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613 commandments
613 commandments
from Wikipedia

According to Jewish tradition, the Torah contains 613 commandments (Hebrew: תרי״ג מצוות, romanizedtaryág mitsvót).

Although the number 613 is mentioned in the Talmud, its real significance increased in later medieval rabbinic literature, including many works listing or arranged by the mitzvot. The most famous of these was an enumeration of the 613 commandments by Maimonides. While the total number of commandments is 613, no individual can perform all of them. Many can only be observed at the Temple in Jerusalem, which no longer stands. According to one standard reckoning,[1] there are 77 positive and 194 negative commandments that can be observed today, of which there are 26 commandments that apply only within the Land of Israel.[2] In addition, some commandments only apply to certain categories of Jews: some are only observed by kohanim, and others only by men or by women.

Symbolism of 613

[edit]
De Rouwdagen (The mourning days) by Jan Voerman, c. 1884

Rav Hamnuna sourced the count of 613 in the verse Deuteronomy 33:4 ("Moses commanded us the Torah..."). The Talmud notes that the Hebrew numerical value (gematria) of the word Torah is 611 (ת‎ = 400, ו‎ = 6, ר‎ = 200, ה‎ = 5). Combining 611 commandments which Moses taught the people, with the first two of the Ten Commandments which were the only ones directly heard from God, a total of 613 is reached.[3]

Other sources connect the tzitzit (ritual fringes of a garment) to the 613 commandments by gematria: the word tzitzit (Hebrew: ציצית, in its Mishnaic spelling) has the value 600 (צ‎ = 90, י‎ = 10, ת‎ = 400). Each tassel has eight threads (when doubled over) and five sets of knots. The sum of all these numbers is 613, reflecting the concept that tzitzit reminds its wearer of all Torah commandments.[4]

Many Jewish philosophical and mystical works (e.g., by Baal HaTurim, the Maharal of Prague and leaders of Hasidic Judaism) find allusions and inspirational calculations relating to the number of commandments.

Dissent and difficulties

[edit]

Rabbinic support for the number of commandments being 613 is not without dissent. For example, Ben Azzai held that there exist 300 positive mitzvot.[5] Also, even as the number gained acceptance, difficulties arose in elucidating the list. Some rabbis declared that this count was not an authentic tradition, or that it was not logically possible to come up with a systematic count. No early work of Jewish law or Biblical commentary depended on the 613 system, and no early systems of Jewish principles of faith made acceptance of this Aggadah (non-legal Talmudic statement) normative. A number of classical authorities denied that it was normative:

  • Rabbi Abraham ibn Ezra denied that this was an authentic rabbinic tradition. Ibn Ezra writes "Some sages enumerate 613 mitzvot in many diverse ways [...] but in truth there is no end to the number of mitzvot [...] and if we were to count only the root principles [...] the number of mitzvot would not reach 613".[6]
  • Nahmanides held that this particular counting was a matter of rabbinic controversy, and that rabbinic opinion on this is not unanimous. Nonetheless, he concedes that "this total has proliferated throughout the aggadic literature... we ought to say that it was a tradition from Moses at Mount Sinai".[7]
  • Rabbi Simeon ben Zemah Duran likewise rejected the dogma of the 613 as being the sum of the Law, saying that "perhaps the agreement that the number of mitzvot is 613... is just Rabbi Simlai's opinion, following his own explication of the mitzvot. And we need not rely on his explication when we come to determine [and affect] the Law, but rather on the Talmudic discussions".[8]
  • Gersonides held that the number 613 was only one rabbi's (Rabbi Simlai's) opinion, and if the conclusion of a Talmudic discussion indicated that the number of commandments was greater or lesser than 613, Rabbi Simlai's opinion would be overruled.[9] He argued that the number 613 was only intended as an approximation, and that the comparison to 248 limbs and 365 days was intended homiletically, to motivate Jews to keep the commandments.[10]
  • The Vilna Gaon suggested that there exist many more than 613 commandments (because otherwise large narrative parts of the Pentateuch would be without commandments, which he considered difficult to accept) and that the count of 613 refers to "roots" (shorashim) of the other commandments.[11]

Even when rabbis attempted to compile a list of the 613 commandments, they were faced with a number of difficulties:

  • Which statements were to be included amongst the 613 commandments? Every one of God's commands to any individual or to the entire people of Israel?
  • Would an order from God be counted as a commandment, for the purposes of such a list, if it could only be complied with in one place and time? Else, would such an order only count as a commandment if it could be followed at all times? (The latter is the view of Maimonides.)[citation needed]
  • Does counting a single commandment depend on whether it falls within one verse, even though it may contain multiple prohibitions, or should each prohibition count as a single commandment?[citation needed]

Ultimately, though, the concept of 613 commandments has become accepted as normative amongst practicing Jews and today it is still common practice to refer to the total system of commandments within the Torah as the "613 commandments", even among those who do not literally accept this count as accurate.[citation needed]

However, the 613 mitzvot do not constitute a formal code of present-day halakha. Later codes of law such as the Shulkhan Arukh and the Kitzur Shulkhan Arukh do not refer to it. However, Maimonides' Mishneh Torah is prefaced by a count of the 613 mitzvot.

Works which enumerate the commandments

[edit]

There is no single definitive list that explicates the 613 commandments. Lists differ, for example, in how they interpret passages in the Torah that may be read as dealing with several cases under a single law or several separate laws (see here for a visual comparison of several lists). Other "commandments" in the Torah are restricted as one-time acts, and would not be considered as "mitzvot" binding on other persons. In rabbinic literature, Rishonim and later scholars composed to articulate and justify their enumeration of the commandments:[12]

  • Halachot Gedolot ("Great Laws"), thought to be written by Rabbi Simeon Kayyara (the Bahag, author of the Halakhot Gedolot) is the earliest extant enumeration of the 613 mitzvot.[13]
  • Sefer ha-Mitzvoth ("Book of Commandments") by Rabbi Saadia Gaon. Written during the period of the Geonim, Saadia's work is a simple list (though it was later expanded by Rabbi Yerucham Fishel Perlow.)
  • Sefer Hamitzvot ("Book of Commandments") by Maimonides, with a commentary by Nachmanides. Maimonides employs a set of fourteen rules (shorashim) which determine inclusion into the list. In this work, he supports his specification of each mitzvah through quotations from the midrash halakha and the Gemara. Nachmanides makes a number of critical points and replaces some items of the list with others.[14]
  • Sefer ha-Chinnuch ("Book of Education"). This work generally follows Maimonides' reckoning of the 613 commandments. It is written in the order in which the commandments appear in the Torah rather than an arrangement by category (as in Maimonides' work.) In addition to enumerating the commandments and giving a brief overview of relevant laws, the Sefer ha-Chinuch also tries to explain the philosophical reasons behind the mitzvot. It has been attributed to various authors, most commonly Rabbi Aaron ha-Levi of Barcelona (the Ra'ah), though its true authorship is unknown.
  • Sefer Mitzvot Gadol or SMaG ("Large book of Commandments") by Rabbi Moses ben Jacob of Coucy.
  • Sefer ha-Mitzvoth by Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan (the "Chafetz Chaim"). The Chafetz Chaim's work follows the reckoning of Maimonides but gives only the commandments relevant today. Notably, this listing omits commandments regarding temple service, ritual purity, sacrifices, and so on. Though the original work included only those commandments relevant in all places and at all times, later editions include agricultural laws relevant today only in the Land of Israel.

Works in which the number of commandments is not 613

[edit]
  • Sefer Yereim by Eliezer ben Samuel lists only 417 commandments (including commandments only applicable when the Temple stood).[9]
  • Menahem Recanati, in his book Taamei haMitzvot, counted 250 positive and 361 negative commandments, for a total of 611. These 611 include the two commandments of Exodus 20:2, indicating that this list is incompatible with the approach of R' Hamnuna in the Talmud (who said that of the 613 commandments, the two in Exodus 20:2 were given directly by God, and the remaining 611 via Moses).[9]
  • Sefer Mitzvoth Katan, by Rabbi Isaac of Corbeil, listed 320 commandments applicable nowadays. To reach a total of 613, one would have to add 293 commandments applicable only while the Temple stood. As the number of Temple-only commandments appears to be much lower than 293 (for example, Sefer haHinuch only counted 201 such commandments), it seems that the overall count of commandments would likely be lower than 613.[9]
  • According to Asael Ben-Or, Gersonides' commentary to the Torah indicates that he counted a total of 513 commandments.[9]

Maimonides' list

[edit]

The following are the 613 commandments and the source of their derivation from the Hebrew Bible as enumerated by Maimonides:

