Hubbry Logo
Naf RiverNaf RiverMain
Open search
Naf River
Community hub
Naf River
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Naf River
Naf River
Naf River
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia
Naf River
Map
Location
CountryBangladesh and Myanmar
Physical characteristics
Mouth 
 • location
Bay of Bengal
 • coordinates
20°43′N 92°22′E / 20.717°N 92.367°E / 20.717; 92.367
Depth 
 • average128 feet (39 m)
 • maximum400 feet (120 m)
Naf River at Teknaf Upazila, Bangladesh.

The Naf River (Bengali: নাফ নদী Naf Nodi IPA: [naf nod̪i]; Burmese: နတ်မြစ် [naʔ mjɪʔ]; Rakhine: နတ်မြစ် [nɛ́ mràɪʔ]) is an international river marking part of the border of southeastern Bangladesh and northwestern Myanmar.[1]

Geography

[edit]

The Naf's average depth is 128 feet (39 m), and maximum depth is 400 feet (120 m). Its width varies from 1.61 km to 3.22 km.

It flows into the Bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean, between the Bangladeshi Cox's Bazar District of the Chittagong Division, and the Burmese Rakhine State.

Historically, Shapuree Island, located at the mouth of the river, has played an important role territorially. It is considered one of the immediate causes for the first Anglo-Burmese War. St. Martin's Island is also at the river's mouth.

River incidents with fishermen and refugees

[edit]

Regular incidents in which fishermen and Burmese refugees are shot at by the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces), and/or refugees fleeing Myanmar are escorted back to Myanmar by Bangladeshi troops have occurred on the Naf River.
These include but are not limited to the following:

  • February 1992 — The Lun Htin, A Burmese paramilitary force killed 20 refugees who were crossing the Naf River into Bangladesh.[2]
  • 24 March 1994 — Members of the Myanmar Army's Western Military Command patrolling the Naf River found a group of Rohingya Muslims fishing in a small country boat. The soldiers tried to extort money from the fishermen, but when they were unable to do so, tied them up with rope and brought them to Balu Khali village in Maungdaw Township.[3] Eight of the Rohingya fishermen were interrogated and tortured for five days, and then they were all shot by firing squad.[3]
  • 8 January 2000 — a three-day skirmish between Bangladeshi and Myanmar border guards amid rising tension over a controversial dam project by Myanmar.[4]
  • 27 October 2001 — Burmese border troops killed one Bangladeshi man, wounded 2, and abducted 13 while they were fishing in the Naf River.[5]
  • 22 January 2005 — 70 people were shot and killed when Burmese border guards opened fire on a group of 50 boats attempting to cross the Naf River. The border guards claimed that they believed the boats contained "smuggled rice," implying that their actions, culminating in the mass shooting of unarmed people, were justified.[6]
  • June 2012 — thousands of Rohingya Muslims fleeing sectarian violence in Rakhine State sought refuge across the Naf River in the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh,[7][8] though they were often escorted back by Bangladeshi troops.[9][10] On 11 July 2012, Burmese President Thein Sein suggested expelling the Rohingya people from Myanmar or having the UN relocate the 300,000 Rohingya people living in Myanmar, a policy the UN quickly rejected.[10]
  • August 2017 — The Border Guard Bangladesh station chief of the Ghumdum border post in Bangladesh accused Myanmar's military of firing on fleeing Rohingyas crossing the Naf River. An AFP reporter counted more than a dozen mortar shells and several heavy machine gun rounds fired by Burmese security forces on the fleeing Rohingyas.[11]
  • 2024 - 2025 — Arakan Army seized three cargo ships on the Naf River carrying approximately 50,000 bags of goods, including dried fish, betel nuts and coffee, valued at around Tk 40 crore, while en route from Yangon to Teknaf port in Bangladesh.[12][13] There also have been incidents of AA detaining Bangladeshi fishermen and vessels, including 16 fishermen in October 2024,[14] 15 boats in November 2024[15] and 4 more fisherman in February 2025.[16]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Naf River

