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Key Information

Kangar Municipal Council

Majlis Perbandaran Kangar
مجليس ڤربندرن كڠار
Type
Type
History
Founded1 January 1980
Leadership
President
Norazlan Yahaya
Municipal Secretary
Raziff Yaacob
Meeting place
192, Persiaran Jubli Emas, 01000 Kangar, Perlis.
Website
mpkangar.gov.my

Kangar (Kedah Malay: Kangaq) is the state capital and the largest town in Perlis, Malaysia.[1] It has a population of 48,898 and an area of 2,619.4 ha. It is located next to the Thailand border, in the northernmost point of Peninsular Malaysia. It is situated by the Perlis River.[2]

The town is also a gathering centre for the paddy rice production of the surrounding district. Its municipal government is unified with that of the neighbouring communities of Arau and Kaki Bukit. The centre of Kangar is Sena Province. The town is the smallest state capital in Malaysia and its inhabitants are mostly farmers and civil servants. Its industries include cement, saw milling, rubber, paper, and processing of sugar and prawns.[3]

History

[edit]
Kangar Map

Kangar existed from about 350 years ago, that is since 1653 when Kota Sena was built as the administrative centre for the 14th Sultan of Kedah, Sultan Muhyiddin Mansor Shah. Kangar was then a land port or pengkalan where boats and tongkangs anchor at the confluence of Perlis River, which runs through Kangar town to Kuala Perlis.[1]

The name Kangar was derived from a type of tree. It was here at the port that trading was done, under a big tree that gave shade and respite to the traders. This tree that became a "witness" to many business deals was called Pohon Kangar. Every trader and merchant who came and went to this place began calling it the Pohon Kangar Port, in honour of the tree.[1]

Government

[edit]

Kangar Municipal Council is the local government of Kangar Town and the rest of the State of Perlis. It was established on 1 January 1980 through the merger of Kangar Town Council, Padang Besar Town Board and Kaki Bukit and Simpang Empat local councils, all which were established in the mid 1950s. In the beginning, the jurisdiction area of the Kangar municipality was 40 square kilometres. This was increased to 118 square kilometres in 1989 and 795 square kilometres in 1997. As of 2025, 17 people have helmed the Council as Presidents, all which were men and four of them were also concurrently Menteri Besar of Perlis at their time in office.[4][5]

Council presidents

[edit]
# Name of Presidents Term start Term end
1. Jaafar Hassan 1 January 1980 4 March 1981
2. Ali Ahmad 5 March 1981 31 August 1985
3. Indrajaya Mahmud Hashim 1 September 1985 31 December 1986
4. Abdul Hamid Pawanteh 1 January 1987 31 December 1988
5. Bahari Taib 1 January 1989 27 October 1990
6. Taib Ismail 28 October 1990 4 April 1995
7. Shahidan Kassim 5 April 1995 30 June 1995
8. Johari Mohd Darus 1 July 1995 31 January 1999
9. Baharuddin Ahmad 1 February 1999 31 October 2003
10. Musa Hassan 1 November 2003 15 January 2006
11. Faezan Omar 16 January 2006 15 July 2010
12. Rosley Mat 16 July 2010 31 December 2013
13. Ahmad Hussin 3 February 2014 2 February 2016
14. Khairin Nazry Karim 1 March 2016 16 November 2018
15. Wan Ahmad Fazli Wan Kamis 1 February 2019 31 January 2021
16. Norazlan Yahya 27 April 2021 8 May 2024
17. Affendi Rajini Kanth 9 May 2024 Present

Demographics

[edit]
Ethnic composition of Kangar (2010)[6]
Ethnicities / Nationality Percentage
Malay
 
 62.23%
Chinese
 
 30.54%
Indian
 
 4.73%
Other Bumiputras
 
 0.1%
Others
 
 0.3%
Non-Malaysians
 
 2.1%

The majority of Kangar's population speaks Perlis Malay which is a sub-dialect of Kedah Malay but also has its own unique features compared to those of neighbouring Kedah.

The Han Chinese, the second largest community in Kangar are primarily Hokkien speaking, with the language serving as the lingua franca of the city's Chinese population. In addition, significant knowledge of Mandarin and English is also present amongst them.

Other languages spoken in Kangar includes Tamil, Telugu, Malayali as well as Punjabi and Hindi among the Kangar Indian population and Southern Thai by the Kedah-Siamese community.

Places of interest

[edit]
Perlis State Library at Jalan Penjara.

Downtown Kangar is a mixture of old and new shophouses, and has an elegant colonial State Secretariat Building and clocktower from the 1930s. Other major landmarks are:

  • PKENPS Tower @ K-PARC Kangar, the tallest building in Perlis
  • Dato' Wan Ahmad's House
  • Kubu Hill Recreational Park
  • Malay World Weaponry Museum
  • Medan Mountain
  • Perlis Craft Cultural Complex
  • State Museum and Heritage Hall
  • Alwi Mosque, the former state mosque built in 1910
  • Tuanku Syed Putra Stadium
  • Gua Kelam, a cave in Kaki Bukit
  • Snake Farm of Sungai Batu Pahat
  • Bukit Ayer Recreational Park
  • Wang Kelian - Next to Thai border
  • Padang Besar Shopping Arcade - Duty Free Zone
  • Royal Palace of Arau
  • Fish Grill Food Court, Kuala Perlis
  • Mini Putrajaya - State Assembly Building
  • Gua Cenderawasih Park - Look out point
  • Perlis State Library (Malay: Perpustakaan Negeri Perlis), main public library of the State of Perlis and the headquarters of the Perlis Public Library Corporation (Malay: Perbadanan Perpustakaan Awam Perlis, abbreviated as PPANP).[7]

Notable natives

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Kangar

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Kangar is the state capital and largest town in , Malaysia's northernmost and smallest state by land area, serving as its administrative, commercial, and hub.

