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Tourism in Canada
Tourism in Canada
Tourism in Canada
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Tourism activity, 2024
framless
Economic impact[1][2]
Total revenues$104.4 to $129.7 billion
Contribution to GDP$41.0 to $50.8 billion
Portion of GDP1.8%
Top spending by source[1]
Domestic$74.8 billion
U.S. residents$15.6 billion
Overseas residents$12.9 billion
Trips from abroad[1]
Total29.8 million
United States23,46 million
United Kingdom843,000
France642,000
India439,000
Mexico432,000
Workforce[1]
Businesses265,800
Direct jobs702,700
All jobs1.8 million
Portion of labor force10%

Tourism in Canada is a major economic driver in the service sector, attracting millions of visitors and supporting approximately 10% of the national labor force. In recent years, statistics show that Canada has received over 20 million international tourists annually.[1] The summer months are especially popular for travellers both domestically and internationally.[3] Tourism and supporting industries contributed over $100 billion to the Canadian national economy in 2024. The sector supports nearly 1.8 million Canadians working in tourism-related fields.[1]

Domestic tourism in Canada is the principal economic driver of the sector, with statistics indicating that, in 2024, about 70% of all tourism spending came from Canadian residents exploring their own country.[1] Domestic statistics also indicate that travel within provinces is prevalent, with residents supporting local businesses and attractions.[1] Land border crossings by United States citizens has historically been the largest source of inbound tourists, followed by international airline travel from the United Kingdom and other European countries.[4] Visitors from Asia have become more popular in recent decades.[5] Passport holders from over 50 visa-exempt countries and nationals who require a visa can visit Canada for up to six months at a time.[6]

Federal, provincial, municipal and local government initiatives aimed at promoting sustainable tourism and attracting foreign tourists play a major role in the industry.[7] Canada is known for its safety and security,[8] attracting tourists through its natural features (e.g., Niagara Falls), festivals (e.g., Calgary stampede), arts (e.g., Toronto International Film Festival), heritage sites, (e.g., Quebec city) sporting events (e.g.,Grey Cup), amusement parks (e.g., Canada's Wonderland) and its diverse culture (e.g., Caribbean Carnival).

Canada's national parks like Banff and Jasper see millions of visitors annually, drawn by their landscapes and outdoor activities.[9] Provincial parks including Algonquin Provincial Park, Bow Valley Provincial Park and Cabot Beach Provincial Park also attract a multitude of visitors annually.[10] Natural wonders such as, Great Bear Rainforest, the Northern Lights, Hopewell Rocks, Sandbanks and Moraine Lake attract a variety of international and domestic tourist throughout the year.[11] The country is home to numerous historical and cultural national museums and galleries, such as the Canadian Museum of History, Canadian Museum for Human Rights and National Gallery of Canada.[12] Provincial museums that attract significance amount of tourist include, the Royal Ontario Museum, the Royal British Columbia Museum and the Nova Scotia museum system.[13]

Statistics

[edit]

Canada ranks among the safest countries in the world for tourists by multiple indexes.[14][15][16] According to the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index, that measure the attractiveness and potential of countries for investment and development in the travel and tourism sector, ranks Canada 11th out of 116 countries studied.[17] The index also shows that Canada has a low standing when it comes to price competitiveness, coming in at 101 out of 116 countries looked at globally.[17]

According to various sources tourism related industries contributed between $104.4 billion,[18] to $129.7 billion to the Canadian economy.[2] Resulting in GDP contributions of approximately $41.0 billion to $50.8 billion.[1][2]

In 2024, total spending by visitors from the U. S. was $15.6 billion (78.7% of trips), while overseas visitors spent $12.9 billion (21.3% of trips). Canadians spent a total of $74.8 billion while travelling within Canada, with the highest spending on transportation (34.3%), followed by food and beverages (25.8%), accommodations (21.6%), recreation and entertainment (9.4%), clothing and gifts (3.7%), and other expenses (5.2%). Conversely, visitors from abroad spent most on accommodations (35.8%), food and beverages (26.6%), and transportation (13.2%).[19]

Ontario was the most visited province in Canada, receiving 39.8% of Canadian visitors and 41.8% of visitors from abroad. Quebec followed with 20.3% of Canadian visitors and 14.8% of international visitors, while British Columbia received 11.9% of Canadian visitors and 26.7% of visitors from abroad.[19]

Canadians made a total of 42.9 million visits abroad, with the top five countries visited being the United States (30.2 million visits), Mexico (2.2 million), the Dominican Republic (1.0 million), the United Kingdom (829,000), and Italy (784,000). Visitors from other countries made 29.8 million trips to Canada, primarily from the United States (23.5 million), followed by the United Kingdom (843,000), France (642,000), India (439,000), and Mexico (432,000).[19]

In 2023, non-Canadian visitors made 27.2 million trips to Canada, with U.S. residents contributing the most, accounting for 21.2 million of those trips. The total spending by tourists reached $12.9 billion for U.S. residents and $12.6 billion for overseas visitors.[20]

Historical data

[edit]

Historically, tourists to Canada were predominantly Americans, making up 98% of visitors in 1947. By 2015, this number dropped to 70%, reflecting a rise in overseas tourists. The number of overseas visitors grew faster than U. S. tourists over the decades. Between 1960 and 1970, there was a notable increase of over six times in overseas tourists, while American tourist numbers decreased during the 1970s.[21]

In 1946, around 4 million tourists visited Canada, and this number grew to over 15 million by 1967, largely due to the rise in commercial air travel. The visitor count continued to increase until 2002 when it topped 20 million, before experiencing a decline largely caused by a drop in American tourists. Factors that contributed to this downturn included the SARS outbreak in 2003, the rise in the Canadian dollar, stricter ID laws introduced in 2009, and the global recession of 2008–2009. After these challenges, tourism numbers rebounded to nearly 18 million in 2015.[21]

From 1960 to 1970, the number of overseas tourists increased more than sixfold. Conversely, American tourist numbers grew by only 55% during the 1960s and fell by 16% in the 1970s. The trend of increasing overseas tourists continued into the late 1990s, reaching 4 million for the first time during that decade.[21]

The number of trips taken by Canadians abroad also increased significantly. From 1946 to 1960, trips to both the U. S. and overseas more than tripled. This growth continued, peaking at nearly 35 million trips by 2014. Travel trends for Canadians have often mirrored the value of the Canadian dollar; when the dollar depreciated in the 1990s, trips abroad declined, but this figure rose again after 2002 as the dollar appreciated.[21]

Canada welcomed 32 million visitors in 2019, with Toronto and Vancouver drawing the most attention. However, the COVID-19 epidemic had a significant influence on the tourism sector.[22] April 2020 was the first complete month when countries around the world started to limit border access, which nearly halted international travel to and from Canada. The count of arrivals from countries other than the United States dropped by 96.6%, and those coming from the United States decreased by 96.8%.[23] By June 2022, over two years later, and the number of international travellers arriving at Canadian airports was almost back to what it was before the pandemic hit. It was estimated that 846,700 non-resident visitors came in, which was a big jump from the 26,200 arrivals seen in June 2021.[23] Canadians accounted for 85.8% of all tourism spending in early 2022, including 315,400 foreign visitors to Canada in May 2022. Almost ten times as many American tourists visited Canada in May compared to the year before, and similar increases were seen from other countries. In May 2019, 73.6% of all air travel comprised 593,200 Canadians who travelled to the United States.[22]

Government initiatives

[edit]
Canadian Pacific poster advertising travel from the UK to Canada by ship, 1920

The Canadian government and private businesses have a long tradition of promoting tourism from abroad.[21] Destination Canada was created in 1995 and reports to the Minister of Small Business and Tourism and the Minister of Innovation, Science and Economic Development.[24] It sponsors marketing campaigns domestically and in Australia, China, France, Germany, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, United Kingdom and the United States.[25]

In 2023 the federal government allocated $108 million over three years to support tourism initiatives across the country.[24] This financing is intended to help small businesses, non-profits, and both Indigenous and non-Indigenous communities improve their tourism products.[26] The distribution of funds are directed to "provincial and regional tourism associations, government agencies, hoteliers, tour operators, airlines and attractions managers".[26]

Provincial and municipal governments also have programs to assist in the promotion of tourism, such as "The Experience Ontario program", which helps coordinate community events and offers financial support to festival organizers, non-profits, and municipalities for impactful celebrations, such as Canada Day.[27] Small grants are also available through various provincial and municipal initiatives to support environmental and sustainability projects related to ecotourism.[28]

Ecotourism

[edit]
Bridal Veil Falls on Lake Huron's Manitoulin Island, Ontario

Ecotourism, which emphasizes low-impact appreciation of nature, is gaining traction, with 82% of Canadians showing interest in it.[29] A survey by Deloitte - Future of Canada centre found that 54% of Canadians are interested in Indigenous experiences, such as cultural workshops and traditional accommodations.[30] Canada made up 2.2% of the world's ecotourism market in 2023. The ecotourism industry in Canada brought in a total of US$5,296.3 million in 2023.[31]

Organizations like Parks Canada and the Indigenous Tourism Association of Canada (ITAC) support local communities to bolster tourism.[32] Destination Canada joined the Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) in late 2023.[33] Ecotourism hotspots include Grasslands National Park in Saskatchewan, Manitoulin Island in Ontario, the Bay of Fundy in New Brunswick, Torngat Mountains National Park in Newfoundland and Labrador for Inuit culture, and Wanuskewin in Saskatchewan for Plains Cree culture and bison restoration efforts.[29]