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Naf River is a transboundary waterway originating in the hills of and flowing southward approximately 60 kilometers to the , demarcating the southeastern border of 's with 's along its lower course. Featuring an average depth of 39 meters and maximum depths up to 120 meters, the river's width varies from 1.61 to 3.22 kilometers, supporting local activities while posing navigational challenges due to tidal influences in its estuarine sections. As a natural and strategic boundary, it has historically facilitated cross-border interactions, including and migration, underscoring its geopolitical importance in amid regional tensions.

Geography

Physical Course and Basin

The Naf River originates in the Arakan Hills of Myanmar's , where it emerges from the southeastern slopes of this mountain range separating the coastal zone from the inland plateaus. The headwaters lie in rugged, forested terrain typical of the Arakan Yoma, with the river initially carving through narrow valleys amid elevations reaching several hundred meters before descending toward lower gradients. Flowing generally southward, the river covers a total length of approximately 60 kilometers, much of which parallels the international boundary between northwestern and southeastern . From its upstream reaches near the Myanmar interior, it transitions through hilly upstream regions characterized by steep gradients and minor incised channels, gradually widening as it enters the coastal plains of 's . The course forms the border primarily from the vicinity of in southward to Teknaf in , where the river meets the near 20°43′N latitude. The Naf's spans roughly 9,800 square kilometers, encompassing catchments on both sides of the border with contributions from small, seasonal streams draining the adjacent hills and lowlands. These tributaries, numbering around 15 in total, are predominantly short and intermittent, reflecting the basin's compact size and the influence of monsoon-driven patterns that shape the river's path through undulating upstream and broader alluvial features downstream. The overall shifts from elevated, erosion-prone hill slopes in to sediment-depositing coastal floodplains in , with the river exhibiting a relatively straight to mildly meandering profile influenced by the regional of folded ridges and deltaic margins.

Hydrology and Discharge

The Naf River exhibits pronounced seasonal hydrological variability, primarily driven by monsoon precipitation in its mountainous catchment spanning Myanmar's Rakhine State and adjacent Bangladesh territories, resulting in elevated discharges from June to October followed by diminished base flows during the dry season (November to May). Sampling studies conducted in 2016 documented distinct water column characteristics between monsoon (September) and winter (December) periods, with monsoon conditions featuring higher turbidity and nutrient loads indicative of increased runoff and sediment mobilization. Flash flooding occurs frequently during intense rains, exacerbating risks in low-lying border areas; for instance, in June 2010, heavy triggered severe inundations along the river, displacing thousands of residents on both sides of the Bangladesh-Myanmar boundary and prompting humanitarian responses including UNHCR-led rescues and sheltering. Such events underscore the river's steep gradient and limited , which amplify peak flows and overflow onto adjacent floodplains. The natural annual flow regime has been assessed as adequate to sustain environmental flows, mitigating risks of excessive intrusion into the under baseline conditions, though tidal influences and potential upstream alterations could alter this balance. Sediment dynamics play a key role in the river's , with monsoon-enhanced transport depositing cohesive suspended loads that contribute to estuarine delta progradation while fostering through wave action and current scouring, particularly at the outlet near Teknaf. assessments highlight as a persistent challenge in the , where fluvial inputs interact with tidal regimes to reshape coastal morphology and necessitate ongoing monitoring for navigational and stability concerns.

