as indicated by fossils from sites like Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. A major dispersal event occurred around 2.52 million years ago (95% CI: 2.21–2.83 Ma), when ancestral Crocuta populations migrated from into , likely via the Sinai-Levant corridor as part of broader faunal exchanges during the . The earliest Eurasian fossils, attributed to C. honanensis, appear in the Longdan Basin of approximately 2 million years ago, marking the initial expansion into . By the Middle Pleistocene, around 1 million years ago, Crocuta had reached , with remains of C. crocuta documented at sites like Atapuerca in , facilitating a wide distribution across the . During the Pleistocene, the genus occupied extensive ranges in Eurasia, including the (C. crocuta spelaea) in from the to , and Asian forms like C. crocuta ultima in and . The retraction of Crocuta from began in the , with populations in central and declining around 40,000 years ago, followed by extirpation in western and by approximately 31,000 years ago, based on radiocarbon-dated remains. By about 11,000 years ago, the had vanished entirely from , coinciding with the end of the and part of the broader megafaunal . This extinction was likely driven by a combination of climatic deterioration, including increased cold intolerance and reduced prey availability due to declining productivity, as well as heightened from humans and other predators like lions and cave bears. In , some populations persisted longer, with evidence from Chinese sites indicating survival into the Early , though ultimately succumbing to similar pressures.

Biology and ecology

Social structure

Spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), the sole extant in the genus Crocuta, live in stable, matriarchal clans typically comprising 6 to 100 individuals, with sizes varying based on and territory quality. These clans are characterized by strict linear dominance hierarchies, where adult females occupy the top ranks and dominate all males, regardless of the males' age or size. Rank is inherited matrilineally, with female offspring assuming positions immediately below their mothers, fostering and coalitionary support among close kin. Communication within clans is multifaceted, relying on vocal, olfactory, and visual signals to maintain cohesion, defend territories, and navigate hierarchies. The distinctive "whoop" call, a long-distance vocalization audible up to 5 km, conveys individual identity, sex, and affiliation, enabling coordination during territorial disputes or group assemblies. Scent marking, primarily via secretions from anal glands pasted onto grass stalks or rubbed on objects, reinforces territorial boundaries and advertises , with higher-ranking individuals marking more frequently. Females assume leadership roles in clan decision-making and group activities, such as initiating hunts and resolving conflicts, due to their dominant status, which grants them priority access to resources and mates. In contrast, males are born into the natal clan but typically emigrate as subadults to join unrelated clans, where they enter at the bottom of the hierarchy and must queue behind other immigrants for potential mating opportunities and status improvement. This philopatry in females and dispersal in males promotes genetic diversity while preserving the core matrilineal structure of the clan.

Diet and foraging

Spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) exhibit an omnivorous diet, with approximately 95% consisting of animal matter obtained through and scavenging, primarily medium to large s such as , zebra, and buffalo, including bones, hides, and other tough tissues that most carnivores cannot digest. The remaining 5% comprises plant matter, such as grass and occasional fruits, which is incidentally ingested or consumed during periods of scarcity and appears in fecal samples. This dietary flexibility allows spotted hyenas to exploit diverse resources across varying habitats, from savannas to semi-arid regions, where ungulate migrations provide seasonal abundance. Foraging strategies combine active and opportunistic scavenging, with capable of killing 60–95% of their food intake directly in natural settings, depending on prey availability and location. Cooperative group enhances success rates, particularly for large prey like ; small groups of 2–4 individuals achieve up to 31% capture rates for calves by coordinating chases over distances of 500–2,500 meters, targeting vulnerable rumps and loins. plays a role, as lions frequently steal kills from groups, though occasionally scavenge abandoned lion kills or engage in limited theft themselves. A single can consume up to 18 kg of meat in one feeding bout, with clans devouring an entire 100 kg carcass in under 15 minutes. Their digestive system supports this scavenging through high efficiency, with a short gut adapted for rapid processing of large volumes of low-quality , achieving 98–99% nutrient extraction from ingested material. The produces highly acidic secretions with a as low as 1.5, enabling the breakdown of bones, hides, and pathogen-laden carrion while killing and parasites that could otherwise cause . This combination of morphological adaptations and microbial interactions in the gut minimizes waste, excreting primarily indigestible hair and hooves, and allows hyenas to thrive on diets that would be toxic to other predators.