National parks

[edit]
Main article: National parks of Canada
Further information: List of national parks of Canada

National parks of Canada are vast natural spaces located throughout the country that are protected by Parks Canada, a government agency. Parks Canada manages the National Parks and Reserves in order to protect and preserve the Canadian wildlife and habitat that fall within the ecosystems of the park, educate visitors, and ensure public enjoyment in ways that do not compromise the area for future generations.[34] The areas that fall within Parks Canada's governance include a wide range of protected areas, encompassing National Historic Sites, National Marine Conservation Areas (NMCA), and National Park Reserves. Canada established its first national park in Banff in 1885, and has since expanded its national park system to include 37 national parks and 11 national park reserves.[34]

Provincial parks

[edit]
Main article: Protected areas of Canada
Winter scene in Algonquin Park

Protected areas of Canada consist of approximately 12.1 percent of the nation's landmass and freshwater are considered conservation areas, including 11.4 percent designated as protected areas.[35] Approximately 13.8 percent of Canada's territorial waters are conserved, including 8.9 percent designated as protected areas.[35] Terrestrial areas conserved have increased by 65 percent in the 21st century, while marine areas conserved have increased by more than 3,800 percent.[35]

Conservation and protected areas have different mandates depending on the organization which manages them, with some areas having a greater focus on ecological integrity, historical preservation, public usage, scientific research, or a combination of usages.[36] Some areas such as the Polar Bear Pass, are co-managed and overseen by government and local indigenous agencies.[37]

World Heritage Sites

[edit]
Main article: List of World Heritage Sites in Canada
Nahanni National Park in the Dehcho Region of the Northwest Territories

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites are places of importance to cultural or natural heritage as described in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972.[38] Cultural heritage consists of monuments (such as architectural works, monumental sculptures, or inscriptions), groups of buildings, and sites (including archaeological sites). Natural heritage consists of natural features (physical and biological formations), geological and physiographical formations (including habitats of threatened species of animals and plants), and natural sites which are important from the point of view of science, conservation, or natural beauty.[39] Canada accepted the convention on 23 July 1976.[40] There are 22 World Heritage Sites in Canada, with a further 10 on the tentative list.[40]

The first two sites in Canada added to the list were L'Anse aux Meadows and Nahanni National Park Reserve, both at the Second Session of the World Heritage Committee, held in Washington, D.C., in 1978.[41] The most recent sites listed were Tr’ondëk-Klondike and Anticosti, both in 2023.[40] Two sites are shared with the United States. Ten sites are listed for their cultural significance, eleven for natural significance, and one, Pimachiowin Aki, is listed for both. Canada has served as a member of the World Heritage Committee four times: 1976–1978, 1985–1991, 1995–2001, and 2005–2009.[40]

National Historic Sites

[edit]
Main article: National Historic Sites of Canada
Further information: Lists of historic places in Canada
Writing-on-Stone / Áísínai’pi in Alberta is of significant cultural importance to the Blackfoot peoples and was designated a National Historic Sites of Canada in 2006.[42]

National Historic Sites of Canada (French: Lieux historiques nationaux du Canada) are places that have been designated by the federal Minister of the Environment on the advice of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada (HSMBC), as being of national historic significance.[43][44] Parks Canada, a federal agency, manages the National Historic Sites program. As of November 2023, there were 1,005 National Historic Sites,[45] 171 of which are administered by Parks Canada; the remainder are administered or owned by other levels of government or private entities.[46] The sites are located across all ten provinces and three territories, with two sites located in France (the Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial and Canadian National Vimy Memorial).[47]

There are related federal designations for National Historic Events and National Historic Persons.[48] Sites, Events and Persons are each typically marked by a federal plaque of the same style, but the markers do not indicate which designation a subject has been given. For example, the Rideau Canal is a National Historic Site, while the Welland Canal is a National Historic Event.[49]

Festivals, sporting events and amusement parks

[edit]
Main articles: List of festivals in Canada and List of amusement parks in the Americas
Further information: List of casinos in Canada
A poster featuring a man riding a bucking horse on an open prairie field. In each corner is a photograph of four different middle-aged well-dressed gentlemen.
The Program for the 1912 Calgary Stampede (part of the collection of the Glenbow Archives).

Canada has a long tradition of hosting festivals and events throughout the year.[50] The industry adds over $33 billion to the country's economy and provides jobs for more than 229,000 people in areas like business events, trade fairs, festivals, and meetings.[51] Popular festivals include the summer's Montreal Jazz Festival and Calgary Stampede, Winterlude in Ottawa-Gatineau during the winter, and nationwide celebrations for Canada Day. Other notable festivals include the Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF), Vancouver Pride Parade and Just For Laughs comedy festival.[52] The Canadian National Exhibition is an annual fair that takes place at Exhibition Place in Toronto with approximately 1.6 million visitors each year, it's Canada's largest annual community event and one of the top fairs in North America.[53]

Canada hosts numerous top level sporting events, from annual professional championships like the Grey Cup (CFL), and occasionally hosting the World Series (MLB), NBA playoffs and Stanley Cup Playoffs (NHL) to international multi-sport games such as the Canada Games, the Commonwealth Games, Olympic Games, and the FIFA World Cup. Other notable events include those in motorsports (Formula 1 Canadian Grand Prix), golf (National Bank Open), tennis (National Bank Open), and curling (The Brier).[54] The spectator sports industry generated an operating revenue of approximately $4.4 billion in 2023.[55]

Canada is also home to multiple large amusement parks such as Canada's Wonderland in Ontario, Canada's largest amusement park with approximately 3.8 million visitors annually.[56] La Ronde in Quebec is the country's second largest amusement park originally built as the entertainment complex for Expo 67, the 1967 world's fair.[57] Calaway Park is western Canada's largest amusement park with approximately 160 acres (65 ha) of land.[58] Galaxyland in the West Edmonton Mall in Alberta is an indoor amusement centre, alongside World Waterpark, attracts visitors all year round.[58] Businesses in the amusement and recreation subsector reported earnings of approximately $15.6 billion in 2023.[59]

Museums and art galleries

[edit]
Main articles: National museums of Canada and Provincial and territorial museums of Canada
Further information: List of museums in Canada
The Canadian Museum of History is a national museum on anthropology, Canadian history, cultural studies, and ethnology in Gatineau, Quebec, Canada.

There are nine national museums in Canada, including seven located in the National Capital Region, one in Western Canada, and another in Atlantic Canada. Four of these museums are independent Crown corporations reporting to the Canadian Heritage Minister. The national museums include: the Canada Agriculture and Food Museum, Canada Aviation and Space Museum, Canada Science and Technology Museum, Canadian Museum of History, Canadian War Museum, Canadian Museum for Human Rights, Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21, Canadian Museum of Nature, and the National Gallery of Canada.[12]

Provincial and territorial museums are similar to national museums and are operated by provincial and territorial governments. In Quebec, the term "national" is used for provincial museums. The Manitoba Museum in Winnipeg covers both human and natural history and had over 303,000 visitors in 2017.[60] The Royal Ontario museum in Toronto is Canada's largest museum, attracting 1.4 million visitors in 2017 and features art, human history, and natural history.[61] The Ontario Science Centre in Toronto is an interactive science museum that saw nearly 900,000 visitors in 2019.[62] Notable galleries include the Art Gallery of Ontario, recognized for its extensive collection of Canadian art, and the Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, which holds around 40,000 works created in or by Quebec artists since the 18th century.[63] Some galleries, like The Rooms in Newfoundland and Labrador, serve multiple functions.[64]

Provinces and territories

[edit]

Alberta

[edit]
Main article: Tourism in Alberta
Moraine Lake, and the Valley of the Ten Peaks

Tourism in Alberta saw 38.1 million visits that generated $14.4 billion in revenue, and supporting around 260,000 jobs in 2024.[65] The province hosts approximately 27,900 tourism-related businesses.[66] The number of domestic visits to the Alberta Rockies was approximately 5.5 million in 2024.[67] This was the third-highest number of visits to the region on record and 3.8% below the all-time high set in 2021 (5.7 million visits).[67]

The province has six UNESCO World Heritage Sites, five national parks, and numerous provincial parks. Natural landscapes like the Banff National Park and Jasper National Park, along with urban attractions such as West Edmonton Mall and the Calgary Stampede are some of the primary attractions. The province has a long-term strategy to grow tourism to $25 billion in visitor spending by 2035, supporting attractions like the Dinosaur Provincial Park and the Royal Tyrrell Museum.[68]

British Columbia

[edit]
A statue of Ilanaaq, logo of the 2010 Olympics, located at the top of the Whistler Village Gondola on Whistler Mountain

British Columbia is one of the most-visited parts of Canada, with tourism ranking as the province's second-largest industry.[69] British Columbia's tourism reached approximately $22.1 billion in revenue in 2023, supporting over 125,000 jobs with $5.9B in wages.[70] The province is home to vast mountains, large forests, and a diverse coastline. The Rocky Mountains in the interior attract skiers in the winter and bikers and hikers in the summer. The Pacific coastline attracts tourists with its beaches and for kayaking and whale watching, particularly around places like Vancouver Island.[69]

