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Art Shell
Art Shell
Art Shell
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Arthur Lee Shell Jr.[1][2] (born November 26, 1946) is an American former professional football player and coach. He played as an offensive tackle in the American Football League (AFL) and later in the National Football League (NFL) for the Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders. He played college football at Maryland State College—now University of Maryland Eastern Shore—and was drafted by the Raiders in the third round (80th overall) of the 1968 NFL/AFL draft. He was later a twice head coach for the Raiders. He holds the distinction of becoming the second African American head coach in the history of professional football and the first in the sport's modern era. Shell was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2013 and into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1989.

Key Information

Early life

[edit]

Shell was born on November 26, 1946, in Charleston or North Charleston, South Carolina.[3] He was the oldest child of Arthur Lee Shell Sr., a machine set operator, and Gertrude Shell, who died when Shell was 15. After her death, Shell took on added responsibility caring for his siblings. Shell attended the segregated Bonds-Wilson High School, which no longer exists, graduating in 1964. He was coached by James Fields and Eugene Gray. He made all-state teams in both basketball and football.[4][5][6][7]

In 2015, Shell was inducted into the South Carolina Football Hall of Fame.[6]

College

[edit]

Shell went to college at Maryland State College,[8] now the University of Maryland Eastern Shore (UMES), an historically black college in Princess Anne, Maryland. He was coached by Roosevelt "Sandy" Gilliam, and played offensive tackle and defensive tackle on the football team. He was named a Little All-America his senior year in 1967, All-Conference in three seasons, and was named All-America by the Pittsburgh Courier and Ebony magazine in 1967. Shell's teams were 20–8–1. Future College Football Hall of Fame and NFL running back Emerson Boozer[9] was one of his teammates. He graduated in 1968 with a Bachelor of Science degree in industrial arts.[4][5][7] Shell is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity.[1]

Playing career

[edit]

Shell was drafted in the third round by the American Football League's Oakland Raiders.[10] Playing offensive tackle, Shell participated in 23 postseason playoff contests in the AFL and NFL,[11] including eight AFC or AFL championship games, a loss in Super Bowl II, and victories in Super Bowls XI and XV. He was a four time All-Pro (two times first-team and two second-team), and was named to eight Pro Bowls.[7][12][11][4]

Art Shell's Raiders jersey is shown displayed in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
Art Shell's Raiders jersey is shown displayed in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

He played 15 seasons for the Raiders. He was a top special teams player his first two years, and then moved to offensive line in his third year, becoming equally adept at pass and run blocking.[7] Shell played 156 straight games for the Raiders until he suffered a preseason injury in 1979, and after he recovered, Shell played another 51 straight games until he was injured again in 1982, his final season. Shell played next to Hall of Fame and 100th Anniversary All-Time teammate guard Gene Upshaw in three different decades.[7][13][14] He was also offensive linemates with Hall of Fame and 100th Anniversary All-Time teammate Jim Otto and Hall of Fame offensive tackle Bob Brown.[15][14][16][17]

Legacy and honors

[edit]

Shell was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1989.[7] In 2019, he was named to the NFL 100th Anniversary All-Time Team.[14] In 1999, he was ranked number 55 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players.[18] In 2021, The Athletic listed Shell as the 76th greatest player ever.[12] He was also a member of the 1970s All-Decade Team and the Super Bowl Silver Anniversary Team (1990).[7]

He was inducted into the UMES Hall of Fame in 1984,[5] Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association (CIAA) Hall of Fame in 2006,[19] the Black College Hall of Fame in 2011,[20] and the College Football Hall of Fame in 2013.[5] Since 2000, Shell has held the UMES Celebrity Golf Classic, a celebrity golf tournament.[5]

Coaching career

[edit]

Shell was an offensive line coach with the Raiders from 1983 to 1988.[21] In 1989, the Raiders owner Al Davis hired Shell as his head coach to replace Mike Shanahan, becoming the first black head coach in modern NFL history, and the first since Fritz Pollard in 1925.[22][23]