Located at the tip of adjacent to the border along the Perlis River, Kangar functions as a key trading center for agricultural commodities such as , , mangoes, and , with the surrounding region noted for intensive paddy cultivation. Its also includes light industries like processing and milling, supporting Perlis's position as a fertile agricultural zone amid Malaysia's equatorial climate. The town spans approximately 2,619 hectares, encompassing five administrative territories, and reflects the state's compact urban-rural character, with a focus on cross-border commerce and local produce markets rather than heavy industrialization.

Geography

Location and Borders


Kangar is situated at coordinates 6°26′N 100°12′E, marking the northernmost point of Peninsular Malaysia as the capital of Perlis state. The town encompasses an area of 2,619.4 hectares, equivalent to approximately 26.2 km², within the compact Perlis state totaling 819 km². Its positioning near the Strait of Malacca's northwestern edge underscores its role in regional connectivity. Perlis, centered on Kangar, shares a northern with Thailand's and provinces, spanning about 55 km of land boundary that includes key crossings like Padang Besar, enabling cross-border trade in goods such as and rubber while necessitating ongoing security measures against and migration flows. To the south and east, it adjoins state, facilitating internal n linkages via road networks like the North-South Expressway. This adjacency positions Kangar as a primary gateway to northern , influencing cultural and economic exchanges with both Thai and Malaysian neighbors. The terrain around Kangar consists of flat alluvial plains drained by rivers including , which supports intensive paddy cultivation but renders low-lying areas vulnerable to flooding, as evidenced by recurrent inundations affecting urban and agricultural zones, such as the October 2024 event submerging roads and homes after heavy rains. These geographical features amplify the strategic importance of border proximity for regional stability and resource management.

Topography and Climate

Kangar occupies a low-lying terrain dominated by hills and formations, integral to the landscape. The town's average elevation stands at approximately 28 meters above sea level, with local elevations generally below 100 meters amid gently undulating plains and ridges formed by Permian-age Chuping . These geological features, including north-south trending ridges like the nearby Nakawan Range, contribute to with systems that shape subsurface drainage and availability critical for regional . The area's limestone bedrock limits soil depth and permeability, influencing hydrological patterns by promoting rapid infiltration over , though sinkholes and fractures can channel water unpredictably. , encompassing Kangar, was designated Malaysia's 10th national in November 2023, underscoring the preservation of these formations amid development pressures. Kangar exhibits a (Köppen Am), with mean annual temperatures averaging 26.9°C and daily highs typically between 27°C and 32°C year-round, accompanied by relative humidity exceeding 80%. totals around 2,000 mm annually, with peaks during the northeast from to , when monthly rainfall can surpass 250 mm, often leading to intense downpours. This climatic regime heightens vulnerability to seasonal flooding in Kangar's low-elevation zones, as evidenced by recurrent events in October driven by monsoon rains compounded by high tides along the River, affecting urban and agricultural areas despite drainage mitigation. systems exacerbate flood risks by delaying surface water retention, channeling excess into subterranean networks that occasionally overflow during extreme events.

History

Pre-Colonial and Early Settlement

The region encompassing modern Kangar, part of historical , featured early Malay settlements influenced by the , which exerted control over northern Malaya from the onward, with Islamic consolidation by the under Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Abidin I. Archaeological traces, such as potsherds from caves north of Kangar, suggest sporadic human activity predating formalized settlements, though systematic evidence remains sparse and unlinked to specific Kangar origins. Local historical accounts date the establishment of Kangar town to around 1653, aligned with the construction of Kota Sena as an administrative outpost for the 14th of , serving as a modest inland hub at the Perlis River confluence for riverine transport and . Primary economic pursuits involved subsistence farming in fertile alluvial plains and along coastal and riverine areas, leveraging the flat for paddy cultivation that characterized Kedah's northern extensions. Perlis operated under loose Siamese suzerainty intermittently from the 15th century, as Kedah navigated tributary relations with Ayutthaya to avert invasions, though direct governance remained minimal and records of events in Kangar prior to the 19th century are fragmentary. Proximity to Siamese territories fostered Thai-Malay cultural intermingling, manifest in enduring Siamese communities and practices like the klong yao long-drum performances adopted into local rituals, alongside loanwords in Perlis Malay dialects reflecting cross-border exchanges.

Colonial Period and Siamese Influence

Perlis came under formalized Siamese suzerainty in the early after the Kingdom of Siam's invasion and occupation of neighboring in 1821, during which the region was detached as a distinct administrative entity to secure Siamese influence over northern Malay territories. Syed Hussain al-Jamalullail, a Hadhrami Arab descendant married into Kedah's royalty, was installed as governor of by Siamese authorities around 1821, reflecting Bangkok's strategy to install loyal proxies amid resistance to direct control. On 20 May 1843, Siam elevated him to the rank of , establishing as a semi-autonomous required to pay tribute and provide military support, while Kangar solidified as the principal administrative hub under the Jamalullail rulers due to its strategic inland position and proximity to agricultural heartlands. Siamese oversight involved periodic interventions, including collections and boundary demarcations, but local governance remained with the , fostering a hybrid system where Malay customs persisted alongside Thai administrative oversight until the early . This period saw Kangar's growth as a seat of rajal authority, with rudimentary fortifications and markets developing to support flows, though economic stagnation prevailed due to Siamese extraction policies prioritizing northern border security over local development. The 1909 Anglo-Siamese Treaty marked the transition to British influence, as Siam ceded suzerainty over —along with , , and —to the in exchange for British recognition of Siamese control over adjacent territories like Pattani, driven by Britain's expansionist aims in the and Siam's need to avert direct colonial encroachment. entered British protection as an Unfederated Malay State, where preserved the Raja's ceremonial and internal powers under a British adviser, enabling infrastructure initiatives such as the extension of roads from Kangar to coastal ports by the to facilitate exports and administrative oversight. This arrangement minimized overt resistance by aligning with existing hierarchies, though it introduced revenue systems like land taxes that occasionally strained local elites.