Vancouver, the largest city in British Columbia, is an urban centre that offers a mix of culture, history, and entertainment. Tourists are attracted to Stanley Park, Granville Island, and the Capilano Suspension Bridge. Events like the Vancouver International Film Festival and the Vancouver Folk Music Festival attract tourist from around the world and domestically.[69]

Manitoba

[edit]
Deep Lake at Riding Mountain National Park

Manitoba, a province located in central Canada, welcomed over 10.6 million visitors spending approximately $1.89 billion in 2024.[71] The province national parks like Riding Mountain National Park and Wapusk National Park, attract ecotourist for hiking, wildlife viewing, and camping. Assiniboine River attracts tourists for its water activities such as boating and fishing.[72]

Winnipeg, the provincial capital, is home to numerous museums and cultural institutions, such as the Canadian Museum for Human Rights and the Manitoba Museum. Events like Folklorama and Festival du Voyageur. Both provincial government a municipal governments have invested in infrastructure, including hotels, transportation, and tourism promotion, making the province more accessible to travellers.[73]

New Brunswick

[edit]
Main article: Tourism in New Brunswick
Tilted layers of sandstone at Hopewell Rocks in the Bay of Fundy

In 2024, tourism in New Brunswick generated $2.5 billion in visitor spending,[74] attracted by natural features such as the Bay of Fundy, known for its tides. Sites such as Hopewell Rocks, Fundy National Park, and the old Roosevelt Campobello International Park are popular destinations[75]

The city of Saint John historic Loyalist areas feature colonial architecture of the first English settlers. Attractions include the New Brunswick Museum and Saint John Jewish Historical Museum. Fredericton, the capital city, hosts various cultural festivals such as the Harvest Jazz and Blues Festival, celebrating local music and food, which draws many visitors each year.[76]

Newfoundland and Labrador

[edit]
Replica of 'Hall A' at L'Anse aux Meadows a National Historic Site of Canada since 1978

Newfoundland and Labrador tourism contributed over $1.14 billion to the economy in 2023.[77] Natural wonders like Gros Morne National Park (fjords, Tablelands), lighthouses at Cape Spear and Signal Hill alongside the Viking archaeological site at L'Anse aux Meadows and puffins, whale and iceberg viewing attract a wide array of visitors.[78]

The province's capital, St. John's, is the oldest city in North America, founded in 1497 by John Cabot. It contains many historical locations, such as Cabot Tower, receiver of the first wireless trans-Atlantic message in 190. St. John's has become a popular stop for cruise ships originating from ports in Canada, the United States and Europe.[79] The cruise industry has brought tens of thousands of tourists to the St. John's area. In the city's downtown core, George Street, renowned for its nightlife, is home to the most bars and pubs per square foot in North America.[80]

Northwest Territories

[edit]
Nahanni National Park Reserve, one of several national parks and reserves in the Northwest Territories

The Northwest Territories has one of the lowest population densities in Canada, but still saw approximately 120,000 visitors spending more than $210 million in 2022.[81] Its tourism is centred around activities like seeing the Northern Lights, hiking in national parks, and exploring pristine lakes and rivers. Key attractions include Great Slave Lake, Nahanni National Park Reserve, Wood Buffalo National Park, and cities like Yellowknife which provide urban amenities.[82]

The Indigenous culture tourism with guided tours to archaeological sites, traditional fishing, and dog sledding has become popular. Festivals like the National Indigenous Peoples Day exhibit music, storytelling, and dance, Sacred sites like Nááts'ihch'oh, Nahanni National Park Reserve, and Thaidene Nëné National Park Reserve. are open to the public.[83]

Nova Scotia

[edit]
Main article: Tourism in Nova Scotia
Lunenburg Academy, which is a National Historic Site of Canada and a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Nova Scotia received over 2 million visitors, generating approximately $3.5 billion in revenue in 2024.[84] The province has two major national parks, Cape Breton Highlands National Park and Kejimkujik National Park. Nova Scotia is also home to three UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The two cultural and one natural site are the town of Lunenberg, the Grand-Pré National Historic Site, and the Joggins fossil cliffs.[85] Nova Scotia is also famous for its numerous historical sites, museums, and natural areas. For the year 2024, visitation to Nova Scotia saw just over 2 million non-resident visitors.[86] Peggy's Cove is regarded as among the most photographed sites in Canada, known for the distinctive Peggys Point Lighthouse.[87]

Halifax, the provincial capital, has several major attractions, such as the Pier 21 museum, Citadel Hill, and the Public Gardens. The Halifax Metro Centre is home to numerous events both sport-related and otherwise, such as the Nova Scotia International Tattoo. Downtown Halifax is considered the prime tourism district in Halifax, with most historic attractions located here as well as the waterfront harbourwalk, a continuous 3 km (2 mi) stretch of boardwalk home to street vendors, entertainers, the Casino Nova Scotia, and the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic. Downtown Halifax is also the location of several major hotels, the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia and historic buildings such as Province House, the provincial legislative building; and Government House, the official residence of the Lieutenant Governor.[88]

Nunavut Territory

[edit]
Main article: Tourism in Nunavut
Aerial view of Quttinirpaaq National Park

It is estimated that Nunavut sees about 50,000 visitors each year, with around 8,000 being international travellers, mostly arriving on cruise ships. The number of cruise ship visits doubled in 2023, bringing over 5,200 passengers to 14 communities. The tourism sector currently employs about 3,000 workers.[89]

Nunavut tourism centres feature activities including wildlife viewing (polar bears, whales, muskox), hiking, and experiencing local traditions like igloo building. Top tourism destinations include Auyuittuq National Park for hiking, Quttinirpaaq National Park for its northernmost status, and the capital city of Iqaluit for cultural events like the Toonik Tyme festival. Other destinations like Cape Dorset are known for Inuit art, while Kugluktuk for wildlife viewing.[90]

Ontario

[edit]
Main article: Tourism in Ontario
Lake Ontario - Sandbanks Provincial Park

Ontario is Canada's largest province by population and the second largest by area, Ontario is a top travel destination in Canada, attracting millions of tourists each year, with over half of Canada's visits occurring in the province. Tourism in Ontario generates $35.1 billion in receipts and contributes $34.4 billion to the total GDP. The industry supports around 92,000 businesses and creates 360,000 jobs.[91]

The major cities in Ontario include Ottawa, Toronto, and Niagara Falls. Ottawa, the capital city of Canada is home to the Canadian Parliament Hill and the famous Rideau Canal. It also has numerous national galleries and museums including the National Gallery of Canada. Toronto is known for its CN Tower, which was once the tallest building in the world, and its performing arts, galleries, and various international events.[92]

Tourist attractions in Ontario include various theme parks like Canada's Wonderland and the Toronto Zoo. Museums and galleries such as the Royal Ontario Museum and the Art Gallery of Ontario. Historical sites include Casa Loma and Fort William Historical Park. Hamilton is home to North America's oldest public aviary, the Hamilton Aviary, which opened in 1928. The province also has numerous provincial parks and conservation areas ideal for outdoor activities like camping, swimming, hiking, and paddling. Notable beaches include; Wasaga Beach, Sauble Beach, and Sandbanks Provincial Park.[92]

Prince Edward Island

[edit]
The Green Gables farmhouse located in Cavendish

In 2024, Prince Edward Island tourism generated $87.9 million in tax revenue and $520.7 million in visitor spending.[93] Prince Edward Island, often referred to as the "Garden of the Gulf", tourism is based on its historical scenery, seafood cuisine, and literary tradition centred around the iconic Anne of Green Gables.

Attractions include Victoria Row, West Point Lighthouse, and the Confederation Bridge, one of the longest bridges in the world. Other popular attractions include Charlottetown's Victorian era street and Confederation Trail. The island is also renowned for its beaches, such as Cavendish Beach and Brackley Beach. The annual Charlottetown Festival focuses on the arts and features performances.[94]

Quebec

[edit]
Main article: Tourism in Quebec
Quebec City's Winter Carnival is one of the world's largest winter festivals.

Tourism in Quebec generated over $16 billion in revenue, attracted approximately 62 million visitors, supported 24,000 businesses and employed nearly 407,000 individuals in 2023.[95] Major destinations include the historic Old City of Quebec, the city of Montreal, and natural attractions like Mont-Tremblant National Park and Montmorency Falls. The province attracts millions of visitors with its unique historical sites and a wide range of seasonal activities. Popular attractions include the Chateau Frontenac, Notre-Dame Basilica, Cirque du Soleil and the Ice Hotel.