Los Angeles Raiders

[edit]

Through Al Davis, Shell is a member of the Sid Gillman coaching tree.[24][25] As coach of the Raiders from 1989 to 1994 (at the time located in Los Angeles), Shell coached 12 games in 1989, and 16 games/year from 1990 to 1994, compiling a record of 54 wins and 38 losses.[26] Shell was named AFC Coach of the Year in 1990, when the Raiders won the AFC West division with a 12–4 record, and advanced to the AFC championship game in the playoffs,[27] becoming the first African-American coach to lead the team to the Conference Championship game.[23][21] Shell also received the Maxwell Club's coach of the year award (the Greasy Neale Award),[28] and Pro Football Weekly's NFL Coach of the Year Award.[29] Al Davis, owner of the Raiders, fired Shell after a 9–7 season in 1994,[30] a move Davis later called "a mistake."[31]

After the Raiders

[edit]

After leaving the Raiders, Shell went on to coaching positions with the Kansas City Chiefs (offensive line coach 1995-1996) and Atlanta Falcons (offensive line coach for four years before resigning in early 2001),[21] before serving as a senior vice president for the NFL, in charge of football operations. In 2004, Shell became the NFL's Senior Vice President over football operations, supervising all football operations and development.[4][19]

2006 return to Raiders

[edit]

Shell was working for the NFL when he was officially re-hired by the-then Oakland Raiders as head coach on February 11, 2006.[23] After leading the team to its worst record (2 wins, 14 losses) since 1962, despite having one of the best defenses, Shell was fired for the second time as head coach of the Raiders on January 4, 2007.[32]

Head coaching record

[edit]
Team Year Regular season Postseason
Won Lost Ties Win % Finish Won Lost Win % Result
RAI 1989 7 5 0 .583 3rd in AFC West — — — —
RAI 1990 12 4 0 .750 1st in AFC West 1 1 .500 Lost to Buffalo Bills in AFC Championship Game
RAI 1991 9 7 0 .563 3rd in AFC West 0 1 .000 Lost to Kansas City Chiefs in AFC wild card game
RAI 1992 7 9 0 .438 4th in AFC West — — — —
RAI 1993 10 6 0 .625 2nd in AFC West 1 1 .500 Lost to Buffalo Bills in AFC Divisional Game
RAI 1994 9 7 0 .563 3rd in AFC West — — — —
OAK 2006 2 14 0 .125 4th in AFC West — — — —
Total[33] 56 52 0 .518 2 3 .400

Personal life

[edit]

Shell is the father of Billie Dureyea Shell, the author of the Unfaithful book trilogy, and the great-uncle of Brandon Shell, an offensive lineman who was drafted in 2016 by the New York Jets.[34][4]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Art Shell

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia

Arthur Shell (born November 26, 1946), known as Art Shell, is an American former professional football player and coach, renowned for his tenure as an offensive tackle with the from 1968 to 1982 and his pioneering role as the first African American head coach in the modern (NFL) era. Drafted in the third round out of Eastern Shore, Shell anchored the Raiders' offensive line for 15 seasons, earning eight selections, two first-team honors, and contributions to two victories following the 1976 and 1980 seasons. Inducted into the in 1989, Shell transitioned to , serving as of the Raiders for two periods—1990 to 1994 and 2006—compiling a 56-52 regular-season record while emphasizing disciplined, run-heavy offenses. His leadership marked a significant milestone in NFL diversity, though his teams reached the playoffs only once during his tenures amid roster challenges and organizational shifts.

Early Life and Education

Childhood and Family Background

Arthur Lee Shell Jr. was born on November 26, 1946, in , to Arthur Lee Shell Sr., a worker and machine set operator, and Gertrude Shell. As the eldest of five children, Shell grew up alongside siblings Bertha, Kenneth, Benny, and Lawrence in a working-class family environment marked by modest means and strong familial bonds. Shell's mother, Gertrude, died of in 1961 when he was 15 years old, leaving the family without its primary maternal figure. In the aftermath, Shell assumed significant responsibilities for rearing his younger siblings while continuing his own education and athletic pursuits, supported by his father's quiet, loving, yet strict guidance. This early experience of stepping into a caretaker role amid loss fostered resilience and a deep sense of family obligation that Shell later credited for shaping his character and .