Post-Independence Development

Perlis integrated into the independent on August 31, 1957, with Kangar continuing as the state capital and administrative focal point for post-colonial governance and planning. This transition emphasized local autonomy in and , setting the stage for national alignment in and . The state's incorporation into the Federation of Malaysia in 1963 reinforced Kangar's centrality, enabling access to federal funding for essential services and connectivity enhancements. The population of , concentrated in and around Kangar as the principal urban center, expanded markedly post-independence, rising from 119,381 residents in 1970 to 284,885 by 2020, driven by , agricultural improvements, and administrative expansion. This growth underscored Kangar's evolution from a modest administrative outpost to a burgeoning hub, supported by federal data tracking steady demographic shifts. Urban development in Kangar paralleled state trends, with investments in and utilities accommodating the influx. The Strategic Development Plan (2012-2030) marked a of modern advancement, targeting transformation into a high-income, poverty-free through diversification from into sectors like and , with Kangar positioned as a core area for and institutional upgrades. Complementary efforts under the Northern Corridor Economic Region (NCER) included the Kangar Sentral project, designed to streamline transport and commerce links, fostering integrated growth across northern states. Border dynamics with evolved toward cooperative frameworks post-1969, emphasizing security alongside economic integration via corridors that enhanced trade flows through gateways like Padang Besar, proximate to Kangar. Initiatives within the Indonesia-Malaysia- Growth Triangle (IMT-GT) promoted cross-border infrastructure and investment, yielding measurable gains in local commerce and employment without compromising .

Government and Administration

Role as State Capital

Kangar functions as the administrative capital of Perlis, the smallest state in Malaysia by area at 819 km², centralizing governance for state-wide policies and operations. The Perlis State Secretariat, located in Kangar, oversees executive administration, including coordination of public services, resource allocation, and implementation of state initiatives across Perlis's districts. The Perlis State Legislative Assembly convenes in the State Assembly Complex in Kangar, where lawmakers deliberate and enact legislation affecting the state's 254,000 residents. This role extends to interfacing with federal authorities in for funding and oversight, emphasizing Perlis's position as a northern state with , where administrative decisions support regional security and needs. Kangar thus embodies centralized state in a compact , streamlining for , , and programs tailored to Perlis's rural and dynamics. Symbolically, Kangar complements Perlis's , with the residing in the royal capital of , approximately 10 km away, while the city hosts key governmental ceremonies and public events reinforcing state unity and tradition.

Local Governance Structure

The Kangar Municipal Council (Majlis Perbandaran Kangar) serves as the primary local authority administering Kangar, 's smallest state capital in . Established with municipal status effective 1 January 1980 following the national Local Government Act 1976 reforms that standardized and upgraded local administrations across , the council manages day-to-day urban services for an estimated population of approximately 100,755 residents within the Kangar parliamentary constituency as of the 2020 census. Its jurisdiction covers core municipal functions under the Act, including , , and infrastructure maintenance tailored to the area's compact urban footprint amid 's , which poses unique challenges for drainage and land to prevent erosion and flooding. Revenue generation for the relies on a mix of local sources such as property assessment taxes, business licenses, and fees, supplemented by allocations from federal and state governments to fund operations. Key responsibilities encompass solid , road upkeep, and licensing enforcement, with the enforcing bylaws to ensure sanitary conditions and orderly development in a region prone to geological vulnerabilities like sinkholes from underlying formations. In the , the council's mandate has expanded to support environmental conservation efforts aligned with Perlis's designation as the nation's 10th National in November 2023, incorporating local oversight of geological heritage sites through regulations and community programs to balance urban growth with preservation of landscapes and hotspots under state-directed plans. This includes collaborative initiatives for sustainable , reflecting broader fiscal mechanisms where federal grants, such as the RM1.61 million allocated in the 12th Plan for geopark assessments, indirectly bolster municipal capacities for terrain-specific planning.

Political Dynamics

In the November 2022 state election, held concurrently with the federal general election, (PN) achieved a by securing 14 out of 15 seats in the , with () contesting and winning 9 seats, Bersatu 5 seats. This marked a significant shift from the previous (BN) dominance, where UMNO-led BN had won 12 seats in the 2018 election, highlighting the electorate's preference for conservative Islamist-leaning platforms amid national political realignments. The PN government's formation under Menteri Besar Mohd Asmin Md Yusof (Bersatu) has emphasized continuity in conservative governance, including advocacy for stricter implementation through state enactments on Islamic criminal offences, such as provisions for hudud-like penalties, though federal constraints limit full enforcement. Political tensions with federal coalitions have periodically surfaced, notably during the 2018-2020 federal administration when retained BN control, and post-2022 when the state aligned with the federal Unity Government despite PN's opposition roots, leading to negotiations over policy alignment and appointments. Border dynamics with influence local politics, with representatives advocating enhanced security measures against and . Incidents like the 2015 discovery of mass graves and trafficking camps in prompted calls for permanent border barriers, and as of 2025, syndicates continue exploiting rugged terrain, prompting demands for intensified patrols and controls to address cross-border crime.