Estuary and Coastal Features

The Naf River estuary is situated near Teknaf in Bangladesh's , marking the point where the discharges into the after delineating the border with . This estuarine zone features formed by the interaction of upstream freshwater inflows and intruding seawater, with mean levels around 12.5 ppt reflecting substantial tidal mixing. High , averaging 32 FTU, and dissolved oxygen concentrations of about 6.7 mg/L further characterize the dynamic hydrological conditions driven by tidal currents and river discharge. Tidal forces propagate into the , generating gradients that influence the transition between fluvial and marine realms, with hydrodynamic models indicating potential for intrusion modulated by seasonal flows and tidal amplitudes. These gradients contribute to distinct estuarine circulation patterns, where tidal currents interact with coastal flows in the northern , affecting sediment transport and water mass exchange at the river mouth. Mangrove ecosystems fringe the estuarine margins, particularly along the coastal belt near Teknaf, aiding in stabilization of shorelines against and wave action through root systems that trap and dissipate energy. Such vegetation, introduced via plantations since the mid-20th century in the region, supports the resilience of the coastal interface, though specific associations with sandbar formations near features like remain tied to broader dynamics influenced by the estuary's outflows.

History

Pre-Colonial and Indigenous Context

The Naf River, rising in the Mayu Mountains of what is now , , and flowing southward to the , shaped early human patterns of settlement and migration in the region as part of the ancient kingdom, which emerged as one of Southeast Asia's earliest Indianised polities around the BCE. Archaeological and historical records indicate that Buddhist Arakanese (Rakhine) communities predominated along the western banks, establishing agrarian villages reliant on the river's alluvial soils for subsistence. These settlements featured rudimentary paddies and fishing practices, with no evidence of large-scale such as or canals that would alter the river's natural meandering course. The river functioned as a permeable natural divider rather than a rigid barrier, facilitating cross-river migrations and interactions between indigenous groups prior to formalized boundaries. Eastern bank areas in present-day hosted Bengali Muslim communities, whose presence traces to and seasonal movements from the onward during the Mrauk-U era of the kingdom (1430–1784), when Muslim settlers from northern integrated into the kingdom's diverse society alongside Buddhist core populations. Historical accounts describe fluid dynamics, with communities claiming affiliation to either side based on , , or to local rulers, rather than fixed territorial lines. Trade routes leveraging the Naf's navigable connected to South Asian networks, with early Arab Muslim merchants arriving via maritime paths by the CE, exchanging goods like textiles and spices that bolstered local economies centered on and wet-rice . These routes, documented in Ptolemaic-era maps and later chronicles, underscore the river's role in pre-colonial commerce without evidence of permanent infrastructure disruptions to its . Indigenous livelihoods emphasized sustainable exploitation of the basin's resources, including seasonal in estuarine waters and rice cultivation in terraces, as inferred from regional ethnohistorical patterns in Arakan's riverine valleys.

Colonial Demarcation and Post-Independence Border Evolution

The Naf River emerged as a de facto international boundary following the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826), after which the Treaty of Yandabo ceded Arakan to British India, separating British Bengal from the Burmese kingdom. This delineation built on pre-colonial precedents where the river served as a natural divide between Mughal Bengal and the Arakanese realm, though without formal treaties. British administrative practices during the colonial era reinforced the river's role, with the boundary extending along its course to mark the limit of British India in the southeast. In 1937, Burma's separation from British India as a distinct shifted the boundary alignment explicitly to the Naf River, formalizing it amid evolving colonial structures. This adjustment, however, left aspects of the district's demarcation incomplete, as no comprehensive surveys followed the separation. By , shortly after Myanmar's and the partition of British India creating (later ), initial efforts installed boundary pillars along segments from the to the southeast of the Hills, attempting to codify the inherited line. Post-1947, the terrestrial boundary along the —comprising a short segment and approximately 193 kilometers of —remained largely unchanged, inheriting colonial contours without major bilateral red demarcations until maritime extensions were addressed. Ambiguities persisted due to the lack of post-1937 formalization, prompting occasional joint verifications rather than wholesale adjustments. A pivotal occurred on March 14, 2012, when the International Tribunal for the (ITLOS) ruled in the / case, delimiting the maritime boundary from the 's mouth into the . The judgment specified the territorial sea boundary adjacent to the river's , employing equidistance principles adjusted for concavity, thereby extending the river's delineative function to exclusive economic zones and continental shelves without altering the upstream terrestrial line. This arbitration resolved longstanding projections from the colonial river boundary into offshore zones, stabilizing post-independence delimitations.