College Football Career

Shell played college football at Maryland State College (now the University of Maryland Eastern Shore), participating as a four-year letterman from 1964 to 1967. He competed as a versatile lineman, starting on both offensive and defensive tackle. During his tenure, Shell earned All-America honors twice, including selections as a Little All-American and Pittsburgh Courier Black College All-America honoree. He was also named to the All-Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association (CIAA) first team three times. Shell's contributions helped the Hawks compile a 20-8-1 record over his career. His collegiate performance as an offensive tackle drew professional interest, leading to his selection in the third round of the 1968 NFL Draft by the . Shell was inducted into the in 2013 in recognition of his dominance in historically black .

Professional Playing Career

Draft and Early Years with the Raiders

Shell was selected by the in the third round (80th overall) of the 1968 NFL Draft out of Maryland State College (now ). At 6 feet 5 inches and 255 pounds, he joined a Raiders team coached by that finished the 1968 regular season with a 12-2 record, winning the AFL West Division. As a , Shell primarily contributed on special teams, appearing in all 14 regular-season games and the Raiders' playoff contests, including an AFL Divisional loss to the . In his second season of 1969, Shell continued to excel on special teams under new head coach , playing in 14 games as the Raiders again posted a 12-1-1 record and reached the AFL Championship Game, where they fell to the . His early contributions helped stabilize the offensive line unit amid the team's aggressive, run-heavy scheme, though he had not yet secured a starting role on offense. Shell transitioned to the starting left tackle position in 1970, anchoring the line for running back and quarterback en route to a 8-4-2 season and an title. This shift marked the beginning of his emergence as a cornerstone of the Raiders' offensive front, with his physical blocking style complementing the team's "vertical stretch" philosophy. Over his first three seasons (1968–1970), Shell appeared in 42 regular-season games, logging significant snaps on special teams before logging 12 starts at left tackle in 1970.

Peak Performance and All-Pro Recognition

Shell established himself as the Oakland Raiders' starting left offensive tackle in 1970 after initial roles on special teams, anchoring the line during the team's ascent in the AFL and early NFL merger era. His peak performance spanned the mid-1970s, particularly from 1973 to 1978, when he earned first- or second-team honors in six consecutive seasons, reflecting his dominance in pass protection and run blocking for a unit that supported Ken Stabler's league-leading passing yards in multiple years. In 1974 and 1977, Shell received first-team recognition from the , underscoring his elite technique and physicality at 6-foot-5 and 265 pounds, which neutralized top defensive ends and contributed to the Raiders' consistent playoff appearances. He added second-team nods in 1975 and 1978, with additional selections in 1973, maintaining a streak of sustained excellence amid the physical demands of the era's . Shell's run coincided with eight invitations from 1972 to 1978 and in 1980, the second-most for any Raiders player, highlighting peer and coach validation of his reliability in high-stakes games, including 23 postseason contests where the Raiders' offense ranked among the league's most efficient. His approximate value metrics, peaking with high career rankings in offensive line play, further evidenced this phase as his professional zenith before injuries curtailed later output.

Championships and Retirement

Shell anchored the left side of the Oakland Raiders' offensive line during their first victory in on , , where the defeated the 32-14, allowing sacks and contributing to a dominant rushing performance of 183 yards. His performance in that game was described as near-perfect by contemporaries, blocking effectively without penalties or significant disruptions against a stout Vikings defense led by . In on January 25, 1981, Shell helped protect quarterback and open lanes for a balanced attack that rushed for 131 yards in a 27-10 win over the , securing the Raiders' second championship and their first since relocating preparations to . Over his career, Shell participated in eight AFC Championship Games and 23 postseason contests, providing consistent protection that enabled the Raiders' run-heavy offense featuring players like and later . Shell retired as a player following the at age 36, after 15 years with the Raiders, having appeared in 207 regular-season games with 169 starts and no recorded fumbles or significant injury absences beyond a brief 1979 preseason setback. His decision to step away aligned with the physical demands of the position after two decades of elite play, transitioning immediately into an assistant coaching role with the Raiders' offensive line in 1983.