Demographics

Kangar recorded a population of 100,755 residents according to the MyCensus 2020 conducted by the Department of Statistics . This figure encompasses the core urban and surrounding areas within the Kangar parliamentary constituency, reflecting its role as the state's primary administrative and economic hub. The in this zone approximates 2,370 persons per square kilometer, indicative of moderate urban concentration relative to 's larger cities. From to , Kangar's population grew at an estimated annual rate of 1.5%, outpacing some rural districts in but lagging behind national urban centers, with internal migration from agricultural areas serving as the primary driver rather than natural increase alone. has progressed to around 70% of the population residing in built-up zones, supported by infrastructure development and proximity to the Thai facilitating commuter flows. The working-age cohort (ages 15-64) comprised 70.0% of residents in 2020, with children under 15 at 21.8% and those aged 65 and over at the remainder, signaling a demographic structure less strained by aging compared to the national average of approximately 7-8% elderly. This relative youthfulness stems from enduring rural-influenced family systems in that sustain higher and intergenerational support, mitigating rapid observed in more industrialized states.

Ethnic and Religious Breakdown

Kangar exhibits a demographic profile characteristic of northern Malaysian states, with Bumiputera—predominantly ethnic Malays—forming the overwhelming majority. According to 2020 census data for the Kangar parliamentary constituency, which encompasses the town and surrounding areas, Bumiputera constitute 87.3% of the population, Chinese 9.6%, Indians 1.5%, and other ethnic groups 1.6%. These proportions align closely with state estimates, where Bumiputera (including Malays) account for approximately 89% of citizens as of 2025 projections derived from census adjustments.
EthnicityPercentage (Kangar Constituency, 2020)
Bumiputera87.3%
Chinese9.6%
Indian1.5%
Others1.6%
Non-Malay communities, primarily Chinese, tend to cluster in urban commercial zones, contributing to patterns of residential and social segregation observed across Malaysia's ethnic mosaic, where Malay remains the dominant in public and daily interactions. Religiously, Islam predominates, reflecting the Bumiputera majority's constitutional adherence to the faith under Malaysian law, with Sunni Shafi'i upheld as the official interpretation in . State-level data indicate comprise over 87% of the , consistent with 2010 benchmarks adjusted for stable ethnic ratios into 2020, while minorities practice (among Chinese), (among Indians), and smaller Christian communities. This composition fosters conservative social norms, including restrictions on non-Islamic practices and emphasis on Islamic and . ![Masjid Syed Alwi in Kangar][float-right]

Economy

Agricultural Base

The agricultural economy of Kangar and is predominantly anchored in cultivation, with the state forming part of Malaysia's northern granary regions that collectively supply approximately 70% of the country's needs alongside . Paddy fields constitute the core of , supported by the state's flat terrain suitable for irrigation-dependent farming. In 2022, achieved average yields of 5 to 7 tons per , enabling a targeted annual output of 384,000 tons by 2025 to meet local demand and contribute to national self-sufficiency. Rubber plantations and fruit orchards supplement as secondary crops, with persisting on smaller scales amid land constraints in the 819 km² state. Fruit production includes mangoes, yielding 4,255 tonnes from 2,220 hectares in , reflecting efforts to leverage tropical climates for diversified outputs. efficiency remains high in areas due to double-cropping practices, though overall arable allocation is limited by the state's size and competing urban expansion around Kangar. The Federal Agricultural Marketing Authority (FAMA) bolsters smallholder viability through subsidies, grants, and market access programs, including Agro MADANI sales that generated RM1.7 million in transactions across 118 events in 2025. These interventions complement national paddy subsidies totaling RM2.62 billion in 2025, providing roughly RM4,300 per hectare per season to offset input costs. Production faces risks from climate variability, including floods that disrupted planting in during the 2023/24 season, and import pressures, as Malaysia's rice self-sufficiency ratio stood at 62.6% in 2023 amid Thai . Diversification initiatives target high-value exports like , aligning with national goals to elevate fruit yields and reduce reliance on staple grains.

Industrial and Manufacturing Sectors

The sector in Kangar, as the economic hub of , centers on production, rubber processing, wood-based industries such as sawmilling, and limited . The Cement Industries of Malaysia Berhad (CIMA) operates a key facility in Bukit Ketri, of Chuping, with an annual capacity of approximately 2 million tonnes, utilizing local resources for clinker production. Rubber processing includes , exemplified by operations like Shorubber (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd in nearby JejawI, which produces industrial and medical-grade products. Sawmilling supports downstream wood processing, drawing on regional timber supplies, while production remains small-scale. These industries benefit from Perlis's proximity to the Thai border, enabling exports via facilities like the Inland Port, which handles high-value manufactured goods and integrates with regional rail networks for Thailand-bound shipments. in the contributed to modest expansion in processing activities, though Perlis's overall scale remains constrained compared to larger Malaysian states. Recent developments emphasize -certified manufacturing to align with Perlis's predominantly Muslim demographics, including the MARA Park in for and , and initiatives in Chuping Valley Industrial Area focused on industries like pharmaceuticals. This shift supports value-added production but is limited by the state's small domestic market and capacity.