Canonical order

[edit]
Maimonides' list sorted by occurrence in the Torah
  1. Gen. 1:28 — To have children with one's wife
  2. Gen. 32:33 — Not to eat the sinew of the thigh
  3. Ex. 12:2Courts must calculate to determine when a new month begins
  4. Ex. 12:6 — To slaughter the paschal sacrifice at the specified time
  5. Ex. 12:8 — To eat the Paschal Lamb with matzah and Marror on the night of the fifteenth of Nisan
  6. Ex. 12:9 — Not to eat the paschal meat raw or boiled
  7. Ex. 12:10 — Not to leave any meat from the paschal offering over until morning
  8. Ex. 12:15To destroy all chametz on the 14th day of Nisan
  9. Ex. 12:18 — To eat matzah on the first night of Passover
  10. Ex. 12:19 — Not to find chametz in your domain on Passover
  11. Ex. 12:20 — Not to eat mixtures containing chametz all seven days of Passover
  12. Ex. 12:43 — An apostate must not eat from it
  13. Ex. 12:45 — A permanent or temporary hired worker must not eat from it
  14. Ex. 12:46 — Not to take the paschal meat from the confines of the group
  15. Ex. 12:46 — Not to break any bones from the paschal offering → Ps. 34:20
  16. Ex. 12:48 — An uncircumcised Kohen (priest) must not eat Terumah (heave offering)
  17. Ex. 12:48 — An uncircumcised male must not eat from it
  18. Ex. 13:3 — Not to eat chametz all seven days of Passover
  19. Ex. 13:7 — Not to see chametz in your domain seven days
  20. Ex. 13:8 — To relate the Exodus from Egypt on that night
  21. Ex. 13:12 — To set aside the firstborn animals
  22. Ex. 13:13 — To redeem the firstborn donkey by giving a lamb to a Kohen
  23. Ex. 13:13 — To break the neck of the donkey if the owner does not intend to redeem it
  24. Ex. 16:29Not to walk outside the city boundary on Shabbat
  25. Ex. 20:2To know there is a God
  26. Ex. 20:3Not to even think that there are other gods besides him — Yemenite→Ex. 20:2
  27. Ex. 20:5Not to make a graven image or any image for yourself — Yemenite→Ex. 20:4
  28. Ex. 20:6Not to worship idols in the manner they are worshipped — Yemenite→Ex. 20:5
  29. Ex. 20:6Not to worship idols in the four ways we worship God — Yemenite→Ex. 20:5
  30. Ex. 20:7Not to take God's name in vain — Yemenite→Ex. 20:6
  31. Ex. 20:9 — To sanctify the day with Kiddush and Havdalah — Yemenite→Ex. 20:8
  32. Ex. 20:11 — Not to do prohibited labor on the seventh day — Yemenite→Ex. 20:10
  33. Ex. 20:13 — Not to murder — Yemenite→Ex. 20:12
  34. Ex. 20:13To respect one's father or mother — Yemenite→Ex. 20:12
  35. Ex. 20:14 — Not to kidnap — Yemenite→Ex. 20:13
  36. Ex. 20:14 — Not to testify falsely — Yemenite→Ex. 20:13
  37. Ex. 20:15 — Not to covet and scheme to acquire another's possession — Yemenite→Ex. 20:14
  38. Ex. 20:21Not to make human forms even for decorative purposes — Yemenite→Ex. 20:20
  39. Ex. 20:24 — Not to build the altar with stones hewn by metal — Yemenite→Ex. 20:23
  40. Ex. 20:27 — Not to climb steps to the altar — Yemenite→Ex. 20:26
  41. Ex. 21:2 — Purchase a Hebrew slave in accordance with the prescribed laws
  42. Ex. 21:8 — Redeem Jewish maidservants
  43. Ex. 21:8 — Betroth the Jewish maidservant
  44. Ex. 21:8 — The master must not sell his maidservant
  45. Ex. 21:10 — Not to withhold food, clothing, and sexual relations from one's wife
  46. Ex. 21:15 — Not to strike one's father and mother
  47. Ex. 21:17 — Not to curse one's father and mother
  48. Ex. 21:18 — The court must implement laws against the one who assaults another or damages another's property
  49. Ex. 21:20 — The courts must carry out the death penalty of the sword
  50. Ex. 21:28 — Not to benefit from an ox condemned to be stoned
  51. Ex. 21:28 — The court must judge the damages incurred by a goring ox
  52. Ex. 21:33 — The court must judge the damages incurred by a pit
  53. Ex. 21:37 — The court must implement punitive measures against the thief
  54. Ex. 22:4 — The court must judge the damages incurred by an animal eating
  55. Ex. 22:5 — The court must judge the damages incurred by fire
  56. Ex. 22:6 — The courts must carry out the laws of an unpaid guard
  57. Ex. 22:8 — The courts must carry out the laws of the plaintiff, admitter, or denier
  58. Ex. 22:9 — The courts must carry out the laws of a hired worker and hired guard
  59. Ex. 22:13 — The courts must carry out the laws of a borrower
  60. Ex. 22:15–16 — The court must fine one who sexually seduces a maiden
  61. Ex. 22:17 — The court must not let the sorcerer live
  62. Ex. 22:20 — Not to cheat a convert monetarily
  63. Ex. 22:20 — Not to insult or harm a convert with words
  64. Ex. 22:21 — Not to oppress the weak
  65. Ex. 22:24 — Lend to the poor and destitute
  66. Ex. 22:24 — Not to press them for payment if one knows they do not have it
  67. Ex. 22:24 — Not to intermediate in an interest loan, guarantee, witness, or write the promissory note
  68. Ex. 22:27Not to blaspheme
  69. Ex. 22:27 — Not to curse judges
  70. Ex. 22:27 — Not to curse the head of state or leader of the Sanhedrin
  71. Ex. 22:28 — Not to preface one tithe to the next, but separate them in their proper order
  72. Ex. 22:30 — Not to eat meat of an animal that was mortally wounded
  73. Ex. 23:1 — Judges must not accept testimony unless both parties are present
  74. Ex. 23:1 — Transgressors must not testify
  75. Ex. 23:2 — Decide by majority in case of disagreement
  76. Ex. 23:2 — The court must not execute through a majority of one; at least a majority of two is required
  77. Ex. 23:2 — A judge who presented an acquittal plea must not present an argument for conviction in capital cases
  78. Ex. 23:5 — Help another remove the load from a beast which can no longer carry it
  79. Ex. 23:6 — A judge must not decide unjustly the case of the habitual transgressor
  80. Ex. 23:7 — The court must not kill anybody on circumstantial evidence
  81. Ex. 23:8 — Judges must not accept bribes
  82. Ex. 23:11 — To leave free all produce which grew in that year
  83. Ex. 23:12 — To rest on the seventh day
  84. Ex. 23:13 — Not to swear in the name of an idol → Deut. 13:14
  85. Ex. 23:14 — To celebrate on these three Festivals (bring a peace offering)
  86. Ex. 23:18 — Not to slaughter it while in possession of leaven
  87. Ex. 23:18 — Not to leave the fat overnight
  88. Ex. 23:19Not to eat mixtures of milk and meat cooked together
  89. Ex. 23:19 —To set aside the first fruits and bring them to the Temple
  90. Ex. 23:25 — To serve the Almighty with prayer
  91. Ex. 23:33 — Not to let the Canaanites dwell in the Land of Israel
  92. Ex. 25:8 — To build a Temple
  93. Ex. 25:15 — Not to remove the staves from the ark
  94. Ex. 25:30 — To make the show bread
  95. Ex. 27:21 — To light the Menorah every day
  96. Ex. 28:2 — The Kohanim must wear their priestly garments during service
  97. Ex. 28:28 — The Kohen Gadol's (High Priest) breastplate must not be loosened from the Efod
  98. Ex. 28:32 — Not to tear the priestly garments
  99. Ex. 29:33 — The Kohanim must eat the sacrificial meat in the Temple
  100. Ex. 29:33 — A non-Kohen must not eat sacrificial meat
  101. Ex. 30:7 — To burn incense every day
  102. Ex. 30:9 — Not to burn anything on the Golden Altar besides incense
  103. Ex. 30:13 — Each man must give a half shekel annually
  104. Ex. 30:19 — A Kohen must wash his hands and feet before service
  105. Ex. 30:31 — To prepare the anointing oil
  106. Ex. 30:32 — Not to reproduce the anointing oil
  107. Ex. 30:32 — Not to anoint with anointing oil
  108. Ex. 30:37 — Not to reproduce the incense formula
  109. Ex. 34:21 — To rest the land during the seventh year by not doing any work which enhances growth
  110. Ex. 34:26Not to cook meat and milk together
  111. Ex. 35:3 — The court must not inflict punishment on Shabbat
  112. Lev. 1:3 — Carry out the procedure of the burnt offering as prescribed in the Torah
  113. Lev. 2:1 — To bring meal offerings as prescribed in the Torah
  114. Lev. 2:11 — Not to burn honey or yeast on the altar
  115. Lev. 2:13 — To salt all sacrifices
  116. Lev. 2:13 — Not to omit the salt from sacrifices
  117. Lev. 3:11 — Not to put frankincense on the meal offerings of wrongdoers
  118. Lev. 3:17 — Not to eat blood
  119. Lev. 3:17 — Not to eat certain fats of clean animals
  120. Lev. 4:13 — The Sanhedrin must bring an offering (in the Temple) when it rules in error
  121. Lev. 4:27 — Every person must bring a sin offering (in the Temple) for his transgression
  122. Lev. 5:1 — Anybody who knows evidence must testify in court
  123. Lev. 5:7–11 — Bring an oleh v'yored (Temple offering) offering (if the person is wealthy, an animal; if poor, a bird or meal offering)
  124. Lev. 5:8 — Not to decapitate a fowl brought as a sin offering
  125. Lev. 5:11 — Not to put oil on the meal offerings of wrongdoers
  126. Lev. 5:16 — One who profaned property must repay what he profaned plus a fifth and bring a sacrifice
  127. Lev. 5:17–18 — Bring an asham talui (temple offering) when uncertain of guilt
  128. Lev. 5:23 — Return the robbed object or its value
  129. Lev. 5:25 — Bring an asham vadai (temple offering) when guilt is ascertained
  130. Lev. 6:3 — To remove the ashes from the altar every day
  131. Lev. 6:6 — To light a fire on the altar every day
  132. Lev. 6:6 — Not to extinguish this fire
  133. Lev. 6:9 — The Kohanim must eat the remains of the meal offerings
  134. Lev. 6:10 — Not to bake a meal offering as leavened bread
  135. Lev. 6:13 — The Kohen Gadol must bring a meal offering every day
  136. Lev. 6:16 — Not to eat the meal offering of the High Priest
  137. Lev. 6:18 — Carry out the procedure of the sin offering
  138. Lev. 6:23 — Not to eat the meat of the inner sin offering
  139. Lev. 7:1 — Carry out the procedure of the guilt offering
  140. Lev. 7:11 — To follow the procedure of the peace offering
  141. Lev. 7:17 — To burn the leftover sacrifices
  142. Lev. 7:18 — Not to eat from sacrifices offered with improper intentions
  143. Lev. 7:19 — Not to eat from sacrifices which became impure
  144. Lev. 7:19 — To burn all impure sacrifices
  145. Lev. 7:20 — An impure person must not eat from sacrifices
  146. Lev. 10:6 — A Kohen must not enter the Temple with his head uncovered
  147. Lev. 10:6 — A Kohen must not enter the Temple with torn clothes
  148. Lev. 10:7 — A Kohen must not leave the Temple during service
  149. Lev. 10:9 — A Kohen must not enter the Temple intoxicated
  150. Lev. 10:19Mourn for relatives
  151. Lev. 11:2 — To examine the signs of animals to distinguish between kosher and non-kosher
  152. Lev. 11:4Not to eat non-kosher animals
  153. Lev. 11:9 — To examine the signs of fish to distinguish between kosher and non-kosher
  154. Lev. 11:11Not to eat non-kosher fish
  155. Lev. 11:13Not to eat non-kosher fowl
  156. Lev. 11:21 — To examine the signs of locusts to distinguish between kosher and non-kosher
  157. Lev. 11:29 — Observe the laws of impurity caused by the eight shratzim (insects)
  158. Lev. 11:34 — Observe the laws of impurity concerning liquid and solid foods
  159. Lev. 11:39 — Observe the laws of impurity caused by a dead beast
  160. Lev. 11:41Not to eat non-kosher creatures that crawl on land
  161. Lev. 11:42Not to eat worms found in fruit
  162. Lev. 11:43Not to eat creatures that live in water other than (kosher) fish
  163. Lev. 11:44Not to eat non-kosher maggots
  164. Lev. 12:2 — Observe the laws of impurity caused by childbirth
  165. Lev. 12:3To circumcise all males on the eighth day after their birth
  166. Lev. 12:6 — A woman who gave birth must bring an offering (in the Temple) after she goes to the Mikveh
  167. Lev. 13:12 — Rule the laws of human tzara'at as prescribed in the Torah
  168. Lev. 13:33 — The metzora (one having a skin disease) must not shave signs of impurity in his hair
  169. Lev. 13:34 — Carry out the laws of tzara'at of houses
  170. Lev. 13:45 — The metzora must publicize his condition by tearing his garments, allowing his hair to grow and covering his lips
  171. Lev. 13:47 — Carry out the laws of tzara'at of clothing
  172. Lev. 14:2 — Carry out the prescribed rules for purifying the metzora
  173. Lev. 14:9 — The metzora must shave off all his hair prior to purification
  174. Lev. 14:10 — A metzora must bring an offering (in the Temple) after going to the Mikveh
  175. Lev. 15:3 — Observe the laws of impurity caused by a man's running issue (irregular ejaculation of infected semen)
  176. Lev. 15:13–14 — A man who had a running (unnatural urinary) issue must bring an offering (in the Temple) after he goes to the Mikveh
  177. Lev. 15:16 — Observe the laws of impurity of a seminal emission (regular ejaculation, with normal semen)
  178. Lev. 15:16 — Every impure person must immerse himself in a Mikvah to become pure
  179. Lev. 15:19 — Observe the laws of menstrual impurity
  180. Lev. 15:25 — Observe the laws of impurity caused by a woman's running issue
  181. Lev. 15:28–29 — A woman who had a running (vaginal) issue must bring an offering (in the Temple) after she goes to the Mikveh
  182. Lev. 16:2 — A Kohen must not enter the Temple indiscriminately
  183. Lev. 16:3 — To follow the procedure of Yom Kippur in the sequence prescribed in Parshah Acharei Mot ("After the death of Aaron's sons...")
  184. Lev. 16:29 — To afflict yourself on Yom Kippur
  185. Lev. 17:4 — Not to slaughter sacrifices outside the courtyard
  186. Lev. 17:13 — To cover the blood (of a slaughtered beast or fowl) with earth
  187. Lev. 18:6Not to make pleasurable (sexual) contact with any forbidden woman
  188. Lev. 18:7Not to have sexual relations with one's mother
  189. Lev. 18:7Not to have sexual relations with one's father
  190. Lev. 18:8Not to have sexual relations with the wife of one's father
  191. Lev. 18:9Not to have sexual relations with one's sister
  192. Lev. 18:11Not to have sexual relations with the daughter of the wife of one's father
  193. Lev. 18:10Not to have sexual relations with the daughter of one's son
  194. Lev. 18:10Not to have sexual relations with one's daughter
  195. Lev. 18:10Not to have sexual relations with the daughter of one's daughter