Reproduction

Reproduction in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) is characterized by polyandry, in which receptive females mate with multiple males over short estrus periods, promoting sperm competition and influencing male mating strategies such as harassment and mate guarding. This polyandrous system occurs within female-dominated clans, where high-ranking females secure preferred mates. Copulation is uniquely complicated by the female's pseudopenis—an enlarged, erectile clitoris homologous to the male penis—which must be retracted or navigated during intromission, often leading to prolonged and awkward mating attempts. Gestation lasts approximately 110 days, after which females give birth to litters of 1–4 cubs, typically 1–2 (twins common). Cubs are precocial at birth, emerging fully furred with eyes open and teeth already erupted, enabling immediate toward siblings. However, early cub mortality is high, reaching up to 60% within the first year, primarily due to , by unrelated females, starvation, disease, and predation. Newborn cubs remain largely den-bound for 1-2 months, dependent on maternal while developing skills in the communal . They emerge to accompany the on hunts around 6 months but continue until 12-18 months. is attained at about 3 years, with females typically producing their first litters around this age. In the wild, spotted have a lifespan of 12-25 years, though most do not exceed 15-19 years due to environmental pressures.

Evolutionary history

Origins and phylogeny

The genus Crocuta originated in during the to early , approximately 5–7 million years ago, evolving from early hyaenid ancestors within the family Hyaenidae. Percrocutids, such as the genus Percrocuta, represent basal hyaenids that appeared in the middle (around 15–11 million years ago) across and , characterized by robust premolars adapted for slicing rather than full bone-crushing. The transition to the Crocuta lineage involved adaptations toward enhanced durophagy, marking a shift from earlier hyaenid forms that relied more on hypercarnivory. Phylogenetically, Crocuta occupies a basal position within the Hyaeninae, the bone-crushing hyenas, diverging from other extant hyaenid genera such as Hyaena, Parahyaena, and Proteles around 10 million years ago based on fossil-calibrated molecular estimates. This divergence reflects an early split in the Hyaeninae clade during the , with Crocuta forming a monophyletic group that includes both the modern (C. crocuta) and extinct Eurasian forms like the . Genetic analyses of further support this positioning, showing deep mitochondrial haplogroups within Crocuta that trace back to African origins before dispersals to around 2.5 million years ago. Key fossil evidence from the of eastern illustrates the early evolution of Crocuta, particularly the development of specialized bone-crushing . Remains attributed to early species, such as Crocuta eturono from the Turkana Basin in (dated to approximately 3.8 million years ago), exhibit enlarged teeth and robust lower indicative of a transition toward durophagous feeding strategies. Similarly, C. dietrichi fossils from , (3.85–3.63 million years old), display reinforced jaw structures and conical premolars suited for fracturing bones, distinguishing them from more Miocene hyaenids. These African specimens underscore Crocuta's endemic development before its later Pleistocene expansion.