Coaching Career

Assistant Coaching Roles

Shell began his NFL coaching career as the offensive line coach for the in 1983, shortly after retiring as a player following the 1982 season. In this position, he worked under head coach from 1983 to 1987, contributing to the team's offensive line during a period that included a 12-4 regular-season record and an division title in 1983, though the Raiders lost in the Wild Card playoff round that year. Shell continued as offensive line coach in 1988 under Flores and into 1989 under , until his midseason promotion to head coach on October 3, 1989, after Shanahan's dismissal following a 1-3 start. After his first head coaching tenure ended with his firing following the 1994 season, Shell served as offensive line coach for the from 1995 to 1996 under head coach . During this time, the Chiefs achieved a 13-3 record in 1995, winning the and advancing to the divisional playoffs, where their offensive line supported a run-heavy attack led by and . In 1996, the team finished 9-7 but missed the playoffs. Shell then joined the as an assistant coach from 1997 to 2000, primarily focusing on the offensive line under head coach . The Falcons reached the in 1998 with a 14-2 regular-season record, bolstered by a strong ground game featuring Jamal Anderson's league-leading 1,846 rushing yards, before losing to the Minnesota Vikings in overtime. Shell's tenure with Atlanta ended after the 2000 season, following which he transitioned to roles in the league office.

First Head Coaching Stint (1989–1994)

Shell was named of the Los Angeles Raiders on October 3, 1989, replacing after a 1-3 start to the season, marking the first time an African American had held the position in the modern era. Inheriting a struggling offense and defense, Shell guided the team to a 7-5 record over the remaining 12 games, salvaging an 8-8 finish and avoiding a losing season. In 1990, Shell's first full season, the Raiders achieved a 12-4 record, capturing the division title with strong performances from Jay and a balanced offense that averaged 21.1 points per game. The team earned the No. 1 seed in the AFC playoffs, defeating the 20-10 in the divisional round before falling 51-3 to the in the . Shell was recognized as the AFC Coach of the Year for the turnaround. The Raiders posted a 9-7 record in 1991, securing a wild card berth but losing 17-10 to the Bengals in the first round. Performance dipped in 1992 to 7-9 amid injuries and inconsistent play, missing the playoffs and finishing last in the division. Shell rebounded in 1993 with a 10-6 mark, earning another wild card spot; the team upset the Denver Broncos 42-24 in the wild card game before a 29-23 divisional loss to the Bills. The 1994 season ended at 9-7, with the Raiders again failing to reach the postseason despite a competitive effort hampered by Bill Walsh's schemes, which drew criticism for underutilizing the team's strengths. Owner fired Shell in February 1995, a decision he later described as a mistake, ending Shell's tenure with an overall record of 54-38 and three playoff appearances.

Post-Raiders Positions (1995–2005)

Following his dismissal from the on February 3, 1995, after a 9-7 season in 1994, Art Shell transitioned to assistant coaching roles with other teams. He joined the as offensive line coach in 1995, serving under head coach for two seasons through 1996, during which the Chiefs advanced to the both years with records of 13-3 and 9-7. Shell then moved to the Atlanta Falcons as offensive line coach from 1997 to 2000, working under head coaches (1997) and Jim Mora (1998-2000). During this period, reached the in 1998 with a 14-2 regular-season record but experienced declines in subsequent years, finishing 5-11 in 2000 amid offensive line struggles and quarterback instability. After the 2000 season, Shell left coaching to join the NFL's administrative staff in the office of Commissioner Paul Tagliabue, initially handling player disciplinary appeals and representing the league in union relations from 2000 to 2004. In May 2004, he was appointed senior vice president for football operations and development, overseeing officiating, rule interpretations, and developmental programs until his return to coaching in 2006. This executive role marked a shift from on-field coaching to league-wide operational oversight, reflecting his accumulated experience in player development and NFL governance.