The province is divided into 21 tourist regions, including Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Bas-Saint-Laurent, Gaspésie, and Montreal.[96] The St. Lawrence River, one of the world's largest rivers and attracts many boaters. The province is home to 27 national parks, the well-known is La Mauricie National Park was established in 1970. Another popular park is Jacques-Cartier National Park.[97] Museums in Quebec also contribute significantly to the province's cultural landscape.[98] The Musée de la civilisation in Quebec City attracts millions of visitors a year. In Montreal, the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts is home to numerous International domestic collections. As of July 2019, there were 198 National Historic Sites designated in Quebec, 30 of which are administered by Parks Canada.[99][100]

Saskatchewan

[edit]
Main article: Tourism in Saskatchewan
Grasslands National Park -The Valley of 1000 Devils in the East Block

Saskatchewan's tourism sector generated over $2 billion in revenue, with more than 12 million visitors in 2022.[101] There are numerous heritages and cultural attractions in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Museums, dinosaur digs, aboriginal cultural and heritage sites, art galleries, professional sport venues, spas, handcraft, antique and tea shops, agricultural tours, theatre, and archaeological sites comprise over 600 varied Saskatchewan institutions.[102]

There are two national parks located in the province of Saskatchewan: Grasslands National Park and Prince Albert National Park. There are also four National Historic Sites operated by Parks Canada in Saskatchewan including Fort Walsh National Historic Site, Batoche National Historic Site, Fort Battleford National Historic Site and Motherwell Homestead National Historic Site. There are 37 provincial parks, provincial recreation areas, natural areas, and a Heritage rangeland are also protected on a provincial level.[103]

Yukon Territory

[edit]
Ivvavik National Park is one of three national parks located in Yukon.

Tourism revenue in the Yukon garnered over $560 million in 2024.[104] The territory's tourism motto is "Larger than life".[105] Its tourism industry relies heavily on natural environment, with many organized outfitters and guides available for activities such as hunting, angling, canoeing/kayaking, hiking, skiing, snowboarding, ice climbing, and dog sledding. These activities are offered both in an organized setting or in the backcountry, which is accessible by air or snowmobile. The Yukon's festivals and sporting events include the Adäka Cultural Festival, Yukon International Storytelling Festival, and the Yukon Sourdough Rendezvous. The Yukon's latitude enables the view of aurora borealis.

The Yukon Government maintains a series of territorial parks,[106] including parks such as Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk Territorial Park,[107] Tombstone Territorial Park,[108] Fishing Branch Ni'iinlii'njik Park,[109] and Coal River Springs Territorial Park.[110] Parks Canada, a federal agency of the Government of Canada, also maintains three national parks and reserves within the territory: Kluane National Park and Reserve, Ivvavik National Park, and Vuntut National Park.

The Yukon is also home to twelve National Historic Sites of Canada. The sites are also administered by Parks Canada, with five of the twelve sites being located within national parks. The territory is host to a number of museums, including the Copperbelt Railway & Mining Museum, the SS Klondike boat museum, the Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre in Whitehorse; as well as the Keno City Mining Museum in Keno City. The territory also holds a number of enterprises that allows tourists to experience pre-colonial and modern cultures of Yukon's First Nations and Inuit.[111]

Visitor visa

[edit]
  Canada
  Visa not required; eTA not required
  Visa not required; eTA required for travel by air
  Visa not required if with eTA and arriving by air. For travel by land or sea, or if ineligible for an eTA, a visa is required
  Visa required
Further information: Visa policy of Canada

Holders of ordinary passports issued by over 50 "Visa-exempt countries and territories" are able to visit Canada without a visa for a period of up to 6 months.[6] Other nationals will need a visitor visa to enter Canada, even if they are only going through Canadian airports. Visa officers can give one either a visa for one entry or a visa that lets one enter multiple times, and these can last up to ten years or until one's passport or biometrics run out.[112] Generally, all visitors are allowed to stay in Canada for up to six months. However, a border services officer at the entry point can decide on a shorter or longer visit, marking the end date in one's passport or giving one a visitor record. If one does not get a stamp, the six-month period starts from when one arrives or until one's passport or biometrics expire. Those with a super visa who arrive after June 22, 2023, can stay for five years.[112]

To enter Canada or obtain a visitor visa requirements include, a valid passport, a clear purpose for the visit, proof of financial support, and ties to their home country and a clean criminal record. In some cases, an invitation letter, or a medical examination and biometric information may also be required.[113] ArriveCAN is a mobile app provided by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) that allows travellers entering Canada to electronically submit travel documents and customs declarations.[114] Information on travelling to Canada, border wait times, customs and immigration, insurance, and visa requirements can be acquired through multiple official Canadian government sites.[115]

See also

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Lists of tourist attractions in Canada

References

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Tourism in Canada

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Tourism in Canada refers to the industry and activities involving domestic and international visitors exploring the country's diverse natural wonders, cultural landmarks, and urban experiences, generating substantial economic contributions through spending on accommodations, transportation, and recreation. Historically, tourism in Canada has evolved from early post-World War II growth, when approximately 4 million tourists visited in 1946, predominantly from the (98% of visitors in 1947), to a more diversified influx by 2015, with U.S. visitors comprising 70% and overseas arrivals reaching about 5 million, driven by events like and expanded air travel. The sector experienced a peak of over 20 million international tourists in 2002, followed by declines due to factors such as , economic recessions, and currency fluctuations, before recovering to around 18 million by 2015. In recent years, tourism has rebounded strongly post-pandemic, with 29.8 million trips by visitors to in 2024, including 23.5 million from the and over 6 million from overseas markets like the , , , and . Domestic also surged, with taking trips worth $74.8 billion in spending within the country that year, primarily on transportation (34.3%) and accommodations (21.6%). International visitors contributed $28.5 billion in total, with U.S. residents accounting for $15.6 billion and overseas for $12.9 billion, concentrated in provinces like (41.8% of foreign trips) and (26.7%). Economically, the sector is a vital driver, contributing $169 billion to Canada's GDP in 2024 (projected to reach a record $183 billion in 2025) and supporting 1.7 million jobs, with forecasts indicating growth to 1.8 million jobs and $138 billion in total visitor spending by 2025. Domestic spending is expected to hit $104 billion in 2025 (up 8.3% from 2024), while international spending rises to $34 billion (up 17.5%), though still 2.9% below 2019 pre-pandemic levels. Key attractions include Canada's 48 national parks, such as Banff and in the , offering hiking, wildlife viewing, and scenic landscapes, alongside national historic sites like the and cultural experiences in urban centers like and . National marine conservation areas and urban parks further highlight the country's commitment to and Indigenous reconciliation, drawing visitors for activities ranging from to cultural festivals. Seasonal events, including celebrations and winter festivals like , enhance year-round appeal, supported by government initiatives such as the Canada Strong Pass for discounted access to federal sites.

Overview

History and Development

The roots of organized tourism in Canada trace back to the late , when the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1885 facilitated access to remote natural landscapes, transforming them into leisure destinations for affluent travelers. The railway company actively promoted scenic tours through the , constructing grand hotels to accommodate visitors and stimulate economic growth in . A prime example is the , opened in 1888 as one of the earliest grand railway hotels, which exemplified the architectural style and drew international elites to . Following , tourism experienced a significant boom driven by the rise of automobile ownership and expanded road infrastructure, shifting focus from rail-dependent travel to more accessible road trips across the country. This era marked the growth of family vacations and domestic exploration, with visitor numbers nearly quadrupling from 4 million in 1946 to over 15 million by 1967. The completion of the in 1962, spanning 7,821 kilometers and connecting all ten provinces, further accelerated this trend by enabling coast-to-coast road travel and integrating remote areas into the national tourism network. The 1970s saw a surge in international tourism, bolstered by events like in , which attracted over 50 million visitors during Canada's centennial celebrations and showcased the country's cultural vibrancy to a global audience. Concurrently, Air Canada's expansion into international routes, including the introduction of wide-body jets like the , enhanced connectivity to Europe and Asia, making more accessible to overseas markets. In the and , federal policies emphasized sustainability, with the establishment of the Canadian Tourism Commission in 1995 to coordinate national marketing efforts and promote environmentally responsible practices amid growing concerns over resource impacts. The in further elevated Canada's global profile, generating widespread media exposure that reached billions and fostering long-term interest in British Columbia's outdoor and cultural offerings, thereby sustaining tourism growth in subsequent years.

Economic Significance

plays a vital role in Canada's economy, contributing significantly to (GDP), , and overall revenue generation. In 2024, the sector accounted for approximately 6% of Canada's GDP (total contribution including direct, indirect, and induced effects), equivalent to CAD 169 billion. The sector's growth outpaced the broader economy, driven by recovering international and domestic visitor spending post-pandemic. Employment supported by tourism reached 1.7 million jobs in 2024, representing a key source of livelihoods particularly in seasonal and service-oriented roles. These positions were concentrated in , which includes hotels and restaurants, and retail sectors, where demand for frontline workers remains high. The jobs span urban centers and rural areas, fostering in regions dependent on visitor economies. Overall, tourism's labor footprint underscores its role as an inclusive employer, with opportunities for diverse skill levels. Visitor expenditures in 2024 showed a breakdown with 27% allocated to accommodation, 24% to transportation, 15% to food and beverage services, and 34% to other goods and services. These patterns reflect tourists' priorities on and dining experiences, while transportation supports to remote destinations. Regional variations are notable, as and together attracted over 70% of foreign visitors in 2024. This concentration amplifies economic benefits in these provinces but also highlights the need for balanced development elsewhere. The economic multiplier effect amplifies tourism's initial spending through indirect effects (e.g., purchases) and induced effects (e.g., employee wage spending), where Total impact = Direct spending × (1 + indirect + induced multipliers). This framework illustrates how initial tourist dollars circulate, enhancing broader fiscal health and tax revenues. Forecasts indicate continued growth, with the sector projected to contribute CAD 183 billion to GDP and support 1.8 million jobs in 2025.