Geopolitical Role

As an International Boundary

The Naf River functions as a natural international boundary delineating sovereignty between southeastern and northwestern , primarily along its lower estuarine course where it separates from . This demarcation spans a significant portion of the 271-kilometer land border between the two nations, with the river's generally serving as the dividing line in accordance with bilateral understandings. Enforcement of this boundary involves regular patrolling by Bangladesh's (BGB) on the western bank and Myanmar's Police (BGP) on the eastern side, utilizing motorized boats to monitor riverine traffic and maintain . Joint patrols and coordinated exercises between BGB and BGP have been conducted periodically to foster , such as the operation on June 20, 2018, which covered segments of the river starting from Teknaf. These activities focus on verifying compliance with sovereignty norms and regulating transboundary movements. The boundary's physical markers include demarcation pillars installed following joint surveys, notably the 1984 effort that addressed the inland segments north of the river's main channel. Bilateral agreements, ratified in 2017, affirm these demarcations and incorporate provisions for ongoing verification, drawing on historical surveys to resolve ambiguities in the river's meandering path. Such measures, aligned with international norms for thalweg-based river boundaries, underscore the river's role in precluding unauthorized resource exploitation and illicit flows, including smuggling of goods beyond narcotics.

Territorial Disputes and Maritime Claims

The delimitation of the between and in the , encompassing the of the Naf River, was adjudicated by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) in a judgment delivered on March 14, 2012. Both states had submitted overlapping claims to exclusive economic zones (EEZs) and continental shelves extending from their adjacent coastlines, with advocating for an equitable angle-based approach from the mouth of the Naf River, while argued for a modified equidistance/relevant circumstances method to account for its concave coastline. The Tribunal delimited a single from the closing line of the territorial sea at the Naf River mouth, extending seaward, awarding approximately 19,467 square kilometers of contested territory in the northern , including adjusted territorial sea boundaries around to prevent enclave formation while recognizing its position as part of 's baseline. St. Martin's Island, located approximately 9 kilometers off the Bangladeshi mainland in the Naf River estuary and within Bangladesh's territorial sea, has been subject to Myanmar's intermittent assertions, rooted in historical Burmese kingdom claims predating colonial demarcations and revived in post-independence protests against perceived encroachments into Myanmar's adjacent waters. Bangladesh maintains administrative control and invokes the principle, inheriting the island's attribution to British India under the 1901 demarcation and subsequent adjustments, rejecting Myanmar's claims as incompatible with stabilized postcolonial borders. The 2012 ITLOS ruling implicitly upheld Bangladesh's by integrating the island into its territorial sea baseline without adjustment for Myanmar's protests, though Myanmar has not formally renounced its positions and has cited navigational rights disputes in the surrounding waters. Myanmar has periodically alleged Bangladeshi encroachments into the 's Myanmar-side channel, claiming violations of the riverine boundary defined by the 1980 Joint Boundary Commission agreement, which follows the principle for navigability. counters these assertions by reaffirming adherence to colonial-era surveys and , arguing that Myanmar's claims lack evidentiary support beyond anecdotal patrols and seek to alter the midline division established post-1947. No formal has addressed these riverine specifics since the maritime ruling, leaving tensions unresolved amid Myanmar's internal instability. In the 2020s, Myanmar's ongoing civil conflict has exacerbated border control ambiguities, with the 's territorial gains in —controlling segments adjacent to the Naf River by mid-2025—prompting challenges to state-level claims through enhanced insurgent patrols and assertions of ethnic Rakhine dominion over features. views these developments as complicating enforcement of ITLOS boundaries, with Myanmar's junta unable to assert uniform sovereignty, yet official diplomatic channels have not yielded new delimitations or concessions.