Extinction events

The genus Crocuta experienced significant range contractions and local extinctions outside during the , with Eurasian populations of the (C. crocuta or closely related forms) disappearing as part of broader megafaunal turnover. of over 100 specimens indicates extirpation in and around 40,000 calendar years ago, while northwest and southern European records extend to approximately 31,000 years ago, with no verified survival into the Lateglacial period (post-15,000 years ago). In eastern , particularly , the youngest directly dated fossils are from about 20,000 years ago, though population modeling suggests effective occurred between 25,000 and 30,000 years ago following a decline that began around 270,000 years ago and intensified around 60,000 years ago. These timelines align with the approach to and duration of the (approximately 26,000–19,000 years ago), after which fossil abundance of Crocuta in sharply declined to absence, with no records from the . Multiple interacting factors contributed to these Eurasian extinctions, including physiological limitations to extreme cold, which restricted suitable habitats during glacial advances. Habitat loss resulted from shifting vegetational zones and reduced primary productivity, leading to prey scarcity for large carnivores like cave hyenas. Competition intensified with sympatric predators such as cave lions (Panthera spelaea), cave bears (Ursus spelaeus), and gray wolves (Canis lupus), whose ranges overlapped and whose extinctions occurred contemporaneously around 31,000 years ago in western Europe. Human activities, including hunting and habitat alteration by early modern humans arriving in Europe around 45,000 years ago, likely exacerbated these pressures, particularly in southern refugia where climate remained suitable. Species distribution models confirm that while northern Eurasia became climatically unsuitable by the Last Glacial Maximum, southern regions stayed within thermal tolerances, underscoring the role of anthropogenic and ecological factors in the final extirpation. In , C. crocuta persisted through these global climatic shifts, owing to its behavioral and physiological adaptations to open ecosystems, which buffered against the and cooling affecting Eurasian populations. Genetic analyses reveal that African spotted hyenas maintained higher effective population sizes compared to declining Eurasian lineages, supporting ongoing viability in tropical and subtropical environments.

Conservation and human relations

Conservation status

The spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) is classified as Least Concern on the (as assessed in 2014), with an estimated population of 27,000 to 47,000 individuals, with more than 10,000 mature individuals, across . While overall numbers remain stable in protected areas, populations are declining in fragmented habitats outside these zones due to ongoing anthropogenic pressures, with local subpopulations in eastern, central, and western showing particularly sharp reductions. Major threats to the species include habitat loss and fragmentation from and human settlement, which restrict access to prey and increase encounters with people. Human-wildlife conflict is rampant, particularly in , where predate on , leading to retaliatory killings and . for , medicinal parts, and due to superstitions associating with further exacerbates mortality, especially in rural communities. Additionally, are susceptible to diseases transmitted from domestic , such as , bovine , and , often contracted while scavenging contaminated carcasses. Conservation efforts focus on habitat protection and conflict mitigation, with the species safeguarded in key reserves such as in and in , where populations are most secure. Community-based programs in , including predator-proof enclosures and awareness campaigns by organizations like the African Wildlife Foundation, aim to reduce retaliatory killings by compensating farmers and promoting coexistence strategies. National action plans, such as Kenya's Recovery and Action Plan for and , emphasize monitoring, patrols, and habitat connectivity to support long-term viability.

Interactions with humans

In many African cultures, the (Crocuta crocuta) is depicted in as a mythical whose distinctive vocalizations resemble , often symbolizing trickery or cunning. In Ethiopian traditions, are closely associated with , with beliefs that sorcerers or blacksmiths can transform into these animals to rob graves or perform malevolent acts at night. Similar negative perceptions prevail in East and Southern African societies, where are viewed as cowardly thieves or embodiments of spirits, reinforcing their role as antagonists in oral stories and rituals. Historically, humans have utilized spotted hyenas for practical purposes, including hunting them for their skins, which were valued in trade for clothing or trophies, particularly in regions like . Body parts such as sexual organs, rectum, and hairs above the eyes have been employed in across eastern Africa and the Horn, purportedly for love potions, potency enhancement, or treating ailments. Additionally, hyenas have played an inadvertent role in by scavenging human refuse and corpses, including during conflicts and epidemics, such as dragging bodies amid outbreaks in or civil wars in , thereby aiding in waste disposal on "battlefields" of disease and war. Conflicts between spotted hyenas and humans primarily arise from livestock predation, with hyenas responsible for significant economic losses in pastoral communities across East Africa, such as approximately US$9,600 annually in a community-managed forest in southern Ethiopia due to attacks on cattle and goats. In retaliation, farmers often resort to poisoning bait, which not only kills hyenas but also affects other wildlife, exacerbating conservation threats from these human-wildlife clashes. Despite these tensions, spotted hyenas contribute positively to ecotourism in protected areas like national parks in Tanzania and Kenya, where sightings attract visitors and generate revenue through safari experiences that highlight their social behaviors and ecological role.

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