Second Head Coaching Stint (2006)

Art Shell was rehired as of the on February 11, 2006, succeeding who had been dismissed after a 4-12 record in 2005. Owner selected Shell, a Pro Football Hall of Famer and former Raiders offensive lineman, citing his previous success with the team from 1989 to 1994 and describing the earlier termination as a mistake. Shell, who had been out of coaching since 2000 and working in front office roles, agreed to a multi-year contract to revitalize the franchise amid ongoing struggles. During the 2006 season, the Raiders under Shell compiled a 2-14 record, the worst in franchise history at that point and failing to improve on the prior year's performance. The team suffered three shutouts, including losses to the (28-0 on October 29), Cleveland Browns (20-0 on November 19), and (20-0 on December 10), highlighting severe offensive deficiencies. Aaron Brooks started most games but threw for only 1,105 yards with 7 touchdowns and 11 interceptions, while the offense ranked near the bottom of the league in scoring and total yards. Defensive efforts provided the two victories—against the (22-9 on September 17) and Texans (23-14 on November 26)—but inconsistencies and injuries plagued the roster throughout the 16-game schedule. Shell was fired on January 4, 2007, following a daylong meeting with Davis, marking the second time in 13 years he had been dismissed by the Raiders. The decision came after the team's dismal finish in the , with Davis opting not to retain Shell despite the initial intent to correct a past error. Assistant Tom Walsh served as interim coordinator but could not salvage the campaign, underscoring broader organizational challenges during Davis's later ownership years.

Overall Coaching Record and Statistics

Art Shell served as head coach of the Los Angeles/Oakland Raiders in two stints, compiling a regular season record of 56 wins, 52 losses, and 0 ties for a .519 winning percentage. His teams qualified for the playoffs three times during his first tenure, advancing to the divisional round in 1990 and 1993 after winning the AFC West, but posted a 2–3 playoff record overall (.400 winning percentage). Including postseason games, Shell's overall head coaching mark stands at 58–55. The following table details his year-by-year head coaching performance:
YearTeamRegular SeasonPlayoffs
19897–5–0—
199012–4–01–1
19919–7–00–1
19927–9–0—
199310–6–01–1
19949–7–0—
20062–14–0—
Shell took over as interim head coach in 1989 after Mike Shanahan's dismissal following a 1–3 start, guiding the team to a 7–5 finish that year. His 1990 squad achieved the franchise's best regular-season mark under his leadership with 12 wins, though subsequent years showed variability, culminating in a league-worst 2–14 record during his 2006 return amid roster and organizational challenges.

Legacy and Assessment

Inductions and Honors

Shell was selected to eight Pro Bowls during his playing career, representing the AFC in 1972 through 1978 and again in 1980. He earned All-AFC honors for six consecutive seasons from 1973 to 1978. In recognition of his contributions as an offensive tackle, Shell was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame on August 5, 1989. His enshrinement highlighted his role in blocking for Raiders quarterbacks and his participation in two Super Bowl victories. Shell received further collegiate honors, including induction into the in 2013 as part of the Divisional College class for his play at the , where he earned Little All-American and Black College All-America accolades in 1967. He was also enshrined in the (CIAA) Hall of Fame in 2006.