Economic Importance

Fishing and Local Livelihoods

Fishing constitutes a primary livelihood for coastal communities along the side of the Naf River, particularly in , , where approximately 2,300 small-scale fishermen operate from key villages such as Jatimora Jaladas Para, Teknaf Sadar Jalia Para, and Shahporir Dip Jalia Para. These activities support over 73% of households in these areas as their main income source, with annual fisheries production estimated at around 6,000 metric tons from the river's estuarine resources. Primary species targeted include prawns and shrimps (comprising 39% of catches), finfishes such as hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha), croakers, and others (15%), crabs (5%), and miscellaneous groups like squilla and echinoderms (36%). Traditional methods predominate, including estuarine set bag nets (ESBN, with about 250 units deployed), small-scale gill nets, beach seines, and enclosure nets (chor jal), which enable capture in the river's shallow, tidal waters. Hilsa, a culturally and economically vital species contributing to 's overall annual production of 0.52 million tonnes (as of 2017-18 data), migrates through the Naf , though local catches have shown variability due to overdependence and environmental pressures. To sustain stocks, enforces a nationwide 22-day ban on from October 4 to 25 each year, covering coastal rivers including the Naf, aimed at protecting spawning brood fish and enhancing recruitment. Income from these operations varies seasonally, with ESBN operators earning BDT 1,815 to 4,248 monthly (approximately USD 15-35 at 2023 exchange rates), translating to annual figures of BDT 21,790 to 50,986 per unit, underscoring the subsistence nature amid fluctuating catches and market prices. On the side, near , similar small-scale sustains local Rakhine and Rohingya communities, though data on production and employment remain limited due to regional instability. The facilitates navigation for small to medium-sized vessels and launches, owing to its average depth of 39 meters and maximum depth of 120 meters, enabling access from the to inland points like Teknaf. These vessels primarily serve local and cross-border transport, with the river's supporting routes connecting 's coastal areas to 's . Dredging efforts by at the have aimed to maintain , despite objections from regarding potential impacts on the shared boundary. Cross-border trade along the Naf River involves cargo shipments from ports like to Teknaf, encompassing goods transported by across the waterway. Formal trade volumes remain modest, with Bangladesh's exports to via this route totaling approximately 0.11 tonnes (11,000 tonnes) in 2022, reflecting limited scale compared to land-based exchanges at Teknaf port. Informal crossings have historically supplemented this, facilitating movement of commodities between communities on either side. Resource extraction in the Naf River is limited but includes occasional for removal to support and construction material sourcing, such as for local development projects, which has drawn cross-border disputes over environmental effects like altered riverbed stability. No large-scale operations, such as extensive extraction, are documented, though unplanned withdrawals contribute to ecological pressures at the without quantified yields or regulatory oversight details. Proposals for systems along the river focus on flood control and rather than generation, with no major dams constructed to date.

Environmental Characteristics

Biodiversity and Ecosystems

The Naf River transitions from upstream forested hills in the Rakhine-Arakan to coastal wetlands and estuarine habitats at its mouth in the , supporting a mosaic of freshwater, brackish, and marine-influenced environments. These gradients foster habitats ranging from moist deciduous forests to intertidal zones, with empirical surveys documenting moderate levels characteristic of tropical estuarine systems. Mangrove stands occur along the lower reaches near Teknaf, contributing to coastal structure and serving as nurseries for aquatic , though coverage is limited compared to larger deltaic systems. Angiosperm diversity in adjacent Teknaf Wildlife Sanctuary, encompassing the river's southern , includes 535 across 103 families and 370 genera, reflecting the transition from hill flora to salt-tolerant coastal plants. communities in the exhibit seasonal dynamics, with 121 to 154 identified in recent analyses; chain-forming diatoms predominate during spring blooms, driven by nutrient gradients and salinity fluctuations between upstream (lower salinity) and downstream (higher marine influence) sites. Faunal assemblages include 44 fish species in the , underscoring its role as a productive feeding ground for aquatic biota, alongside 109 benthic genera in proximate areas indicating moderate macroinvertebrate diversity. Bird populations feature migratory utilizing the river's coastal flyways, with observations of and other waterbirds concentrated near the Naf banks during seasonal passages from Central and . These elements collectively support endemic Arakanese taxa adapted to the river's transboundary forested-wetland interface, as evidenced by 2020s inventories.

