Hubbry Logo
Sacramento metropolitan areaSacramento metropolitan areaMain
Open search
Sacramento metropolitan area
Community hub
Sacramento metropolitan area
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Sacramento metropolitan area
Sacramento metropolitan area
Sacramento metropolitan area
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

The Greater Sacramento area is a metropolitan region in Northern California comprising either the U.S. Census Bureau defined Sacramento–Roseville–Arden-Arcade metropolitan statistical area or the larger Sacramento–Roseville combined statistical area, the latter of which consists of seven counties, namely Sacramento, Yolo, Placer, El Dorado, Sutter, Yuba, and Nevada counties.

Key Information

Straddling the Central Valley and Sierra Nevada regions of California, Greater Sacramento is anchored by the state capital of Sacramento, the political center of California. Greater Sacramento also contains sites of natural beauty including Lake Tahoe, the largest alpine lake in North America and numerous ski and nature resorts. It is also located in one of the world's most important agricultural areas. The region's eastern counties are located in Gold Country, site of the California Gold Rush.

Since the late 20th century, it has been one of the fastest growing urban regions in the United States as Sacramento continues to emerge as a distinct metropolitan area.[3] In the 1990s, the metro area experienced a growth of just over 20%, with subsequent growth remaining above 10% per decade.[4] In the 2020 Census, the metropolitan region had a population of 2,680,831.[5]

Regional composition

[edit]

The Greater Sacramento area is composed of seven counties, two metropolitan statistical areas and one micropolitan area. The following counties are located in the Greater Sacramento area:

El Dorado, Placer, Sacramento, and Yolo counties comprise the Sacramento–Roseville-Folsom, California, Metropolitan Statistical Area. Sutter and Yuba counties comprise the Yuba City Metropolitan Statistical Area, known as the Yuba–Sutter area. Nevada County comprises the Truckee–Grass Valley Micropolitan Area.

Overview

[edit]
The California State Capitol Building

Greater Sacramento straddles two key regions of California, the Central Valley and the Sierra Nevada mountains and is overlapped by the cultural influences of three areas, the Bay Area, Eastern California and Northern California. An increasing phenomenon taking shape in Greater Sacramento is growth of urban sprawl as Sacramento and its metropolitan area continue to expand. The growth is due in part to first, higher costs of living in the Bay Area which have caused commuters to move as far as Yolo and Sacramento counties and more recently, growth and rising living costs in the core of Sacramento, building up more areas in the surrounding counties for commuters. Local and state governments are trying to prevent destruction of forests and open land and curbing the spread before Sacramento faces an urban sprawl crisis as the Greater Los Angeles Area has.[6]

Sacramento is the most populous city in the metropolitan area, home to approximately 526,000 people, making it the sixth-most populous city in California and the 35th most populous in the United States. It has been the state capital of California since 1851 and has played an important role in the history of California. When gold was discovered in nearby Sutter's Mill in Coloma, Sacramento became a boom town luring in migrants making their way from San Francisco to the gold fields of the Sierras. Although it did not become the financial and cultural center of Northern California, titles that were given to San Francisco, Sacramento became the largest transportation hub of not only Northern California, but also the West Coast following the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad. Sacramento today continues to be one of the largest rail hubs in North America, and its rail station is one of the busiest in the United States. In 2002, Time Magazine featured an article recognizing Sacramento as the most diverse and integrated city in America.[7] Government (state and federal) jobs are still the largest sector of employment in the city and the city council does considerable effort to keep state agencies from moving outside the city limits.[8] The remainder of Sacramento County is suburban in general with most of the working population commuting to Downtown Sacramento and with a smaller proportion commuting all the way to the Bay Area.

Palisades Tahoe, the site of the 1960 Winter Olympics

Yolo County is a mixture of an agricultural area and commuter region, with most of its working population commuting either to the Bay Area or Sacramento for work. It is home to the University of California, Davis, campus, the northernmost UC campus and only UC campus in the Greater Sacramento region.

El Dorado and Placer Counties form the remainder of the inner core of Greater Sacramento and are composed of the Sierra Nevada foothills and mountains. The western areas of the counties are composed of commuter suburbs, with Roseville in Placer County being Sacramento's most populous edge city. The Sierra foothills mostly contain residential acreage properties and small farms. The easternmost areas border Lake Tahoe and are home to numerous ski resorts and towns such as South Lake Tahoe, site of the Heavenly Mountain Resort, which are popular in winter months and nature camps and resorts in summer months. Placer County has been an important mining area not only for gold, but also other minerals and granite. It is also the site of Squaw Valley, which hosted the 1960 Winter Olympics, which has been up to date, the only Winter Olympic Games to be held in California and the US West Coast and the smallest city to host an Olympics.

Stateline is an important Tahoe resort town on the shores of Lake Tahoe.

The Yuba–Sutter area consists of Yuba and Sutter counties and is a primarily agricultural area, although the southern area is more suburban in character. It is home to Sunsweet Growers, which owns the world's largest dried fruit plant in Yuba City. Nevada County, like El Dorado and Placer Counties, borders Lake Tahoe and contains numerous ski resorts such as the Boreal Mountain Resort, but is more rural than the former two counties and is an important gold mining area. The Donner Memorial State Park is located in the county, where the ill-fated Donner Party was trapped in winter storms in 1846–47 while attempting to make it to California on a poorly organized trip.

Douglas County, Nevada was recently briefly added to the Sacramento Combined Statistical Area. As Greater Sacramento continues to grow beyond its inner region, Western Nevada continues to be influenced by Sacramento and California and their cultures.[9] However, Douglas County has since been removed again from the Sacramento CSA, and transferred to the Reno-Carson City-Fernley, NV CSA.

Geography and climate

[edit]

Geography

[edit]
A cove inside the Sacramento River delta

The western half of Greater Sacramento is centered on the Central Valley, one of the most vital agricultural areas in the country. The Sierra Nevada and its foothills compose the eastern portion of the region. Yolo County contains a large flood control basin. The Sacramento River and the American River are major rivers that form a deepwater port connected to the San Francisco Bay by a channel through the Sacramento River Delta. Coniferous and oak-dominated woodland are prevalent in the Sierra Nevada and the Lake Tahoe area.

Climate

[edit]

Sacramento and the valley area have a Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa), characterized by damp to wet, cool winters and hot, dry summers. The wet season is generally October through April. Summer heat is often moderated by a sea breeze known as the "delta breeze" which comes through the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta from the San Francisco Bay.[10] January is the coolest month for the entire region with an average maximum of 41.0 °F (5.0 °C) and an average minimum of 15.1 °F (-9.4 °C) in Lake Tahoe.

The eastern portion of Greater Sacramento experiences a more varied climate with 90 °F (32.2 °C) temperatures in August to below freezing temperatures in winter. In higher elevations, freezing temperatures have been recorded every month. In the winter, below freezing temperatures are common in Sacramento and lower valley elevations although snowfall is scarce and usually melts on ground contact with significant snowfall occurring roughly every 3–5 years. However, blizzard conditions in winter storms can be common in the higher elevations.[11][12]

Communities

[edit]

Incorporated places

[edit]

Census-designated places

[edit]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
190045,915—
191067,80647.7%
192091,02934.2%
1930141,99956.0%
1940170,33320.0%
1950277,14062.7%
1960654,893136.3%
1970844,42528.9%
19801,099,81430.2%
19901,481,10234.7%
20001,796,85721.3%
20102,149,12719.6%
20202,397,38211.6%
U.S. Decennial Census[13]
1790–1960[14] 1900–1990[15]
1990–2000[16]

As of the 2020 census, there were 2,397,382 people residing within the MSA. The racial makeup was 52.5% White, 7.0% Black, 1.1% American Indian, 14.9% Asian, 0.9% Pacific Islander, 10.4% Other and 13.2% Two or More Races. 22.2% identified as Hispanic or Latino.

The median income for a household in the MSA in 2000 was $48,401, and the median income for a family was $57,112. Males had a median income of $43,572 versus $31,889 for females. The per capita income for the MSA was $23,508.

County 2021 Estimate 2020 Census Change Area Density
Sacramento County 1,588,921 1,585,055 +0.24% 964.64 sq mi (2,498.4 km2) 1,647/sq mi (636/km2)
Placer County 412,300 404,739 +1.87% 1,407.01 sq mi (3,644.1 km2) 293/sq mi (113/km2)
Yolo County 216,986 216,403 +0.27% 1,014.69 sq mi (2,628.0 km2) 214/sq mi (83/km2)
El Dorado County 193,221 191,185 +1.06% 1,707.88 sq mi (4,423.4 km2) 113/sq mi (44/km2)
Total 2,411,428 2,397,382 +0.59% 5,094.22 sq mi (13,194.0 km2) 473/sq mi (183/km2)

Transportation

[edit]
Main article: Transportation in the Sacramento metropolitan area
Interstate 80 near the Donner Summit in wintertime

Owing to its central location between the Bay Area and Nevada border, Greater Sacramento is a key transportation hub into Northern California. While the region doesn't have an extensive public transportation system as the San Francisco Bay Area, Greater Sacramento has had an earlier history of public mass transit and is served by a vast freeway system as well as some light rail.

Freeways and highways

[edit]

Sacramento is served by numerous highways. Five highways merge in the Capital City Corridor, serving the immediate downtown Sacramento area. The major freeways of the Greater Sacramento area are Interstate 80, US Route 50, Interstate 5, and State Route 99, which serve the northern Tahoe area, southern Tahoe area, and valley areas, respectively, as well as forming the Capital City Corridor along with Interstate 80 Business. Outside downtown Sacramento, there is only one principal route that serves its respective area and there are smaller state routes as well. Freeways and highways in the Greater Sacramento areas include:

Rail

[edit]

Sacramento is the largest rail hub west of the Mississippi River and was the first terminus of the First transcontinental railroad before it extended to Oakland. The Sacramento Valley Station is the largest train station in the region, near Old Sacramento, and is connected by the Coast Starlight, California Zephyr, San Joaquins, Capitol Corridor and Amtrak Thruway Amtrak routes. The Sacramento Regional Transit District is the local transit agency for Sacramento County and operates three light rail routes, the Blue Line, Green Line, and Gold Line, along 42.9 mi (69 km) of right of way that serve Sacramento and its immediate suburbs. Other train stations in the Greater Sacramento area are Davis, Roseville, Rocklin, Auburn, Colfax and Truckee.

Air

[edit]

The main airport servicing Greater Sacramento is the Sacramento International Airport north of downtown while the Sacramento Mather Airport, Sacramento McClellan Airport, Sacramento Executive Airport and Minden–Tahoe Airports provide general aviation. The Reno-Tahoe International Airport in Reno provides more direct access to Lake Tahoe than Sacramento International. For a wider range of destinations, residents must travel down to San Francisco International Airport, the largest airport in Northern California and 10th largest in the United States.

Bus

[edit]

Greater Sacramento is served by extensive bus systems that link the region to the Reno and Bay Area metropolitan areas. The Sacramento Regional Transit District operates bus lines in Sacramento County and Yolobus serves Yolo County while providing connections to downtown Sacramento and northern Solano County in the Bay Area. El Dorado Transit links El Dorado County with downtown Sacramento and the city's western suburbs. Placer County Transit and Roseville Transit link Sacramento with Placer County with the latter providing direct connection from Roseville to Sacramento. The Yuba-Sutter Transit provides bus service in the Yuba–Sutter area and direct connection to downtown Sacramento on weekdays. Gold Country Stage and Tahoe Truckee Area Rapid Transit serve Nevada County and transfer service to Auburn to Sacramento is provided. Greyhound, Megabus, Flixbus, and Amtrak provide long-distance bus lines to Greater Sacramento.

Higher education

[edit]
The Sacramento State library

Greater Sacramento's higher education system consists of the northernmost University of California campus, University of California, Davis, and the California State University, Sacramento ("Sac State"), as well as several community colleges in the region.