Types of Tourism

Ecotourism and Nature-Based Activities

Canada's sector emphasizes responsible travel that minimizes environmental impact while showcasing the country's diverse natural ecosystems, from temperate rainforests to arctic tundra. This form of promotes conservation and education, drawing visitors to experience wildlife and landscapes without compromising ecological integrity. Managed primarily through and provincial agencies, ecotourism activities are regulated to ensure , with operators adhering to guidelines that limit group sizes and habitat disturbance. The nation's 48 national parks and national park reserves, encompassing over 343,000 square kilometers, serve as the cornerstone of , attracting more than 15 million visitors annually. These protected areas offer opportunities for low-impact exploration, including guided hikes and interpretive programs that highlight biodiversity and geological features. For instance, in recorded 4.3 million visits in the 2023/24 fiscal year, underscoring its popularity for scenic drives, wildlife observation, and backcountry camping. Key nature-based activities include aurora borealis viewing in the Yukon Territory, where clear winter skies provide optimal conditions from September through March, with peak displays often occurring between 10 p.m. and 2 a.m. In , tours off operate primarily from June to October, allowing visitors to observe humpback, minke, and whales in their feeding grounds along the coastline. These experiences are designed to follow ethical viewing protocols, maintaining safe distances to avoid stressing . Ecotourism in Canada has experienced notable growth following the 2020 pandemic, with travelers prioritizing environmentally conscious options certified under standards from the Adventure Travel Trade Association (ATTA), which emphasize low-impact practices and community benefits. This surge reflects a broader shift toward regenerative tourism, supported by federal strategies like Canada 365, which aim to balance economic recovery with conservation goals. Unique offerings further distinguish Canada's ecotourism landscape, such as bear safaris in British Columbia's , a 6.4 million-hectare where guided boat and floatplane tours enable sightings of and black bears foraging along rivers. In , birdwatching at draws enthusiasts to its and marsh habitats, home to over 380 bird species, including warblers and shorebirds during spring migration. These activities not only foster appreciation for Canada's but also contribute to funding for habitat protection through visitor fees and partnerships.

Cultural and Heritage Tourism

Cultural and heritage tourism in emphasizes the nation's rich tapestry of Indigenous traditions, colonial histories, and multicultural influences, attracting visitors seeking authentic connections to the country's past and present. This sector highlights preserved sites, immersive experiences, and vibrant events that foster understanding of 's diverse identities, contributing significantly to national and cultural preservation efforts. Indigenous tourism, led by over 2,700 Indigenous-owned and operated businesses, offers a wide range of authentic cultural experiences across the country, as promoted by the Indigenous Tourism Association of Canada. These include guided tours in , where visitors explore ancient Haida villages and totem poles at the , immersing in millennia-old stories and artistry. Powwows, such as the annual Kamloopa Pow Wow in or the Manito Ahbee Festival in , serve as dynamic gatherings featuring traditional dances, drumming, and crafts, drawing participants to celebrate Indigenous resilience and spirituality. Historical sites provide tangible links to Canada's colonial era, with reconstructions and preserved structures offering interpretive programs on early European settlements. The in , a partially reconstructed 18th-century French fortress built starting in 1719 and restored between the 1960s and 1980s, allows visitors to witness daily life through costumed interpreters, musket drills, and period cuisine. Similarly, the in , a engineered in the 1820s for military transport, transforms into the world's largest skating rink each winter, spanning 7.8 kilometers and hosting skaters amid its historic locks and scenery. Multicultural festivals underscore Canada's immigrant heritage, blending global traditions in large-scale celebrations. The , held annually in July, draws nearly 1.5 million attendees to its , parades, and Indigenous performances, reflecting ranching culture and Western history. In August, Toronto's Carnival features a grand parade along with vibrant masquerade bands, music, and costumes, attracting over one million visitors to honor diasporic communities. A key aspect of this tourism is , exemplified by sites addressing historical injustices against . The Canadian Museum for Human Rights in Winnipeg, opened on September 20, 2014, dedicates galleries to Indigenous perspectives, including residential school survivor stories and calls to action from the Truth and Commission, encouraging visitors to engage with Canada's ongoing journey toward equity.

Adventure and Urban Experiences

Canada's adventure tourism sector offers thrilling high-energy pursuits that attract adrenaline seekers from around the world. Skiing and at in stand out as premier activities, with the resort drawing over 2 million visitors annually for its extensive terrain and reliable snowfall. in , located in British Columbia's Purcell Mountains, provides challenging alpine routes on glacier-sculpted granite spires, appealing to experienced mountaineers seeking remote, technical ascents. Urban experiences in Canadian cities blend metropolitan excitement with innovative attractions. In , the CN Tower's EdgeWalk offers participants a hands-free external walk at 356 meters above ground, encircling the tower's main pod on a 1.5-meter-wide ledge for an unparalleled thrill. Vancouver's Public Market serves as a vibrant urban hub, where visitors explore fresh seafood, artisanal goods, and local produce amid a lively atmosphere that draws over 10 million people each year. Nightlife and seasonal events further enhance the urban adventure appeal. Montreal's International Jazz Festival, held in July, is recognized as the world's largest jazz event, attracting more than 2 million attendees with over 350 shows across indoor and outdoor venues. In Ottawa, the February festival features elaborate ice sculptures crafted by international artists, drawing hundreds of thousands of visitors to interactive displays and winter activities along the . Urban adventure tourism in Canada has experienced notable growth, with millennial-targeted initiatives driving a 16% increase in travel bookings since 2012, fueled by demand for experiential and high-energy city-based activities. This trend reflects broader shifts toward immersive urban pursuits, supported by accessible transportation networks to major centers.

Infrastructure and Accessibility

Transportation Networks

Canada's transportation networks play a crucial role in facilitating by providing diverse options for accessing its vast , from urban centers to remote natural areas. dominates international arrivals, with the country's major airports serving as primary gateways. Rail and systems, including iconic long-distance routes and services, enable scenic and interprovincial journeys, particularly for domestic and regional exploration. is the predominant mode for international tourists, accounting for approximately 80% of non-U.S. arrivals due to the country's expansive size and limited alternative options for overseas visitors. features 10 major international airports that handle the bulk of passenger traffic, including (YYZ), (YVR), Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport (YUL), (YYC), and (YEG). These hubs connect to global destinations and support through efficient customs processing and proximity to key attractions. For instance, Pearson, the busiest airport, handled 50.5 million passengers in 2019 before the , recovering to 46.8 million in 2024 as travel demand rebounded. Rail services offer a slower, immersive alternative for cross-country , emphasizing scenic routes through diverse landscapes. VIA Rail's flagship service, , operates between and , covering 4,406 kilometers over four nights and four days, traversing boreal forests, prairies, and the . This route appeals to tourists seeking sustainable and leisurely exploration, with stops in cities like and that highlight regional heritage and natural beauty. Road networks provide flexibility for independent travelers, with the Trans-Canada Highway serving as the backbone, spanning 7,821 kilometers from , to , and connecting all 10 provinces. This system enables road trips to national parks and coastal areas, supported by well-maintained infrastructure and signage. Ferry services complement road travel in coastal regions, notably British Columbia Ferries, which transported 22.6 million passengers in the fiscal year ending March 31, 2024, linking and the mainland while offering views of fjords and wildlife. Air travel accounts for approximately 80-87% of overseas international tourist arrivals, underscoring aviation's efficiency for long-haul access, while land border crossings with the exceed 140 million annually (including both directions) in 2024, many involving leisure travel and facilitating day trips or regional visits. These networks ensure broad accessibility, though tourists often rely on connecting ground transport near major hubs for onward journeys to accommodations.

Accommodation and Services

Canada's tourism accommodation sector provides diverse lodging options tailored to various traveler preferences, ranging from high-end luxury resorts to sustainable eco-lodges and platforms. The Fairmont Hotels & Resorts chain exemplifies luxury accommodations, operating over 20 properties across the country, including iconic sites like the and Fairmont Château Lake Louise, which blend historic architecture with modern amenities such as spas and . Eco-lodges, emphasizing environmental sustainability, offer immersive nature experiences; for instance, the Clayoquot Wilderness Resort on features 25 luxury canvas tents in a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, complete with guided wilderness activities and low-impact operations. Platforms like further expand choices, with hundreds of thousands of listings enabling unique stays in urban apartments, rural cabins, and coastal homes, catering to budget-conscious and experiential travelers. Hotel performance reflects steady recovery in the sector, with the national average occupancy rate reaching 62.3% in 2023 according to CBRE data, driven by increased domestic and international visitation. This figure marks a return to near pre-pandemic levels, though seasonal variations occur, with higher demand during summer months boosting rates in key tourist areas. Visitor services enhance accessibility, including the app, which facilitates trip planning, reservations for national parks and historic sites, and real-time updates on trails and facilities. In , bilingual services are standard in tourist hubs, ensuring English and French support at hotels, attractions, and information centers to accommodate diverse visitors. Post-COVID trends have reshaped , with a notable rise in —luxury camping that combines outdoor immersion with comfort—now available at over 500 sites nationwide, from tented camps in to yurts in . Contactless technologies, such as mobile check-ins and digital keys, have become widespread in Canadian hotels, adopted by major chains to prioritize health and convenience; surveys indicate over 70% of guests prefer these options for streamlined arrivals. These innovations integrate with broader transportation networks, allowing seamless bookings for combined travel packages.