  196. Lev. 18:12Not to have sexual relations with the sister of one's father
  197. Lev. 18:13Not to have sexual relations with the sister of one's mother
  198. Lev. 18:14Not to have sexual relations with the wife of the brother of one's father
  199. Lev. 18:14Not to have sexual relations with the brother of one's father
  200. Lev. 18:15Not to have sexual relations with the wife of one's son
  201. Lev. 18:16Not to have sexual relations with the wife of one's brother
  202. Lev. 18:17Not to have sexual relations with a woman and her daughter
  203. Lev. 18:17Not to have sexual relations with a woman and her son's daughter
  204. Lev. 18:17Not to have sexual relations with a woman and her daughter's daughter
  205. Lev. 18:18Not to have sexual relations with the sister of one's wife
  206. Lev. 18:19Not to have sexual relations with a menstrually impure woman
  207. Lev. 18:20Not to have sexual relations with someone else's wife
  208. Lev. 18:22A man must not have sexual relations with a man
  209. Lev. 18:23A man must not have sexual relations with an animal
  210. Lev. 18:23A woman must not have sexual relations with an animal
  211. Lev. 19:3Be in awe of one's mother or father
  212. Lev. 19:4Not to inquire into idolatry
  213. Lev. 19:4Not to make an idol for others
  214. Lev. 19:8 — Not to eat from that which was left over
  215. Lev. 19:9 — Not to reap a corner of the field
  216. Lev. 19:9 — To leave gleanings
  217. Lev. 19:9 — Not to gather the gleanings
  218. Lev. 19:10To leave a corner of the field uncut for the poor
  219. Lev. 19:10 — To leave the gleanings of a vineyard
  220. Lev. 19:10 — Not to gather the gleanings of a vineyard
  221. Lev. 19:10 — To leave the unformed clusters of grapes
  222. Lev. 19:10 — Not to pick the unformed clusters of grapes
  223. Lev. 19:11 — Not to deny possession of something entrusted to one
  224. Lev. 19:11 — Not to swear in denial of a monetary claim
  225. Lev. 19:11 — Not to steal money stealthily
  226. Lev. 19:12 — Not to swear falsely in God's name
  227. Lev. 19:13 — Not to rob openly
  228. Lev. 19:13 — Not to withhold wages or fail to repay a debt
  229. Lev. 19:13 — Not to delay payment of wages past the agreed time
  230. Lev. 19:14 — Not to put a stumbling block before a blind man (or give harmful advice)
  231. Lev. 19:14 — Not to curse any upstanding Jew
  232. Lev. 19:15 — A judge must not have mercy on the poor man at the trial
  233. Lev. 19:15 — A judge must not respect the great man at the trial
  234. Lev. 19:15 — A judge must not pervert justice
  235. Lev. 19:15 — Judge righteously
  236. Lev. 19:16Not to gossip
  237. Lev. 19:16 — Not to stand idly by if someone's life is in danger
  238. Lev. 19:17 — Not to hate fellow Jews
  239. Lev. 19:17 — To reprove a sinner
  240. Lev. 19:17 — Not to embarrass others
  241. Lev. 19:18 — To love other Jews
  242. Lev. 19:18 — Not to take revenge
  243. Lev. 19:18 — Not to bear a grudge
  244. Lev. 19:19Not to plant diverse seeds together
  245. Lev. 19:19 — Not to crossbreed animals
  246. Lev. 18:21Not to pass your children through the fire to Molech
  247. Lev. 19:23Not to eat fruit of a tree during its first three years
  248. Lev. 19:24 — The fourth year crops must be totally for holy purposes like Ma'aser Sheni
  249. Lev. 19:26 — Not to be superstitious
  250. Lev. 19:26 — Not to engage in divination or soothsaying
  251. Lev. 19:27 — Men must not shave the hair off the sides of their head
  252. Lev. 19:27 — Men must not shave their beards with a razor
  253. Lev. 19:28Not to tattoo the skin
  254. Lev. 19:30 — To show reverence to the Temple
  255. Lev. 19:31Not to perform ov (medium)
  256. Lev. 19:31Not to perform yidoni ("magical seer")
  257. Lev. 19:32 — To honor those who teach and know Torah
  258. Lev. 19:35 — Not to commit injustice with scales and weights
  259. Lev. 19:36 — Each individual must ensure that his scales and weights are accurate
  260. Lev. 21:1 — A Kohen must not defile himself (by going to funerals or cemeteries) for anyone except relatives
  261. Lev. 21:8 — To dedicate the Kohen for service
  262. Lev. 20:10 — The courts must carry out the death penalty of strangulation
  263. Lev. 20:14 — The courts must carry out the death penalty of burning
  264. Lev. 20:23 — Not to imitate them in customs and clothing
  265. Lev. 21:7 — A Kohen must not marry a divorcee
  266. Lev. 21:7 — A Kohen must not marry a zonah (a woman who has had a forbidden sexual relationship)
  267. Lev. 21:7 — A Kohen must not marry a chalalah ("a desecrated person") (party to or product of 169–172)
  268. Lev. 21:11 — The High Priest must not defile himself for any relative
  269. Lev. 21:11 — The High Priest must not enter under the same roof as a corpse
  270. Lev. 21:13 — The High Priest must marry a virgin maiden
  271. Lev. 21:14 — The High Priest must not marry a widow
  272. Lev. 21:15 — The High Priest must not have sexual relations with a widow even outside of marriage
  273. Lev. 21:17 — A Kohen with a physical blemish must not serve
  274. Lev. 21:17 — A Kohen with a temporary blemish must not serve
  275. Lev. 21:23 — A Kohen with a physical blemish must not enter the sanctuary or approach the altar
  276. Lev. 22:2 — Impure Kohanim must not do service in the temple
  277. Lev. 22:4 — An impure Kohen must not eat Terumah
  278. Lev. 22:7 — An impure Kohen, following immersion, must wait until after sundown before returning to service
  279. Lev. 22:10 — A non-Kohen must not eat Terumah
  280. Lev. 22:10 — A hired worker or a Jewish bondsman of a Kohen must not eat Terumah
  281. Lev. 22:12 — A chalalah (party to #s 169-172 above) must not eat Terumah
  282. Lev. 22:15 — Not to eat untithed fruits
  283. Lev. 22:20 — Not to dedicate a blemished animal for the altar
  284. Lev. 22:21 — To offer only unblemished animals
  285. Lev. 22:21 — Not to inflict wounds upon dedicated animals
  286. Lev. 22:22 — Not to slaughter it
  287. Lev. 22:22 — Not to burn its fat
  288. Lev. 22:24 — Not to offer to God any castrated male animals
  289. Lev. 22:24 — Not to sprinkle its blood
  290. Lev. 22:25 — Not to sacrifice blemished animals even if offered by non-Jews
  291. Lev. 22:27 — To offer only animals which are at least eight days old
  292. Lev. 22:28 — Not to slaughter an animal and its offspring on the same day
  293. Lev. 22:30 — Not to leave sacrifices past the time allowed for eating them
  294. Lev. 22:32To sanctify his name
  295. Lev. 22:32Not to profane his name
  296. Lev. 23:7 — To rest on the first day of Passover
  297. Lev. 23:8 — Not to do prohibited labor on the first day of Passover
  298. Lev. 23:8 — To rest on the seventh day of Passover
  299. Lev. 23:8 — Not to do prohibited labor on the seventh day of Passover
  300. Lev. 23:10 — To offer the wave offering from the meal of the new wheat
  301. Lev. 23:14Not to eat bread from new grain before the Omer
  302. Lev. 23:14 — Not to eat parched grains from new grain before the Omer
  303. Lev. 23:14 — Not to eat ripened grains from new grain before the Omer
  304. Lev. 23:15 — Each man must count the Omer – seven weeks from the day the new wheat offering was brought
  305. Lev. 23:17 — To bring two loaves to accompany the above sacrifice
  306. Lev. 23:21 — To rest on Shavuot
  307. Lev. 23:21 — Not to do prohibited labor on Shavuot
  308. Lev. 23:24 — To rest on Rosh Hashanah
  309. Lev. 23:25 — Not to do prohibited labor on Rosh Hashanah
  310. Lev. 23:29 — Not to eat or drink on Yom Kippur
  311. Lev. 23:32 — To rest from prohibited labor on Yom Kippur
  312. Lev. 23:32 — Not to do prohibited labor on Yom Kippur
  313. Lev. 23:35 — To rest on Sukkot
  314. Lev. 23:35 — Not to do prohibited labor on Sukkot
  315. Lev. 23:36 — To rest on Shemini Atzeret
  316. Lev. 23:36 — Not to do prohibited labor on Shemini Atzeret
  317. Lev. 23:40To take up a Lulav and Etrog all seven days
  318. Lev. 23:42 — To dwell in a Sukkah for the seven days of Sukkot
  319. Lev. 25:4 — Not to work the land during the seventh year
  320. Lev. 25:4 — Not to work with trees to produce fruit during that year
  321. Lev. 25:5 — Not to reap crops that grow wild that year in the normal manner
  322. Lev. 25:5 — Not to gather grapes which grow wild that year in the normal way
  323. Lev. 25:8 — The Sanhedrin must count seven groups of seven years
  324. Lev. 25:9 — To blow the Shofar on the tenth of Tishrei to free the slaves
  325. Lev. 25:10 — The Sanhedrin must sanctify the fiftieth year
  326. Lev. 25:11 — Not to work the soil during the fiftieth year (Jubilee)
  327. Lev. 25:11 — Not to reap in the normal manner that which grows wild in the fiftieth year
  328. Lev. 25:11 — Not to pick grapes which grew wild in the normal manner in the fiftieth year
  329. Lev. 25:14 — Conduct sales according to Torah law
  330. Lev. 25:14 — Not to overcharge or underpay for an article
  331. Lev. 25:17 — Not to insult or harm anybody with words
  332. Lev. 25:23 — Not to sell the land in Israel indefinitely
  333. Lev. 25:24 — Carry out the laws of sold family properties
  334. Lev. 25:29 — Carry out the laws of houses in walled cities
  335. Lev. 25:34 — Not to sell the fields but they shall remain the Levites' before and after the Jubilee year
  336. Lev. 25:37 — Not to lend with interest
  337. Lev. 25:39 — Not to have him do menial slave labor
  338. Lev. 25:42 — Not to sell him as a slave is sold
  339. Lev. 25:43 — Not to work him oppressively
  340. Lev. 25:46Canaanite slaves must work forever unless injured in one of their limbs
  341. Lev. 25:53 — Not to allow a non-Jew to work him oppressively
  342. Lev. 26:1 — Not to bow down before a smooth stone
  343. Lev. 27:2 — To estimate the value of people as determined by the Torah
  344. Lev. 27:10 — Not to substitute another beast for one set apart for sacrifice
  345. Lev. 27:10 — The new animal, in addition to the substituted one, retains consecration
  346. Lev. 27:12–13 — To estimate the value of consecrated animals
  347. Lev. 27:14 — To estimate the value of consecrated houses
  348. Lev. 27:16 — To estimate the value of consecrated fields
  349. Lev. 27:26 — Not to change consecrated animals from one type of offering to another
  350. Lev. 27:28 — Carry out the laws of interdicting possessions (cherem)
  351. Lev. 27:28 — Not to sell the cherem
  352. Lev. 27:28 — Not to redeem the cherem
  353. Lev. 27:32 — Separate the tithe from animals
  354. Lev. 27:33 — Not to redeem the tithe
  355. Num. 5:2 — To send the impure from the Temple
  356. Num. 5:3 — Impure people must not enter the Temple
  357. Num. 5:7 — To repent and confess wrongdoings
  358. Num. 5:15 — Not to put oil on her meal offering (as usual)
  359. Num. 5:15 — Not to put frankincense on her meal offering (as usual)
  360. Num. 5:30 — To fulfill the laws of the Sotah
  361. Num. 6:3He must not drink wine, wine mixtures, or wine vinegar
  362. Num. 6:3He must not eat fresh grapes
  363. Num. 6:3He must not eat raisins
  364. Num. 6:4He must not eat grape seeds
  365. Num. 6:4He must not eat grape skins
  366. Num. 6:5The Nazir must let his hair grow
  367. Num. 6:5He must not cut his hair
  368. Num. 6:7He must not come into contact with the dead
  369. Num. 6:6He must not be under the same roof as a corpse
  370. Num. 6:9He must shave his head after bringing sacrifices upon completion of his Nazirite period
  371. Num. 6:23The Kohanim must bless the Jewish nation daily
  372. Num. 7:9 — The Levites must transport the ark on their shoulders
  373. Num. 9:11 — To slaughter the second Paschal Lamb
  374. Num. 9:11 — To eat the second Paschal Lamb on the night of the 15th of Iyar
  375. Num. 9:12 — Not to break any bones from the second paschal offering
  376. Num. 9:12 — Not to leave the second paschal meat over until morning
  377. Num. 10:9 — To afflict oneself and cry out before God in times of calamity
  378. Num. 15:20 — To set aside a portion of dough for a Kohen
  379. Num. 15:38 — To have tzitzit on four-cornered garments
  380. Num. 15:39 — Not to follow the whims of your heart or what your eyes see
  381. Num. 18:2 — To guard the Temple area
  382. Num. 18:3 — No Levite must do another's work of either a Kohen or a Levite
  383. Num. 18:4 — One who is not a Kohen must not serve
  384. Num. 18:5 — Not to leave the Temple unguarded
  385. Num. 18:15To redeem firstborn sons and give the money to a Kohen
  386. Num. 18:17 — Not to redeem the firstborn
  387. Num. 18:23 — The Levites must work in the Temple
  388. Num. 18:24 — To set aside Ma'aser (tithe) each planting year and give it to a Levite
  389. Num. 18:26 — The Levite must set aside a tenth of his tithe
  390. Num. 19:2 — Carry out the procedure of the Red Heifer (Para Aduma)
  391. Num. 19:14 — Carry out the laws of impurity of the dead
  392. Num. 19:21 — Carry out the laws of the sprinkling water
  393. Num. 27:8 — Carry out the laws of the order of inheritance
  394. Num. 28:3 — To offer two lambs every day
  395. Num. 28:9 — To bring two additional lambs as burnt offerings on Shabbat
  396. Num. 28:11 — To bring additional offerings on Rosh Chodesh ("The New Month")
  397. Num. 28:19 — To bring additional offerings on Passover
  398. Num. 28:26 — To bring additional offerings on Shavuot
  399. Num. 29:1 — To hear the Shofar on the first day of Tishrei (Rosh Hashanah)
  400. Num. 29:2 — To bring additional offerings on Rosh Hashana
  401. Num. 29:8 — To bring additional offerings on Yom Kippur
  402. Num. 29:13 — To bring additional offerings on Sukkot
  403. Num. 29:35 — To bring additional offerings on Shmini Atzeret
  404. Num. 30:3 — Not to break oaths or vows
  405. Num. 30:3 — For oaths and vows annulled, there are the laws of annulling vows explicit in the Torah
  406. Num. 35:2 — To give the Levites cities to inhabit and their surrounding fields
  407. Num. 35:12 — Not to kill the murderer before he stands trial
  408. Num. 35:25 — The court must send the accidental murderer to a city of refuge
  409. Num. 35:31 — Not to accept monetary restitution to atone for the murderer
  410. Num. 35:32 — Not to accept monetary restitution instead of being sent to a city of refuge