Politics

[edit]
Greater Sacramento vote
by party in presidential elections
Year GOP DEM Others
2024 43.58% 535,074 53.12% 652,155 3.30% 40,535
2020 41.38% 539,853 56.10% 731,852 2.52% 32,914
2016 39.49% 409,624 51.84% 537,727 8.67% 89,954
2012 45.12% 431,159 51.89% 495,768 2.99% 28,555
2008 43.98% 439,717 53.66% 536,530 2.36% 23,551
2004 53.37% 488,703 45.33% 415,141 1.30% 11,920
2000 49.92% 394,935 44.58% 352,677 5.49% 43,448
1996 44.11% 309,442 46.13% 323,652 9.76% 68,456
1992 36.85% 279,776 41.06% 311,743 22.08% 167,648
1988 53.00% 340,727 45.63% 293,284 1.37% 8,780
1984 57.46% 338,935 41.11% 242,505 1.43% 8,467
See also: Politics of California

In addition to being home of the state capital of California, Greater Sacramento is considered a politically competitive area with no major political party having a majority over the region.[17] Sacramento and Yolo counties have large Democratic pluralities and have had Democratic majorities since the 2008 presidential election, attributed to the former county being mainly urban and the latter home to the strongly Democratic university town of Davis. El Dorado, Placer, Yuba, and Sutter counties are predominantly Republican while Nevada County, despite a history of being held by Republican candidates, reflects the metropolitan area's competitiveness with pluralities between the two major parties.

Sports teams

[edit]
Main article: Sports in Sacramento, California

Professional sports

[edit]
The Olympics Sign at Squaw Valley

The only major professional sports team based in the Greater Sacramento area are the Sacramento Kings, who play at Golden 1 Center in Downtown Sacramento. The Athletics, who are relocating from Oakland to Las Vegas, will temporarily play at Sutter Health Park from 2025 to 2027 (with an option for 2028) until their new stadium in Las Vegas is completed.

Prior to 2009, the Sacramento Monarchs of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) were also based at the Sleep Train Arena (then known as ARCO Arena), and were one of the most successful WNBA teams until the team folded.[18]

Greater Sacramento is the only metropolitan area in California to have ever hosted a Winter Olympic Games when Squaw Valley hosted the 1960 Winter Olympics, becoming the smallest city to ever host an Olympic Games, a title it still holds. Squaw Valley was the second Olympic games hosted in California and the only one not held in Los Angeles, where the 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics were hosted and was the only Winter Olympics held west of the Mississippi River until the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City.

Minor league teams

[edit]

Greater Sacramento is also home to minor or secondary league sports teams. Sacramento Republic FC is a soccer team that plays in the USL Championship at Heart Health Park, which is located on the grounds of Cal Expo. A new stadium in downtown Sacramento is planned to be completed ahead of the club's move to Major League Soccer (MLS).[19]

The Sacramento River Cats are a triple-A baseball team affiliated with the San Francisco Giants. The team plays in West Sacramento at Sutter Health Park, which is located just across the Sacramento River from downtown Sacramento.

Team Sport League Venue
Sacramento Republic FC Soccer USL Championship Papa Murphy's Park
Sacramento River Cats Baseball Pacific Coast League Sutter Health Park
NCAA Division I College Sports

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Sacramento metropolitan area

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Sacramento–Roseville–Folsom metropolitan statistical area, officially defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget as comprising El Dorado, Placer, Sacramento, Sutter, Yolo, and Yuba counties in Northern California, centers on the state capital city of Sacramento and functions as a major hub in the Central Valley region. With a population of 2,420,608 residents as estimated from 2023 American Community Survey data, it ranks as the 27th-largest metropolitan area in the United States and the sixth-largest in California. The area spans approximately 5,093 square miles, characterized by flat valley terrain conducive to agriculture, bisected by the Sacramento and American rivers, and situated near the Sierra Nevada foothills, which provide access to recreational areas including Lake Tahoe. Economically, the Sacramento metropolitan area relies heavily on due to its role as the state capital, alongside sectors such as healthcare, , retail trade, and , with the latter benefiting from the fertile soils of the that support , , and production. The median household income stood at $93,986 in 2023, reflecting a diverse but also challenges including a 5.4% rate in mid-2025 and ongoing affordability pressures amid . Transportation infrastructure, anchored by as a north-south corridor and Interstate 80 connecting to the Bay Area and Reno, facilitates commuting and logistics, though congestion and infrastructure maintenance remain persistent issues. The region's defining characteristics include its political centrality, with the housing legislative and executive functions, and its historical development during the , which spurred early settlement and infrastructure like the route. Proximity to natural resources has fostered and outdoor activities, yet empirical data highlight vulnerabilities such as risks from the river delta system and water allocation disputes in an arid climate increasingly affected by cycles. Recent analyses indicate progress in economic inclusion, with the area ranking highly in metrics, underscoring resilience amid broader state-level fiscal strains.

Definition and Composition

Boundaries and Counties Included

The Sacramento–Roseville–Folsom Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), designated by the U.S. (OMB) under standards emphasizing urban cores with at least 50,000 residents and surrounding counties exhibiting high commuting interdependence (at least 25% of employed residents commuting to the core), encompasses four full counties in : , Placer, Sacramento, and Yolo. These delineations, last revised in OMB Bulletin No. 23-01 effective July 2023, reflect integrated labor markets centered on Sacramento as the principal urban core, with boundaries adhering strictly to county lines rather than sub-county divisions. Sacramento County forms the demographic and economic heart, spanning 994 square miles of Central Valley flatlands and riverine terrain, including the state capital and densely urbanized zones along the Sacramento and American Rivers. Placer County (approximately 1,415 square miles) extends northeastward into the lower Sierra Nevada foothills, incorporating suburban expansions like Roseville and Rocklin as well as transitional rural-exurban areas. Yolo County (1,022 square miles) borders to the west, covering fertile Sacramento Valley agricultural lands and commuter satellites such as Davis and Woodland, tied to the core via Interstate 80. El Dorado County (1,712 square miles), the easternmost, includes rugged foothill and montane landscapes approaching the Tahoe Basin, with limited but growing integration through routes like U.S. Highway 50. This configuration yields a total land area of 5,093 square miles, supporting a 2023 population of 2,420,608 and a density of 475 persons per square mile, driven by post-1950 suburbanization and state government-related growth. While the MSA excludes adjacent counties like Sutter, Yuba, or Amador despite occasional informal "Greater Sacramento" usages based on extended commuting data, official statistics from the U.S. Census Bureau and state agencies adhere to the OMB's county-centric boundaries to ensure consistency in economic and demographic analysis.

Core Urban Areas and Suburban Extent

The core urban area of the Sacramento metropolitan region centers on the city of Sacramento, which functions as the primary hub for government, commerce, and culture. As of 2023 estimates from the American Community Survey, Sacramento's city population stood at 526,383 residents across 98.61 square miles of land area, yielding a density of approximately 5,340 people per square mile. This core includes the downtown district, characterized by high-rise office buildings, the California State Capitol, and denser mixed-use neighborhoods such as Midtown, alongside adjacent areas like West Sacramento across the Sacramento River. The urban core's development reflects historical centrality, with higher densities near the confluence of the Sacramento and American Rivers compared to peripheral zones. Surrounding the core, the suburban extent encompasses a broad ring of incorporated cities and unincorporated communities within Sacramento County and adjacent counties, forming a continuous urbanized area. Principal suburban cities include Roseville in Placer County with 151,901 inhabitants, Elk Grove in Sacramento County with 178,997, and Folsom with 82,908 as of recent estimates. Other notable suburbs such as Citrus Heights (87,721 residents), Rancho Cordova, and Carmichael feature residential subdivisions, retail centers, and employment nodes, with populations commuting primarily to the Sacramento core for work. The Sacramento–Roseville–Folsom Metropolitan Statistical Area, encompassing these areas, had a total population of 2,420,608 in 2023, highlighting the suburbs' dominance in regional growth. The suburban landscape is marked by low-density sprawl, with single-family homes, strip malls, and office parks extending outward along interstate corridors like I-80 and Highway 50, resulting in over 98% of the developed area classified as suburban. This pattern stems from post-World War II expansion, where fringe growth outpaced core infill, leading to an density of about 1,607 persons per square kilometer in 2020. The transition from core to suburbs lacks distinct boundaries, with built-up zones reaching into Placer and Yolo counties, though densities decline sharply beyond 20-30 miles from , blending into exurban and rural lands.

Historical Development

Indigenous and Early Settlement Periods

The , encompassing the metropolitan area, was inhabited by for millennia prior to European arrival. The , a subgroup of the , occupied the region from at least 9,000 years ago, with their territory extending from the into the surrounding foothills and along rivers such as the American and Cosumnes. These societies relied on the valley's abundant resources, including salmon runs in the , acorns, seeds, and game, living in semi-subterranean villages of 30 to 50 houses constructed from logs, bark, or grass. Archaeological evidence indicates human presence in the Central Valley, including Sacramento, dating back at least 10,000 years, with dense populations supported by the wetland-rich environment before extensive European contact. European exploration of the area began in the early under Spanish and rule. In 1808, Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga led an expedition that became the first European sighting of the , naming the "Río de los Sacramentos" after observing indigenous rafts laden with chestnuts. Further Spanish entries occurred in 1811, when vessels navigated the delta, marking initial maritime contact. American overland exploration followed, with fur trapper crossing into the valley in 1827 as the first U.S. citizen to do so, though transient trapping parties did not establish lasting presence. Permanent European settlement commenced in 1839 with Swiss immigrant John Augustus Sutter, who received a Mexican land grant for the area near the confluence of the Sacramento and American Rivers. Sutter constructed —initially a fortified structure—as the nucleus of , an agricultural and trading outpost that employed indigenous labor and served as the Central Valley's first enduring non-native community until the 1848 . By 1841, the fort encompassed surrounding farmlands and livestock operations, drawing trappers, missionaries, and settlers amid Mexico's weakening control over .

Gold Rush Era and 19th-Century Growth

The discovery of gold at on January 24, 1848, by initiated the , drawing hundreds of thousands of prospectors to the Sierra Nevada foothills and the surrounding . This event catalyzed the rapid development of Sacramento as a strategic river port and supply depot for mining operations, leveraging its location at the confluence of the Sacramento and American Rivers for access from . John A. Sutter had established in 1839 as an early settlement hub, but the Gold Rush influx transformed the area; by late 1848, the site evolved into Sacramento City, promoted as the primary emporium for provisions, tools, and services needed by miners upstream. Sacramento incorporated as a city on , 1850, amid booming that saw goods valued in millions funneled through its docks, though the transient population strained . The city endured repeated calamities, including the Great Fire of November 2, 1852, which razed over 80 percent of its wooden buildings and inflicted approximately $6 million in damages (equivalent to tens of millions today), followed closely by severe floods like the January 1850 inundation that submerged streets and prompted initial levee efforts. On February 25, 1854, Sacramento secured its status as California's permanent state capital after prior shifts among San Jose, Vallejo, and Benicia, enhancing its political prominence and attracting government-related commerce. The Great Flood of 1861–1862, triggered by prolonged atmospheric rivers, submerged Sacramento under up to 10 feet of water for weeks, destroying homes, businesses, and levees while causing statewide economic disruption estimated at one-third of property values. Recovery involved raising street levels by 10 to 12 feet on wooden foundations and fortifying embankments, measures that mitigated future risks but underscored the city's vulnerability to the flat delta topography. As yields declined post-1855, Sacramento pivoted to , capitalizing on the valley's alluvial soils for , , and cultivation; by the , it emerged as a processing and shipping nexus for Central Valley produce via river barges. Transportation innovations further propelled growth: Sacramento served as the Pony Express's western endpoint starting April 3, 1860, enabling 10-day cross-continental mail relay until the transcontinental telegraph rendered it obsolete in October 1861. The , chartered in Sacramento in 1861 by local investors including Collis P. Huntington and , launched eastward construction from the city in January 1863, linking to the Union Pacific at Promontory Summit on May 10, 1869, and spurring freight volume in , , and farm goods. These shifts sustained expansion, with city population recorded at 13,785 in the 1860 and 16,283 in 1870, reflecting steady urbanization amid California's post-rush stabilization.