Economic Challenges

Perlis, with Kangar as its administrative center, maintains a heavy dependence on , which accounted for 16.9% of the state's GDP, rendering the vulnerable to commodity price fluctuations and climatic variability. This sectoral concentration has impeded broader diversification efforts, as highlighted in the Perlis Strategic Development Plan 2012-2030, which sought to elevate the state to high-income status through expanded and but has faced persistent hurdles from limited industrial scaling and constraints. Youth outmigration exacerbates labor shortages and dependency ratios, with rural youth from drawn to urban centers like and [Kuala Lumpur](/page/Kuala Lumpur) for higher-wage opportunities in manufacturing and services, contributing to a brain drain that undermines local productivity. General patterns of in show rural-to-urban flows driven by economic imbalances, leaving aging populations in northern states like Perlis with reduced workforce participation. Proximity to the Thai border facilitates illicit activities such as of , , and narcotics, which distort formal markets, reduce tax revenues, and threaten socioeconomic progress in by fostering underground economies over legitimate enterprise. These non-traditional threats, including spillovers, compound governance weaknesses that deter investor confidence and perpetuate low diversification. Recurrent floods in the 2020s have inflicted infrastructure damages, with northern states like experiencing annual disruptions to and , though state-specific costs remain embedded in broader national estimates exceeding RM1 billion for repairs in affected regions. 's GDP growth of 3.3% in 2024 fell short of national averages and implied plan targets for accelerated expansion, constrained by the state's small market size, inter-state competition, and inadequate logistics infrastructure.

Infrastructure

Transportation Networks

Kangar is primarily served by road networks, with the North-South Expressway (E1) providing high-speed connectivity southward to via the Changlun interchange in neighboring , approximately 30 km southeast of the city. Federal Route 1 parallels the expressway and extends northward, linking Kangar directly to the Thai border at Padang Besar, facilitating both passenger and freight movement across the international boundary. These routes handle substantial daily traffic, including cross-border volumes that have driven economic activity in , though seasonal peaks often lead to delays at entry points. Public bus services operate from the Kangar Bus Terminal (also known as Hentian Bukit Lagi or Terminal Bas Kangar), which accommodates inter-state express routes to destinations such as (approximately 8 hours away) and Butterworth, with operators like Mara Liner and Intercity Coach providing regular departures. Local routes under the BAS.MY (formerly myBAS) system connect Kangar to nearby towns like and Padang Besar, supporting commuter travel within . Rail infrastructure in Kangar remains limited, with no major station within the city limits; the closest is , about 15 km north, which serves as the northern terminus for Berhad (KTMB) Intercity and Komuter trains linking to southern and onward Thai rail connections. station, roughly 10 km southwest, offers additional KTM services for regional travel. Passenger volumes at Padang Besar have grown with , but service frequency is modest, averaging several daily trains. Private vehicle usage dominates intra-city and regional mobility, reflecting Malaysia's national rate of approximately 678 per 1,000 people, with exhibiting similar trends amid rural-urban shifts and infrastructure expansions. The Besar border checkpoint, integral for road-based trade with , processes high volumes of cargo and passengers but frequently encounters congestion, prompting initiatives like a new to alleviate bottlenecks.

Utilities and Urban Development

Kangar receives its primarily through Syarikat Air Perlis (), the state water utility responsible for treatment, distribution, and maintenance across , including the urban core of Kangar. operates from sources like the Timah Tasoh Dam, but faces challenges with (NRW) rates exceeding 60% due to leaks and inefficiencies, with state targets to reduce this to 50% by 2024 through upgrades. distribution in Kangar is managed by Berhad (TNB), Malaysia's national utility, which maintains a grid connected to regional power stations including the 650 MW natural gas-fired facility in nearby Simpang Ampat, ensuring reliable supply to urban and peri-urban areas. Wastewater management lags behind, with centralized treatment plants covering only portions of central Kangar; a dedicated scheme for Kangar Town, encompassing 18.22 km², has been designed but implementation remains incomplete, leading to reliance on septic systems in outskirts where treatment access is limited. The Strategic Development Plan 2012-2030 guides urban expansion, establishing zoning limits around Kangar to promote sustainable growth amid landscapes, emphasizing controlled development to preserve geological features while accommodating projected urban population increases. Recent integrations with the , recognized nationally in November 2023 as Malaysia's 10th geopark, incorporate eco-sensitive zoning into , with federal funding of RM1.61 million allocated in the 12th for assessments to balance development and conservation in areas surrounding Kangar. Rapid peri-urban growth, driven by spillover from Kangar's expansion as the state capital, strains utility resources, exacerbating NRW issues and wastewater gaps as informal settlements proliferate beyond zoned limits without proportional infrastructure scaling. The Kangar Municipal Council oversees these efforts, prioritizing master plan enforcement to mitigate overload on existing networks.