  411. Deut. 1:17 — Not to appoint judges who are not familiar with judicial procedure
  412. Deut. 1:17 — The judge must not fear a violent man in judgment
  413. Deut. 5:19 — Not to desire another's possession — Yemenite→Deut. 5:18
  414. Deut. 6:4To know that he is One
  415. Deut. 6:5To love him
  416. Deut. 6:7 — To learn Torah
  417. Deut. 6:7 — To say the Shema twice daily
  418. Deut. 6:8 — To wear tefillin (phylacteries) on the head
  419. Deut. 6:8 — To bind tefillin on the arm
  420. Deut. 6:9 — To put a mezuzah on each door post
  421. Deut. 6:16 — Not to try the LORD unduly
  422. Deut. 7:2 — Not to make a covenant with idolaters
  423. Deut. 7:2 — Not to show favor to them
  424. Deut. 7:3Not to marry non-Jews
  425. Deut. 7:25 — Not to derive benefit from ornaments of idols
  426. Deut. 7:26 — Not to derive benefit from idols and their accessories
  427. Deut. 8:10To bless the Almighty after eating
  428. Deut. 10:19To love converts
  429. Deut. 10:20To fear him
  430. Deut. 10:20 — To cleave to those who know him
  431. Deut. 10:20 — To swear in God's name to confirm the truth when deemed necessary by court
  432. Deut. 12:2 — To destroy idols and their accessories
  433. Deut. 12:4 — Not to destroy objects associated with his name
  434. Deut. 12:5–6 — To bring all avowed and freewill offerings to the Temple on the first subsequent festival
  435. Deut. 12:11 — To offer all sacrifices in the Temple
  436. Deut. 12:13 — Not to offer any sacrifices outside the courtyard
  437. Deut. 12:15 — To redeem dedicated animals which have become disqualified
  438. Deut. 12:17 — Not to eat Ma'aser Sheni grains outside Jerusalem
  439. Deut. 12:17 — Not to eat Ma'aser Sheni wine products outside Jerusalem
  440. Deut. 12:17 — Not to eat Ma'aser Sheni oil outside Jerusalem
  441. Deut. 12:17 — The Kohanim must not eat the first fruits outside Jerusalem
  442. Deut. 12:17 — Not to eat its meat
  443. Deut. 12:17 — The Kohanim must not eat the meat outside the Temple courtyard
  444. Deut. 12:17 — Not to eat the meat of minor sacrifices before sprinkling the blood
  445. Deut. 12:17 — The Kohanim must not eat unblemished firstborn animals outside Jerusalem
  446. Deut. 12:19 — Not to refrain from rejoicing with, and giving gifts to, the Levites
  447. Deut. 12:21To ritually slaughter an animal before eating it
  448. Deut. 12:23 — Not to eat a limb torn off a living creature
  449. Deut. 12:26 — To bring all sacrifices from outside Israel to the Temple
  450. Deut. 13:1 — Not to add to the Torah commandments or their oral explanations
  451. Deut. 13:1 — Not to diminish from the Torah any commandments, in whole or in part
  452. Deut. 13:4 — Not to listen to a false prophet
  453. Deut. 13:9Not to love the idolater
  454. Deut. 13:9Not to cease hating the idolater
  455. Deut. 13:9Not to save the idolater
  456. Deut. 13:9Not to say anything in the idolater's defense
  457. Deut. 13:9Not to refrain from incriminating the idolater
  458. Deut. 13:12Not to missionize an individual to idol worship
  459. Deut. 13:14Not to turn a city to idolatryEx. 23:13
  460. Deut. 13:14Not to prophesy in the name of idolatry
  461. Deut. 13:15 — Carefully interrogate the witness
  462. Deut. 13:17To burn a city that has turned to idol worship
  463. Deut. 13:17Not to rebuild it as a city
  464. Deut. 13:18Not to derive benefit from it
  465. Deut. 14:1 — Not to tear the skin in mourning
  466. Deut. 14:1 — Not to make a bald spot in mourning
  467. Deut. 14:3 — Not to eat sacrifices which have become unfit or blemished
  468. Deut. 14:11 — To examine the signs of fowl to distinguish between kosher and non-kosher
  469. Deut. 14:19Not to eat non-kosher flying insects
  470. Deut. 14:21Not to eat the meat of an animal that died without ritual slaughter
  471. Deut. 14:22 — To set aside the second tithe (Ma'aser Sheni)
  472. Deut. 14:28 — To separate the "tithe for the poor"
  473. Deut. 15:2 — To release all loans during the seventh year
  474. Deut. 15:2 — Not to pressure or claim from the borrower
  475. Deut. 15:3 — Press the idolater for payment
  476. Deut. 15:7 — Not to withhold charity from the poor
  477. Deut. 15:8 — To give charity
  478. Deut. 15:9 — Not to refrain from lending immediately before the release of the loans for fear of monetary loss
  479. Deut. 15:14 — Give him gifts when he goes free
  480. Deut. 15:13 — Not to send him away empty-handed
  481. Deut. 15:19 — Not to work consecrated animals
  482. Deut. 15:19 — Not to shear the fleece of consecrated animals
  483. Deut. 16:3 — Not to eat chametz on the afternoon of the 14th day of Nisan
  484. Deut. 16:4 — Not to leave the meat of the holiday offering of the 14th until the 16th
  485. Deut. 16:14 — To rejoice on these three Festivals (bring a peace offering)
  486. Deut. 16:16 — To be seen at the Temple on Passover, Shavuot, and Sukkot
  487. Deut. 16:16 — Not to appear at the Temple without offerings
  488. Deut. 16:18 — Appoint judges
  489. Deut. 16:21 — Not to plant a tree in the Temple courtyard
  490. Deut. 16:22 — Not to erect a pillar in a public place of worship
  491. Deut. 17:1 — Not to offer a temporarily blemished animal
  492. Deut. 17:11 — Act according to the ruling of the Sanhedrin
  493. Deut. 17:11 — Not to deviate from the word of the Sanhedrin
  494. Deut. 17:15 — Appoint a king from Israel
  495. Deut. 17:15 — Not to appoint a foreigner
  496. Deut. 17:16 — The king must not have too many horses
  497. Deut. 17:16 — Not to dwell permanently in Egypt
  498. Deut. 17:17 — The king must not have too many wives
  499. Deut. 17:17 — The king must not have too much silver and gold
  500. Deut. 17:18 — The king must have a separate Sefer Torah for himself
  501. Deut. 18:1 — The Tribe of Levi must not be given a portion of the land in Israel, rather they are given cities to dwell in
  502. Deut. 18:1 — The Levites must not take a share in the spoils of war
  503. Deut. 18:3 — To give the foreleg, two cheeks, and abomasum of slaughtered animals to a Kohen
  504. Deut. 18:4 — To set aside Terumah Gedolah (gift for the Kohen)
  505. Deut. 18:4 — To give the first shearing of sheep to a Kohen
  506. Deut. 18:6–8 — The work of the Kohanim's shifts must be equal during holidays
  507. Deut. 18:10 — Not to go into a trance to foresee events, etc.
  508. Deut. 18:10 — Not to perform acts of magic
  509. Deut. 18:11 — Not to mutter incantations
  510. Deut. 18:11 — Not to attempt to contact the dead
  511. Deut. 18:11 — Not to consult the ov
  512. Deut. 18:11 — Not to consult the yidoni
  513. Deut. 18:15 — To listen to the prophet speaking in His Name
  514. Deut. 18:20 — Not to prophesy falsely in the name of God
  515. Deut. 18:22 — Not to be afraid of the false prophet
  516. Deut. 19:3 — Designate cities of refuge and prepare routes of access
  517. Deut. 19:13 — A judge must not pity the murderer or assaulter at the trial
  518. Deut. 19:14 — Not to move a boundary marker to steal someone's property
  519. Deut. 19:15 — Not to accept testimony from a lone witness
  520. Deut. 19:17 — A witness must not serve as a judge in capital crimes
  521. Deut. 19:19 — Punish the false witnesses as they tried to punish the defendant
  522. Deut. 20:2 — Appoint a priest to speak with the soldiers during the war
  523. Deut. 20:3 — Not to panic and retreat during battle
  524. Deut. 20:10 — Offer peace terms to the inhabitants of a city while holding siege, and treat them according to the Torah if they accept the terms
  525. Deut. 20:16 — Not to let any of them remain alive
  526. Deut. 20:17 — Destroy the seven Canaanite nations
  527. Deut. 20:19 — Not to destroy food trees even during the siege
  528. Deut. 21:4 — Break the neck of a calf by the river valley following an unsolved murder
  529. Deut. 21:4 — Not to work nor plant that river valley
  530. Deut. 21:11 — Keep the laws of the captive woman
  531. Deut. 21:14 — Not to sell her into slavery
  532. Deut. 21:14 — Not to retain her for servitude after having sexual relations with her
  533. Deut. 21:18 — Not to be a rebellious son
  534. Deut. 21:22 — The courts must hang those stoned for blasphemy or idolatry
  535. Deut. 21:23 — Bury the executed on the day they are killed
  536. Deut. 21:23 — Not to delay burial overnight
  537. Deut. 22:1Return the lost object
  538. Deut. 22:3 — Not to ignore a lost object
  539. Deut. 22:4 — Help others load their beast
  540. Deut. 22:4 — Not to leave others distraught with their burdens (but to help either load or unload)
  541. Deut. 22:5 — Men must not wear women's clothing
  542. Deut. 22:5 — Women must not wear men's clothing
  543. Deut. 22:6 — To send away the mother bird before taking its children
  544. Deut. 22:7 — To release the mother bird if she was taken from the nest
  545. Deut. 22:8 — Not to allow pitfalls and obstacles to remain on one's property
  546. Deut. 22:8 — Make a guard rail around flat roofs
  547. Deut. 22:9Not to eat diverse seeds planted in a vineyard
  548. Deut. 22:9 — Not to plant grains or greens in a vineyard
  549. Deut. 22:10 — Not to work different animals together
  550. Deut. 22:11 — Not to wear shaatnez, a cloth woven of wool and linen
  551. Deut. 22:13 — To marry a wife by means of ketubah and kiddushin
  552. Deut. 22:19 — The slanderer must remain married to his wife
  553. Deut. 22:19 — He must not divorce her
  554. Deut. 22:24 — The courts must carry out the death penalty of stoning
  555. Deut. 22:29 — The seducer must marry his victim if she is unwed (talks about two couples fornicating, rape is mentioned in Deuteronomy 22:25)
  556. Deut. 22:29 — He is never allowed to divorce her
  557. Deut. 23:2 — Not to let a eunuch marry into the Jewish people
  558. Deut. 23:3 — Not to let a mamzer (a child born due to an illegal relationship) marry into the Jewish people
  559. Deut. 23:4Not to let Moabite and Ammonite males marry into the Jewish people
  560. Deut. 23:7 — Not to offer peace to Ammon and Moab while besieging them
  561. Deut. 23:8–9 — Not to refrain from letting a third-generation Egyptian convert enter the Assembly
  562. Deut. 23:8–9 — Not to refrain from letting a third-generation Edomite convert enter the Assembly
  563. Deut. 23:11 — Impure people must not enter the Temple Mount area
  564. Deut. 23:13 — Prepare latrines outside the camps
  565. Deut. 23:14 — Prepare a shovel for each soldier to dig with
  566. Deut. 23:16 — Not to extradite a slave who fled to (Biblical) Israel
  567. Deut. 23:16 — Not to wrong a slave who has come to Israel for refuge
  568. Deut. 23:18Not to have sexual relations with women not thus married
  569. Deut. 23:19 — Not to offer animals bought with the wages of a harlot or the animal exchanged for a dog. Some interpret "exchanged for a dog" as referring to wage of a male prostitute.[15][16]
  570. Deut. 23:20 — Not to borrow with interest
  571. Deut. 23:21 — Lend to and borrow from idolaters with interest
  572. Deut. 23:22 — Not to withhold payment incurred by any vow
  573. Deut. 23:24 — To fulfill what was uttered and to do what was avowed
  574. Deut. 23:25 — The hired worker may eat from the unharvested crops where he works
  575. Deut. 23:25 — The worker must not take more than he can eat
  576. Deut. 23:26 — The worker must not eat while on hired time
  577. Deut. 24:1 — To issue a divorce by means of a Get document
  578. Deut. 24:4 — A man must not remarry his ex-wife after she has married someone else
  579. Deut. 24:5 — He who has taken a wife, built a new home, or planted a vineyard is given a year to rejoice with his possessions
  580. Deut. 24:5 — Not to demand from the above any involvement, communal or military
  581. Deut. 24:6 — Not to demand as collateral utensils needed for preparing food
  582. Deut. 24:8 — The metzora must not remove his signs of impurity
  583. Deut. 24:10 — The creditor must not forcibly take collateral
  584. Deut. 24:12 — Not to delay its return when needed
  585. Deut. 24:13 — Return the collateral to the debtor when needed
  586. Deut. 24:15 — Pay wages on the day they were earned
  587. Deut. 24:16 — Relatives of the litigants must not testify
  588. Deut. 24:17 — Not to demand collateral from a widow
  589. Deut. 24:17 — A judge must not pervert a case involving a convert or orphan
  590. Deut. 24:19 — To leave the forgotten sheaves in the field
  591. Deut. 24:19 — Not to retrieve them
  592. Deut. 25:2 — The court must give lashes to the wrongdoer
  593. Deut. 25:3 — The court must not exceed the prescribed number of lashes
  594. Deut. 25:4 — Not to muzzle an ox while plowing
  595. Deut. 25:5To perform yibbum (marry the widow of one's childless brother)
  596. Deut. 25:5 — The widow must not remarry until the ties with her brother-in-law are removed (by halizah)
  597. Deut. 25:9To perform halizah (free the widow of one's childless brother from yibbum)
  598. Deut. 25:12 — Save someone being pursued even by taking the life of the pursuer
  599. Deut. 25:12 — Not to pity the pursuer
  600. Deut. 25:13 — Not to possess inaccurate scales and weights even if they are not for use
  601. Deut. 25:17 — Remember what Amalek did to the Jewish people
  602. Deut. 25:19 — Wipe out the memory of Amalek
  603. Deut. 25:19 — Not to forget Amalek's atrocities and ambush on our journey from Egypt in the desert
  604. Deut. 26:5 — To read the Torah portion pertaining to the presentation of first fruits
  605. Deut. 26:13 — To read the confession of tithes every fourth and seventh year
  606. Deut. 26:14 — Not to spend its redemption money on anything but food, drink, or ointment
  607. Deut. 26:14 — Not to eat Ma'aser Sheni while impure
  608. Deut. 26:14 — A mourner on the first day after death must not eat Ma'aser Sheni
  609. Deut. 22:26 — The court must not punish anybody who was forced to commit a crime
  610. Deut. 28:9To emulate His ways
  611. Deut. 31:12 — To assemble all the people on the Sukkot following the seventh year
  612. Deut. 31:19Each male must write a Sefer Torah
  613. Deut. 32:38Not to drink wine poured in service to idols