Pollution Sources and Ecological Risks

The primary sources of pollution in the Naf River include municipal discharge, runoff from plants, agricultural applications, and emissions from trawlers and shipping. These activities elevate levels of oil and grease (OG), averaging 8.13 mg/L (range 3.6–23.6 mg/L), alongside . concentrations in surface water frequently exceed (WHO) guidelines for , with averages of 63.97 μg/L for lead (Pb) and 23.94 μg/L for (Cd); WHO limits are 10 μg/L for Pb and 3 μg/L for Cd. Single factor pollution indices (P_i) confirm severe exceedances for Pb (45.69) and Cd (39.41), both well above the threshold of 1. Among coastal rivers, the Naf shows the highest Cd and (Ni) levels, further elevating risks to aquatic life. In the near Shah Porir Dwip, Cd in water ranges from 33.0–70.0 μg/L, with geoaccumulation indices indicating considerable and potential ecological risk factors highlighting moderate hazards from Cd. Ecological risks stem from bioaccumulation potential, particularly of and Pb in and sediments, where contamination factors are highest for . Overall risk indices classify 25% of sites as very high ( at 53%, Pb at 47%), driven by anthropogenic inputs rather than natural lithogenic sources. These contaminants threaten and transfer, though load indices in sediments remain below 1, suggesting no baseline-wide deterioration.

Cross-Border Incidents and Security Challenges

Fishermen Conflicts and Abductions

The Naf River has been the site of recurring clashes between Bangladeshi fishermen and Myanmar border forces, primarily involving shootings by Myanmar's Border Guard Police (BGP) and more recent abductions by the Arakan Army (AA), an insurgent group controlling parts of Rakhine State. In February 2017, BGP forces fired on a Bangladeshi fishing boat in the river, killing one fisherman and injuring two others, with the victims later returned to Bangladesh. Similar incidents persisted into the 2020s, including the November 2020 shooting death of Mohammed Islam, a 35-year-old Bangladeshi fisherman, by BGP while fishing near Teknaf, and another case where two Bangladeshi fishermen were wounded by BGP gunfire in the same area. Bangladesh authorities have described these as unprovoked aggression in border waters claimed by Bangladesh, while Myanmar officials have cited fishermen entering restricted zones as justification for defensive action. Abductions escalated significantly from late 2024 amid Myanmar's internal conflicts, with detaining Bangladeshi fishermen for alleged incursions into Myanmar-claimed portions of the river and adjacent waters. Between December 2024 and October 2025, abducted at least 315 Bangladeshi fishermen along with their boats from the Naf River vicinity, including specific incidents such as the capture of five fishermen in early August 2025 near Teknaf, seven on August 25, 2025, and 12 more on August 23, 2025. Of these, approximately 189 were returned through negotiations facilitated by Bangladesh's (BGB), often involving exchanges of seized vessels, though some fishermen reported harsh detention conditions and one death among five abducted in November 2024. has maintained that detentions target illegal crossings into their controlled territories, whereas Bangladeshi fishermen and officials assert many incidents occur in disputed mid-river zones or Bangladesh's side, exacerbated by poverty-driven risks. A key underlying factor has been the disputed (mid-channel) boundary in the Naf River, where fishermen from contest resource-rich areas amid unclear demarcations, leading to mutual accusations of territorial violations. Bangladesh's April 2017 ban on in its Naf River sections—to curb drug trafficking and unauthorized crossings during the Rohingya influx—pushed local fishermen toward waters for livelihood, contributing to heightened encounters and economic distress, with studies indicating 70% of affected households shifting to low-income alternatives during the ban. Abduction frequencies surged to dozens monthly in 2025, compared to sporadic BGP shootings pre-2020, reflecting the AA's territorial gains against Myanmar's junta and their enforcement of border controls.