Major National Attractions

National Parks System

Canada's national parks system, administered by , comprises 48 protected areas, including 37 national parks and 11 national park reserves, spanning approximately 342,000 square kilometers and representing about 3.4% of the country's total landmass. These areas were formally established under the National Parks Act of 1911, which created the Dominion Parks Branch to manage and expand the network for conservation and public enjoyment. The system aims to protect ecological integrity while providing opportunities for tourism, education, and recreation, covering 31 of Canada's 39 terrestrial natural regions. In 2023, national parks attracted 15.5 million visitors, marking a 10% increase from the 14.1 million recorded in 2022 and reflecting a strong recovery in nature-based tourism post-pandemic. This visitation underscores the parks' role as a cornerstone of Canada's tourism industry, drawing international and domestic travelers to experience diverse landscapes from mountains to coastal fjords. Management of the national parks emphasizes sustainable practices, including zoned areas for core conservation, wildlife protection, and visitor activities to minimize environmental impact. Daily entry fees are set at CAD 10 per adult, with options for family passes and annual Discovery Passes to encourage repeat visits. Additionally, has entered into numerous co-management agreements with Indigenous nations, integrating into decision-making and recognizing and stewardship roles in park governance. Among the system's flagship parks, , established in 1885 in the of , is renowned for its turquoise lakes, glaciers, and wildlife, serving as the inaugural protected area in Canada. , created in 1907 and also in the Rockies, features expansive icefields like the and vast wilderness accessible by iconic routes such as the Icefields Parkway. On the Atlantic coast, , established through a 1970 federal-provincial agreement in , showcases dramatic fjords and unique geological formations that illustrate . Several of these parks, including Banff, Jasper, and Gros Morne, hold World Heritage designations for their outstanding natural value.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Canada is home to 22 World Heritage Sites, designated for their outstanding universal value to humanity, encompassing a diverse array of natural wonders, cultural landmarks, and mixed properties that reflect the country's geological, indigenous, and historical heritage. These sites, inscribed between 1978 and 2023, include 10 cultural properties, 11 natural ones, and 1 mixed site, drawing millions of international and domestic tourists annually and contributing significantly to local economies through . Collectively, they attract over 10 million visitors each year, fostering educational experiences, adventure activities, and cultural immersion while promoting conservation efforts. Among the natural sites, the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, inscribed in 1984 and extended in 1990, encompass five adjacent parks—Banff, , Kootenay, Yoho, and Mount Assiniboine—spanning and , celebrated for their dramatic glaciers, turquoise lakes, and diverse ecosystems that illustrate ongoing glacial processes and mountain formation. This expansive area, covering over 23,000 square kilometers, serves as a premier destination for hiking, wildlife viewing, and scenic drives, attracting more than 9 million visitors annually and underscoring Canada's appeal as a nature-based hub. Cultural highlights include the , inscribed in 1985, a fortified settlement in that exemplifies 17th- and 18th-century French colonial with its cobblestone streets, châteaux, and ramparts, offering tourists guided tours, festivals, and culinary experiences in a of n history. The , designated in 2007, stretches 202 kilometers across as the oldest continuously operated canal system in , engineered for military and commercial purposes in the ; it supports year-round tourism through boating in summer and skating in winter, hosting events like the Ottawa festival. The L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site, inscribed in 1978 and discovered in the 1960s, preserves the only authenticated Norse settlement in from around 1000 CE in , featuring archaeological remains and reconstructions that illuminate early European exploration; it draws approximately 30,000 visitors yearly for interpretive programs and coastal hikes, emphasizing Viking heritage. A more recent addition, Pimachiowin Aki, inscribed in 2018 as a mixed site straddling and , protects 29,000 square kilometers of boreal shield forest co-managed by indigenous communities, recognized for its ecological integrity and traditional practices, attracting eco-tourists for guided cultural tours and wildlife observation. For a comprehensive overview, the following table enumerates all 22 sites, highlighting their inscription year, type, location, and key aspects of global significance and tourism draw:
Site NameYear InscribedTypeLocationSignificance and Tourism Draw
L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site1978CulturalNewfoundland and LabradorEvidence of Viking settlement; attracts history enthusiasts for reconstructions and archaeology tours.
Nahanni National Park Reserve1978NaturalNorthwest TerritoriesCanyon landscapes and hot springs; popular for canoeing and remote wilderness adventures.
Dinosaur Provincial Park1987NaturalAlbertaFossil-rich badlands from the Late Cretaceous; draws paleontology tours and hiking visitors.
Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks1984NaturalAlberta/British ColumbiaGlacial geology and biodiversity; major hub for skiing, rail trips, and over 9 million annual visitors.
Gros Morne National Park1987NaturalNewfoundland and LabradorContinental drift evidence via fjords; offers fjord cruises and geology-focused eco-tourism.
Wood Buffalo National Park1983NaturalAlberta/Northwest TerritoriesBison herds and boreal wetlands; appeals to birdwatchers and northern lights viewers.
Historic District of Old Québec1985CulturalQuebecFortified colonial city; vibrant for winter carnivals and architectural walks.
Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump1981CulturalAlbertaIndigenous hunting site spanning 6,000 years; features interpretive center for cultural education.
SGang Gwaay1981CulturalBritish ColumbiaHaida totem poles and village ruins; remote boat-access site for indigenous art appreciation.
Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek1992NaturalYukon/British Columbia (transboundary)Largest non-polar icefield; attracts glacier hikes and flightseeing tours.
Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park1995NaturalAlberta (transboundary)Prairie-mountain transition; ideal for cross-border hiking and wildlife safaris.
Old Town Lunenburg1995CulturalNova ScotiaBritish colonial seaport; UNESCO site for maritime history tours and festivals.
Miguasha National Park1999NaturalQuebecDevonian fossil beds ("Fossil Fish District"); scientific visits and fossil hunts.
Rideau Canal2007CulturalOntario19th-century engineering feat; supports ice-skating path and waterway cruises.
Joggins Fossil Cliffs2008NaturalNova ScotiaCarboniferous coal forest fossils; coastal walks and guided fossil tours.
Landscape of Grand Pré2012CulturalNova ScotiaAcadian deportation history; wine region tours blending heritage and agriculture.
Red Bay Basque Whaling Station2013CulturalNewfoundland and Labrador16th-century whaling operations; underwater archaeology and maritime exhibits.
Pimachiowin Aki2018MixedManitoba/OntarioIndigenous land stewardship and boreal ecology; cultural paddling and forest treks.
Mistaken Point2016NaturalNewfoundland and LabradorEdiacaran fossils (world's oldest); restricted-access tours for paleontology.
Writing-on-Stone / Áísínai’pi2019CulturalAlbertaBlackfoot rock art and petroglyphs; sacred site with guided hoodoo hikes.
Tr'ondëk-Klondike2023CulturalYukonInteraction between Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in First Nation and Klondike Gold Rush; draws visitors for historical tours, Indigenous cultural experiences, and gold rush heritage in Dawson City.
Anticosti2023NaturalQuébecMost complete record of Late Ordovician mass extinction through fossils; attracts paleontologists, geologists, and eco-tourists for coastal hikes and island exploration.
These designations not only preserve irreplaceable assets but also enhance Canada's global tourism profile by linking natural splendor with deep cultural narratives, as seen in the Rocky Mountain Parks' role in broader national park visitation patterns.

Regional Tourism

Western Provinces

The western provinces of British Columbia and Alberta form a dynamic tourism hub, blending Pacific coastal allure with the dramatic landscapes of the Rocky Mountains. This region draws visitors for its diverse offerings, from urban escapes to rugged wilderness adventures, with shared attractions like the iconic Rocky Mountain hiking trails fostering cross-provincial travel. In 2023, British Columbia recorded 4.8 million international overnight visits, while Alberta saw robust growth in overall tourism, contributing to the provinces' combined appeal for nature enthusiasts and cultural explorers. In , tourism thrives on coastal and inland gems, exemplified by Vancouver's , a 1,000-acre urban oasis featuring ancient cedars, vibrant gardens, and an 8.8-kilometer ideal for scenic walks and cycling. The park's ecology and viewing opportunities make it a cornerstone of city-based nature tourism. Further inland, the Valley stands out for wine tourism, boasting nearly 200 wineries that produce award-winning vintages amid orchards and lakes, with tours highlighting sustainable practices and Indigenous influences. Alberta complements this with alpine splendor and cultural vibrancy, particularly at Lake Louise, a glacier-fed turquoise lake in where visitors rent canoes to paddle amid towering peaks and reflect on the surrounding wilderness. The site offers serene water-based activities, though its frigid waters demand caution. In contrast, urban energy pulses through Edmonton's International Fringe Festival, held annually in August and recognized as North America's largest and longest-running event, featuring over 200 productions across 40 venues that attract global audiences for innovative performances. Shared Rocky Mountain themes unite the provinces, with the 232-kilometer Icefields Parkway serving as a premier scenic drive linking Banff and National Parks through vistas and alpine meadows—ideal for trails that range from easy lakeside paths to challenging ascents. Wildlife encounters enhance these experiences, as grizzly bears and roam freely, prompting guided tours to promote safe viewing and conservation awareness. These national parks, detailed elsewhere, anchor the region's draw.