20th-Century Industrialization and Postwar Expansion

In the early , Sacramento's industrialization centered on railroad operations and agricultural processing, leveraging its position as a transportation hub. The Southern Pacific Railroad's Sacramento Shops, originally developed from Central Pacific facilities in the , expanded into the largest and most comprehensive heavy repair complex in the by the , handling locomotive overhauls, car repairs, and fabrication with self-sufficient operations including foundries and machine shops that employed thousands at peak. Concurrently, the region's fertile Central Valley supported growth in , particularly of fruits, vegetables, and tomatoes, which drew workers and capital amid rising agricultural output, though the sector faced volatility from market fluctuations and labor demands. These industries solidified Sacramento's role as a commercial nexus, with manufacturing employment rising alongside functions, though the city population grew modestly from approximately 46,000 in 1900 to 105,958 by 1940. World War II catalyzed rapid industrial expansion through military infrastructure. , activated in 1935 north of the city, became a key depot for overhauling fighters like P-38s and P-51s and bombers such as B-29s, spurring migration of tens of thousands of workers to Sacramento's facilities and boosting local and housing demands. This wartime influx, combined with federal spending on defense-related production, temporarily elevated the area's economic output, though agriculture and rail services remained foundational amid national resource shifts. Postwar expansion from 1945 onward transformed the via population surges, suburban development, and investments. The city population increased 77% from 137,572 in 1950 to 254,413 by 1970, driven by returning veterans, continuity, and growth at McClellan, while the broader metro area saw accelerated and , tripling Sacramento's territory between 1946 and 1965 through incorporations of adjacent lands. Federal highways like Interstate 80 and facilitated commuting and commerce, supporting diversification into electronics and services alongside persistent government payrolls from the state capital; however, this boom strained resources, with housing and lagging behind influxes tied to defense expansions. By the , and military sectors contributed significantly to employment, though economic reliance on federal contracts introduced vulnerabilities evident in later base realignments.

Late 20th and 21st-Century Suburbanization and Challenges

The Sacramento metropolitan area underwent rapid suburbanization from the 1980s onward, fueled by influxes of employees, agricultural processing jobs, and proximity to commuters, leading to dispersed low-density development across Sacramento, Placer, , and Yolo counties. The population of the Sacramento–Roseville–Arden-Arcade expanded from 1,099,814 in 1980 to 1,796,857 in 2000 and 2,149,127 in 2010, with much of the growth manifesting in edge cities like Roseville and Folsom, where and retail centers proliferated along interstate corridors such as I-80 and US 50. This pattern reflected broader U.S. trends of population-driven outward migration, enabled by affordable land, highway expansions, and local favoring single-family homes over denser urban infill, resulting in a "technoburb" of mixed industrial-residential zones by the late . Suburban sprawl exacerbated infrastructure strains, particularly , as low-density layouts increased vehicle dependency and average commute distances. By the early , Sacramento-area drivers lost an average of 44 to 60 hours annually to delays, costing individuals about $993 in time and fuel, ranking the region among the 22nd-worst U.S. metros for commute delays. affordability deteriorated amid supply constraints from regulatory barriers like minimum lot sizes and slow-growth policies in suburbs, which pushed development outward while restricting overall production; the local fell from 83% in 2011 to 39% in 2020, leaving 54,615 low-income renters without affordable units and forcing 83% of extremely low-income households to spend over half their income on . Water supply challenges intensified with suburban expansion's higher per-capita demands, reliant on the strained Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and overpumped basins, where growth outpaced sustainable yields amid recurrent droughts and risks. Local agencies like the Sacramento Suburban Water District faced plumes and regulatory limits on diversions, complicating firm supplies for projected additions of 580,000 residents by 2050, while failed regional consolidations perpetuated fragmented planning between city and suburban entities. These dynamics, rooted in policy incentives for sprawl over coordinated density, contributed to environmental vulnerabilities including heightened flood exposure in delta-adjacent suburbs and inefficient resource allocation, underscoring causal links between land-use decisions and systemic pressures.

Physical Geography and Climate

Topography, Rivers, and Land Use

The Sacramento metropolitan area lies within the , a broad formed by sediment deposits from rivers originating in the Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges. Elevations across much of the region range from near to approximately (30 meters), with subtle variations shaped by ancient river channels and levees. In Sacramento County, the terrain is predominantly flat, with most areas below and some subsidence below due to historical groundwater extraction and peat oxidation in the Delta; the county's highest point, Carpenter Hill, reaches 828 feet (252 meters) in the northeastern . Eastern portions of the metro area, including parts of Placer and El Dorado counties, transition into rolling with elevations rising to several thousand feet, marking the approach to the Sierra Nevada. The region's hydrology is dominated by the , California's longest at 384 miles (618 km), which flows southward through the valley before merging with the to form the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Within the metro area, the receives the at Sacramento city, a key tributary draining 2,200 square miles (5,700 km²) from the Sierra Nevada and historically vital for and . These rivers deposit fertile silt, supporting agriculture, but also pose flood risks managed by extensive systems exceeding 1,100 miles in the Delta vicinity. Smaller waterways like the and Dry Creek contribute to the network, feeding into the Delta's 1,100-mile waterway system that serves as a critical conduit for freshwater exports to . Land use in the Sacramento metropolitan area reflects a juxtaposition of urban expansion and preserved agricultural landscapes, with occupying the majority of non-urban land. As of the late 1990s, urban and built-up areas comprised only about 6.2% of the regional land base, concentrated in the core counties around Sacramento city, while farmland—primarily for crops like , tomatoes, and orchards—dominated peripheral areas, contributing to a regional agricultural output valued at $2.2 billion annually in farmgate sales. has converted tens of thousands of acres from since the , with alone losing significant prime farmland to suburban development amid exceeding 1 million in the metro area by 2020; Williamson Act contracts protect over 200,000 acres of farmland in the county as of 2019. Conservation efforts, including habitat restoration along river corridors, balance development pressures, though ongoing sprawl threatens and soil quality in this sediment-rich valley.

Climatic Conditions and Seasonal Variations

The Sacramento metropolitan area experiences a hot-summer (Köppen classification Csa), characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters, with low humidity year-round due to its inland position in California's Central Valley. Annual average temperatures range from about 39°F in winter lows to 94°F in summer highs, with an overall mean of approximately 61°F; totals around 18 inches per year, concentrated almost entirely between November and March from Pacific frontal systems. This pattern results from the region's topography, which traps heat in summer under high-pressure ridges and allows winter moisture advection, though interannual variability is high due to modes like El Niño-Southern Oscillation influencing wetter or drier seasons. Summers (June through August) feature prolonged heat, with average daily highs exceeding 90°F and frequent excursions above 100°F, driven by subsidence from the Pacific High and minimal ; July is typically the warmest month, with mean highs near 93°F and lows around 58°F, and relative often below 30% in afternoons. Winters (December through February) are mild by national standards, with average highs of 55–60°F and lows near 40°F, but punctuated by rainy periods yielding 70–80% of annual ; measurable occurs on about 60–70 days yearly, mostly as light to moderate events, though atmospheric rivers can produce intense downpours. Spring (March–May) and fall (September–November) serve as transitional seasons, with warming or cooling trends, decreasing or increasing , and occasional from the Sacramento Delta influencing mornings in lower-elevation suburbs. Historical extremes underscore the climate's variability: the all-time high of 115°F was recorded on June 15, 1961, amid a severe , while prolonged hot spells, such as the 20-day average of 103.8°F in July 2024, have set recent records. Cold snaps are rarer but notable, with the December 9–15, 2010, event producing sub-freezing minima for several nights, including a record low of 18°F at ; such events stem from occasional outbreaks funneling through mountain gaps. Across the metro area, microclimatic differences arise, with northern suburbs near the Delta experiencing slightly cooler, foggier conditions and higher winter , while eastern edges toward the Sierra foothills see greater diurnal temperature swings.
MonthAvg High (°F)Avg Low (°F)Avg Precip (in)
January55393.7
February60423.5
March65452.6
April71481.2
May79530.7
June86580.2
July93590.1
August92580.1
September88550.3
October77500.9
November64432.0
December55393.0
Data represent 1991–2020 normals for from NOAA records.

Environmental Risks Including Floods, Droughts, and Wildfires

The Sacramento metropolitan area, situated in the flood-prone Central Valley at the of the Sacramento and American rivers, faces substantial risks from periodic flooding due to its low-lying topography and historical reliance on aging systems. Major floods have repeatedly inundated the region, including devastating events in 1861-1862 that submerged much of Sacramento under 10 feet of water, prompting the city's elevation by 10 feet in the ; more recent incidents in 1986, 1995, 1997, 2006, and 2017 caused widespread evacuations, property damage exceeding hundreds of millions of dollars, and disruptions to . Over 400,000 residents and $40 billion in property remain vulnerable, particularly in areas like the Natomas Basin, where underseepage issues exposed during the 1997 and 2006 floods have necessitated ongoing federal and local reinforcements. Flood control measures, including the Sacramento Weir system operational since 1917 and , mitigate but do not eliminate risks, as evidenced by near-breaches during events. Droughts pose chronic threats to the area's supply, which depends heavily on Sierra Nevada snowpack melt feeding reservoirs like and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. The 2012-2016 , one of California's most severe on record, reduced levels by over 70% and strained municipal and agricultural allocations, leading to mandatory conservation measures and overuse that depleted aquifers by an estimated 5-10 million acre-feet regionally. The 2020-2022 exacerbated these issues, causing $1.3 billion in crop revenue losses statewide in 2021 and $1.7 billion in 2022, with growers facing unprecedented cuts despite senior rights, resulting in fallowed fields and economic ripple effects on local employment. Climate variability, including reduced snowpack efficiency from warmer temperatures, has intensified multi-year , threatening public health through shortages and increasing reliance on imported supplies vulnerable to Delta pumping constraints. Wildfire risks primarily manifest indirectly through smoke infiltration from blazes in the surrounding Sierra Nevada foothills and forests, degrading air quality and prompting health advisories during peak seasons. From 2020 to 2024, events like the (2020) and (2021) blanketed Sacramento with hazardous PM2.5 levels exceeding federal standards for weeks, correlating with elevated respiratory issues and in vulnerable populations. Approximately 35% of homes in the broader Sacramento region face major wildfire risk over the next 30 years due to expanding urban-wildland interfaces in suburbs like Folsom and El Dorado Hills, though the urban core experiences moderate direct ignition probability. Dry fuels, , and wind events drive these fires, with state projections indicating sustained elevated potential through 2025 absent expanded fuels management. Local mitigation includes prescribed burns and community plans, but persistent smoke episodes underscore the metro area's exposure to regional fire dynamics.

Demographics and Society

Population Size, Density, and Growth Rates

The Sacramento–Roseville–Folsom metropolitan statistical area, comprising Sacramento, , Placer, Sutter, Yolo, and Yuba counties, had an estimated resident population of 2,434,464 as of July 1, 2023. This figure reflects annual Census Bureau estimates derived from the 2020 decennial base, adjusted for births, deaths, and migration. The 2020 recorded 2,397,382 residents, marking a 11.6% increase from the 2010 count of 2,149,127.
YearPopulationAnnual Growth Rate (from prior year, where applicable)
20102,149,127-
20202,397,382~1.07% (compound annual, 2010–2020)
20212,409,0610.49%
20222,423,5910.60%
20232,434,4640.45%
Post-2020 growth has averaged below 0.6% annually through 2023, slower than the decade average, influenced by net domestic out-migration amid elevated costs and state-level economic pressures, though partially offset by international and natural increase. The metropolitan area's land area encompasses 5,093 square miles, resulting in a of approximately 475 persons per square mile in 2023. This density is moderate compared to metros, reflecting expansive suburban and rural peripheries in counties like and Yuba.

Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Composition

The Sacramento–Roseville–Folsom metropolitan statistical area exhibits a racially and ethnically diverse , reflecting waves of , , and historical settlement patterns. As of the 2022 American Community Survey estimates, the metro area's of approximately 2.42 million includes 43.1% non-Hispanic White residents, 22.4% Hispanic or Latino of any race, 15.2% Asian alone, 6.8% Black or African American alone, 6.1% two or more races, 1.2% American Indian and Alaska Native alone, 0.6% Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone, and 4.6% some other race alone. These figures derive from self-reported data, which may undercount certain groups due to response variations, though the U.S. Bureau employs statistical adjustments for accuracy.
Racial/Ethnic GroupPercentage of PopulationApproximate Number (2022)
Non-Hispanic White43.1%1,044,000
Hispanic or Latino (any race)22.4%542,000
Asian alone15.2%368,000
Black or African American alone6.8%165,000
Two or more races6.1%148,000
Some other race alone4.6%111,000
American Indian and Alaska Native alone1.2%29,000
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone0.6%15,000
Data compiled from U.S. Census Bureau 2022 1-year estimates via Census Reporter; totals may exceed 100% due to ethnicity overlapping with races. Among residents, those of origin predominate, comprising over 80% of the group and stemming largely from agricultural labor migration since the early . The Asian population features significant Southeast Asian subgroups, including Vietnamese (around 8% of foreign-born) and Hmong (approximately 27,000 individuals, making Sacramento the third-largest Hmong community in the U.S. after Minneapolis-St. Paul and Fresno). Hmong settlement accelerated post-Vietnam War via resettlement, contributing to cultural institutions like Hmong markets and festivals that preserve clan-based traditions amid assimilation pressures. The Black population, rooted in mid-20th-century Great Migration for wartime jobs and later opportunities, clusters in urban neighborhoods and maintains community organizations focused on . Foreign-born residents account for about 18% of the metro population (roughly 436,000 individuals), with primary origins in (27%), the (10%), (8%), (5%, largely Hmong), and (6%). This composition fosters multicultural enclaves, such as Vietnamese districts and Mexican taquerias, alongside annual events like the Sacramento Hmong , which draw regional participation and highlight ethnic retention. However, integration challenges persist, including language barriers (with 30% of households speaking non-English languages at home) and socioeconomic disparities across groups, as evidenced by varying rates. Overall, the area's diversity exceeds state averages in Asian and multiracial shares but trails California's in proportion, driven by suburban growth attracting middle-class migrants.

Socioeconomic Indicators Including Income and Poverty

The Sacramento–Roseville–Arden-Arcade metropolitan statistical area exhibited a median household income of $94,992 in 2022, exceeding the contemporaneous United States median of $77,719 by 22 percent. Per capita personal income, as measured by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, advanced to $70,418 in 2023 from $66,642 in 2022, continuing a post-pandemic recovery trajectory that saw values dip to $61,803 in 2020 before rebounding. These figures position the region above national averages in aggregate earnings, driven by concentrations in government administration, healthcare, and technology sectors, though adjusted real per capita income growth has moderated amid inflation pressures. Poverty rates in the stood at 10.8 percent in 2022, affecting approximately 257,496 individuals and remaining below the national rate of 11.5 percent for that year. This metric reflects a stable profile relative to broader trends, where state-level reached 12.2 percent officially in 2023, though alternative supplemental measures highlight elevated effective deprivation due to and living costs. In Sacramento County, the metropolitan core, impacted 12.6 percent of the population in recent estimates, with higher concentrations in urban pockets like the city of Sacramento at 14.4 percent. Income distribution reveals pronounced disparities, with Sacramento County's quintile ratio—mean income of the highest 20 percent divided by the lowest—registering 14.19 in 2023, signaling structural inequality comparable to or exceeding national norms of around 8-9. Such gaps correlate with variations in and stability, where lower-wage service and agricultural roles predominate alongside high-skill positions, exacerbating polarization without corresponding median uplift for bottom earners.
IndicatorSacramento MSA (2022-2023)United States Comparison
Median Household Income$94,992 (2022)$77,719 (2022); +22%
Per Capita Personal Income$70,418 (2023)National BEA average ~$65,000 (2023 est.)
Poverty Rate10.8% (2022)11.5% (2022); -6% relative
Income Inequality Ratio (County Proxy)14.19 (2023)~8.5 national (2022); +67%

Economy and Employment

Dominant Industries and Economic Drivers

The Sacramento metropolitan area's economy is predominantly service-oriented, with emerging as the foremost driver due to the region's status as California's state capital. agencies, including the and executive departments, employ over 100,000 workers directly, contributing to sector payrolls that reached approximately 263,000 in mid-2025, representing about 24% of total nonfarm in the Sacramento--Roseville--Arden-Arcade MSA. This sector provides , as evidenced by state growth of 2% from March 2020 to March 2021 amid broader disruptions, outpacing statewide declines. Healthcare and social assistance constitute the largest employment cluster, with 156,601 jobs in 2023, fueled by anchor institutions such as and facilities. This sector added 10,600 jobs year-over-year through September 2025, reflecting sustained demand from an aging population and regional medical hubs. Retail trade follows as a significant employer with 117,432 positions in 2023, supported by consumer spending in suburban centers like Roseville. Agriculture and agribusiness exert influence on the periphery, particularly in surrounding counties, generating $600 million in output for Sacramento County alone in 2024 through crops like rice, tomatoes, and tree fruits, though direct farming employment remains modest at under 1% of the metro total. Emerging growth in technology and logistics stems from lower costs relative to the Bay Area, interstate connectivity, and initiatives attracting software and distribution firms, but these sectors employ fewer than healthcare or government as of 2024. The metro's GDP exceeded $189 billion in recent estimates, with services dominating over manufacturing or extraction.
Industry SectorEmployment (2023)Share of Total
Healthcare & Social Assistance156,601~14%
Retail Trade117,432~11%
Government (Total)~263,000 (2025 est.)~24%
The unemployment rate in the Sacramento--Roseville--Arden-Arcade (MSA) spiked to an annual average of 8.7% in 2020 amid COVID-19-related economic shutdowns and restrictions. It declined sharply to 6.3% in 2021 and reached a post-pandemic low of 3.8% in 2022 as sectors like , , and rebounded. The rate edged up to 4.2% in 2023 and 4.7% in 2024, reflecting tighter labor markets nationally, before climbing further to 5.4% in August 2025 (not seasonally adjusted), exceeding the U.S. average of approximately 4.2% for that month.
YearUnemployment Rate (%)
20208.7
20216.3
20223.8
20234.2
20244.7
The civilian labor force in the MSA expanded from around 1,130,000 persons in early to 1,202,435 in 2025, driven primarily by inflows and net migration rather than broad increases in participation rates. Metro-level labor force participation rates (LFPR), defined as the share of the civilian noninstitutional aged 16 and over either employed or actively seeking work, are not routinely published by the due to sample size limitations in local data; estimates from the indicate levels around 60-62% in recent 5-year periods, below the national average of 62.8% in 2023. In Sacramento County, comprising the MSA's core, the LFPR stood at 59.0% as of the latest of profile, showing a slight decline from 59.5% in prior years amid aging demographics and slower prime-age participation growth compared to the U.S. overall. California's statewide LFPR, at 62.3% in September 2023, remains below pre-pandemic levels and lags national figures due to factors including a higher proportion of immigrants with variable work attachment, elevated claims, and structural shifts in industries like and services.

Housing Costs, Affordability, and Business Climate

The sale price for homes in the Sacramento metropolitan area reached $499,000 in recent months, reflecting a modest 0.2% decline year-over-year amid fluctuating levels, compared to the national of $368,751 as of May 2025. Rental costs average $1,921 monthly across apartment types, up 1.77% from the prior year, with one-bedroom units typically at $1,613 and overall s around $1,846 to $1,995 depending on property type and location. Housing expenses in the region exceed national averages by 37%, contributing to a local where shelter dominates household budgets. Affordability remains strained, with only about 15% of households able to purchase a median-priced statewide in late , a figure that applies regionally given Sacramento's alignment with state trends in pricing and . Low-income renters in Sacramento County face acute shortages, with 54,615 households lacking affordable units and 83% of extremely low-income families devoting over half their to rent, necessitating a of $32.92 per hour for basic affordability. The area's homeownership rate stands at 63.6% for the Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom metro, above the state average but below national norms, reflecting barriers like elevated property taxes and payments that have surged 82% since 2020 for entry-level homes. Regulatory constraints on new construction, including local and environmental mandates, exacerbate supply shortages and price pressures, independent of demand fluctuations. California's business climate, which governs the Sacramento metro, ranks 48th nationally in the Tax Foundation's 2024 State Business Tax Climate Index due to high individual income taxes (up to 13.3%), corporate rates at 8.84%, and sales taxes at 7.25%, all among the least competitive. These factors, compounded by stringent regulations and litigation risks, deter business relocation and expansion, limiting job creation that could bolster demand affordability through wage growth. Locally, Sacramento benefits from employment stability and targeted incentives, yet state-level policies override, resulting in slower private-sector investment compared to top-ranked metros like Raleigh or . Empirical data show no correlation between such poor rankings and economic underperformance in practice for overall, but attributes unaffordability partly to reduced business dynamism from high operational costs.

Government and Politics

Local and Regional Governance Structures

The Sacramento metropolitan area, defined by the U.S. Census Bureau's Sacramento–Roseville–Folsom Metropolitan Statistical Area, spans five counties—Sacramento, El Dorado, Placer, Sutter, and Yolo—each governed by a board of supervisors elected from single-member districts, with Sacramento County featuring five supervisors responsible for legislative and executive functions including budgeting, land use, and public services. Independent cities within these counties, such as Elk Grove, Folsom, and Rancho Cordova, operate under council-manager systems with elected mayors and councils handling municipal services like zoning, public safety, and utilities, while unincorporated areas fall under county jurisdiction. The City of Sacramento, the area's core municipality and California's state capital, employs a nine-member established by voters in 1920, consisting of a elected and eight council members from geographic , who together enact ordinances, approve budgets, and oversee a responsible for daily administration. This emphasizes district representation to address localized needs, with the holding authority over policy areas like housing development and . At the regional level, the Sacramento Area Council of Governments (SACOG) serves as the primary coordinating body, functioning as a joint powers authority comprising 32 voting members from cities, counties, and special districts across a six-county including Yuba County, with responsibilities for metropolitan transportation planning, federal funding allocation, and addressing cross-jurisdictional issues like air quality and economic development. SACOG's board, drawn from local elected officials, develops long-range plans such as the Metropolitan Transportation Plan, which integrates and to manage growth in a exceeding 2.4 million residents as of 2020 Census data. Other specialized regional entities include the Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District for pollution regulation and various joint powers authorities for flood control, reflecting the area's vulnerability to Delta inflows and systems. These structures enable coordinated responses to shared challenges but can lead to fragmented decision-making due to competing local interests.

Electoral Patterns and Political Dominance

The Sacramento metropolitan area, encompassing Sacramento, Yolo, Placer, and El Dorado counties, exhibits a pattern of Democratic voter registration dominance driven primarily by the urban core of Sacramento County, which accounts for over half of the region's population of approximately 2.46 million as of 2024. In Sacramento County, Democrats comprised about 46% of registered voters as of early 2024, compared to 23% Republicans and 27% no party preference, reflecting a long-term trend where Democratic registration has exceeded Republican by roughly 2:1 since the 1990s. Placer County shows a more balanced distribution, with Republicans at around 40% and Democrats at 30% in recent tallies, underscoring its conservative suburban character, while Yolo and El Dorado counties tilt similarly Republican-leaning but with smaller populations. This registration disparity translates to consistent Democratic advantages in turnout-heavy elections, though Republican support remains robust in rural and exurban precincts. In presidential elections, the metro area has leaned Democratic since the 1990s, with margins widening in urban zones but narrowing in suburbs amid national polarization. In 2020, secured 58.2% in Sacramento County against Donald Trump's 39.8%, while Trump prevailed in Placer (53.3%) and (56.5%) counties; Yolo favored Biden at 67.5%. Aggregating by population weight, Biden won the metro area by approximately 56% to 41%, a narrower gap than 's statewide 63.5% Democratic margin, highlighting suburban Republican resilience. The 2024 contest saw maintain a similar edge in Sacramento County at around 55%, with Trump gaining modestly to 42%, per preliminary county results, as Republican turnout surged in Placer and . These patterns align with broader trends, where Democratic incumbency and urban density sustain wins, but economic concerns in growing suburbs occasionally boost Republican shares by 3-5 points per cycle. Gubernatorial and congressional outcomes reinforce Democratic regional dominance, tempered by competitive suburban districts. In the 2022 recall-turned-general election, garnered 60% statewide, winning Sacramento County by 56% to 41% while losing Placer and ; metro-wide, his margin approximated 54%, buoyed by Yolo's progressive tilt. The area's congressional seats, spanning districts like the Democratic-held 6th and 7th, reflect this: Sacramento's urban districts vote 60-70% Democratic in federal races, per partisan voting indices, whereas portions of Placer fall into more contested territory. Locally, Democrats control Sacramento city's mayoralty and county board majority, influencing policy as the state capital hub, yet Republican supervisors hold sway in Placer and , fostering bipartisan county governance on issues like and growth. Overall, while Democrats dominate metro-wide due to demographic weight and registration edges, Republican influence persists in peripheral counties, preventing supermajorities and enabling occasional policy pushback against Sacramento's progressive state-level priorities.
County2020 Presidential (Biden %)2020 Presidential (Trump %)2022 Gubernatorial (Newsom %)
Sacramento58.239.856.0
Yolo67.529.6~65.0
Placer44.253.3~45.0
El Dorado41.356.5~42.0