Typical order

[edit]
Order as typically presented
  1. To know there is a GodEx. 20:2
  2. Not to even think that there are other gods besides Him — Standard: Ex. 20:3; Yemenite: Ex. 20:2[17]
  3. To know that God is OneDeut. 6:4
  4. To love GodDeut. 6:5
  5. To fear GodDeut. 10:20
  6. To sanctify God's NameLev. 22:32
  7. Not to profane God's NameLev. 22:32
  8. Not to destroy objects associated with God's NameDeut. 12:4
  9. To listen to the prophet speaking in God's Name — Deut. 18:15
  10. Not to try the LORD unduly — Deut. 6:16
  11. To emulate God's waysDeut. 28:9
  12. To cleave to those who know GodDeut. 10:20
  13. To love other JewsLev. 19:18
  14. To love convertsDeut. 10:19
  15. Not to hate fellow Jews — Lev. 19:17
  16. To reprove a sinner — Lev. 19:17
  17. Not to embarrass others — Lev. 19:17
  18. Not to oppress the weak — Ex. 22:21
  19. Not to gossipLev. 19:16
  20. Not to take revengeLev. 19:18
  21. Not to bear a grudge — Lev. 19:18
  22. To learn TorahDeut. 6:7
  23. To honor those who teach and know TorahLev. 19:32
  24. Not to inquire into idolatryLev. 19:4
  25. Not to follow the whims of your heart or what your eyes see — Num. 15:39
  26. Not to blasphemeEx. 22:27
  27. Not to worship idols in the manner they are worshiped — Standard: Ex. 20:6; Yemenite: Ex. 20:5
  28. Not to worship idols in the four ways we worship God — Standard: Ex. 20:6; Yemenite: Ex. 20:5
  29. Not to make an idol for yourself — Standard: Ex. 20:5; Yemenite: Ex. 20:4
  30. Not to make an idol for othersLev. 19:4
  31. Not to make human forms even for decorative purposes — Standard: Ex. 20:21; Yemenite: Ex. 20:20
  32. Not to turn a city to idolatryDeut. 13:14
  33. To burn a city that has turned to idol worshipDeut. 13:17
  34. Not to rebuild it as a cityDeut. 13:17
  35. Not to derive benefit from itDeut. 13:18
  36. Not to missionize an individual to idol worshipDeut. 13:12
  37. Not to love the idolaterDeut. 13:9
  38. Not to cease hating the idolaterDeut. 13:9
  39. Not to save the idolaterDeut. 13:9
  40. Not to say anything in the idolater's defenseDeut. 13:9
  41. Not to refrain from incriminating the idolaterDeut. 13:9
  42. Not to prophesy in the name of idolatryDeut. 13:14
  43. Not to listen to a false prophetDeut. 13:4
  44. Not to prophesy falsely in the name of God — Deut. 18:20
  45. Not to be afraid of the false prophetDeut. 18:22
  46. Not to swear in the name of an idolEx. 23:13
  47. Not to perform ov (medium) — Lev. 19:31
  48. Not to perform yidoni ("magical seer") — Lev. 19:31
  49. Not to pass your children through the fire to MolechLev. 18:21
  50. Not to erect a pillar in a public place of worship — Deut. 16:22
  51. Not to bow down before a smooth stone — Lev. 26:1
  52. Not to plant a tree in the Temple courtyard — Deut. 16:21
  53. To destroy idols and their accessoriesDeut. 12:2
  54. Not to derive benefit from idols and their accessoriesDeut. 7:26
  55. Not to derive benefit from ornaments of idolsDeut. 7:25
  56. Not to make a covenant with idolaters —Deut. 7:2
  57. Not to show favor to idolaters — Deut. 7:2
  58. Not to let idolaters dwell in the Land of IsraelEx. 23:33
  59. Not to imitate idolaters in customs and clothing — Lev. 20:23
  60. Not to be superstitiousLev. 19:26
  61. Not to go into a trance to foresee events, etc. — Deut. 18:10
  62. Not to engage in divination or soothsaying — Lev. 19:26
  63. Not to mutter incantationsDeut. 18:11
  64. Not to attempt to contact the dead — Deut. 18:11
  65. Not to consult the ovDeut. 18:11
  66. Not to consult the yidoniDeut. 18:11
  67. Not to perform acts of magicDeut. 18:10
  68. Men must not shave the hair off the sides of their headLev. 19:27
  69. Men must not shave their beards with a razorLev. 19:27
  70. Men must not wear women's clothing — Deut. 22:5
  71. Women must not wear men's clothing — Deut. 22:5
  72. Not to tattoo the skinLev. 19:28
  73. Not to tear the skin in mourningDeut. 14:1
  74. Not to make a bald spot in mourningDeut. 14:1
  75. To repent and confess wrongdoingsNum. 5:7
  76. To say the Shema twice daily — Deut. 6:7
  77. To pray every dayEx. 23:25
  78. The Kohanim must bless the Jewish nation dailyNum. 6:23
  79. To wear tefillin (phylacteries) on the headDeut. 6:8
  80. To bind tefillin on the armDeut. 6:8
  81. To put a mezuzah on the door postDeut. 6:9
  82. Each male must write a Torah scrollDeut. 31:19
  83. The king must have a separate Torah scroll for himself — Deut. 17:18
  84. To have tzitzit on four-cornered garmentsNum. 15:38
  85. To bless the Almighty after eatingDeut. 8:10
  86. To circumcise all males on the eighth day after their birthGen. 17:10
  87. To rest on the seventh dayEx. 23:12
  88. Not to do prohibited labor on the seventh day — Standard: Ex. 20:11; Yemenite: Ex. 20:10
  89. The court must not inflict punishment on ShabbatEx. 35:3
  90. Not to walk outside the city boundary on ShabbatEx. 16:29
  91. To sanctify Shabbat with Kiddush and Havdalah — Standard: Ex. 20:9; Yemenite: Ex. 20:8
  92. To rest from prohibited labor on Yom KippurLev. 23:32
  93. Not to do prohibited labor on Yom KippurLev. 23:32
  94. To afflict oneself on Yom KippurLev. 16:29
  95. Not to eat or drink on Yom KippurLev. 23:29
  96. To rest on the first day of PassoverLev. 23:7
  97. Not to do prohibited labor on the first day of PassoverLev. 23:8
  98. To rest on the seventh day of PassoverLev. 23:8
  99. Not to do prohibited labor on the seventh day of PassoverLev. 23:8
  100. To rest on ShavuotLev. 23:21
  101. Not to do prohibited labor on ShavuotLev. 23:21
  102. To rest on Rosh HashanahLev. 23:24
  103. Not to do prohibited labor on Rosh HashanahLev. 23:25
  104. To rest on SukkotLev. 23:35
  105. Not to do prohibited labor on SukkotLev. 23:35
  106. To rest on Shemini AtzeretLev. 23:36
  107. Not to do prohibited labor on Shemini AtzeretLev. 23:36
  108. Not to eat chametz on the afternoon of the 14th day of NisanDeut. 16:3
  109. To destroy all chametz on 14th day of NisanEx. 12:15
  110. Not to eat chametz all seven days of PassoverEx. 13:3
  111. Not to eat mixtures containing chametz all seven days of PassoverEx. 12:20
  112. Not to see chametz in your domain seven daysEx. 13:7
  113. Not to find chametz in your domain seven daysEx. 12:19
  114. To eat matzah on the first night of PassoverEx. 12:18
  115. To relate the Exodus from Egypt on that nightEx. 13:8
  116. To hear the Shofar on the first day of Tishrei (Rosh Hashanah)Num. 29:1
  117. To dwell in a Sukkah for the seven days of SukkotLev. 23:42
  118. To take up a Lulav and Etrog on the first day of Sukkot (in the temple, all seven days)Lev. 23:40
  119. Each man must give a half shekel annually — Ex. 30:13
  120. Courts must calculate to determine when a new month beginsEx. 12:2
  121. To afflict oneself and cry out before God in times of calamityNum. 10:9
  122. To marry a wife by means of ketubah and kiddushinDeut. 22:13
  123. Not to have sexual relations with women not thus marriedDeut. 23:18
  124. Not to withhold food, clothing, and sexual relations from your wifeEx. 21:10
  125. To have children with one's wife — Gen. 1:28
  126. To issue a divorce by means of a Get documentDeut. 24:1
  127. A man must not remarry his ex-wife after she has married someone else — Deut. 24:4
  128. To perform yibbum (marry the widow of one's childless brother) — Deut. 25:5
  129. To perform halizah (free the widow of one's childless brother from yibbum) — Deut. 25:9
  130. The widow must not remarry until the ties with her brother-in-law are removed (by halizah) — Deut. 25:5
  131. The court must fine one who sexually seduces a maiden — Ex. 22:15–16
  132. The rapist must marry his victim if she is unwed — Deut. 22:29
  133. He is never allowed to divorce her — Deut. 22:29
  134. The slanderer must remain married to his wife — Deut. 22:19
  135. He must not divorce her — Deut. 22:19
  136. To fulfill the laws of the SotahNum. 5:30
  137. Not to put oil on her meal offering (as usual) — Num. 5:15
  138. Not to put frankincense on her meal offering (as usual) — Num. 5:15
  139. Not to have sexual relations with your motherLev. 18:7
  140. Not to have sexual relations with your father's wifeLev. 18:8
  141. Not to have sexual relations with your sisterLev. 18:9
  142. Not to have sexual relations with your father's wife's daughterLev. 18:11
  143. Not to have sexual relations with your son's daughterLev. 18:10
  144. Not to have sexual relations with your daughterLev. 18:10
  145. Not to have sexual relations with your daughter's daughterLev. 18:10
  146. Not to have sexual relations with a woman and her daughterLev. 18:17
  147. Not to have sexual relations with a woman and her son's daughterLev. 18:17
  148. Not to have sexual relations with a woman and her daughter's daughterLev. 18:17
  149. Not to have sexual relations with your father's sisterLev. 18:12
  150. Not to have sexual relations with your mother's sisterLev. 18:13
  151. Not to have sexual relations with your father's brother's wifeLev. 18:14
  152. Not to have sexual relations with your son's wifeLev. 18:15
  153. Not to have sexual relations with your brother's wifeLev. 18:16
  154. Not to have sexual relations with your wife's sisterLev. 18:18
  155. A man must not have sexual relations with an animalLev. 18:23
  156. A woman must not have sexual relations with an animalLev. 18:23
  157. A man must not have sexual relations with a manLev. 18:22
  158. Not to have sexual relations with your fatherLev. 18:7
  159. Not to have sexual relations with your father's brotherLev. 18:14
  160. Not to have sexual relations with someone else's wifeLev. 18:20
  161. Not to have sexual relations with a menstrually impure womanLev. 18:19
  162. Not to marry non-JewsDeut. 7:3
  163. Not to let Moabite and Ammonite males marry into the Jewish peopleDeut. 23:4
  164. Not to refrain from letting a third-generation Egyptian convert enter the Assembly — Deut. 23:8–9
  165. Not to refrain from letting a third-generation Edomite convert enter the Assembly — Deut. 23:8–9
  166. Not to let a mamzer (a child born due to an illegal relationship) marry into the Jewish people — Deut. 23:3
  167. Not to let a eunuch marry into the Jewish people — Deut. 23:2
  168. Not to offer to God any castrated male animals — Lev. 22:24
  169. The High Priest must not marry a widow — Lev. 21:14
  170. The High Priest must not have sexual relations with a widow even outside of marriage — Lev. 21:15
  171. The High Priest must marry a virgin maiden — Lev. 21:13
  172. A Kohen (priest) must not marry a divorcee — Lev. 21:7
  173. A Kohen must not marry a zonah (a woman who has had a forbidden sexual relationship) — Lev. 21:7
  174. A Kohen must not marry a chalalah ("a desecrated person") (party to or product of 169–172) — Lev. 21:7
  175. Not to make pleasurable (sexual) contact with any forbidden womanLev. 18:6
  176. To examine the signs of animals to distinguish between kosher and non-kosherLev. 11:2
  177. To examine the signs of fowl to distinguish between kosher and non-kosher — Deut. 14:11
  178. To examine the signs of fish to distinguish between kosher and non-kosher — Lev. 11:9
  179. To examine the signs of locusts to distinguish between kosher and non-kosher — Lev. 11:21
  180. Not to eat non-kosher animalsLev. 11:4
  181. Not to eat non-kosher fowlLev. 11:13
  182. Not to eat non-kosher fishLev. 11:11
  183. Not to eat non-kosher flying insectsDeut. 14:19
  184. Not to eat non-kosher creatures that crawl on landLev. 11:41
  185. Not to eat non-kosher maggotsLev. 11:44
  186. Not to eat worms found in fruit on the groundLev. 11:42
  187. Not to eat creatures that live in water other than (kosher) fishLev. 11:43
  188. Not to eat the meat of an animal that died without ritual slaughterDeut. 14:21
  189. Not to benefit from an ox condemned to be stoned — Ex. 21:28
  190. Not to eat meat of an animal that was mortally wounded — Ex. 22:30
  191. Not to eat a limb torn off a living creature — Deut. 12:23
  192. Not to eat blood —Lev. 3:17
  193. Not to eat certain fats of clean animals — Lev. 3:17
  194. Not to eat the sinew of the thighGen. 32:33
  195. Not to eat mixtures of milk and meat cooked together — Ex. 23:19
  196. Not to cook meat and milk togetherEx. 34:26
  197. Not to eat bread from new grain before the OmerLev. 23:14
  198. Not to eat parched grains from new grain before the OmerLev. 23:14
  199. Not to eat ripened grains from new grain before the Omer — Lev. 23:14
  200. Not to eat fruit of a tree during its first three yearsLev. 19:23
  201. Not to eat diverse seeds planted in a vineyardDeut. 22:9
  202. Not to eat untithed fruits — Lev. 22:15
  203. Not to drink wine poured in service to idolsDeut. 32:38
  204. To ritually slaughter an animal before eating itDeut. 12:21
  205. Not to slaughter an animal and its offspring on the same day — Lev. 22:28
  206. To cover the blood (of a slaughtered beast or fowl) with earth — Lev. 17:13
  207. To send away the mother bird before taking its children — Deut. 22:6
  208. To release the mother bird if she was taken from the nest — Deut. 22:7
  209. Not to swear falsely in God's Name — Lev. 19:12
  210. Not to take God's Name in vain — Standard: Ex. 20:7; Yemenite: Ex. 20:6
  211. Not to deny possession of something entrusted to you — Lev. 19:11
  212. Not to swear in denial of a monetary claim — Lev. 19:11
  213. To swear in God's Name to confirm the truth when deemed necessary by court — Deut. 10:20
  214. To fulfill what was uttered and to do what was avowed — Deut. 23:24
  215. Not to break oaths or vowsNum. 30:3
  216. For oaths and vows annulled, there are the laws of annulling vows explicit in the Torah — Num. 30:3
  217. The Nazirite must let his hair growNum. 6:5
  218. He must not cut his hairNum. 6:5
  219. He must not drink wine, wine mixtures, or wine vinegarNum. 6:3
  220. He must not eat fresh grapesNum. 6:3
  221. He must not eat raisinsNum. 6:3
  222. He must not eat grape seedsNum. 6:4
  223. He must not eat grape skinsNum. 6:4
  224. He must not be under the same roof as a corpseNum. 6:6
  225. He must not come into contact with the deadNum. 6:7
  226. He must shave his head after bringing sacrifices upon completion of his Nazirite periodNum. 6:9
  227. To estimate the value of people as determined by the Torah —Lev. 27:2
  228. To estimate the value of consecrated animals — Lev. 27:12–13
  229. To estimate the value of consecrated houses — Lev. 27:14
  230. To estimate the value of consecrated fields — Lev. 27:16
  231. Carry out the laws of interdicting possessions (cherem) — Lev. 27:28
  232. Not to sell the cheremLev. 27:28
  233. Not to redeem the cheremLev. 27:28
  234. Not to plant diverse seeds togetherLev. 19:19
  235. Not to plant grains or greens in a vineyard — Deut. 22:9
  236. Not to crossbreed animals — Lev. 19:19
  237. Not to work different animals together — Deut. 22:10
  238. Not to wear shaatnez, a cloth woven of wool and linen — Deut. 22:11
  239. To leave a corner of the field uncut for the poorLev. 19:10
  240. Not to reap that corner — Lev. 19:9
  241. To leave gleaningsLev. 19:9
  242. Not to gather the gleaningsLev. 19:9
  243. To leave the unformed clusters of grapes — Lev. 19:10
  244. Not to pick the unformed clusters of grapes — Lev. 19:10
  245. To leave the gleanings of a vineyard — Lev. 19:10
  246. Not to gather the gleanings of a vineyard — Lev. 19:10
  247. To leave the forgotten sheaves in the field — Deut. 24:19
  248. Not to retrieve them — Deut. 24:19
  249. To separate the "tithe for the poor" — Deut. 14:28
  250. To give charityDeut. 15:8
  251. Not to withhold charity from the poor — Deut. 15:7
  252. To set aside Terumah (heave offering) Gedolah (gift for the Kohen) — Deut. 18:4
  253. The Levite must set aside a tenth of his tithe — Num. 18:26
  254. Not to preface one tithe to the next, but separate them in their proper order — Ex. 22:28
  255. A non-Kohen must not eat TerumahLev. 22:10
  256. A hired worker or a Jewish bondsman of a Kohen must not eat TerumahLev. 22:10
  257. An uncircumcised Kohen must not eat TerumahEx. 12:48
  258. An impure Kohen must not eat TerumahLev. 22:4
  259. A chalalah (party to #s 169-172 above) must not eat TerumahLev. 22:12
  260. To set aside Ma'aser (tithe) each planting year and give it to a Levite — Num. 18:24
  261. To set aside the second tithe (Ma'aser Sheni) — Deut. 14:22
  262. Not to spend its redemption money on anything but food, drink, or ointment — Deut. 26:14
  263. Not to eat Ma'aser Sheni while impure — Deut. 26:14
  264. A mourner on the first day after death must not eat Ma'aser SheniDeut. 26:14
  265. Not to eat Ma'aser Sheni grains outside Jerusalem — Deut. 12:17
  266. Not to eat Ma'aser Sheni wine products outside Jerusalem — Deut. 12:17
  267. Not to eat Ma'aser Sheni oil outside Jerusalem — Deut. 12:17
  268. The fourth year crops must be totally for holy purposes like Ma'aser SheniLev. 19:24
  269. To read the confession of tithes every fourth and seventh year — Deut. 26:13
  270. To set aside the first fruits and bring them to the Temple — Ex. 23:19
  271. The Kohanim must not eat the first fruits outside JerusalemDeut. 12:17
  272. To read the Torah portion pertaining to their presentation — Deut. 26:5
  273. To set aside a portion of dough for a KohenNum. 15:20
  274. To give the foreleg, two cheeks, and abomasum of slaughtered animals to a KohenDeut. 18:3
  275. To give the first shearing of sheep to a KohenDeut. 18:4
  276. To redeem firstborn sons and give the money to a KohenNum. 18:15
  277. To redeem the firstborn donkey by giving a lamb to a KohenEx. 13:13
  278. To break the neck of the donkey if the owner does not intend to redeem it — Ex. 13:13
  279. To rest the land during the seventh year by not doing any work which enhances growth — Ex. 34:21
  280. Not to work the land during the seventh year — Lev. 25:4
  281. Not to work with trees to produce fruit during that year — Lev. 25:4
  282. Not to reap crops that grow wild that year in the normal manner — Lev. 25:5
  283. Not to gather grapes which grow wild that year in the normal way — Lev. 25:5
  284. To leave free all produce which grew in that year — Ex. 23:11
  285. To release all loans during the seventh year — Deut. 15:2
  286. Not to pressure or claim from the borrower — Deut. 15:2
  287. Not to refrain from lending immediately before the release of the loans for fear of monetary loss —Deut. 15:9
  288. The Sanhedrin must count seven groups of seven years — Lev. 25:8
  289. The Sanhedrin must sanctify the fiftieth year — Lev. 25:10
  290. To blow the Shofar on the tenth of Tishrei to free the slavesLev. 25:9
  291. Not to work the soil during the fiftieth year (Jubilee) — Lev. 25:11
  292. Not to reap in the normal manner that which grows wild in the fiftieth year — Lev. 25:11
  293. Not to pick grapes which grew wild in the normal manner in the fiftieth year — Lev. 25:11
  294. Carry out the laws of sold family properties — Lev. 25:24
  295. Not to sell the land in Israel indefinitely — Lev. 25:23
  296. Carry out the laws of houses in walled cities — Lev. 25:29
  297. The Tribe of Levi must not be given a portion of the land in Israel, rather they are given cities to dwell in — Deut. 18:1
  298. The Levites must not take a share in the spoils of war — Deut. 18:1
  299. To give the Levites cities to inhabit and their surrounding fields — Num. 35:2
  300. Not to sell the fields but they shall remain the Levites' before and after the Jubilee year — Lev. 25:34
  301. To build a TempleEx. 25:8
  302. Not to build the altar with stones hewn by metal — Standard: Ex. 20:24; Yemenite: Ex. 20:23
  303. Not to climb steps to the altar — Standard: Ex. 20:27; Yemenite: Ex. 20:26
  304. To show reverence to the Temple — Lev. 19:30
  305. To guard the Temple area — Num. 18:2
  306. Not to leave the Temple unguarded — Num. 18:5
  307. To prepare the anointing oil — Ex. 30:31
  308. Not to reproduce the anointing oil — Ex. 30:32
  309. Not to anoint with anointing oil — Ex. 30:32
  310. Not to reproduce the incense formula — Ex. 30:37
  311. Not to burn anything on the Golden Altar besides incenseEx. 30:9
  312. The Levites must transport the ark on their shoulders — Num. 7:9
  313. Not to remove the staves from the ark — Ex. 25:15
  314. The Levites must work in the Temple — Num. 18:23
  315. No Levite must do another's work of either a Kohen or a Levite — Num. 18:3
  316. To dedicate the Kohen for service — Lev. 21:8
  317. The work of the Kohanim's shifts must be equal during holidays — Deut. 18:6–8
  318. The Kohanim must wear their priestly garments during service — Ex. 28:2
  319. Not to tear the priestly garments — Ex. 28:32
  320. The Kohen Gadol's (High Priest) breastplate must not be loosened from the EfodEx. 28:28
  321. A Kohen must not enter the Temple intoxicated — Lev. 10:9
  322. A Kohen must not enter the Temple with his head uncovered — Lev. 10:6
  323. A Kohen must not enter the Temple with torn clothes — Lev. 10:6