Refugee Crossings and Associated Flows

Significant waves of migration across the Naf River from to have occurred periodically, with major influxes in 1978, when approximately 200,000 individuals fled military operations known as , and in 1991-1992, when hundreds of thousands escaped and , though most were later repatriated under bilateral agreements. The most substantial crossing took place starting August 25, 2017, following coordinated attacks by the (ARSA) on police posts, which prompted extensive military clearance operations; over 740,000 people, primarily from identifying as Rohingya, traversed the Naf River via small boats, improvised rafts, or even swimming, arriving in Bangladesh's within the ensuing months. Myanmar authorities maintain that a substantial portion of these border-crossers represent economic migrants or descendants of Bengali settlers from historical migrations, rather than an indigenous ethnic group meriting recognition as "Rohingya," and thus ineligible for under the 1982 Citizenship Law, which mandates documented pre-1823 residency or post-independence national registration for full rights—criteria many fail to meet due to lacking records or perceived foreign origins. Bangladesh has borne heavy economic, environmental, and security costs from hosting over one million refugees in camps near the Naf, with officials citing annual expenditures exceeding $1 billion alongside strains on local resources; camp establishment and fuel needs for cooking have driven of roughly 2,000 hectares in Cox's Bazar's forested hills, heightening risks of landslides and . Moreover, the river facilitates yaba () smuggling networks exploiting camp residents, fueling cross-border crime and armed group financing that undermines regional stability, while aid structures are faulted by Bangladeshi policymakers for inadvertently promoting indefinite stays over .