Policy Outcomes Including Taxation and Regulation Effects

The Sacramento metropolitan area inherits California's progressive structure, with rates ranging from 1 percent on income up to $10,412 to 13.3 percent on income exceeding $1,000,000 for single filers in tax year 2025, plus an additional 1 percent surcharge on incomes over $1 million dedicated to services. Local sales and use tax rates within Sacramento County vary by jurisdiction, typically ranging from 7.75 percent in areas like Citrus Heights to 8.75 percent in Sacramento city proper, effective October 1, 2025, comprising the 7.25 percent statewide base plus district add-ons. Property taxes are capped at 1 percent of assessed value under Proposition 13 (1978), yielding an average effective rate of approximately 0.73 percent statewide, though reassessments upon sale or new construction can elevate bills for recent buyers. California's overall tax regime imposes one of the nation's highest burdens, with state and local taxes consuming about 13.5 percent of income—ranking the state 4th highest per the Tax Foundation's analysis of 2022 data—and contributing to its 48th-place ranking in the 2025 State Tax Competitiveness Index due to uncompetitive individual and corporate rates alongside complex compliance rules. In Sacramento, these taxes exacerbate cost-of-living pressures, correlating with slower private-sector job growth relative to lower-tax states; for example, the metro area's nonfarm employment expansion averaged 1.2 percent annually from 2019 to 2023, lagging national averages amid high marginal rates that disincentivize high-earner retention and investment. Stringent regulations, including the (CEQA) mandating extensive environmental reviews and the state's above-federal-minimum wage ($16.50 per hour as of 2025) paired with mandated sick leave and contractor liability laws, elevate operating costs by an estimated 20-30 percent over national norms, per analyses of compliance burdens. These policies foster a hostile climate, ranked worst in the U.S. by metrics combining regulatory density, tax friction, and litigation risks, prompting notable firm exits from —including and tech relocations from Sacramento's vicinity—and contributing to subdued inflows, with the metro capturing under 2 percent of statewide investment despite its size. Outcomes include distorted migration patterns: while Sacramento metro netted positive domestic inflows of about 15,000 residents annually pre-2023, largely from Bay Area spillovers seeking relative affordability, statewide high-tax and regulatory hurdles have driven net out-migration of 300,000+ Californians yearly since 2020, with economic analyses attributing up to 40 percent of exits to tax sensitivity among middle- and upper-income households. Housing supply constraints from CEQA-driven delays—adding 20-50 percent to project timelines and costs—amplify unaffordability, pushing median home prices to $500,000+ and rents 15 percent above national medians, undermining long-term growth despite government-sector stability as the area's largest employer. Empirical evidence from interstate comparisons indicates that easing such regulations could boost by 5-10 percent via enhanced productivity, though Sacramento's entrenched state-level policies perpetuate comparative underperformance in business formation rates, which trail and metros by 25-30 percent.

Social Challenges

Homelessness Prevalence and Underlying Causes

The 2024 Point-in-Time (PIT) count estimated 6,615 individuals experiencing homelessness in Sacramento County, the core of the Sacramento metropolitan area, representing a 28.7% decrease from 9,278 in 2022. This decline bucked statewide and national trends, where California's homeless population rose approximately 3% from 2023 to 2024 and the U.S. total increased 18% from 2022 to 2024. Unsheltered homelessness in Sacramento County fell 41% to about 3,878 individuals, while sheltered numbers rose 2.2%, reflecting expanded shelter capacity to roughly 2,400 beds countywide. Chronic homelessness, defined as one year or more with a disabling condition, comprised a significant portion, with Sacramento County ranking among the highest nationally at 4,003 chronic individuals in 2023 HUD data. Self-reported data from the 2024 PIT survey indicate that affected 46.9% of homeless adults, while 31.6% reported substance use disorders; overlapping conditions were common, with prior surveys estimating 50-80% of the homeless facing one or both. Among chronically homeless individuals in the 2022 PIT, 61% cited a disabling condition as primary. These rates exceed general prevalence, suggesting behavioral health issues as key causal factors rather than mere correlates; untreated and often lead to job loss, , and repeated housing instability, independent of broader economic pressures. High housing costs contribute to , with Sacramento-area rents exceeding $1,800 monthly in 2024 and low incomes cited in surveys as triggers for recent episodes. However, empirical patterns show that while economic factors explain short-term (64% of cases statewide), chronic cases—36% of the total—are disproportionately driven by , mental illness, and related disincentives for treatment, such as reduced penalties under Proposition 47 for drug-related offenses. Local policies emphasizing permanent without mandatory treatment have yielded mixed results, as underlying persists in 38% or more of cases per service provider estimates. PIT counts, while official, undercount unsheltered individuals due to survey challenges, potentially masking full scale.

Crime Rates and Public Safety Metrics

In Sacramento County, which encompasses the core of the metropolitan area, the rate stood at 521.2 per 100,000 residents in 2022, exceeding the average of 480.3 and the national average of 380.7 per 100,000. This rate includes offenses such as , , , and aggravated assault, reflecting a post-pandemic elevation from pre-2020 levels observed statewide, where rose 15.1% from 2018 to 2023. Within Sacramento , rates are notably higher, reaching approximately 812 per 100,000 residents based on recent analyses of local incident , compared to the national of 400 per 100,000. Homicide rates in the metropolitan core have shown volatility, with Sacramento recording 29 homicides in the first eight months of , a 21% increase over the same period in 2023, amid a broader total of around 41 for the prior full year. This local uptick contrasts with statewide declines, where California's homicide rate fell 15.8% in 2023 and an additional 12% in , reaching the second-lowest level since 1966 at 4.3 per 100,000. Factors contributing to localized surges include and youth-related incidents, with data indicating persistent challenges despite overall dropping 18.2% in the first nine months of 2023. Property crime rates remain elevated, with Sacramento city's rate at roughly 3,194 per 100,000 residents, yielding a 1-in-31 victimization risk, driven by burglaries, larcenies, and vehicle thefts. Statewide property crime decreased 1.8% in 2023 and 8.4% in 2024, yet local metrics in the metro area align with this downward trend only modestly, as clearance rates for property offenses in Sacramento city hovered at 6% in 2023, limiting deterrence and resolution. Public safety metrics, including low clearance for non-violent offenses, underscore enforcement constraints, with the Sacramento County Sheriff's Department achieving only 8% clearance for property crimes in the same year.
MetricSacramento City (approx. per 100,000, recent)Sacramento County (2022) (2023)U.S. (2022 est.)
Rate812521.2511.0380.7
Rate3,194N/A2,294N/A
Incidents (2024 partial)29 (Jan-Aug)N/ARate: 4.3 (full 2024 est.)N/A

Government Interventions and Empirical Effectiveness

Sacramento County has implemented various interventions targeting homelessness, including behavioral health referrals, shelter enrollments, and temporary housing placements. Between January 1 and June 30, 2025, county efforts referred 1,569 unhoused individuals to behavioral health services, with 1,080 successfully admitted. From July to December 2024, programs delivered 25,274 services to 810 individuals, enrolled 1,137 households in shelters, and housed 1,360 previously unhoused residents. Organizations like Sacramento Steps Forward coordinate regional responses, aiming to reduce unsheltered homelessness by 20% between the 2024 and 2026 point-in-time counts through expanded shelter capacity and supportive services. However, a reported 29% overall decrease in homelessness from 2022 to 2024 coincided with methodological changes in counting practices, raising questions about whether gains reflect genuine reductions or data adjustments. State-level policies influence local efforts, such as Governor Newsom's 2025 accountability measures requiring jurisdictions to demonstrate progress in housing placements and encampment reductions, with tools tracking metrics like shelter bed utilization. Despite increased service provision, empirical outcomes remain mixed, as persistent unsheltered populations suggest interventions often prioritize immediate over addressing root causes like untreated mental illness and , which government data attributes to a significant portion of cases. California's shift toward reduced homelessness funding—from $1 billion in 2024 to zero in proposed 2025-2026 budgets—may further constrain local scalability, with critics arguing that without mandatory treatment components, housing-focused approaches yield limited long-term stability. For public safety, the Advance Peace program deploys violence interrupters and mentorship to high-risk individuals, yielding an 18% citywide reduction in gun violence and up to 29% in targeted neighborhoods, as estimated via interrupted time series analysis of pre- and post-implementation data. The Sacramento Police Department's hot spots intervention, involving frequent patrols of crime-prone areas in 15-minute cycles, has demonstrated promising reductions in incident rates at intervention sites compared to control areas, per quasi-experimental evaluations. Broader focused deterrence strategies, which combine enforcement with social services for chronic offenders, align with systematic reviews showing statistically significant firearm violence drops across similar U.S. implementations, though Sacramento-specific longitudinal data on recidivism remains limited. These targeted policing and community-based tactics appear more empirically supported than diffuse regulatory approaches, correlating with measurable declines amid statewide trends influenced by prior leniency policies like Proposition 47, which reduced penalties for certain crimes and has been linked to elevated property offenses in urban California metros. Overall, while select interventions show causal impacts on localized metrics, systemic evaluations indicate uneven effectiveness, with sustained challenges in homelessness and property crime underscoring the need for interventions prioritizing enforcement of behavioral preconditions over unconditional aid.

Transportation Infrastructure

Highway and Freeway Systems

The Sacramento metropolitan area's highway and freeway system centers on (I-5), a primary north-south corridor that bisects the region, connecting Sacramento to southward and Redding northward while serving as the West Side Freeway through the Central Valley. I-5 interchanges with major east-west routes including Interstate 80 (I-80) near downtown Sacramento and (US 50) slightly south, handling substantial commuter and freight traffic with average annual daily traffic (AADT) volumes exceeding design capacities during peak periods. Ongoing expansions, such as high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane additions, aim to mitigate congestion but have faced delays due to environmental and funding constraints. Interstate 80 provides east-west connectivity, traversing West Sacramento and linking the metro area to the San Francisco Bay Area westward and Reno, Nevada, eastward as part of its transcontinental path. A business loop of I-80 (Business 80) runs through central Sacramento, facilitating urban access but contributing to bottlenecks, with recurring peak-hour delays exceeding current infrastructure limits. The Yolo County segment of I-80 is undergoing managed lanes improvements, including a direct connector ramp, budgeted at $465 million to enhance throughput amid growing regional demand. U.S. Route 50, designated as the Capital City Freeway in urban Sacramento, extends east-west from West Sacramento through the city to Placerville and beyond, intersecting I-5 and SR 99 to support suburban commuting and tourism to . The Fix 50 project, initiated in 2021, widens this corridor between Watt Avenue and I-5 to six lanes with safety enhancements like concrete barriers, addressing high crash rates and traffic disruptions, though construction has extended into 2025 with phased closures. California State Route 99 (SR 99) parallels I-5 to the east, serving as a key north-south artery through suburbs like Elk Grove and Citrus Heights, connecting to Stockton southward and Yuba City northward while accommodating heavy agricultural freight. Noted for elevated accident frequencies due to high volumes and truck traffic, features corridor enhancement plans focusing on interchanges and signage to improve flow and safety. These routes collectively form a grid that underpins the metro area's logistics hub status but strains under population-driven demand, prompting state investments in capacity and resilience.