  324. A Kohen must not enter the Temple indiscriminately — Lev. 16:2
  325. A Kohen must not leave the Temple during service — Lev. 10:7
  326. To send the impure from the Temple — Num. 5:2
  327. Impure people must not enter the Temple — Num. 5:3
  328. Impure people must not enter the Temple Mount area — Deut. 23:11
  329. Impure Kohanim must not do service in the temple — Lev. 22:2
  330. An impure Kohen, following immersion, must wait until after sundown before returning to service — Lev. 22:7
  331. A Kohen must wash his hands and feet before service — Ex. 30:19
  332. A Kohen with a physical blemish must not enter the sanctuary or approach the altar — Lev. 21:23
  333. A Kohen with a physical blemish must not serve — Lev. 21:17
  334. A Kohen with a temporary blemish must not serve — Lev. 21:17
  335. One who is not a Kohen must not serve — Num. 18:4
  336. To offer only unblemished animals — Lev. 22:21
  337. Not to dedicate a blemished animal for the altar — Lev. 22:20
  338. Not to slaughter it — Lev. 22:22
  339. Not to sprinkle its blood — Lev. 22:24
  340. Not to burn its fat — Lev. 22:22
  341. Not to offer a temporarily blemished animal — Deut. 17:1
  342. Not to sacrifice blemished animals even if offered by non-Jews — Lev. 22:25
  343. Not to inflict wounds upon dedicated animals — Lev. 22:21
  344. To redeem dedicated animals which have become disqualified — Deut. 12:15
  345. To offer only animals which are at least eight days old — Lev. 22:27
  346. Not to offer animals bought with the wages of a harlot or the animal exchanged for a dog. Some interpret "exchange for a dog" as referring to wage of a male prostitute.[15][16]Deut. 23:19
  347. Not to burn honey or yeast on the altar — Lev. 2:11
  348. To salt all sacrifices — Lev. 2:13
  349. Not to omit the salt from sacrifices — Lev. 2:13
  350. Carry out the procedure of the burnt offering as prescribed in the Torah — Lev. 1:3
  351. Not to eat its meat — Deut. 12:17
  352. Carry out the procedure of the sin offering — Lev. 6:18
  353. Not to eat the meat of the inner sin offering — Lev. 6:23
  354. Not to decapitate a fowl brought as a sin offering — Lev. 5:8
  355. Carry out the procedure of the guilt offering — Lev. 7:1
  356. The Kohanim must eat the sacrificial meat in the Temple — Ex. 29:33
  357. The Kohanim must not eat the meat outside the Temple courtyard — Deut. 12:17
  358. A non-Kohen must not eat sacrificial meat — Ex. 29:33
  359. To follow the procedure of the peace offering — Lev. 7:11
  360. Not to eat the meat of minor sacrifices before sprinkling the blood — Deut. 12:17
  361. To bring meal offerings as prescribed in the Torah — Lev. 2:1
  362. Not to put oil on the meal offerings of wrongdoers — Lev. 5:11
  363. Not to put frankincense on the meal offerings of wrongdoers — Lev. 3:11
  364. Not to eat the meal offering of the High Priest — Lev. 6:16
  365. Not to bake a meal offering as leavened bread — Lev. 6:10
  366. The Kohanim must eat the remains of the meal offerings — Lev. 6:9
  367. To bring all avowed and freewill offerings to the Temple on the first subsequent festival — Deut. 12:5–6
  368. Not to withhold payment incurred by any vow — Deut. 23:22
  369. To offer all sacrifices in the Temple — Deut. 12:11
  370. To bring all sacrifices from outside Israel to the Temple — Deut. 12:26
  371. Not to slaughter sacrifices outside the courtyard — Lev. 17:4
  372. Not to offer any sacrifices outside the courtyard — Deut. 12:13
  373. To offer two lambs every day — Num. 28:3
  374. To light a fire on the altar every day — Lev. 6:6
  375. Not to extinguish this fire — Lev. 6:6
  376. To remove the ashes from the altar every day — Lev. 6:3
  377. To burn incense every day — Ex. 30:7
  378. To light the Menorah every day — Ex. 27:21
  379. The Kohen Gadol must bring a meal offering every day — Lev. 6:13
  380. To bring two additional lambs as burnt offerings on ShabbatNum. 28:9
  381. To make the show bread — Ex. 25:30
  382. To bring additional offerings on Rosh Chodesh (" The New Month") — Num. 28:11
  383. To bring additional offerings on PassoverNum. 28:19
  384. To offer the wave offering from the meal of the new wheat — Lev. 23:10
  385. Each man must count the Omer - seven weeks from the day the new wheat offering was brought — Lev. 23:15
  386. To bring additional offerings on ShavuotNum. 28:26
  387. To bring two loaves to accompany the above sacrifice — Lev. 23:17
  388. To bring additional offerings on Rosh HashanaNum. 29:2
  389. To bring additional offerings on Yom KippurNum. 29:8
  390. To bring additional offerings on SukkotNum. 29:13
  391. To bring additional offerings on Shmini AtzeretNum. 29:35
  392. Not to eat sacrifices which have become unfit or blemished — Deut. 14:3
  393. Not to eat from sacrifices offered with improper intentions — Lev. 7:18
  394. Not to leave sacrifices past the time allowed for eating them — Lev. 22:30
  395. Not to eat from that which was left over — Lev. 19:8
  396. Not to eat from sacrifices which became impure — Lev. 7:19
  397. An impure person must not eat from sacrifices — Lev. 7:20
  398. To burn the leftover sacrifices — Lev. 7:17
  399. To burn all impure sacrifices — Lev. 7:19
  400. To follow the procedure of Yom Kippur in the sequence prescribed in Parshah Acharei Mot ("After the death of Aaron's sons...") — Lev. 16:3
  401. One who profaned property must repay what he profaned plus a fifth and bring a sacrifice — Lev. 5:16
  402. Not to work consecrated animals — Deut. 15:19
  403. Not to shear the fleece of consecrated animals — Deut. 15:19
  404. To slaughter the paschal sacrifice at the specified time — Ex. 12:6
  405. Not to slaughter it while in possession of leaven — Ex. 23:18
  406. Not to leave the fat overnight — Ex. 23:18
  407. To slaughter the second Paschal LambNum. 9:11
  408. To eat the Paschal Lamb with matzah and Marror on the night of the fourteenth of NisanEx. 12:8
  409. To eat the second Paschal Lamb on the night of the 15th of IyarNum. 9:11
  410. Not to eat the paschal meat raw or boiled — Ex. 12:9
  411. Not to take the paschal meat from the confines of the group — Ex. 12:46
  412. An apostate must not eat from it — Ex. 12:43
  413. A permanent or temporary hired worker must not eat from it — Ex. 12:45
  414. An uncircumcised male must not eat from it — Ex. 12:48
  415. Not to break any bones from the paschal offering — Ex. 12:46 Ps. 34:20
  416. Not to break any bones from the second paschal offering — Num. 9:12
  417. Not to leave any meat from the paschal offering over until morning — Ex. 12:10
  418. Not to leave the second paschal meat over until morning — Num. 9:12
  419. Not to leave the meat of the holiday offering of the 14th until the 16th — Deut. 16:4
  420. To be seen at the Temple on Passover, Shavuot, and SukkotDeut. 16:16
  421. To celebrate on these three Festivals (bring a peace offering) — Ex. 23:14
  422. To rejoice on these three Festivals (bring a peace offering) — Deut. 16:14
  423. Not to appear at the Temple without offerings — Deut. 16:16
  424. Not to refrain from rejoicing with, and giving gifts to, the Levites — Deut. 12:19
  425. To assemble all the people on the Sukkot following the seventh year — Deut. 31:12
  426. To set aside the firstborn animals — Ex. 13:12
  427. The Kohanim must not eat unblemished firstborn animals outside Jerusalem — Deut. 12:17
  428. Not to redeem the firstborn — Num. 18:17
  429. Separate the tithe from animals — Lev. 27:32
  430. Not to redeem the tithe — Lev. 27:33
  431. Every person must bring a sin offering (in the temple) for his transgression — Lev. 4:27
  432. Bring an asham talui (temple offering) when uncertain of guilt — Lev. 5:17–18
  433. Bring an asham vadai (temple offering) when guilt is ascertained — Lev. 5:25
  434. Bring an oleh v'yored (temple offering)(if the person is wealthy, an animal; if poor, a bird or meal offering) — Lev. 5:7–11
  435. The Sanhedrin must bring an offering (in the Temple) when it rules in error — Lev. 4:13
  436. A woman who had a running (vaginal) issue must bring an offering (in the Temple) after she goes to the MikvehLev. 15:28–29
  437. A woman who gave birth must bring an offering (in the Temple) after she goes to the MikvehLev. 12:6
  438. A man who had a running (unnatural urinary) issue must bring an offering (in the Temple) after he goes to the Mikveh — Lev. 15:13–14
  439. A metzora (one having a skin disease) must bring an offering (in the Temple) after going to the MikvehLev. 14:10
  440. Not to substitute another beast for one set apart for sacrifice — Lev. 27:10
  441. The new animal, in addition to the substituted one, retains consecration — Lev. 27:10
  442. Not to change consecrated animals from one type of offering to another — Lev. 27:26
  443. Carry out the laws of impurity of the dead — Num. 19:14
  444. Carry out the procedure of the Red Heifer (Para Aduma) — Num. 19:2
  445. Carry out the laws of the sprinkling water — Num. 19:21
  446. Rule the laws of human tzara'at as prescribed in the Torah — Lev. 13:12
  447. The metzora must not remove his signs of impurity — Deut. 24:8
  448. The metzora must not shave signs of impurity in his hair — Lev. 13:33
  449. The metzora must publicize his condition by tearing his garments, allowing his hair to grow and covering his lips — Lev. 13:45
  450. Carry out the prescribed rules for purifying the metzoraLev. 14:2
  451. The metzora must shave off all his hair prior to purification — Lev. 14:9
  452. Carry out the laws of tzara'at of clothing — Lev. 13:47
  453. Carry out the laws of tzara'at of houses — Lev. 13:34
  454. Observe the laws of menstrual impurityLev. 15:19
  455. Observe the laws of impurity caused by childbirthLev. 12:2
  456. Observe the laws of impurity caused by a woman's running issueLev. 15:25
  457. Observe the laws of impurity caused by a man's running issue (irregular ejaculation of infected semen) — Lev. 15:3
  458. Observe the laws of impurity caused by a dead beast — Lev. 11:39
  459. Observe the laws of impurity caused by the eight shratzim (insects) — Lev. 11:29
  460. Observe the laws of impurity of a seminal emission (regular ejaculation, with normal semen) — Lev. 15:16
  461. Observe the laws of impurity concerning liquid and solid foods — Lev. 11:34
  462. Every impure person must immerse himself in a Mikvah to become pure — Lev. 15:16
  463. The court must judge the damages incurred by a goring ox — Ex. 21:28
  464. The court must judge the damages incurred by an animal eating — Ex. 22:4
  465. The court must judge the damages incurred by a pit — Ex. 21:33
  466. The court must judge the damages incurred by fire — Ex. 22:5
  467. Not to steal money stealthily — Lev. 19:11
  468. The court must implement punitive measures against the thief — Ex. 21:37
  469. Each individual must ensure that his scales and weights are accurate — Lev. 19:36
  470. Not to commit injustice with scales and weightsLev. 19:35
  471. Not to possess inaccurate scales and weights even if they are not for use — Deut. 25:13
  472. Not to move a boundary marker to steal someone's property — Deut. 19:14
  473. Not to kidnap — Standard: Ex. 20:14; Yemenite: Ex. 20:13
  474. Not to rob openly — Lev. 19:13
  475. Not to withhold wages or fail to repay a debt — Lev. 19:13
  476. Not to covet and scheme to acquire another's possession — Standard: Ex. 20:15; Yemenite: Ex. 20:14
  477. Not to desire another's possession — Standard: Deut. 5:19; Yemenite: Deut. 5:18
  478. Return the robbed object or its value — Lev. 5:23
  479. Not to ignore a lost object — Deut. 22:3
  480. Return the lost object — Deut. 22:1
  481. The court must implement laws against the one who assaults another or damages another's property — Ex. 21:18
  482. Not to murder — Standard: Ex. 20:13; Yemenite: Ex. 20:12
  483. Not to accept monetary restitution to atone for the murderer — Num. 35:31
  484. The court must send the accidental murderer to a city of refugeNum. 35:25
  485. Not to accept monetary restitution instead of being sent to a city of refuge — Num. 35:32
  486. Not to kill the murderer before he stands trial — Num. 35:12
  487. Save someone being pursued even by taking the life of the pursuer — Deut. 25:12
  488. Not to pity the pursuer — Num. 35:12
  489. Not to stand idly by if someone's life is in danger — Lev. 19:16
  490. Designate cities of refuge and prepare routes of access — Deut. 19:3
  491. Break the neck of a calf by the river valley following an unsolved murder — Deut. 21:4
  492. Not to work nor plant that river valley — Deut. 21:4
  493. Not to allow pitfalls and obstacles to remain on your property — Deut. 22:8
  494. Make a guard rail around flat roofs — Deut. 22:8
  495. Not to put a stumbling block before a blind man (nor give harmful advice) — Lev. 19:14
  496. Help another remove the load from a beast which can no longer carry it — Ex. 23:5
  497. Help others load their beast — Deut. 22:4
  498. Not to leave others distraught with their burdens (but to help either load or unload) — Deut. 22:4
  499. Conduct sales according to Torah law — Lev. 25:14
  500. Not to overcharge or underpay for an article — Lev. 25:14
  501. Not to insult or harm anybody with words — Lev. 25:17
  502. Not to cheat a convert monetarily — Ex. 22:20
  503. Not to insult or harm a convert with words — Ex. 22:20
  504. Purchase a Hebrew slave in accordance with the prescribed laws — Ex. 21:2
  505. Not to sell him as a slave is sold — Lev. 25:42
  506. Not to work him oppressively — Lev. 25:43
  507. Not to allow a non-Jew to work him oppressively — Lev. 25:53
  508. Not to have him do menial slave labor — Lev. 25:39
  509. Give him gifts when he goes free — Deut. 15:14
  510. Not to send him away empty-handed — Deut. 15:13
  511. Redeem Jewish maidservants — Ex. 21:8
  512. Betroth the Jewish maidservant — Ex. 21:8
  513. The master must not sell his maidservant — Ex. 21:8
  514. Canaanite slaves must work forever unless injured in one of their limbs — Lev. 25:46
  515. Not to extradite a slave who fled to (Biblical) Israel — Deut. 23:16
  516. Not to wrong a slave who has come to Israel for refuge — Deut. 23:16
  517. The courts must carry out the laws of a hired worker and hired guard — Ex. 22:9
  518. Pay wages on the day they were earned — Deut. 24:15
  519. Not to delay payment of wages past the agreed time — Lev. 19:13
  520. The hired worker may eat from the unharvested crops where he works — Deut. 23:25
  521. The worker must not eat while on hired time — Deut. 23:26
  522. The worker must not take more than he can eat — Deut. 23:25
  523. Not to muzzle an ox while plowing — Deut. 25:4
  524. The courts must carry out the laws of a borrower — Ex. 22:13
  525. The courts must carry out the laws of an unpaid guard — Ex. 22:6
  526. Lend to the poor and destitute — Ex. 22:24
  527. Not to press them for payment if you know they don't have it — Ex. 22:24
  528. Press the idolater for payment — Deut. 15:3
  529. The creditor must not forcibly take collateral — Deut. 24:10
  530. Return the collateral to the debtor when needed — Deut. 24:13
  531. Not to delay its return when needed — Deut. 24:12
  532. Not to demand collateral from a widow — Deut. 24:17
  533. Not to demand as collateral utensils needed for preparing food — Deut. 24:6
  534. Not to lend with interest — Lev. 25:37
  535. Not to borrow with interest — Deut. 23:20
  536. Not to intermediate in an interest loan, guarantee, witness, or write the promissory note — Ex. 22:24
  537. Lend to and borrow from idolaters with interest — Deut. 23:21
  538. The courts must carry out the laws of the plaintiff, admitter, or denier — Ex. 22:8
  539. Carry out the laws of the order of inheritance — Num. 27:8
  540. Appoint judges — Deut. 16:18
  541. Not to appoint judges who are not familiar with judicial procedure — Deut. 1:17
  542. Decide by majority in case of disagreement — Ex. 23:2
  543. The court must not execute through a majority of one; at least a majority of two is required — Ex. 23:2
  544. A judge who presented an acquittal plea must not present an argument for conviction in capital cases — Ex. 23:2
  545. The courts must carry out the death penalty of stoning — Deut. 22:24
  546. The courts must carry out the death penalty of burning — Lev. 20:14
  547. The courts must carry out the death penalty of the sword — Ex. 21:20
  548. The courts must carry out the death penalty of strangulation — Lev. 20:10
  549. The courts must hang those stoned for blasphemy or idolatry — Deut. 21:22
  550. Bury the executed on the day they are killed — Deut. 21:23
  551. Not to delay burial overnight — Deut. 21:23
  552. The court must not let the sorcerer live — Ex. 22:17
  553. The court must give lashes to the wrongdoer — Deut. 25:2
  554. The court must not exceed the prescribed number of lashes — Deut. 25:3
  555. The court must not kill anybody on circumstantial evidence — Ex. 23:7
  556. The court must not punish anybody who was forced to do a crime — Deut. 22:26
  557. A judge must not pity the murderer or assaulter at the trial — Deut. 19:13
  558. A judge must not have mercy on the poor man at the trial — Lev. 19:15
  559. A judge must not respect the great man at the trial — Lev. 19:15
  560. A judge must not decide unjustly the case of the habitual transgressor — Ex. 23:6
  561. A judge must not pervert justice — Lev. 19:15
  562. A judge must not pervert a case involving a convert or orphan — Deut. 24:17
  563. Judge righteously — Lev. 19:15
  564. The judge must not fear a violent man in judgment — Deut. 1:17
  565. Judges must not accept bribes — Ex. 23:8
  566. Judges must not accept testimony unless both parties are present — Ex. 23:1
  567. Not to curse judges — Ex. 22:27
  568. Not to curse the head of state or leader of the Sanhedrin — Ex. 22:27
  569. Not to curse any upstanding Jew — Lev. 19:14
  570. Anybody who knows evidence must testify in court — Lev. 5:1
  571. Carefully interrogate the witness — Deut. 13:15
  572. A witness must not serve as a judge in capital crimes — Deut. 19:17
  573. Not to accept testimony from a lone witness — Deut. 19:15
  574. Transgressors must not testify — Ex. 23:1
  575. Relatives of the litigants must not testify — Deut. 24:16
  576. Not to testify falsely — Standard: Ex. 20:14; Yemenite: Ex. 20:13
  577. Punish the false witnesses as they tried to punish the defendant — Deut. 19:19
  578. Act according to the ruling of the SanhedrinDeut. 17:11
  579. Not to deviate from the word of the Sanhedrin — Deut. 17:11
  580. Not to add to the Torah commandments or their oral explanations — Deut. 13:1
  581. Not to diminish from the Torah any commandments, in whole or in part — Deut. 13:1
  582. Not to curse your father and mother — Ex. 21:17
  583. Not to strike your father and mother — Ex. 21:15
  584. Respect your father or mother — Standard: Ex. 20:13; Yemenite: Ex. 20:12
  585. Fear your mother or fatherLev. 19:3
  586. Not to be a rebellious son — Deut. 21:18
  587. Mourn for relativesLev. 10:19
  588. The High Priest must not defile himself for any relative — Lev. 21:11
  589. The High Priest must not enter under the same roof as a corpse — Lev. 21:11
  590. A Kohen must not defile himself (by going to funerals or cemeteries) for anyone except relatives — Lev. 21:1
  591. Appoint a king from Israel — Deut. 17:15
  592. Not to appoint a foreigner — Deut. 17:15
  593. The king must not have too many wives — Deut. 17:17
  594. The king must not have too many horses — Deut. 17:16
  595. The king must not have too much silver and gold — Deut. 17:17
  596. Destroy the seven Canaanite nations — Deut. 20:17
  597. Not to let any of them remain alive — Deut. 20:16
  598. Wipe out the memory of AmalekDeut. 25:19
  599. Remember what Amalek did to the Jewish people — Deut. 25:17
  600. Not to forget Amalek's atrocities and ambush on our journey from Egypt in the desert — Deut. 25:19
  601. Not to dwell permanently in Egypt — Deut. 17:16
  602. Offer peace terms to the inhabitants of a city while holding siege, and treat them according to the Torah if they accept the terms — Deut. 20:10
  603. Not to offer peace to Ammon and Moab while besieging them — Deut. 23:7
  604. Not to destroy food trees even during the siege — Deut. 20:19
  605. Prepare latrines outside the camps — Deut. 23:13
  606. Prepare a shovel for each soldier to dig with — Deut. 23:14
  607. Appoint a priest to speak with the soldiers during the war — Deut. 20:2
  608. He who has taken a wife, built a new home, or planted a vineyard is given a year to rejoice with his possessions — Deut. 24:5
  609. Not to demand from the above any involvement, communal or military — Deut. 24:5
  610. Not to panic and retreat during battle — Deut. 20:3
  611. Keep the laws of the captive woman — Deut. 21:11
  612. Not to sell her into slavery — Deut. 21:14
  613. Not to retain her for servitude after having sexual relations with her — Deut. 21:14