Education and Healthcare

Educational System

Kangar's primary and secondary is administered by the Perlis State Education Department under Malaysia's federal Ministry of , encompassing national-type schools that deliver the Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Rendah (KSSR) and Menengah (KSSM) curricula emphasizing core subjects like Bahasa Malaysia, English, , and . Public schools such as those in Kangar serve the majority of students, with enrollment data reflecting Perlis's small of approximately 250,000, though district-specific figures remain aggregated at the state level; access is near-universal, supported by free up to age 17. Outcomes include high completion rates, though rural-urban disparities in Kangar persist due to limited in peripheral areas. Private Islamic schools supplement public education by integrating religious studies (ugama) with national curriculum requirements, reinforcing Islamic values and Arabic language proficiency. Institutions like SRA AL-FASOHA in Kangar, established as a JAIPs-accredited primary school since 2019, enroll students from preschool through primary levels, focusing on balanced KSSR and deeniyyah programs to foster holistic development. Similarly, AQRAB Model School operates as Perlis's first integrated Islamic institution, emphasizing moral and academic excellence for local families. These schools cater to the predominantly Malay-Muslim demographic, with enrollment driven by parental demand for faith-based reinforcement amid Malaysia's dual secular-religious education framework. Higher education access for Kangar residents centers on (UniMAP), a public technical university with a Kangar City Campus alongside main sites in and Pauh Putra, serving engineering and technology programs for regional students. UniMAP, established in 2001, enrolls approximately 14,000 students across diplomas, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral levels, with a focus on STEM fields like and ; local Kangar applicants benefit from proximity, though many commute or reside on campus. Vocational training aligns with Perlis's agro-based economy through state-level polytechnics and community colleges under the Department of Polytechnic and Community College Education, offering certificates in and related skills, albeit with limited specialization in rubber due to the state's emphasis on rice and horticulture over plantation crops. Malaysia's national adult literacy rate stands at 96% as of 2022, with exhibiting comparable or slightly higher outcomes due to urban concentration in Kangar, though STEM proficiency remains constrained by resource limitations in smaller states. Enrollment in higher education reflects equitable access, with UniMAP's marketability rate for graduates at 71% across sectors, underscoring in technical roles despite broader challenges in advanced research output.

Healthcare Provision

Hospital Tuanku Fauziah serves as the primary public hospital in Kangar, offering comprehensive services including emergency care, inpatient treatment, and outpatient consultations for the residents of state. As the sole major public facility in the area, it handles a significant portion of the local healthcare load, with operations supported primarily through state and federal funding under Malaysia's Ministry of Health. The hospital features departments for , , , and , addressing common regional needs amid Perlis's limited infrastructure. Private healthcare options in Kangar are limited, with KPJ Perlis Specialist Hospital providing the main alternative since its establishment around 2010. This 60-bed facility employs nearly 20 specialist consultants and focuses on advanced treatments such as , orthopedics, and diagnostics, catering to patients seeking non-public care. However, the overall system remains heavily reliant on public resources, with numerous government clinics distributing across urban and peri-urban areas. Doctor-to-patient ratios in Perlis lag behind national averages, approximating 1:1,000 or worse in rural peripheries, contributing to strains during peak demand periods like disease outbreaks. Health indicators in Kangar reflect effective public interventions but reveal access disparities. The rate aligns closely with Malaysia's national figure of approximately 6.8 per 1,000 live births as of 2023, bolstered by drives and maternal care programs. Prevention efforts emphasize tropical diseases prevalent in the region, including and snakebites, through and community surveillance at facilities like Hospital Tuanku Fauziah. Rural gaps persist, with longer travel times to Kangar for specialized services exacerbating delays in remote districts.

Culture and Heritage

Religious Influences

Islam dominates religious life in Kangar, with the population adhering predominantly to the Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah framework unique to , which prioritizes emulation of the Prophet Muhammad's practices over rigid of the common in other Malaysian states. This approach, introduced in in 1927 by Sheikh Muhammad Sanusi al-Minangkabawi and gaining momentum through state patronage, fosters a reformist emphasis on returning to foundational Islamic sources. The Mufti's Department in Kangar issues authoritative shaping daily religious observance, including prohibitions on practices like vaping declared by the state Fatwa Committee. Similarly, address environmental as impermissible when causing harm, reinforcing ethical conduct aligned with Islamic principles. The department also standardizes sermons delivered across the state's mosques, ensuring doctrinal consistency. Reform movements promoting "" adherence intensified in during the 1950s, driven by local figures amid post-colonial social changes, leading to stricter ritual practices and resistance to syncretic traditions. These efforts, supported by royal endorsement, distinguish Perlis' from broader Malaysian norms, emphasizing purification from local customs. Obligatory Friday congregational prayers (Jumu'ah) form a weekly , with men required to attend under provisions enforced through state religious authorities. Ramadan observances are particularly fervent, featuring extended prayers, recitations, and pre-dawn meals in Kangar's mosques, drawing communities for spiritual intensification in the final ten days. Perlis' religious homogeneity, with Muslims comprising the vast majority, manifests in infrastructure prioritizing Islamic institutions like mosques and courts for family and personal status matters, with minimal dedicated interfaith facilities due to low diversity. courts in Kangar handle disputes among , underscoring the integrated role of in .

Traditional Practices and Festivals

Residents of Kangar, predominantly ethnic Malays, observe Hari Raya Aidilfitri with communal prayers at mosques, family reunions, and open houses serving , , and other traditional dishes, emphasizing forgiveness and communal harmony following . These celebrations, held annually around late March or early April depending on lunar sightings, include donning and attire and exchanging visits, reinforcing social bonds in the agrarian community. Silat, the indigenous Malay martial art emphasizing fluid movements, weapon use, and , remains a practiced tradition in , with local styles like Jawi focusing on breath control and balance; demonstrations occur at cultural events and tournaments, such as those involving athletes in national competitions. kenduri, or feasting gatherings, mark life milestones including weddings, circumcisions, and harvest thanksgivings, featuring shared meals of rice, curries, and ulam (herbal salads) to invoke blessings and strengthen kinship ties, often tied to the rice-farming cycles prevalent in . Perlis-specific customs include the annual Raja of Perlis's birthday celebration on July 17, honoring Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Jamalullail through state events, award ceremonies, and public gatherings that affirm monarchical loyalty and cultural continuity. Traditional dances like the Canggung, derived from coastal Makyung Laut forms and performed by ensembles in vibrant costumes, feature at weddings and official functions, symbolizing Perlis's maritime heritage. Similarly, Layang Mas dance troupes perform golden bird-inspired routines at festive occasions, including royal and governmental ceremonies, preserving performative arts amid modern influences. In border-influenced areas near Kangar, Thai-Malay fusion manifests in hybrid customs, such as Siamese communities observing Songkran water-splashing rituals for the Buddhist New Year in , blending with local Malay agrarian feasts. The Pesta Angin Timur, an annual east wind festival tied to farming seasons, incorporates traditional games, duck-catching contests, and communal meals, reflecting Perlis's rural traditions.