Prairie Provinces

The Prairie Provinces, encompassing and , offer tourists expansive grasslands, wildlife encounters, and cultural immersion that highlight the region's rural heritage and natural diversity. These areas attract visitors seeking authentic experiences amid vast prairies and boreal edges, with tourism emphasizing sustainable wildlife viewing and Indigenous-led cultural events. In , the RCMP Heritage Centre in Regina serves as a key attraction, providing interactive exhibits on the Royal Canadian Mounted Police's history from its origins as the in to contemporary operations, drawing history enthusiasts to the site adjacent to the RCMP training academy. Nearby, showcases free-roaming herds, symbolic of the prairie ecosystem, where visitors can observe these animals on guided Ecotour Scenic Drives that promote close yet safe encounters with the growing population reintroduced since 2005. Manitoba's tourism thrives on unique wildlife and urban-rural blends, particularly in the north and around Winnipeg. Churchill stands out for polar bear viewing tours during October and November, when hundreds from the Western Hudson Bay subpopulation—estimated at approximately 600 individuals as of 2021—gather along the Hudson Bay coast awaiting sea ice formation, with operators using tundra vehicles for ethical, distant observations. In Winnipeg, The Forks market revitalizes a historic confluence site as a vibrant hub for local foods, artisan shops, and seasonal events, serving as a National Historic Site that blends Indigenous and settler histories through year-round programming. This market ties briefly into the city's urban experiences, offering a gateway to prairie culture without overshadowing the region's broader rural appeals. Overarching themes include Indigenous arts through Manitoba's Métis festivals, such as the annual Manito Ahbee Festival in , which celebrates and First Nations heritage with traditional dances, drumming, and artisan markets featuring beadwork and storytelling. Agriculture tours complement these, allowing visitors to explore Saskatchewan's golden wheat fields via events like Open Farm Days, where guided visits to working grain farms reveal sustainable harvesting practices and the prairie's agricultural legacy.

Central Provinces

The central provinces of and form a vibrant hub for tourism in Canada, drawing millions of visitors annually to their urban centers, historic sites, and natural landscapes along the and . Ontario's southern regions, particularly around the , emphasize heritage tied to and freshwater ecosystems, with attractions like lighthouses and shipwrecks highlighting the area's role in trade and exploration. Quebec complements this with its French-influenced urban experiences and outdoor pursuits, creating a bilingual corridor that appeals to diverse travelers seeking cultural immersion alongside adventure. Together, these provinces hosted over 20 million overnight trips in recent years, bolstered by accessible infrastructure and seasonal events. In , stands as an iconic draw, attracting approximately 14 million visitors each year to the Niagara Region, where the thundering dominate the landscape on the ' edge. Popular boat tours, such as the Niagara City Cruises' Voyage to the Falls, allow visitors to approach within meters of the cascading water, experiencing the mist and roar up close during the peak summer season. Further north, offers a contrast with its wilderness appeal, welcoming over 500,000 visitors annually for canoeing on over 2,000 kilometers of interconnected lakes and rivers, a tradition rooted in Indigenous and early settler exploration of the Canadian Shield. These sites underscore the province's blend of high-energy urban gateways like and serene lake-based . Quebec's tourism thrives on its mountainous and forested terrains, with Mont-Tremblant Ski Resort serving as a premier winter destination featuring 102 trails spanning 81.9 kilometers across four peaks, accommodating skiers of all levels with extensive glades and groomed runs. Nearby, provides year-round hiking opportunities on over 200 kilometers of trails through 361 square kilometers of preserved wilderness, including scenic routes to waterfalls and lookouts that highlight the region's ecological diversity. The bilingual character of the area enhances accessibility, as seen in Ottawa's , where free guided tours of the Gothic Revival buildings and grounds attract international visitors eager to learn about Canadian governance in both English and French. In , the Notre-Dame draws hundreds of thousands annually with its neo-Gothic interior and historical significance, offering guided visits that delve into Quebec's Catholic heritage. Cultural events further amplify the central provinces' appeal, exemplified by the (TIFF) held each September, which welcomed a record 700,000 attendees in 2024 for screenings, premieres, and red-carpet galas that position as a global cinema nexus. This event, alongside cross-border access to from the , underscores the region's interconnected tourism economy.

Atlantic Provinces

The Atlantic Provinces, encompassing , , , and , attract tourists with their rich maritime heritage and dramatic coastal seascapes, where ocean tides, lighthouses, and literary landmarks blend with rugged shorelines to offer immersive experiences in seafaring culture. These provinces draw visitors seeking to explore the influences of early , fishing communities, and natural forces that have shaped the region's identity, from tidal phenomena to iconic coastal drives. Tourism here emphasizes eco-adventures and historical sites, contributing significantly to local economies through seasonal influxes of nature enthusiasts and cultural explorers. In , the stands out as a premier attraction due to its world's highest , which can reach up to 16 meters at the bay's head, equivalent to the height of a four-story building. This extreme , caused by the bay's funnel shape and resonance with lunar cycles, creates dynamic ecosystems and exposes vast mudflats at low tide. Visitors flock to to witness these firsthand, walking among towering rock formations sculpted by during low tide or around them at high tide. The park's 2-kilometer beach and interpretive trails highlight the geological marvels, drawing approximately 200,000 visitors annually as of 2024 and underscoring the province's appeal for tidal tourism. Nova Scotia's tourism thrives on its picturesque lighthouses and scenic drives, epitomized by the Peggy's Cove Lighthouse, a 1915-built structure perched on wave-worn granite overlooking the Atlantic. This iconic site in the fishing village of Peggy's Cove symbolizes the province's maritime past, with its red-roofed beacon guiding sailors amid crashing waves and offering photographers endless vistas of rugged coastline. Complementing this is the , a 298-kilometer loop through , renowned for its winding roads hugging cliffs, valleys, and ocean views. The trail passes through Acadian forests and Mi'kmaq-influenced landscapes, providing opportunities for hiking, , and stops at lookouts like the Skyline Trail, where visitors can spot moose and seabirds. Prince Edward Island captivates with its literary heritage and distinctive beaches, particularly the sites that bring Lucy Maud Montgomery's novel to life. Green Gables Heritage Place, the restored farmhouse that inspired the story's setting, features period rooms, gardens, and trails evoking the orphan Anne Shirley's world, attracting fans for guided tours and immersive storytelling events. The island's red sand beaches, formed by iron-rich sandstone cliffs, line much of the coastline, with Cavendish Beach offering soft, crimson sands backed by dunes and warm waters ideal for swimming and sunset walks. These shores, part of the Green Gables Shore region, integrate cultural sites with beachcombing, fostering a gentle, nostalgic experience that celebrates the island's pastoral charm. Newfoundland and Labrador's offerings center on landscapes and avian spectacles, with showcasing glacier-carved fjords like Western Brook Pond, a landlocked freshwater inlet framed by 600-meter cliffs and waterfalls. Boat tours through this site reveal ancient and diverse wildlife, including seabirds and seals, providing a serene contrast to the park's hiking trails amid tablelands resembling otherworldly plateaus. In summer, puffin watching at Elliston draws birders to the province's "Puffin Capital," where the Elliston Puffin Viewing Site offers land-based views of thousands of Atlantic puffins nesting on grassy cliffs from mid-May to early September. These colorful seabirds, returning annually to burrow in the Bonavista Peninsula's rocky terrain, can be observed from boardwalks mere feet away, highlighting Newfoundland's vibrant marine biodiversity and coastal heritage.

Northern Territories

The Northern Territories of Canada—Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut—offer a unique tourism experience centered on vast wilderness, pristine landscapes, and vibrant Indigenous cultures, attracting adventure seekers to remote areas accessible primarily by air or seasonal roads. These regions emphasize and cultural immersion, with activities highlighting the environment and the traditions of First Nations, , and Métis peoples. Tourism here is niche and low-volume compared to southern Canada, focusing on sustainable practices to preserve fragile ecosystems and support local communities. In , visitors flock to , the territory's capital, where the Yukon Wildlife Preserve provides an opportunity to observe over 150 northern animals, including , , and arctic foxes, in a 350-acre natural habitat just 30 minutes from the city. The preserve offers self-guided 5 km walking loops and narrated bus tours, promoting education on wildlife conservation and rehabilitation efforts unique to the region. Complementing this are the historic trails, commemorating the 1890s gold rush that drew around 50,000 prospectors to and transformed the Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in Traditional Territory; tourists explore preserved sites like the Commissioner's Residence, Discovery Claim, and Dredge No. 4 through guided walks and interpretive exhibits managed by . The showcase rugged natural wonders, particularly in , a spanning 30,000 km² and co-managed with Dehcho First Nations, where dramatic canyons like the South Nahanni River's gorges and Virginia Falls—twice the height of Niagara—draw hikers, kayakers, and rafters for multi-day expeditions ranked among National Geographic's top adventures. In , the territorial capital, diamond mine tours at the NWT Diamond Centre educate visitors on sub-arctic mining geology and the journey from kimberlite deposits to polished gems, with opportunities to purchase locally sourced jewelry that highlights the industry's economic role in Indigenous partnerships. Nunavut's tourism revolves around heritage and marine life, with serving as a gateway to galleries and workshops showcasing traditional carvings, prints, and textiles that reflect centuries-old and artistry central to identity. watching thrives at sites like Cunningham Inlet on Somerset Island, where thousands of these white whales gather annually to molt and nurse, allowing eco-conscious observers from lodges like Arctic Watch to view pods alongside and archaeological remnants, all while minimizing disturbance to sensitive habitats. Aurora viewing ties into broader , with clear skies in and other northern spots offering prime opportunities for Indigenous-guided stargazing experiences from to April. Tourism in the Northern Territories faces significant challenges due to extreme seasonality, with most access limited to summer months when rivers thaw and roads open, while winter travel relies on costly flights or ice roads. The midnight sun phenomenon from June to July, providing 24-hour daylight, attracts adventure seekers for and viewing but strains limited in remote communities. Visitor numbers remain modest—around 52,000 non-resident trips across the territories in late 2023—highlighting the need for sustainable growth to balance economic benefits with .