See also

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References

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Bibliography

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from Grokipedia
The 613 commandments, known in Hebrew as mitzvot, constitute the traditional enumeration of all biblical laws and obligations prescribed in the for the Jewish people, comprising 248 positive injunctions (requiring action) and 365 negative prohibitions (forbidding actions). This division symbolically aligns the positive mitzvot with the 248 bones and organs of the and the negative ones with the 365 days of the solar year, as articulated in the . The concept traces to rabbinic tradition, with an early reference by Simlai in the third century CE, though systematic compilation emerged later. The authoritative list was codified by the 12th-century scholar in his Sefer HaMitzvot, serving as a to his magnum opus , which organizes Jewish law () around these precepts. Maimonides derived them through rigorous scriptural analysis, distinguishing biblical mandates from rabbinic enactments and excluding aspirational statements or narrative imperatives lacking clear imperative form. Approximately 270 of these mitzvot pertain to Temple rituals, sacrifices, and priestly duties, rendering many inoperable following the Second Temple's destruction in 70 CE, while others—such as ethical imperatives, dietary laws, and observance—remain central to contemporary Jewish practice. Though ' enumeration gained preeminence, alternative counts exist among medieval authorities like and Rashba, reflecting interpretive disputes over whether certain verses yield multiple commandments or if scribal directives qualify as mitzvot. These variances underscore the mitzvot's foundation in exegetical reasoning rather than a literal tally inherent to the text, with no empirical mechanism to confirm an absolute 613 beyond tradition. The framework profoundly shapes Jewish theology and , positing obedience as covenantal fidelity to divine will, influencing legal, moral, and ritual dimensions of life without subsuming all under rational utility.

Definition and Overview

Composition and Classification

The 613 commandments, or mitzvot, are traditionally divided into 248 positive commandments (mitzvot aseh), which require affirmative actions such as ritual observances or ethical duties, and 365 negative commandments (mitzvot lo ta'aseh), which impose prohibitions against specific behaviors. This breakdown totals 613, as derived from rabbinic enumeration rather than an explicit tally in the . Rabbinic sources, particularly the Talmud in Tractate Makkot 23b, associate the 248 positive commandments with the number of limbs or bones in the human body and the 365 negative commandments with the days in a solar year, underscoring a comprehensive framework for human conduct. A significant portion of these commandments are conditional, dependent on contextual factors such as an operative Temple, priestly status (kohanim), Levite roles, or residency in the Land of Israel; for instance, over 200 relate to Temple rituals or sacrifices, which became inobservable after the Temple's destruction in 70 CE. As a result, no individual can fulfill all 613, since many prerequisites exclude general applicability across persons, times, or places.

Historical Context of Enumeration

The enumeration of the 613 commandments, known as taryag mitzvot, first appears explicitly in during the post-biblical period, specifically in the Babylonian Talmud tractate Makkot 23b, where Simlai, a third-century CE Palestinian amora, states that 613 commandments were given to at Sinai, comprising 365 negative precepts corresponding to the solar year's days and 248 positive ones aligning with the human body's bones. This declaration emerged amid the Amoraic era (circa 200–500 CE), following the Second Temple's destruction in 70 CE, which rendered numerous sacrificial and Temple-related commandments inoperable and necessitated a reorientation of Jewish legal observance toward portable, non-Temple-dependent practices such as study, prayer, and ethical conduct. The text itself provides no explicit total for its commandments, requiring rabbinic scholars to derive the figure through systematic verse-by-verse analysis of imperative statements, prohibitions, and narrative-derived obligations across the Five Books of . This interpretive process reflected a causal response to the exigencies of and following the Temple's loss, where empirical quantification of divine duties served to standardize teaching, reinforce communal identity, and mitigate assimilation risks by offering a finite, memorable framework for obligations amid disrupted ritual life. Prior to Rabbi Simlai's statement, earlier tannaitic sources (circa 10–220 CE) discussed subsets of commandments but lacked a comprehensive tally, underscoring the enumeration's development as a tool for legal consolidation in an era of oral transmission and geographic dispersion. Rabbinic emphasis on the 613 count thus functioned as a preservative mechanism, enabling to maintain causal fidelity to mandates through quantified recall and categorization, even as physical observance of certain precepts became impossible without restored Temple infrastructure. This approach prioritized verifiable textual imperatives over speculative additions, grounding the total in direct scriptural evidence while adapting to historical contingencies like Roman suppression and Babylonian captivity's legacies.

Biblical and Rabbinic Foundations

Scriptural Sources in the Torah

The commandments, traditionally enumerated as 613 mitzvot by later rabbinic authorities, derive directly from verses in the Torah—the Pentateuch consisting of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy—without explicit enumeration or categorization in the text itself. These sources yield imperatives through verbal forms such as the Hebrew tzav (command) or jussive constructions ("you shall"), alongside prohibitions marked by lo ("not") or al ("do not"), often embedded in covenantal narratives like the Sinai revelation or Mosaic exhortations to the Israelites. Empirical extraction focuses on identifiable directives addressing ethics, rituals, and communal order, such as the foundational aseret ha-dibrot (Ten Words) in Exodus 20:2-14, which prohibit idolatry, oath-breaking, murder, adultery, theft, false testimony, and coveting, while mandating Sabbath observance and parental honor. Leviticus concentrates on purity and sacrificial rites, with explicit commands for kohanim () to inspect skin afflictions (Leviticus 13:2) or handle impurity from bodily discharges (Leviticus 15:2-33), reflecting priestly concerns for cultic sanctity amid tribal encampments. Deuteronomy reiterates and expands judicial and social laws, including requirements for impartial judges (Deuteronomy 16:18), debt remission in the sabbatical cycle (Deuteronomy 15:1-3), and protections for vulnerable classes like (Deuteronomy 24:17-22). Agricultural mandates, such as separating tithes from grain and wine (Deuteronomy 14:22-23), appear in hortatory speeches anticipating settlement, emphasizing collective welfare through resource allocation. These texts prioritize direct textual indicators over interpretive inference, yielding over 600 discernible rules without reliance on post-biblical . Causally, many Torah commandments respond to the Israelites' historical exigencies as a liberated slave population transitioning to nationhood, with applicability conditioned on geographic and institutional realities like land possession or a centralized altar. Provisions for inheritance divisions (Numbers 27:8-11) or destroying Canaanite idolatry upon conquest (Deuteronomy 7:5) presuppose territorial sovereignty, becoming dormant without it, as seen in exile-era suspensions of land-tied observances. Ritual laws for korbanot (offerings) in Leviticus 1-7 hinge on a functioning mishkan (tabernacle) or Temple, rendering them inoperable post-70 CE destruction absent reconstruction. This framework reveals mitzvot not as timeless absolutes but as contextually adaptive instruments for covenantal stability, with empirical observance tied to causal prerequisites like agricultural viability in Eretz Yisrael or judicial autonomy.

Talmudic Tradition and Early Formulation

The earliest rabbinic reference to the 613 commandments appears in the , tractate Makkot 23b–24a, where Simlai, a third-century CE amora, states in a sermon that 613 precepts were communicated to at Sinai: 365 negative commandments, corresponding to the days of the solar year, and 248 positive commandments, matching the number of bones and sinews in the human body. This derivation served a mnemonic purpose, facilitating memorization and emphasizing comprehensive observance through bodily and temporal analogies, rather than providing a detailed enumeration. Rav Hamnuna supplements this by interpreting Deuteronomy 33:4 via gematria, yielding 611 for "Torah" plus two introductory commandments from Exodus 20:2–3, reinforcing the total without resolving interpretive variances in scriptural imperatives. In the geonic period (roughly 589–1038 CE), amid diaspora dispersion and challenges from Karaite literalism, rabbinic scholars began compiling preliminary lists to aid halakhic study and liturgical recitation, though these efforts remained non-systematic and varied in scope. Simeon Qayyara's Halakhot Gedolot (eighth–ninth century) offers the earliest extant partial enumeration, organizing commandments thematically without fully integrating them into a fixed tally. (882–942 CE) advanced this in his Sefer ha-Mitzvot, categorizing them into 26 groups for devotional purposes while deeming precise counting secondary to practical observance, correcting prior inconsistencies to counter sectarian critiques. Similarly, works by Ḥefeẓ ben Yaẓliaḥ (late tenth century) and Samuel ben Ḥofni Gaon (died 1034 CE) incorporated mitzvot sections into legal codes, prioritizing interpretive frameworks over exhaustive arithmetic amid theological debates. Rabbinic tradition, while affirming the 613 as a derived aggregate from Torah verses containing imperative language, consistently emphasizes holistic adherence to over rigid numerical precision, viewing discrepancies in counts as interpretive rather than arbitrary. This approach, evident in Talmudic and geonic texts, grounds the concept in verifiable scriptural tallies—such as prohibitions akin to annual cycles and affirmative duties paralleling human form—while accommodating contextual applicability in , thereby prioritizing causal fidelity to Sinai revelation.

Symbolic and Theological Importance

Numerical Symbolism and

The value of the Hebrew word "" (תורה), calculated as tav (400) + vav (6) + reish (200) + hei (5), totals 611, which rabbinic tradition interprets as corresponding to the commandments transmitted through , with the remaining two—the declarations "I am the Lord your " and "You shall have no other gods"—heard directly from at Sinai, yielding the total of 613. This numerical equivalence functions primarily as a mnemonic device to emphasize the 's completeness, rather than asserting an inherent metaphysical necessity for precisely 613 commandments. Rabbinic sources, drawing from the Talmud (Makkot 23b), analogize the 248 positive commandments to the 248 "limbs" or organs of the —encompassing bones, sinews, and vital parts in ancient physiological reckoning—and the 365 negative commandments to the days of the solar year, symbolizing a holistic alignment between , human embodiment, and cosmic cycles. These correspondences underscore a causal realism in which observance integrates the individual with the natural order, promoting physical and temporal discipline as reflections of creation's structure, though modern identifies fewer than 248 bones (typically 206 in adults), indicating the analogy's homiletic rather than empirical precision. While such symbolism reinforces commitment by evoking embodied and calendrical totality, it remains subordinate to the literal fulfillment of the commandments, serving as an interpretive rather than a for esoteric or allegorical dilution of obligations. Overemphasis on risks mystification detached from textual directives, a tendency critiqued in traditional that prioritizes practical halakhic adherence over symbolic abstraction.