Tourist Attractions

Gua Kelam, a 370-meter-long cave in the Geopark near Kaki Bukit, draws visitors for its historical ties to and underground exploration, accessible via a short trail with an entrance fee of RM2 per person. The cave's dark interior and formations highlight the region's geology, though access is limited to daylight hours to protect the ecosystem. Wang Kelian Forest Reserve within State Park offers hiking paths to viewpoints providing panoramic vistas of the Nakawan Range and proximity to the Thai border, approximately 20 km north of Kangar. The reserve's dense forests support diverse and , including hornbills, but strict conservation measures restrict visitor numbers and activities to trails only, prioritizing habitat preservation over expanded tourism infrastructure. ![Masjid Syed Alwi in Kangar][float-right] Masjid Syed Alwi, constructed in 1933 in central Kangar, serves as a key Islamic heritage site with its distinctive onion-shaped dome and octagonal architecture, reflecting early 20th-century Malay design influences. Open to respectful visitors outside prayer times, it exemplifies the area's religious landscape without the floating structure of coastal mosques like Masjid Al-Hussain in nearby . The Thai border's accessibility from enables day trips for shopping or cultural visits to , with border crossings handled at the checkpoint operational since 2007. Overall, Kangar's attractions emphasize low-impact natural and historical sites, where eco-tourism growth remains tempered by environmental safeguards in the geopark's limestone ecosystems.

Notable Individuals

Political Figures

Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin ibni Almarhum Tuanku Syed Putra Jamalullail ascended as Raja of on 17 April 2000, maintaining residence in the state capital of Kangar as head of the House of Jamalullail. He served as the 12th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of from 21 December 2001 to 13 December 2006, during which he influenced national ceremonial and advisory functions while upholding 's conservative Islamic governance traditions. In recent years, he has issued decrees emphasizing national unity amid racial and extremist challenges, rebuking civil servants for prioritizing self-interest over duty, and urging moderation in respecting societal differences to foster harmony in . His interventions reflect the Raja's constitutional role in advising on state matters, including integrity in governance and . Mohd Shukri Ramli, a PAS member, assumed the position of Menteri Besar of Perlis on 23 November 2022 following Perikatan Nasional's victory in the state election, marking the first time the state fell to opposition control since independence. Representing the PN coalition, which includes PAS, Shukri's administration has prioritized Islamic policies aligned with Perlis's conservative demographics, though internal PAS polls in 2025 saw him fail to unseat rivals in key divisions like Arau. His tenure coincides with efforts to address border security concerns along Perlis's Thai frontier, leveraging the state's strategic position. Rus'sele Eizan, PAS deputy commissioner for Perlis, was appointed Speaker of the Perlis State Legislative Assembly on 19 December 2022, overseeing proceedings from the assembly complex in Kangar. As a state assemblyman, he contributes to legislative debates on issues like foreign policy condemnations and development cooperation, reflecting PAS's influence in promoting conservative governance post-2022. His role underscores the party's role in shaping Perlis's assembly dynamics amid coalition governance.

Other Prominent Residents

Bryan Loo, born and raised in , founded Holding Sdn. Bhd., which operates Tealive, the largest beverage chain in and with over 800 outlets as of 2023. Starting from humble beginnings in a family air-conditioning business, Loo pivoted from studies to , expanding the company internationally. His ventures emphasize innovation in the F&B sector, contributing to in the region. Datuk , born in 1997 in , is a Paralympic long jumper in the T20 category for athletes with intellectual impairments, holding the world record of 7.67 meters set at the 2025 in . He won gold at the 2020 Paralympics and silver at the 2024 Games, becoming Malaysia's most decorated Paralympian with multiple international medals. Romly's achievements highlight resilience, as he overcame early challenges to excel nationally and globally. Datuk Yeoh Choo Hock (1945–2024), who began his career as a physical education teacher at SRK Stella Maris in Kangar in 1968, became a pivotal figure in Malaysian basketball administration. Serving as secretary-general of the Malaysia Basketball Association for 17 years and later vice-president, he promoted diversity and development, including encouraging non-Chinese participation in the sport. Yeoh also held roles in FIBA Asia, influencing basketball's growth across the continent over three decades.