International Visitors and Border Tourism

Visitor Demographics

In 2023, Canada recorded 18.3 million international overnight arrivals, an increase of 43% from 2022 and representing 83% recovery toward the pre-COVID peak of 22.1 million in 2019. The majority of these visitors originated from the , accounting for about 70% of total arrivals, followed by 10% from the and other European countries, and 8% from . This distribution highlights the strong influence of proximity and established travel patterns, with U.S. visitors often engaging in short-term or cross-border excursions. Spending patterns among international visitors varied notably by origin in 2023, according to data. U.S. visitors averaged CAD 1,200 per trip, reflecting shorter stays and proximity-driven travel, while European visitors spent an average of CAD 2,500, typically on longer vacations involving multiple destinations and higher accommodation costs. Overall, expenditure reached approximately CAD 26 billion, underscoring the economic value of longer-haul markets despite their smaller volume. Visitor demographics leaned toward group travel, with 55% of trips involving families and 30% couples, often motivated by holiday or purposes. Seasonal trends showed a pronounced peak during the summer months, with and comprising 40% of annual visits, driven by favorable weather and school holidays that align with family travel. This concentration places significant pressure on peak-season in popular regions. Emerging trends include a robust rebound in Asian tourism, with strong growth fueled by the expansion of direct flights from major hubs like and to Canadian gateways such as and . In 2024, overnight arrivals increased to 19.9 million.

Cross-Border Travel with the

Cross-border tourism between and the is facilitated by the world's longest undefended , spanning over 8,891 kilometers and supporting extensive exchanges primarily by . In 2023, welcomed approximately 12.8 million overnight visitors from the , marking a 41% increase from 2022 and representing the majority of international arrivals to the country. These visitors primarily cross through one of the roughly 120 ports of entry along the , with major hubs such as the crossing in and the Detroit-Windsor tunnel in Ontario-Michigan handling millions of trips annually due to their proximity to urban centers and attractions. -based travel dominates, accounting for over 80% of U.S. entries into , driven by the convenience of driving and the appeal of nearby destinations like national parks and cities. Shared natural sites exemplify the binational nature of this tourism, allowing seamless exploration across the border without formal crossings in some cases. The Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park, established in 1932 as the world's first international peace park, straddles the border between Alberta, Canada, and Montana, United States, encompassing diverse ecosystems of mountains, lakes, and wildlife that attract over 500,000 visitors annually for hiking, boating, and wildlife viewing. Similarly, the Cascadia Trail network in the Pacific Northwest bioregion connects trails across British Columbia and Washington State, offering cross-border hiking and cycling routes through rainforests and coastal areas that promote joint conservation and tourism initiatives between the two nations. These sites highlight collaborative management by Parks Canada and the U.S. National Park Service, fostering visitor experiences that transcend national boundaries. Policies designed to streamline travel significantly enhance cross-border tourism flows. The NEXUS program, a joint initiative by the and U.S. Customs and Border Protection, provides expedited processing for pre-approved low-risk travelers at dedicated lanes and kiosks, with over 1.8 million members as of 2024—predominantly Canadian citizens—benefiting from reduced wait times at land, air, and marine ports. Complementing this, visa-free travel allows citizens of both countries to visit for up to six months for tourism purposes, subject to the visitor demonstrating intent to leave and sufficient funds, eliminating barriers that might otherwise deter short-term trips. These measures have been crucial in maintaining high volumes of spontaneous and repeat visits. U.S. visitors contribute substantially to Canada's , accounting for about 44% of total international visitor spending in 2023, totaling $12.8 billion out of approximately $29 billion. This impact is particularly evident in day-trip tourism, such as excursions from , Washington, to , , where thousands of Americans cross daily via the border for shopping, dining, and sightseeing in the city's waterfront districts, injecting millions into local economies through retail and sectors. Overall, U.S. tourism supports jobs and , with cross-border dynamics underscoring the interdependent relationship between the two nations' visitor industries.

Sustainability and Challenges

Environmental Conservation Efforts

Canada's federal government has advanced through the 2022 to 2026 Federal Sustainable Development Strategy, which integrates activities into broader environmental goals, including achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions economy-wide by 2050. This strategy emphasizes reducing emissions from transportation and visitor activities in protected areas, aligning with the Canadian Net-Zero Emissions Accountability Act of 2021. Complementing this, the Federal Growth Strategy, titled "Canada 365: Welcoming the World. Every Day," released in 2024, promotes regenerative practices, low-carbon , and emission reductions in the sector to support national net-zero ambitions. Parks Canada plays a central role in mitigating tourism's environmental footprint through targeted conservation initiatives in national parks and historic sites. Key efforts include bear-proofing programs, such as installing secure waste containers and underpasses to minimize human-bear conflicts, which have significantly lowered wildlife mortalities in mountain parks like Banff and Yoho. Trail restoration projects focus on rehabilitating overused paths to prevent and disruption, with ongoing work in places like emphasizing durable, low-impact designs that preserve ecological integrity. These measures have collectively reduced the ecological impacts of visitor activities, contributing to healthier ecosystems amid rising tourism volumes. In the tourism industry, the Green Key Eco-Rating program, administered by Green Key Global and the Hotel Association of , certifies establishments for sustainable operations, with over 1,700 properties across holding ratings, many in focusing on waste minimization and energy efficiency. Certified hotels implement measures like and reduced single-use plastics, leading to notable waste reductions; for example, the Fairmont Banff Springs Hotel in has achieved zero-waste kitchen practices and earned a five-Green Key rating for its comprehensive environmental management. This certification encourages broader adoption of green practices, supporting tourism's alignment with conservation objectives. Indigenous-led initiatives, particularly the Indigenous Guardians program funded by , empower First Nations, , and Métis communities to steward lands and waters affected by tourism. Operating in over 200 programs across diverse territories, Guardians monitor ecosystem health, restore cultural sites, and mitigate tourism-related disturbances like trail erosion and wildlife disturbance. These efforts integrate with scientific monitoring to protect biodiversity, with programs in regions like and the ensuring sustainable visitor access while preserving and environmental integrity.

Post-Pandemic Recovery and Future Trends

The industry in has shown significant recovery from the , with international visitor arrivals reaching approximately 19.91 million in 2024, nearly matching the pre-pandemic annual average of 20 million. Domestic has also rebounded strongly, with Canadian residents taking 71.0 million trips in the fourth quarter of 2024 alone, marking a 7.8% increase from the same period in 2023. This progress builds on earlier gains, as domestic within had fully recovered to pre-pandemic levels by mid-2023. gross domestic product (GDP), in real terms, grew 1.3% in the second quarter of 2025. Despite these advancements, the sector continues to face notable challenges, particularly labor shortages in the . In 2024, the foodservice subsector alone grappled with nearly 100,000 job vacancies, the highest among private sectors in . Overall job vacancies across the economy stood at 528,000 in February 2025, with , alongside healthcare and retail, accounting for over 40% of these openings; vacancies declined to 505,900 by the second quarter of 2025. Supply chain disruptions have compounded these issues, contributing to broader operational pressures in tourism-related services amid ongoing global uncertainties. Looking ahead, emerging trends are poised to shape the future of Canadian tourism, including the integration of (VR) for site previews. For instance, offers immersive 360-degree VR experiences, such as virtual boat rides and aerial views, allowing potential visitors to explore the destination remotely. Wellness tourism is another key growth area, with Canada's market projected to reach US$81.2 billion by 2030, expanding at a of 12.9% from 2023 onward. AI-driven is expected to enhance traveler experiences, enabling tailored recommendations for itineraries and activities based on individual preferences. Projections indicate continued expansion, with the overall travel and tourism sector forecasted to contribute a record $183 billion to Canada's economy in 2025, surpassing pre-pandemic benchmarks. International visitor spending is anticipated to approach $34 billion in 2025, just 2.9% below 2019 levels, supporting ambitions to increase the sector's GDP contribution by 40% to $61 billion by 2030.

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  151. https://immigration.ca/canada-records-528000-job-vacancies-healthcare-hospitality-and-retail-lead/
  152. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/250916/dq250916b-eng.htm
  153. https://international.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/corporate/reports/chief-economist/state-trade/2024
  154. https://www.niagaraparks.com/things-to-do/virtual-visits/
  155. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/horizon/outlook/wellness-tourism-market/canada
  156. https://phptravels.com/blog/top-travel-technology-trends-shaping-2026-ai-vr-blockchain-sustainable-tourism
  157. https://www.travelpulse.ca/news/impacting-travel/canadian-tourism-industry-headed-for-record-breaking-year
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