Public Transit and Rail Options

The (SacRT) operates the metropolitan area's core public transit network, encompassing fixed-route buses and services across a 440-square-mile area primarily in Sacramento County, with extensions into neighboring regions. This system facilitates commuting within urban centers like Sacramento city, Roseville, and Folsom, as well as connections to employment hubs, medical facilities, and via express routes such as Route 142. SacRT also provides services under SacRT GO for eligible riders with disabilities, adhering to ADA requirements. SacRT's bus network includes over 82 routes, delivering frequent service on major corridors with adjustments implemented as recently as August 2025 to enhance on-time performance on lines like Routes 25 and 106. Buses operate from early morning through late evening, with peak-hour frequencies as short as 15 minutes on high-demand paths, and integrate with at key transfer points. Weekday bus ridership averages around 37,000 passengers. The component comprises three lines—, , and —totaling 43 miles of track and 53 stations, with the Line extending south to Elk Grove and the Line reaching Historic Folsom after a 2014 extension. Trains run at intervals of 15 to 30 minutes during peak periods, serving , the state capitol vicinity, and suburban areas; recent upgrades include double-tracking on the Line and introduction of 20 new low-floor vehicles in for improved accessibility and capacity. Weekday ridership averages approximately 40,000 boardings. Regional rail connectivity is anchored at , a multimodal hub linked to SacRT light rail, where 's provides 11-12 daily round trips northward to Auburn and southward to San Jose via Oakland and the Bay Area, emphasizing reliability over congested highways with onboard . The carried 1.14 million passengers in fiscal year 2025, reflecting post-pandemic recovery though below pre-2019 peaks of 1.78 million. Long-distance services, including the to and the to , also depart from the station, offering less frequent but broader intercity options. No dedicated beyond exists, though planning for extensions like the Blue Line to Elk Grove advances high-capacity alternatives.

Airports and Intercity Connections

Sacramento International Airport (SMF), located 10 miles northwest of downtown Sacramento, functions as the principal commercial airport for the metropolitan area, managed by the Sacramento County Department of Airports. It supports over 155 daily nonstop flights operated by 12 carriers to more than 35 destinations, with Southwest Airlines handling approximately 55% of passenger traffic. In 2023, SMF processed about 13 million passengers annually, rising to nearly 12.5 million from January through November 2024. Growth continued into 2025, with June marking the airport's busiest month on record at 1,296,818 passengers and July exceeding 1.3 million, a 3.3% year-over-year increase, amid 20 consecutive months of expansion. The Sacramento County system also oversees three general aviation facilities: , primarily for corporate and private flights; Mather Airport, a reliever for SMF handling and cargo; and , a smaller airstrip for local operations. McClellan Airport, situated 10 miles northeast of , serves as a public-use field focused on business and recreational flying. These secondary airports alleviate congestion at SMF but do not offer scheduled commercial passenger service. Intercity rail connectivity centers on the at 401 I Street, a 1926-built hub currently under renovation, open from 5 a.m. to midnight with ticket kiosks and 275 parking spaces at a $10 daily maximum. It anchors the service, providing multiple daily trains between Sacramento and the via San Jose, as an alternative to Interstate 80 congestion, with extensions via Amtrak's San Joaquins to southern destinations. buses supplement rail links from the station. Intercity bus options, including routes from downtown terminals, connect Sacramento to regional centers like Reno and Los Angeles, though rail remains the dominant non-highway mode for Bay Area travel.

Education System

K-12 Public and Private Schools

The Sacramento metropolitan area's K-12 public education is primarily managed by unified school districts in Sacramento County, which enroll over 255,000 students across more than 500 schools as of the 2024–25 school year. Key districts include Elk Grove Unified School District (EGUSD), the largest with 62,957 students in grades TK–12; Sacramento City Unified School District (SCUSD) with 38,821 students; San Juan Unified School District with approximately 39,000 students; and smaller ones like Natomas Unified School District. These districts operate under California's Local Control Funding Formula, which allocates resources based on enrollment and student needs such as low-income status or English learner classification, with EGUSD receiving targeted funding for over 10,500 English learners. Academic performance in public schools lags state averages, with proficiency rates on the 2023–24 California Assessment of Student Performance and Progress (CAASPP) showing district-specific challenges. In SCUSD, 45% of students met or exceeded standards in English language arts (ELA) and 34% in , reflecting persistent post-pandemic recovery gaps. EGUSD reported 57% ELA proficiency and 34% mathematics proficiency among students eligible for conditional in the class of 2023, amid statewide rates of about 47% in ELA and 34% in math. High schools in the area, such as those in EGUSD, achieve four-year adjusted cohort rates around 91–92%, higher than SCUSD's 83%, though overall county rates are influenced by socioeconomic factors including 50% economically disadvantaged students in SCUSD and 80% minority enrollment district-wide.
DistrictEnrollment (approx.)ELA Proficiency (%)Math Proficiency (%)Graduation Rate (%)
Elk Grove Unified63,000573491
Sacramento City Unified39,000453483
San Juan Unified39,000N/AN/AN/A
Additional metrics highlight operational issues: chronic absenteeism rates in SCUSD fall at medium levels on the California School Dashboard, contributing to broader county trends where absenteeism exceeds 20% statewide and correlates with lower achievement. Suspension rates are also medium, with county-wide data showing variations tied to discipline policies. Private K-12 schools provide alternatives, with approximately 69 institutions enrolling 12,632 students in the Sacramento area for the 2025–26 school year, representing about 9% of total K-12 enrollment locally. These include religious-affiliated schools such as Jesuit High School (Catholic, all-boys, grades 9–12) and Christian Brothers High School, as well as independent options like Sacramento Country Day School (PK–12) and Sacramento Waldorf School, emphasizing curricula like classical, Montessori, or faith-based education. Private schools are not subject to the same statewide testing mandates as public ones, limiting direct comparability, but enrollment growth reflects parental preferences for smaller class sizes and specialized programs amid public sector underperformance.

Colleges, Universities, and Vocational Training

The Sacramento metropolitan area hosts several public four-year institutions, with (CSU Sacramento or Sac State), founded in 1947 as Sacramento State College, serving as the primary comprehensive university in Sacramento proper. It enrolls approximately 30,883 students, primarily undergraduates, across 151 bachelor's and master's programs emphasizing fields like , , and . The , located in Davis within Yolo County—a component of the Sacramento–Arden-Arcade–Roseville —provides advanced research-oriented education, with strengths in , , and biological sciences, drawing commuters from Sacramento via regional transit links. Private options include the Sacramento campus of University of the Pacific, offering graduate programs in law, , and health sciences since its establishment as a professional hub. Community colleges under the Los Rios Community College District dominate associate-degree and transfer pathways, including (founded 1916, focusing on liberal arts and vocational certificates), (emphasizing STEM and career technical education), Cosumnes River College, and Folsom Lake College, collectively serving tens of thousands annually with low-cost tuition averaging under $5,000 for in-state residents. in Rocklin (Placer County) adds options for northern metro residents, with programs in nursing, automotive technology, and general education leading to CSU or UC transfers. Vocational training emphasizes short-term certificates for in-demand trades, with institutions like Sacramento providing 9- to 18-month programs in medical assisting, HVAC, and automotive repair, boasting job placement assistance. National Career Education (NCE) offers similar accelerated tracks in , EKG, and training, often completable in under a year with evening options for working adults. Gurnick Academy of Medical Arts delivers specialized credentials in radiologic technology, , and vocational , accredited for clinical placements in local hospitals. Asher College focuses on and IT certifications, operational since with hands-on simulations. These programs prioritize over degrees, aligning with regional labor needs in healthcare and skilled trades amid California's emphasis on workforce development.

Communities and Culture

Major Incorporated Cities and Towns

The Sacramento metropolitan area, defined as the Sacramento–Roseville–Arden-Arcade Metropolitan Statistical Area, encompasses incorporated cities across Sacramento, Placer, , and Yolo counties, with the largest concentrations in Sacramento and Placer counties. These cities function as suburban extensions of the central Sacramento hub, supporting residential, commercial, and industrial activities tied to the region's , , and emerging sectors. Sacramento, the principal city and state capital in Sacramento County, had an estimated population of 526,384 in 2023. Incorporated in , it anchors the metro area's economy through operations, which account for a substantial share of regional , alongside healthcare and higher education institutions. Roseville, located in Placer County to the north, reported 159,126 residents in 2023 per data. Incorporated in 1909, it has developed as a key retail and logistics node, benefiting from proximity to Interstate 80 and hosting large-scale commercial districts that draw commuters from the broader metro. Elk Grove, a rapidly expanding in southern Sacramento County, had 178,444 residents as of the July 1, 2023, Census estimate. Incorporated in 2000 after outgrowing its status, it emphasizes master-planned residential communities and , contributing to the metro's housing growth amid state-level population shifts. Folsom, situated in eastern Sacramento County near the Sierra foothills, counted 84,782 inhabitants in 2023. Incorporated in , it features a mix of manufacturing—highlighted by facilities from companies like —and historical sites tied to the era, alongside the , which has operated since 1880. Rancho Cordova, an eastern suburb in Sacramento County, had 82,605 residents in 2023. Incorporated in 2003, it supports aerospace and electronics firms, leveraging its position along for distribution and business services. Citrus Heights, in northern Sacramento County, recorded 86,239 people in 2023. Incorporated in 1997 following a voter-approved measure to separate from unincorporated areas, it serves as a bedroom community with retail corridors and ongoing efforts to revitalize aging commercial zones. Rocklin, further north in Placer County, had 73,472 residents in 2023. Incorporated in 1893 with roots in granite quarrying and railroading, it now focuses on education—home to —and suburban commercial growth, including office parks. Smaller incorporated places, such as Galt (population approximately 34,000 in 2023 estimates from data) and Lincoln in (around 51,000), provide agricultural and light support but remain secondary to the larger urban cores.
City2023 Population EstimateIncorporation Year
SacramentoSacramento526,3841850
Elk GroveSacramento178,4442000
RosevillePlacer159,1261909
Citrus HeightsSacramento86,2391997
FolsomSacramento84,7821946
Rancho CordovaSacramento82,6052003
RocklinPlacer73,4721893

Census-Designated Places and Rural Areas

The Sacramento metropolitan area encompasses several prominent census-designated places (CDPs), which are densely populated unincorporated communities lacking municipal governments but functioning as suburban extensions of urban centers. Arden-Arcade, located immediately east of Sacramento, recorded a population of 94,659 in the 2020 United States Census, making it one of the most populous CDPs in the state and characterized by a mix of residential neighborhoods, retail districts, and commercial hubs. Florin, situated south of Sacramento, had 52,388 residents in 2020, featuring diverse housing stock and proximity to industrial zones along major highways. North Highlands, north of the city core, counted 49,327 inhabitants in the same census, with a landscape dominated by single-family homes and limited commercial development. Other notable CDPs include Carmichael, with 79,793 residents in 2020, known for its established suburban character and community amenities such as parks and schools, and Foothill Farms, which had 35,834 people, often grouped with North Highlands in due to overlapping community boundaries and socioeconomic traits. These CDPs collectively house hundreds of thousands of residents, relying on county services for , safety, and land-use decisions, while experiencing tied to Sacramento's metropolitan expansion. Rural areas within the , spanning counties like Sacramento, Yolo, Sutter, and Yuba, cover vast expanses of farmland and open spaces that underpin the region's agricultural economy. Sacramento County alone encompasses about 994 square miles, much of it dedicated to prime agricultural production in the Central Valley, with gross commodity values reaching $584,802,000 in 2023 from crops like wine grapes, tomatoes, and . The broader six-county Sacramento region supports over 614,854 acres of prime farmland, generating an estimated $3 billion in annual agricultural output as of recent assessments, though has converted portions to development, exerting pressure on land preservation. Yolo County exemplifies rural dynamics, blending —particularly and field crops—with scattered commuter enclaves, where agricultural viability sustains local employment amid proximity to urban job markets. These rural zones, including the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta's island tracts, maintain a predominantly agrarian profile with low-density settlements, levee-maintained waterways, and ecosystems supporting crop diversity, but face challenges from and conversion. Approximately 85% of certain Sacramento-area jurisdictions' land remains rural, driving economic contributions through -related jobs and supply chains that extend to urban processing and distribution. Overall, rural components contrast with urban CDPs by prioritizing productive land uses, with production expenses in Sacramento County totaling $494,808,000 in recent data, underscoring net cash income's role in regional stability.