Controversies

Environmental Development Disputes

In early 2025, a proposal emerged to construct a café within Gua Cenderawasih, a limestone cave in Bukit Lagi near Kangar, part of the Perlis Geopark designated for its geological significance. The project, initiated by a private landowner, involved building platforms and structures inside the cave, sparking opposition from non-governmental organizations concerned about irreversible damage to the site's 480-million-year-old fossil formations and karst ecosystem. Critics argued that such development threatened geotourism value and habitat integrity, citing the cave's role in preserving Ordovician-Silurian era trilobite and brachiopod fossils unique to Perlis's limestone hills. The dispute escalated in May 2025 when the Kangar Municipal Council (Majlis Perbandaran Kangar) questioned the Perlis Department of Minerals and Geoscience's technical review process, demanding legal documentation for approvals amid reports of unauthorized pre-construction activities like pouring. Pro-development advocates, including local business interests, highlighted potential economic benefits such as job creation and revenue in a region reliant on and limited industry, estimating that controlled access could attract visitors without full-scale exploitation. However, conservationists countered with evidence of structural instability risks, including rockfalls, and precedents of in nearby quarried areas where extraction has led to and decline, as seen in Malaysia's broader regions. By June 17, 2025, the state government intervened, permanently halting the café operations after a review prioritizing safety, preservation, and environmental compliance over short-term gains. The decision mandated that future proposals undergo Perbandaran Kangar scrutiny and alignment with guidelines, underscoring tensions between economic pressures and the need to safeguard 's limestone aquifers, which supply water to Kangar and support downstream vulnerable to quarrying-induced flooding and land subsidence. Ongoing limestone quarrying in has been linked to habitat loss, with studies documenting accelerated erosion rates up to 2-5 mm annually in affected karsts, exacerbating flood risks during monsoons by altering natural drainage.

Religious and Governance Debates

In , including its capital Kangar, debates over religious ideology have centered on the promotion of Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah as the state's orthodox Sunni framework, amid concerns from neighboring states about potential Salafist influences. The International Convention, held in Kangar from January 24-26, 2025, under the theme "Al-Quran: The Divine Guidance," featured 18 international speakers and aimed to reinforce moderate Sunni practices, but drew scrutiny for inviting figures perceived as aligned with flexible Salafism, such as Omar Suleiman. authorities, including the , have positioned the event as a bulwark against by emphasizing inclusive Sunni traditions, countering Wahhabi literalism through state-backed Sufi empowerment initiatives. The Ruler decreed in July 2024 against narrowly defining Ahlus Sunnah, warning it could foster and undermine Muslim unity. Governance tensions arise from Perlis's strict implementations, which test boundaries with Malaysia's federal secular framework under the dual legal system. State Sharia courts in Perlis enforce elements and family laws exclusively for , with the 2023 Syariah Criminal Offences Enactment expanding penalties for deviations from Sunni orthodoxy, such as Shiism or Ahmadiyyah practices, reflecting the state's historical "Sunnah reform" ideology patronized since the 1950s. These measures align with Perlis's constitution designating as the official but clash with federal constraints, as Article 3 of the Federal Constitution prioritizes secular civil law for non-religious matters, leading to judicial overlaps critiqued in cases involving or interfaith disputes. Perlis officials maintain that such policies preserve religious purity without encroaching on federal jurisdiction, though critics argue they erode national pluralism. Policy critiques have highlighted internal Islamist divisions, exemplified by the 2017 Muslim-only launderette in , where operators cited impurity concerns from non-Muslim clothing, prompting swift rebuke from Mufti Mohd Asri Zainul Abidin for lacking Islamic basis and promoting division. Even , dominant in Perlis governance, faced internal 2024 rebukes at its 70th Muktamar, with delegates like Saifizi Saidon decrying leadership lapses in transparency and ethical standards, including handshakes with women, without derailing electoral hold on the state assembly. These episodes underscore Perlis's navigation of puritanical impulses against broader Sunni moderation, with no reported electoral fallout for as of 2025.

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  146. https://voiceasianews.com/abdul-latif-romly-leaping-beyond-limits-with-heart-and-heroism/
  147. https://olympics.com.my/the-ocm-mourns-the-passing-of-dato-yeoh-choo-hock/
  148. https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/highlight/2024/11/17/hoop-icon-who-inspired-diversity-in-malaysian-basketball
  149. https://about.fiba.basketball/en/news/secretary-general-emeritus-of-fiba-asia-dato-yeoh-choo-hok-passes-away
  150. https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2025/05/24/perlis-to-look-into-controversial-cafe-in-kangar-limestone-cave
  151. https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2025/06/17/no-more-cafes-in-gua-cenderawasih-perlis-says-to-protect-480-million-year-old-fossil-site/180631
  152. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2025/05/1220346/perlis-aims-resolve-rocky-cave-caf%25C3%25A9-dispute
  153. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2025/05/1218781/kangar-council-asks-dept-show-legal-basis-tech-review-build-cafe-cave
  154. https://news.mongabay.com/2016/06/cement-company-may-have-caused-global-extinction-of-3-snail-species-in-malaysia/
  155. https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/746370
  156. https://www.facebook.com/BuletinTV3Official/videos/kerajaan-perlis-memutuskan-operasi-kafe-dalam-gua-cenderawasih-dihentikan-terus-/1227142625547833/
  157. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ecology-and-evolution/articles/10.3389/fevo.2021.637833/full
  158. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2024/07/1075287/perlis-ruler-opposes-move-narrowly-define-ahlus-sunnah-wal-jamaah
  159. https://fulcrum.sg/state-level-empowerment-of-sufism-in-addressing-the-salafi-wahhabi-threat-in-malaysia/
  160. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/another-muslim-only-launderette-found-in-perlis
  161. https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2024/09/15/perlis-delegate-criticises-pas-leadership-for-lack-of-transparency-and-integrity-at-70th-muktamar/150464
  162. https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2024/09/19/perlis-pas-man-unfazed-by-possible-action-for-criticising-party-leaders
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