References

  1. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Myanmar-Bangladesh-Borderland-and-the-River-Naf-color-figure-available-online_fig2_233243966
  2. http://offroadbangladesh.com/places/naf-river/
  3. https://www.newagebd.net/post/opinion/251552/defence-of-river-naf
  4. https://offroadbangladesh.com/places/naf-river/
  5. https://www.britannica.com/place/Rakhine-Mountains
  6. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/7/1448
  7. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Geographical-location-of-the-Teknaf-coast-and-Naaf-River_fig1_263925843
  8. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Average-distributions-of-biotic-and-abiotic-factors-at-Naf-the-River_fig1_356986822
  9. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0964569123000285
  10. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356986822_Seasonal_variation_in_the_coastal_water_phytoplankton_communities_and_their_environmental_responses_at_upstream_and_downstream_of_the_steep_Naf_River_in_the_south-western_Bay_of_Bengal
  11. https://www.circleofblue.org/2010/world/floods-in-myanmar-and-bangladesh-displace-thousands-leave-dozens-dead/
  12. https://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/myanmar-and-bangladesh-unhcr-rescues-shelters-flood-victims
  13. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378440366_Predicting_Salinity_Intrusion_in_the_Naf_River_Estuary_through_Hydrodynamic_Modeling
  14. https://www.bwdb.gov.bd/archive/pdf/17865.pdf
  15. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385110123001077
  16. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-science/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.990099/full
  17. http://www.netipr.org/policy/downloads/19940101-Dr-Yunus-History-Of-Arakan.pdf
  18. https://www.toaep.org/pbs-pdf/164-leider/
  19. https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-414
  20. https://resolve.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/FDF36DFA6F97ABB5A2675872C1B80200/9789814695770c12_p283-305_CBO.pdf/life_along_the_naf_border_identity_politics_of_the_rohingya_refugees_in_bangladesh.pdf
  21. https://merhrom.wordpress.com/2009/03/04/towards-understanding-arakan-history-part-i/
  22. https://academic.oup.com/book/31839/chapter/267478602
  23. https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/82897/html/
  24. https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/256728
  25. https://www.itlos.org/fileadmin/itlos/documents/cases/case_no_16/published/C16-J-14_mar_12.pdf
  26. https://www.cna.org/archive/CNA_Files/pdf/cpp-2013-u-004603-final.pdf
  27. https://amti.csis.org/the-bangladeshmyanmar-maritime-dispute-lessons-for-peaceful-resolution/
  28. https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Naf_River
  29. https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/148429/bgb-bgp-joint-patrol-in-naf-river
  30. https://www.observerbd.com/news.php?id=404151
  31. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-11/24/c_136774969.htm
  32. https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/373641/bangladesh-lifts-8-year-fishing-ban-in-naf-river
  33. https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/13306/13443
  34. https://thediplomat.com/2025/09/myanmar-risks-repeating-history-with-the-arakan-army/
  35. https://thediplomat.com/2024/06/myanmars-conflict-reaches-the-doorstep-of-bangladeshs-saint-martins-island/
  36. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369178892_Small-scale_Fishermen_along_the_Naaf_River_Bangladesh_in_Crisis_A_framework_for_management
  37. https://fri.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/fri.portal.gov.bd/page/7e157a49_1314_454f_b37c_11ef1a6c8f32/2022-06-02-06-48-f84a7dfde3747fa83187378fbd0506e1.pdf
  38. https://www.newagebd.net/post/mis/277955/22-day-hilsa-fishing-ban-begins
  39. https://dmediag.com/news/deshges.html
  40. https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/bangladesh-myanmar-cross-border-trade-halts-conflict-escalates-rakhine-789194
  41. https://fctc.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Illicit_tobacco_trade_Bangladesh_India_2010.pdf
  42. https://defence.pk/threads/myanmar-objects-naf-tourism-park-work-stopped.770235/
  43. https://bdnews24.com/environment/d09cd00bafd4
  44. https://www.observerbd.com/news/336371
  45. https://news.mongabay.com/2023/09/habitat-loss-drove-long-tailed-macaques-extinct-in-bangladesh-experts-say/
  46. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275936378_Diversity_in_angiosperm_flora_of_Teknaf_wildlife_sanctuary_Bangladesh
  47. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00343-019-8063-7
  48. https://app.advcollective.com/travel-guides/Cox%27s-Bazar/bird-watching-season-events-teknaf-bangladesh
  49. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024063023
  50. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352485524000112
  51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09384-x
  52. https://www.dw.com/en/bangladesh-fishers-risk-abduction-in-myanmar-border-tensions/a-73485004
  53. https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/latest/timeline-rohingya-crisis
  54. https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/12/03/are-we-not-human/denial-education-rohingya-refugee-children-bangladesh
  55. https://www.redpepper.org.uk/global-politics/asia/the-ongoing-battle-for-rohingya-peoples-rights/
  56. https://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/myanmar-humanitarian-bulletin-issue-3-2017-23-september-13-november-2017
  57. https://news.un.org/en/story/2017/11/636512
  58. https://www.reuters.com/article/world/aboard-rickety-boats-or-swimming-over-750-rohingya-reach-bangladesh-idUSKBN1DA240/
  59. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26906542
  60. https://www.networkmyanmar.org/ESW/Files/2017-Haque.pdf
  61. https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2013/0602/Why-Myanmar-s-Rohingya-are-forced-to-say-they-are-Bengali
  62. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/bangladesh-runs-out-resources-rohingya-refugees-2025-08-25/
  63. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023054634
  64. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/989741646064634353/pdf/Rohingya-Refugee-Camps-and-Forest-Loss-in-Cox-s-Bazar-Bangladesh-An-Inquiry-Using-Remote-Sensing-and-Econometric-Approaches.pdf
  65. https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/bangladesh/355-crisis-mounts-rohingya-refugees-bangladesh
  66. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/drug-trafficking-and-rohingya-refugees-in-bangladesh-49005
  67. https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2020/05/rohingya-refugees-smuggle-drugs-insurgents-myanmar/
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.