Cultural Institutions, Events, and Sports Teams

The Sacramento metropolitan area hosts several prominent cultural institutions focused on art, history, and performing arts. The Crocker Art Museum, founded in 1885, maintains one of the world's largest collections of California art spanning from the Gold Rush period to contemporary works, with over 500,000 visitors annually pre-pandemic. The Sacramento History Museum, operated by the Sacramento History Alliance, offers daily exhibits on regional history including Gold Rush artifacts and underground tours of preserved 19th-century streets, drawing from verified archival sources. State-managed sites like the California State Railroad Museum in Old Sacramento preserve locomotives and rail artifacts central to California's 19th-century development, as part of the Capital District historic parks. Performing arts organizations include the , established in 1954 as the region's professional dance company, which stages classical and contemporary repertoires featuring international guest artists. The , formed in 1948, performs symphonic and operatic works to foster community engagement through live music, with seasons emphasizing classical composers alongside modern interpretations. Venues such as the SAFE Credit Union Center in host Broadway productions and local theater, while the Harris Center for the Arts in Folsom provides regional access to symphony, , and musical theater events. Annual events highlight the area's agricultural and cultural heritage. The California State Fair, held at Cal Expo from July 11 to 27 in 2025, spans 17 days and features livestock competitions, food festivals, and concerts celebrating 's industries, with attendance exceeding 500,000 in recent years based on official records. The Farm-to-Fork Festival, branding Sacramento as America's Farm-to-Fork Capital, occurred September 26-28, 2025, at the SAFE Convention Center, offering free admission to food tastings, live music, vendor markets, and chef demonstrations emphasizing local sourcing, evolving from prior Capitol Mall iterations to integrate with international initiatives. Professional sports teams anchor the metro area's athletic scene. The , an NBA franchise relocated from Kansas City in 1985, compete at the with a focus on high-tempo , achieving playoff appearances in recent seasons under owner . , a soccer club founded in 2014, won the league title in its inaugural season and plays at , drawing strong local support for its community-oriented model. The , Triple-A affiliate of the since 2000, host games at in West Sacramento, with ownership ties to the Kings since 2022. The MLB team began a temporary residency at in 2025 through 2027 amid stadium relocation disputes, sharing the venue with the River Cats and Kings for select events.