Impact on NFL Barriers and Merit-Based Hiring

Art Shell's appointment as head coach of the Los Angeles Raiders on October 9, 1989, marked the first time a coach led an team in the , surpassing the brief tenures of in the 1920s. Owner selected Shell based on his established credentials as a Hall of Fame offensive tackle, successful position coach under , and offensive line coach under , emphasizing Davis's philosophy of hiring the most capable candidate irrespective of race. Shell's five-season tenure from 1989 to 1994 yielded a 56-41 regular-season record (.577 winning percentage), including four playoff appearances and an title in 1990, demonstrating that a coach could achieve competitive through strategic acumen and player development rather than preferential treatment. This outcome challenged entrenched assumptions about suitability in circles, where informal networks often favored familiarity over broad talent pools, yet Shell's promotion from within the Raiders' system underscored meritocratic advancement. Despite this precedent, Shell's hiring did not catalyze rapid diversification; from 1990 to 2002, only three additional Black head coaches were appointed league-wide, prompting the NFL to implement the in 2003, mandating interviews with minority candidates for head coaching vacancies. Shell's case, however, illustrated that barriers could erode through unforced recognition of ability—as evidenced by Davis's rejection of diversity quotas in favor of results-driven decisions—contrasting with later critiques that the has sometimes prioritized compliance over genuine merit evaluation, leading to token interviews without proportional hires. Shell's barrier-breaking role highlighted tensions in NFL hiring dynamics, where empirical success like his 1990 division championship failed to fully dismantle systemic preferences for established insider networks, yet affirmed that could yield qualified minority leaders without mandated interventions. His 2006 return as Raiders head coach, amid a 2-14 season, further tested perceptions of endurance for Black coaches under scrutiny, reinforcing arguments for evaluating performance data over demographic proxies in promotion decisions.

Criticisms and Shortcomings

Shell's second tenure as of the Oakland Raiders in 2006 represented a notable shortcoming, as the team finished with a 2–14 record, the worst mark in franchise history under owner Al Davis's 43-year stewardship. This dismal performance followed his rehiring by Davis, who had previously described Shell's 1994 dismissal as a mistake, but the outcome underscored failures in preparation and execution despite a capable defense. Offensive deficiencies were particularly acute, with setting franchise lows in key metrics such as yards and points scored, prompting criticism of Shell's schematic choices and personnel decisions. His selection of Tom Walsh as drew scrutiny, as Walsh's play-calling proved ineffective, resulting in Walsh's mid-season demotion and highlighting potential misjudgments in staffing. Team discipline and cohesion suffered amid high-profile player conflicts, including disputes with wide receivers Jerry Porter and , which exacerbated on-field disarray. Shell publicly accused an unnamed organizational insider of undermining the by feeding negative information to media outlets nationwide, reflecting internal tensions that he vowed to confront but which persisted until his January 5, 2007, firing. Even in his more successful 1989–1994 stint (54–38 record), some observers noted Shell's hands-off leadership style as overly distant, potentially limiting player-coach rapport and adaptability in sustaining elite performance beyond initial playoff appearances. These elements contributed to a career head win percentage of .519, indicating competence but not exceptional or in the role.

Personal Life

Family and Relationships

Art Shell has been married to Janice Jeter Shell since the early 1970s. The couple has two sons, Arthur Shell III and J. Shell. In 1990, Arthur III was reported as 16 years old and Christopher as 14. Some accounts identify a third son, Billie Dureyea Shell, author of the Unfaithful book trilogy. Shell maintains a low public profile regarding his personal relationships, with no reported separations or additional partnerships.

Post-Retirement Activities

Following his dismissal from the after the 2006 season, in which the team finished 2–14, Art Shell retired from coaching. In a 2014 interview reflecting on his career milestones, Shell stated, "I'm totally retired." He has since maintained a low public profile, with no reported involvement in further professional football roles or executive positions within . Shell remains active in select public capacities as a Pro Football Hall of Famer, including availability for keynote speaking engagements on topics such as , diversity in sports, and his NFL experiences. These appearances leverage his legacy as an offensive tackle who played in 207 games over 15 seasons with the Raiders and as the first African American head coach in the modern era. No major charitable foundations, business ventures, or media roles attributable to Shell post-2006 have been documented in public records.