Integration into Halakhic Framework

The 613 mitzvot constitute the scriptural core of , the practical system of Jewish jurisprudence derived from the Torah's imperatives, which later codes like the systematize through Talmudic interpretation and application to daily life. These commandments bind all Jews covenantally, as articulated in the Sinaitic revelation where the nation collectively affirmed obligation to divine statutes. Rabbinic authorities expand upon them via gezerot—prohibitive enactments designed as "fences around the Torah" to prevent inadvertent violations of de'oraita (Torah-level) mitzvot—without introducing new fundamental duties or altering the original 613's authority. Theologically, the mitzvot reflect causal realism in the covenantal framework: adherence sustains national flourishing, while systemic neglect triggers prophetic warnings of disruption, including as a direct consequence of and ethical lapses, as detailed in Deuteronomy's blessings and curses and reiterated by prophets like . This underscores the mitzvot's role not as optional ethics but as interdependent obligations, where partial observance in (e.g., due to absent Temple or Land-dependent laws) still incurs for the feasible subset, with prophets framing dispersion as divine enforcement rather than abrogation. In traditional Halakhic practice, priority falls to universally observable mitzvot such as rest, adherence, and donning, which remain binding regardless of locale, comprising roughly two-thirds of the total as non-contingent upon sovereignty or sanctuary. This focus preserves covenantal integrity amid constraints—where over 200 mitzvot tied to , priesthood, or judicial institutions are in —while fostering aspiration for comprehensive fulfillment upon redemption, rejecting piecemeal selection as a distortion of the Torah's unified demand for holistic compliance.

Evolution of Enumerative Works

Pre-Maimonidean Efforts

During the Geonic period, spanning roughly the 8th to 11th centuries CE in , rabbinic scholars initiated efforts to compile more structured lists of the Torah's commandments, driven by the need to affirm the rabbinic tradition's expansion of against challenges from the Karaite movement, which denied the authority of oral interpretations and limited obligations to explicit scriptural verses. These early compilations were often partial or poetic, reflecting an iterative process of categorization rather than rigid standardization, as responded to theological disputes by quantifying the mitzvot to underscore the Torah's comprehensive legal framework. A landmark in this development was the work of Rav Saadia Gaon (882–942 CE), head of the academy, who produced the earliest surviving full enumeration of the 613 mitzvot in the form of Azharot—liturgical poems recited on to warn and instruct the community. One set was composed in Hebrew and another in Judeo-Arabic, each verse succinctly describing a single commandment with its biblical source, totaling 248 positive and 365 negative mitzvot, thereby integrating mnemonic recitation with doctrinal defense amid Karaite polemics. Saadia's approach, influenced by the rationalist environment of Abbasid Baghdad, emphasized the Torah's finite and rationally discernible corpus of laws to counter and affirm Judaism's systematic integrity. In the subsequent early medieval phase, figures like Rabbi Isaac Alfasi (1013–1103 CE) shifted focus toward practical codification in , authoring Sefer HaHalakhot, which distilled Talmudic discussions into binding rulings organized by tractate, prioritizing mitzvot applicable in over theoretical counts or inapplicable Temple-related ones. This work, drawing on Geonic precedents, refined enumeration by embedding commandments within decisional halakhah, facilitating daily observance and judicial application without exhaustive listing, thus advancing the trend toward accessible, authoritative frameworks.

Maimonides' Systematic List

Maimonides, also known as Rambam, formulated his systematic enumeration of the 613 commandments in Sefer HaMitzvot, composed around 1170 CE in Arabic while in Fustat, Egypt. This work lists each commandment with a brief explanation of its biblical source, establishing a foundational reference for Jewish legal study by applying stringent criteria to ensure precision. He restricted the count to directives explicitly stated in the Torah, excluding those derived solely through rabbinic interpretation or logical inference, such as asmakhtot—supporting verses not intended as independent commands. Redundancies were merged, for instance, by combining similar prohibitions from multiple verses into single mitzvot to avoid inflation of the total, reflecting his commitment to a verifiable, non-speculative tally rooted in textual analysis. Central to Maimonides' methodology were 14 principles outlined in the introduction to Sefer HaMitzvot, which disqualified elements like preparatory conditions (e.g., instructions incidental to a primary command), time-bound rituals inapplicable across generations, or mitzvot already encompassed by broader prohibitions. These rules privileged direct scriptural imperatives over expansive readings, yielding 248 positive commandments (do's) and 365 negative ones (do not's), paralleling human anatomy and the solar year as per Talmudic tradition. By systematizing the list, Maimonides provided a rational framework that facilitated empirical verification of obligations, diverging from less structured or mystically inclined enumerations prevalent in earlier medieval scholarship. This enumeration profoundly shaped subsequent halakhic literature, serving as the basis for the introduction to ' comprehensive code, (completed circa 1180 CE), where the 613 mitzvot frame the organization of Jewish law into 14 books. His approach emphasized clarity and logical categorization, influencing codifiers like the Tur and by establishing a tally that underscored the Torah's finite, discernible directives amid diverse interpretive traditions. This rational codification countered tendencies toward lax or overly esoteric interpretations, promoting a study method aligned with philosophical rigor and textual fidelity.

Detailed Structure of Maimonides' Enumeration

Positive and Negative Commandments Breakdown

In ' enumeration in Sefer HaMitzvot, the 613 commandments are divided into 248 positive commandments (mitzvot aseh), which obligate affirmative actions, and 365 negative commandments (mitzvot lo ta'aseh), which forbid specific behaviors. This division reflects a deliberate methodological choice to derive each precept from distinct verses without overlap, ensuring the precise total derived from rabbinic tradition in the (Makkot 23b). Positive commandments encompass duties such as affixing mezuzot on doorposts (Deuteronomy 6:9), reciting the twice daily (Deuteronomy 6:7), and providing for the poor through charity (; Deuteronomy 15:8). A substantial portion—approximately 200—relate to priestly and sacrificial rites in the or Temple, including offerings for various sins or festivals (e.g., Leviticus 1:2 for burnt offerings), which ceased to be practicable after the Temple's destruction in 70 CE. Remaining positive commandments, like donning (Exodus 13:16), emphasize personal and communal practices that remain observable. Negative commandments prohibit actions such as (Exodus 20:3), (Exodus 20:13), and cursing one's parents (Exodus 21:17). Unlike many positive ones, these are largely independent of the Temple and thus universally binding in principle for , with 365 corresponding to the solar year's days, underscoring constant vigilance against transgression. Enforcement historically involved judicial penalties, such as death for or cursing parents, though rabbinic courts rarely imposed post-Temple era. The categories exhibit interdependence, as some precepts inherently pair a positive duty with its negative counterpart, counted separately to avoid duplication. For instance, the positive commandment to honor and fear one's parents (Exodus 20:12) complements the negative prohibition against cursing them (Exodus 21:17), with the former requiring material support and respect, and the latter barring verbal abuse even posthumously. Similarly, the positive mandate to rest on the implies the negative ban on prohibited labors (Exodus 20:8-11 versus Exodus 20:10), treated as distinct for enumeration. This approach highlights causal linkages in law, where fulfilling positives often precludes negatives, yet derives them from unique scriptural derivations to maintain the 613 count.

Canonical and Practical Ordering

Maimonides structures the enumeration of positive commandments in Sefer HaMitzvot thematically to support practical halakhic study, beginning with core theological obligations such as knowing God's existence (Exodus 20:2), affirming divine unity (Deuteronomy 6:4), loving God (Deuteronomy 6:5), and fearing Him (Deuteronomy 10:20), before addressing Torah study (Deuteronomy 6:7), prayer, and cleaving to God (Deuteronomy 10:20). This progression mirrors the logical framework of Mishneh Torah, grouping related mitzvot—such as those concerning idolatry prohibitions reframed as positive duties, signs like tefillin and mezuzah (Deuteronomy 6:8), Temple service, sacrifices, purity laws, interpersonal ethics, and agricultural tithes—to enable systematic navigation and application in daily observance and legal analysis. Negative commandments follow similarly, clustered into broader categories like prohibitions against , illicit relations, dietary violations, and judicial injustices, appended after the positive ones for comprehensive coverage without strict scriptural sequencing. This practical thematic arrangement, divided roughly into 14 groupings for positives and fewer for negatives, prioritizes utility over verbatim book order, allowing jurists to derive rulings from interconnected principles rather than isolated verses. The canonical fidelity lies in ' methodological principles for sourcing each , where parallels across books—such as the Ten Commandments in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5—are resolved by favoring the initial revelatory context in Exodus for primary derivation, preserving causal chains from scriptural origins while enabling first-principles extensions in rabbinic interpretation. This approach underscores the enumeration's role in rigorous deduction, distinguishing redundant repetitions as singular obligations and excluding non-scriptural laws, thus grounding practical observance in unaltered causality.

Debates and Methodological Challenges

Criticisms of the Precise Count

Nachmanides (Ramban), in his 13th-century critique of Maimonides' enumeration, proposed several additions and omissions to the list of 613 mitzvot, arguing that interpretive differences in biblical verses lead to variances in counting. For instance, he included the commandment to settle the Land of Israel as a distinct positive mitzvah derived from Deuteronomy 1:8, which Maimonides overlooked by subsuming it under broader obligations, while excluding certain Maimonidean counts as non-obligatory statements rather than imperatives. Such disputes highlight methodological challenges, as Ramban effectively removed 56 mitzvot from Maimonides' tally and added 63 others, resulting in over 100 divergences based on whether verses impose universal duties or context-specific actions. Modern textual analyses further question the precision of 613 as unique biblical imperatives, identifying overlaps, narrative descriptions, or conditional clauses misclassified as standalone commandments. Scholar Israel Drazin, examining the 's verses, concludes that a rigorous count yields far fewer than 613 enforceable biblical laws, with many entries relying on rabbinic expansions rather than explicit directives; for example, some "mitzvot" are aspirational narratives like the , not repeatable obligations. Similarly, biblical scholar Nehemia Gordon notes the itself never enumerates or claims 613 commandments, treating the figure as a later rabbinic construct without arithmetic verification. These critiques underscore that the tally depends on subjective , such as distinguishing imperatives from exhortations, rather than objective tallies. Rabbinic tradition prioritizes the symbolic and halakhic framework of 613 over exactitude, as evidenced by Talmudic origins in Rabbi Simlai's analogy to human anatomy and solar days, yet persistent debates reveal no infallible mathematical basis. This exposes limitations in claims of obsolescence from liberal perspectives, which often exaggerate fluidity to dismiss obligations, while empirical verse analysis confirms variances without undermining the tradition's interpretive authority.

Alternative Interpretations and Omissions

, which emerged in the 8th-9th centuries CE as a scripturalist movement rejecting the authority of the and rabbinic traditions, derives its obligations solely from literal interpretations of the written without expansions via midrashic derivations or Talmudic ascriptions. This approach results in a divergent set of commandments, excluding many enumerated in the rabbinic tally of 613, such as those inferred through interpretive methods like gezerah shavah or hekkesh, which Karaites deem non-scriptural additions. Consequently, Karaite practice yields fewer binding mitzvot applicable in the present era, emphasizing direct textual mandates over the comprehensive rabbinic corpus. Certain rationalist biblical scholars have proposed lower tallies by scrutinizing the Torah's explicit directives, arguing that the 613 figure, originating from a 3rd-century CE aggadic statement by Rabbi Simlai in the Talmud (Makkot 23b-24a), inflates the count through subjective inclusions of implied or contextual rules not plainly stated. For instance, analyses excluding rabbinically derived sub-commandments or narrative imperatives yield estimates closer to 300-400 distinct biblical laws, prioritizing verifiable textual commands over enumerative traditions. Such critiques, while marginal in traditional halakhic circles, underscore methodological variances in isolating core obligations from interpretive accretions. The itself contains no explicit enumeration of 613 commandments, with the total derived post-biblically through rabbinic aggregation rather than direct scriptural tabulation. Post-Temple destruction in 70 CE, numerous mitzvot tied to the sacrificial system or priestly rites became practically inobservable without institutional replacements, prompting debates on their ongoing validity absent causal equivalents like a restored sanctuary. Despite these omissions and interpretive challenges, the 613 framework endures in rabbinic jurisprudence for its structural utility in codifying obligations, even as alternatives highlight the enumerative tradition's non-universal acceptance.

Contemporary Observance and Perspectives

Constraints on Full Observance

Approximately 246 of the 613 commandments enumerated by require the existence of the for their observance, encompassing rituals such as daily burnt offerings, Passover sacrifices, and priestly duties performed exclusively there. These became practically impossible following the destruction of the Second Temple by the Romans in 70 CE, rendering full individual compliance unattainable without its rebuilding. Additional territorial constraints apply to commandments like the separation of tithes from produce and observance of the sabbatical year, which are binding only on agricultural activity within the borders of the as defined in . Certain mitzvot are inherently limited to specific roles or statuses, excluding the majority of Jews from their applicability. For instance, priestly commandments—such as the consumption of certain offerings or maintenance of ritual purity for service—pertain solely to descendants of Aaron (kohanim), while Levitical duties apply only to the tribe of Levi. Similarly, commandments governing kingship, such as appointing a monarch from among the people or the conduct of warfare under royal authority, are irrelevant outside a restored Davidic monarchy. Women are exempt from positive time-bound commandments, including donning tefillin, affixing mezuzot, or sounding the shofar at prescribed times, due to halakhic principles prioritizing their domestic responsibilities. In practice, traditional rabbinic assessment holds that an average observant Jew—neither , , nor , and residing outside —can fulfill approximately 270 commandments under current conditions, with the remainder either inapplicable or suspended. This reflects an empirical reality where no single individual has ever observed all 613 simultaneously, as many are mutually exclusive or context-dependent. Jewish tradition emphasizes collective national fulfillment over individual perfection, positing that the mitzvot sustain the people as a whole when performed by those to whom they apply.

Denominational Variations and Rational Critiques

In , adherence to the 613 mitzvot remains a core aspiration, with practitioners observing all those feasible under contemporary conditions through rabbinic interpretations that adapt to exile or restoration, such as the renewal of agricultural laws in since 1948 and intensified focus on settlement imperatives following the 1967 , interpreted as fulfilling commandments like inheriting the land (Numbers 33:53). This approach preserves the totality of the covenant, recognizing that while not all mitzvot—such as those tied to the Temple—are currently obligatory for individuals, collective and personal efforts sustain the framework against erosion. Non-Orthodox denominations, particularly , diverge by elevating ethical mitzvot above ritual or ceremonial ones, deeming the full 613 non-binding and subject to personal autonomy rather than halakhic obligation, a stance rooted in 19th-century platforms that treat traditional laws as historical artifacts lacking perpetual authority. This prioritization, articulated in Reform statements like the 1999 Pittsburgh Platform's emphasis on moral evolution over ritual detail, rejects the mitzvot's totality as incompatible with modern rationality. Rational critiques of such selective observance highlight its departure from the Torah's integrated causal structure, where commandments interlink to foster holistic covenantal fidelity rather than fragmented ethics; empirical patterns in show that dilutions correlate with assimilation rates exceeding 70% in non-Orthodox U.S. communities by the early , suggesting subjective reinvention undermines the verifiable divine intent preserved in unaltered tradition. Modern symbolic engagements, like artist Archie Rand's series of 613 paintings completed in the and exhibited widely thereafter, evoke the mitzvot visually but cannot substitute for performative obedience, as they prioritize aesthetic interpretation over the original behavioral imperatives. Prioritizing empirical tradition over progressive adaptations aligns with first-principles fidelity to the source text's uniformity, avoiding that treats commandments as optional cultural relics.

References

  1. https://www.[chabad.org](/page/Chabad.org)/library/article_cdo/aid/756399/jewish/The-613-Commandments-Mitzvot.htm
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