References

  1. https://censusreporter.org/profiles/31000US40900-sacramento-roseville-folsom-ca-metro-area/
  2. https://datausa.io/profile/geo/sacramento-roseville-arden-arcade-ca
  3. https://labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/file/lfmonth/sacr%24pds.pdf
  4. https://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.ca_sacramento_msa.htm
  5. https://labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/geography/msa/sacramento--roseville--arden-arcade.html
  6. https://www.huduser.gov/portal/publications/pdf/SacramentoRosevilleArdenArcadeCA-CHMA-22.pdf
  7. https://greatersacramento.com/press-release/greater-sacramento-region-recognized-as-a-national-leader-in-equitable-economic-growth-by-brookings-2024-metro-monitor-report/
  8. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/OMB-Bulletin-23-01.pdf
  9. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2000/12/27/00-32997/standards-for-defining-metropolitan-and-micropolitan-statistical-areas
  10. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/metro-micro/about.html
  11. http://censusreporter.org/profiles/31000US40900-sacramento-roseville-folsom-ca-metro-area/
  12. https://labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/definitions/metropolitan-areas.html
  13. http://censusreporter.org/profiles/16000US0664000-sacramento-ca/
  14. https://california100.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Sacramento-Metro-Region_FINAL-1.pdf
  15. https://www.saccounty.gov/content/saccounty/us/en/Demographics-and-Facts.html
  16. http://www.newgeography.com/content/005640-us-metropolitan-areas-from-polycentricity-dispersed
  17. https://citypopulation.de/en/usa/ua/usa/ua77068__sacramento/
  18. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254312445_The_Rise_of_the_Postmodern_Metropolis_Spatial_Evolution_of_the_Sacramento_Metropolitan_Region
  19. https://nwculaw.edu/school-information/nisenan-people-tribute
  20. https://www.nisenan.org/
  21. https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/5views/5views1h90.htm
  22. https://crc.losrios.edu/crc/shared/doc/native-american/crc-native-american-cultural-overview-report.pdf
  23. https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=229800
  24. https://www.solanoarticles.com/history/index.php/weblog/more/tide_of_history_melded_river_the_gold_rush/
  25. https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=485
  26. https://www.californiatrailcenter.org/john-sutter/
  27. https://www.legendsofamerica.com/sutters-fort-california/
  28. https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=1081
  29. https://www.achp.gov/preserve-america/community/sacramento-california
  30. https://sachistorymuseum.org/field-trips/fun-facts/
  31. https://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/history-of-the-capitol-slideshow/
  32. https://dornsife.usc.edu/news/stories/when-the-floods-came/
  33. https://www.sacramentohistory.org/resources_essay.php
  34. https://www.nps.gov/poex/learn/historyculture/index.htm
  35. https://www.californiarailroad.museum/visit/outside-the-museum
  36. https://www.biggestuscities.com/city/sacramento-california
  37. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/pnp/habshaer/ca/ca3100/ca3107/data/ca3107data.pdf
  38. https://www.britannica.com/place/Sacramento-California
  39. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-06-23-mn-16373-story.html
  40. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/geography-and-cartography/sacramento-california
  41. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Historical-growth-of-the-Sacramento-region_fig2_254312445
  42. https://www.lincolninst.edu/publications/working-papers/urban-sprawl-us-metropolitan-area/
  43. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SYOPOP
  44. https://tripnet.org/reports/sacramento-transportation-by-the-numbers-meeting-the-states-need-for-safe-smooth-and-efficient-mobility/
  45. https://www.cityofsacramento.gov/content/dam/portal/cdd/Planning/Housing/Missing-Middle-Housing/FINAL_MMH-Informational-Report_full-res.pdf
  46. https://chpc.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Sacramento_Housing_Report.pdf
  47. https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-14-430.pdf
  48. https://www.onsiteobserver.com/sacramento-region-plans-for-surge-in-population-580-000-more-by-2050/
  49. https://www.lincolninst.edu/app/uploads/legacy-files/pubfiles/114_wassmer00.pdf
  50. https://en-us.topographic-map.com/map-rbrmt/Sacramento-County/
  51. https://www.americanrivers.org/river/sacramento-river/
  52. https://www.epa.gov/sfbay-delta/feather-and-sacramento-rivers-watersheds
  53. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/west-coast/about-us/sacramento-river-basin-california
  54. https://cail.ucdavis.edu/research1/FUASR%2Ccolor%2520maps.pdf
  55. https://www.valleyvision.org/wp-content/uploads/Sacramento-County_CROPreport.pdf
  56. https://planning.saccounty.gov/PlansandProjectsIn-Progress/Documents/Agricultural%2520Element%2520-%2520Amended%252012-17-2019.pdf
  57. https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/california-usa/sacramento-climate
  58. https://www.climate.top/usa/sacramento/
  59. https://weatherspark.com/y/1157/Average-Weather-in-Sacramento-California-United-States-Year-Round
  60. https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/7164/noaa_7164_DS1.pdf
  61. https://www.weather.gov/media/sto/pdf/CLISAC2010.pdf
  62. https://www.extremeweatherwatch.com/cities/sacramento
  63. https://waterresources.saccounty.gov/stormready/Pages/Region%27s-Flooding-History.aspx
  64. https://watermanagement.ucdavis.edu/application/files/3616/2015/4152/2002_usace_sac_flood_history.pdf
  65. https://www.nap.edu/read/6483/page/9
  66. http://matsui.house.gov/media/in-the-news/sacramento-bee-sacramentos-natomas-basin-dangerously-prone-flooding-how
  67. https://water.ca.gov/News/Blog/2024/Feb-24/Weirs-on-the-Sacramento-River-100-Years-of-Flood-Control
  68. https://water.ca.gov/water-basics/drought
  69. https://wsm.ucmerced.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Economic_Impact_CA_Drought_V01.pdf
  70. https://calmatters.org/environment/2022/05/sacramento-valley-water-drought/
  71. https://www.drought.gov/states/california/county/sacramento
  72. https://www.americanrivers.org/2022/08/five-things-you-should-know-about-californias-drought/
  73. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/smokereadyca
  74. https://www.airquality.org/Communications/Documents/Wildfire%2520Emergency%2520Plan%2520-%2520FINAL.pdf
  75. https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sacramento-elk-grove-central-valley-major-wildfire-risk-maps/
  76. https://firststreet.org/city/sacramento-ca/664000_fsid/fire
  77. https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents/2025
  78. https://wildfiretaskforce.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/californiawildfireandforestresilienceactionplan.pdf
  79. http://www.citypopulation.de/en/usa/metrosacramento/
  80. https://dornsife.usc.edu/eri/wp-content/uploads/sites/41/2023/01/SACRAMENTO_web.pdf
  81. https://www.ppic.org/publication/californias-population/
  82. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SACR906PCPI
  83. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RPIPC40900
  84. https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2024/demo/p60-283.html
  85. https://datausa.io/profile/geo/sacramento-county-ca
  86. https://datausa.io/profile/geo/sacramento-ca
  87. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/2020RATIO006067
  88. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SACR906GOVT
  89. https://www.ppic.org/blog/the-sacramento-area-economy-runs-on-government/
  90. https://www.bizjournals.com/sacramento/news/2024/05/03/table-of-experts-future-of-sacramento.html
  91. https://scoutcities.com/states/california/cities/sacramento-ca
  92. https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/total-gross-domestic-product-for-sacramento-roseville-arden-arcade-ca-msa-fed-data.html
  93. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LAUMT064090000000003A
  94. https://www.bls.gov/regions/west/ca_sacramento_msa.htm
  95. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/metro.t01.htm
  96. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SACR906LF
  97. https://www.bls.gov/lau/
  98. https://www.ppic.org/publication/labor-force-participation-in-california/
  99. https://www.frbsf.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/sacramento-county-profile.pdf
  100. https://www.redfin.com/city/16409/CA/Sacramento/housing-market
  101. https://www.sacbee.com/news/business/article311853261.html
  102. https://www.rentcafe.com/average-rent-market-trends/us/ca/sacramento/
  103. https://www.zumper.com/rent-research/sacramento-ca
  104. https://www.mmproperties.com/sacramento-ca-rental-market-insights-november-2024/
  105. https://www.redfin.com/cost-of-living-calculator/sacramento-ca
  106. https://www.car.org/aboutus/mediacenter/newsreleases/2025releases/4qtr2024hai
  107. https://usafacts.org/answers/what-is-the-homeownership-rate/state/california/
  108. https://lao.ca.gov/LAOEconTax/Article/Detail/793
  109. https://capitolweekly.net/dont-blame-ai-for-sacramentos-housing-crisis/
  110. https://taxfoundation.org/research/all/state/2024-state-business-tax-climate-index/
  111. https://taxfoundation.org/location/california/
  112. https://californiapolicycenter.org/reports/worsttobest/
  113. https://businessfacilities.com/2025-metro-rankings-united-states-canada-lead-economic-growth
  114. https://economic.saccounty.gov/AboutSacramentoCounty/Pages/WhySacramento.aspx
  115. https://www.ppic.org/event/business-climate-rankings-and-the-california-economy/
  116. https://bos.saccounty.net/Pages/default.aspx
  117. https://www.saccounty.gov/content/saccounty/us/en/Departments-and-Offices.html
  118. https://www.cityofsacramento.gov/city-government.html
  119. https://codelibrary.amlegal.com/codes/sacramentoca/latest/sacramento_ca/0-0-0-29
  120. https://www.capradio.org/articles/2022/12/13/sacramento-city-council-guide-heres-what-it-does-and-how-residents-can-engage-with-it/
  121. https://www.sacog.org/about
  122. https://www.sacog.org/about/board-of-directors/mission-and-governance
  123. https://calcog.org/sacramento-area-council-of-governments-sacog/
  124. https://emd.saccounty.net/EMDLinks/Pages/EMDLinks_Government.aspx
  125. https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/ror/15day-presprim-2024/county.pdf
  126. https://www.placercountyelections.gov/registration-statistics/
  127. https://fox40.com/news/your-local-election-headquarters/sacramento-county-voter-political-leaning-makeup/
  128. https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/election/article246932592.html
  129. https://www.politico.com/2020-election/results/california/
  130. https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sacramento-county-california-2024-election-results/
  131. https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/election/article292652224.html
  132. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/11/08/us/elections/results-california-governor.html
  133. https://bestneighborhood.org/conservative-vs-liberal-map-sacramento-ca/
  134. https://www.ppic.org/publication/california-voter-and-party-profiles/
  135. https://www.kcra.com/article/breakdown-california-counties-voted-2020-presidential-election/36066986
  136. https://cdtfa.ca.gov/taxes-and-fees/rates.aspx
  137. https://www.equitycapitalhomeloans.com/blogs/california-tax-rates-2025
  138. https://taxfoundation.org/data/all/state/tax-burden-by-state-2022/
  139. https://taxfoundation.org/research/all/state/2025-state-tax-competitiveness-index/
  140. https://www.cleanwatersocal.org/media/acfupload/reference/Cost_of_Regulation_Study___Final.pdf
  141. https://kabateckstrategies.com/california-epa-regulations/
  142. https://www.ocregister.com/2024/09/01/californias-anti-business-high-tax-policies-are-driving-businesses-and-people-away/
  143. https://www.sfgate.com/local/article/increased-migration-bay-area-to-sacramento-18262928.php
  144. https://www.sacramentostepsforward.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/PIT-Report-2024-06-04-Final-with-Cover.pdf
  145. https://www.capradio.org/articles/2024/06/05/sacramento-countys-unhoused-population-drops-29-bucking-recent-trends/
  146. https://www.ppic.org/blog/homelessness-hits-record-high-in-california-jumps-dramatically-in-rest-of-us/
  147. https://schs.saccounty.gov/Documents/Homeless%2520Initiatives%2520-%2520SacCounty%2520Homelessness%2520Fact%2520Sheet%25202024.pdf
  148. https://fox40.com/news/local-news/sacramento-county/housing-urban-development-homeless-count-sacramento-county/
  149. https://sacgrandjury.org/docs/reports/22-23/gj-mental-health-care-for-homeless-060923.pdf
  150. https://www.sacramentostepsforward.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/PIT-Report-2022.pdf
  151. https://siepr.stanford.edu/publications/policy-brief/homelessness-california-recent-challenges-and-new-horizons
  152. https://www.csus.edu/center/institute-social-research/_internal/_documents/final-experiences-of-homelessness-community-brief-8.26.2022.pdf
  153. https://www.auditor.ca.gov/reports/2023-102-1/
  154. https://calbudgetcenter.org/resources/who-is-experiencing-homelessness-in-california/
  155. https://www.newdawntreatmentcenters.com/sacramentos-homeless-to-recovery-pipeline/
  156. https://www.sacramentostepsforward.org/data-and-analytics/sacramento-point-in-time-count/
  157. https://www.behealthysacramento.org/indicators/index/view?indicatorId=522&localeId=271
  158. https://data-openjustice.doj.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2024-07/Crime%2520In%2520CA%25202023f.pdf
  159. https://www.tully-weiss.com/blog/sacramento-ca-crime-rate/
  160. https://sirixmonitoring.com/blog/is-sacramento-safe/
  161. https://www.gov.ca.gov/2025/07/02/crime-in-california-drops-again-state-records-second-lowest-homicide-rate-since-1966/
  162. https://www.neighborhoodscout.com/ca/sacramento/crime
  163. https://data-openjustice.doj.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2025-07/Crime%2520In%2520CA%25202024%2520final.pdf
  164. https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/crime/article290092889.html
  165. https://www.ppic.org/publication/crime-trends-in-california/
  166. https://www.saccounty.gov/content/saccounty/us/en/articles/2025-articles/comprehensive-update-on-response-to-homelessness0.html
  167. https://www.saccounty.gov/content/saccounty/us/en/articles/2025-articles/comprehensive-update-on-response-to-homelessness.html
  168. https://www.sacramentostepsforward.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/SSF-All-In-Sacramento-Plan-Updated-2025.pdf
  169. https://www.pacificresearch.org/is-drop-in-sacramento-homelessness-a-fluke-or-trend/
  170. https://www.hcd.ca.gov/about-hcd/newsroom/governor-newsom-announces-stronger-accountability-measures-launches-new-tool-measuring-local-progress-tackling-homelessness
  171. https://calmatters.org/housing/homelessness/2025/06/california-homelessness-funding-budget/
  172. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358410392_The_Art_and_Science_of_Urban_Gun_Violence_Reduction_Evidence_from_the_Advance_Peace_Program_in_Sacramento_California
  173. https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/crime-hot-spots-intervention-sacramento-calif
  174. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8356499/
  175. https://cutterlaw.com/sacramento/car-accident/driving-guide/
  176. https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/district-3/documents/i80yoloproject/yolo80_trafficanalysisreport_2023_may_03-3h900_508.pdf
  177. https://dot.ca.gov/caltrans-near-me/district-3/d3-projects/d3-i80-corridor-improvements
  178. https://fox40.com/news/local-news/sacramento/where-do-sacramentos-main-highways-take-you-if-you-dont-stop-driving/
  179. https://www.fix50.com/
  180. https://www.yahoo.com/news/sacramento-highway-50-construction-suffering-120000495.html
  181. https://dot.ca.gov/caltrans-near-me/district-6/district-6-programs/d6-transportation-planning/d6-sr-99-master-plan
  182. https://sacdot.saccounty.net/Pages/TrafficCountProgram.aspx
  183. https://www.sacrt.com/about-us/
  184. https://sacramento.aero/smf/to-and-from/public-transportation
  185. https://www.sacrt.com/transit-services/
  186. https://www.sacrt.com/servicechanges/
  187. https://www.sacrt.com/routes-schedules/
  188. https://californialocal.com/localnews/sacramento/ca/government/show/184-sacramento-regional-transit/overview/
  189. https://www.sacrt.com/riding-light-rail/
  190. https://www.sacrt.com/light-rail-modernization-open-house/
  191. https://www.sacrt.com/sacrt-achieves-major-milestone-with-two-new-low-floor-trains-completing-1000-miles-of-testing-ready-for-passenger-service/
  192. https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/statefactsheets/CALIFORNIA24.pdf
  193. https://www.capitolcorridor.org/blogs/get_on_board/capitol-corridor-ridership-hits-1-14-million-in-fy2025/
  194. https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/amtrak-ridership-california-lags-19959928.php
  195. https://elkgrove.gov/civic-innovation-and-sustainability/sacrt-light-rail-blue-linebus-rapid-transit-implementation-plan
  196. https://sacramento.aero/smf/about/news-and-events/sacramento-international-airport-marks-20-consecutive-months-of-growth-sett
  197. https://clearchanneloutdoor.com/where-we-are/sacramento-international-airport/
  198. https://airserviceone.com/sacramentos-traffic-at-a-record-level-southwest-top-airline-gained-2-new-destinations/
  199. https://www.facebook.com/SacramentoCounty/posts/sacramento-international-airport-smf-achieved-the-busiest-month-in-airport-histo/1167401675431353/
  200. https://saccounty.gov/content/saccounty/us/en/articles/2025-articles/20-consecutive-months-of-growth-propel-sacramento-international-.html
  201. https://www.sacramento.aero/
  202. https://airport.mcclellanpark.com/
  203. https://www.amtrak.com/stations/sac
  204. https://www.capitolcorridor.org/
  205. https://www.amtrak.com/capitol-corridor-train
  206. https://www.scoe.net/about/districts/
  207. https://www.egusd.net/documents/District/About-EGUSD/Our-District/EGUSD-Overview-2023-2024.pdf
  208. https://www.usnews.com/education/k12/california/districts/sacramento-city-unified-111949
  209. https://www.capradio.org/articles/2024/09/06/sacramento-countys-largest-districts-discuss-2024-25-priorities-as-students-settle-in-for-the-year/
  210. https://www.cde.ca.gov/sdprofile/details.aspx?cds=34673140000000
  211. https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/education/article312506555.html
  212. https://betterlesson.com/case-study/elk-grove-unified/
  213. https://www.niche.com/k12/d/sacramento-city-unified-school-district-ca/
  214. https://www.caschooldashboard.org/reports/34674390000000/2024
  215. https://www.ed-data.org/county/sacramento/
  216. https://www.privateschoolreview.com/california/sacramento
  217. https://www.collegetransitions.com/blog/private-schools-in-sacramento/
  218. https://www.cde.ca.gov/ds/si/ps/
  219. https://www.csus.edu/experience/fact-book/about-sac-state.html
  220. https://www.calstate.edu/csu-system/about-the-csu/facts-about-the-csu/enrollment
  221. https://micefa.org/csu-sacramento/
  222. https://www.niche.com/colleges/search/best-colleges/m/sacramento-metro-area/
  223. https://www.pacific.edu/sacramento-campus
  224. https://scc.losrios.edu/
  225. https://arc.losrios.edu/
  226. https://www.appily.com/colleges/city/colleges-in-sacramento
  227. https://www.sierracollege.edu/
  228. https://www.uei.edu/trade-school/california/sacramento/
  229. https://nce.edu/
  230. https://www.gurnick.edu/campus-locations/sacramento-ca/
  231. https://asher.edu/locations/sacramento/
  232. https://sacramento.campus.edu/about/mti-college
  233. https://datacommons.org/ranking/Count_Person/City/geoId/06067
  234. https://www.executech.com/insights/sacramento-industries/
  235. http://censusreporter.org/profiles/16000US0662938-roseville-ca/
  236. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/elkgrovecitycalifornia/PST045224
  237. https://www.neilsberg.com/insights/elk-grove-ca-population-by-year/
  238. https://www.neilsberg.com/insights/folsom-ca-population-by-year/
  239. https://economicdevelopment.folsom.ca.us/homepage/demographics/
  240. https://www.neilsberg.com/insights/rancho-cordova-ca-population-by-year/
  241. https://www.cityofranchocordova.org/Home/Components/News/News/4586/19
  242. https://www.neilsberg.com/insights/citrus-heights-ca-population-by-year/
  243. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/citrusheightscitycalifornia/HSD410223
  244. https://www.neilsberg.com/insights/rocklin-ca-population-by-year/
  245. https://greatersacramento.com/communities/placer-county/rocklin/
  246. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/ardenarcadecdpcalifornia/BZA110223
  247. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/florincdpcalifornia/POP815223
  248. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/northhighlandscdpcalifornia/SBO030222
  249. https://www.citypopulation.de/en/usa/places/california/sacramento/0611390__carmichael/
  250. https://data.sacog.org/datasets/census-designated-places-2020-sacog-region
  251. https://agcomm.saccounty.gov/Documents/CropandLivestockReports/2023%2520Report.pdf
  252. https://delta.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Delta-Socio-Economic-Indicators-Report-508.pdf
  253. https://www.nlc.org/article/2018/08/21/sacramento-urban-region-rural-economic-driver/
  254. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2022/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/California/cp06067.pdf
  255. https://www.crockerart.org/
  256. https://californialocal.com/localnews/statewide/ca/article/show/90148-sacramento-arts-and-culture-history/
  257. https://sachistorymuseum.org/
  258. https://www.parks.ca.gov/capitaldistrict
  259. https://www.sacballet.org/
  260. https://www.sacphilopera.org/
  261. https://safecreditunionconventioncenter.com/facilities/performing-arts-center.html
  262. https://www.harriscenter.net/
  263. https://castatefair.com/
  264. https://www.kcra.com/article/california-state-fair-2025-guide/65357250
  265. https://www.farmtofork.com/
  266. https://www.visitcalifornia.com/event/sacramento-farm-fork-festival/
  267. https://www.visitsacramento.com/things-to-do/sports-and-recreation/professional-sports/
  268. https://sportleaguemaps.com/sports-teams-in-sacramento/
  269. https://sactoday.6amcity.com/city-guide/play/sports-teams-sacramento-ca
  270. https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6243315/2025/03/31/sacramento-athletics-oakland-mlb-kings/
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.