References

  1. https://www.profootballhof.com/players/art-shell/
  2. https://www.raiders.com/history/all-time-roster/bios-s/art-shell
  3. https://www.pro-football-reference.com/coaches/ShelAr0.htm
  4. https://www.raiders.com/history/art-shell
  5. https://www.profootballhistory.com/art-shell/
  6. https://blackpast.org/african-american-history/arthur-art-lee-shell-jr-1946/
  7. https://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/shell-arthur/
  8. https://scafricanamerican.com/honorees/art-shell/
  9. https://www.facebook.com/groups/771832899523248/posts/24581645908115280/
  10. https://footballfoundation.org/hof_search.aspx?hof=2349
  11. https://footballfoundation.org/honors/hall-of-fame/art-shell/2349
  12. https://wwwcp.umes.edu/125/arthur-l-shell/
  13. https://umeshawksports.com/news/2019/12/20/eastern-shore-alumni-art-shell-named-nfl-100-all-time-team
  14. https://www.cfbhall.com/inductees/art-shell-2013/
  15. https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/S/ShelAr00.htm
  16. https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/rai/1968.htm
  17. https://www.profootballhof.com/news/2022/03/gold-jacket-spotlight-art-shell-s-practically-perfect-day/
  18. https://profootballresearchers.com/biography/Shell_Art.pdf
  19. https://pro-football-history.com/coach/371/art-shell-bio
  20. https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/art-lee-shell-jr
  21. https://pro-football-history.com/franchise/22/atlanta-falcons-coaches
  22. https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/04/sports/shell-is-first-black-coach-in-nfl-since-20-s.html
  23. https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/rai/1990.htm
  24. https://www.raiders.com/news/greatest-moments-1990-afc-divisional-playoff-1022356
  25. https://www.gainesville.com/story/news/2006/11/29/lowly-raiders-replace-offensive-coordinator/31503986007/
  26. https://www.sfgate.com/sports/article/Shell-fired-by-Raiders-again-Davis-called-2659515.php
  27. https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1995/02/03/shell-fired-white-hired-eagles-get-49ers-rhodes/
  28. https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/sports-and-games/sports-biographies/art-shell
  29. https://www.upi.com/Sports_News/2004/05/25/Art-Shell-gets-NFL-front-office-job/53251085510191/
  30. https://africa.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=1808876
  31. https://www.sunjournal.com/2006/02/11/raiders-hire-art-shell-new-head-coach/
  32. https://www.reddit.com/r/raiders/comments/xeksds/in_2006_the_raiders_went_214_and_were_held/
  33. https://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story/_/id/2720610
  34. https://www.sfgate.com/sports/article/Raiders-fire-coach-Shell-2659508.php
  35. https://www.justblogbaby.com/the-painful-story-of-the-worst-season-in-raiders-franchise-history-01k0me7r4tk3
  36. https://www.raiders.com/video/watch-art-shells-1989-pro-football-hall-of-fame-enshrinement-speech
  37. https://theciaa.com/hof.aspx?hof=222
  38. https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/2685257/2021/07/20/nfl-100-at-no-76-art-shell-dominated-on-the-field-broke-barriers-as-a-coach/
  39. https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2022/02/06/art-shell-brian-flores-nfl/
  40. https://bleacherreport.com/articles/884467-al-davis-hiring-art-shell-paved-the-way-for-diversity-in-the-nfl
  41. https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/2021/01/14/nfl-coaches-best-and-worst-nfl-teams-when-hiring-people-color/6653774002/
  42. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3092443/
  43. https://www.fastcompany.com/90716789/when-the-rooney-rule-doesnt-work-the-nfls-terrible-track-record-on-diversity
  44. https://www.reddit.com/r/raiders/comments/sib676/re_the_rooney_rule_i_think_its_worth_pointing_out/
  45. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-nov-30-sp-nflrep30-story.html
  46. https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2216541-25-years-later-art-shell-reflects-on-becoming-the-nfls-first-black-head-coach
  47. https://www.nytimes.com/1981/01/26/sports/exciteme.html
  48. https://www.chicagotribune.com/1990/11/25/family-man-shell-revives-the-raiders/
  49. https://www.athletespeakers.com/speaker/art-shell
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