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Othonoi (Greek: Οθωνοί, also rendered as Othoni, Ancient Greek: Ὀθρωνός, romanized: Othrōnós) is a small inhabited Greek island in the Ionian Sea, located northwest of Corfu, and is the westernmost point of Greece. Othonoi is the largest and most populated of the Diapontian Islands. Since the 2019 local government reform it is part of the municipality of Central Corfu and Diapontian Islands.[2][3]

Key Information

In the 19th century the island was the capital of the Diapontia Islands municipality, which also included nearby islands of Ereikoussa, Mathraki, islets and rocks of Diakopo, Diaplo, Karavi, Kastrino, Leipso, Ostrako, Plaka, Plateia and Tracheia. Othonoi is about 47 nautical miles from Santa Maria di Leuca cape, Italy.[4]

Name

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The first name according to ancient texts (Hesychius, 3rd cent. BC) was "Othronos" (Ὀθρωνός), "Othronoi" (Ὀθρωνοί) and by Procopius seems to be "Othonē" (Ὀθωνή) (6th c.). According to Pliny (1st cent.), it was "Thoronos" (Θόρονος). Other names were "Fidonisi" (Snake island) because of the many snakes that are said to have invaded the island, and "Fanò" (Lamp) which is used in international charters and by the Italians because of the lighthouse situated on the island.[5]: 19  Othoni was called Ogygia or "Calypso island" in many maps of the 17th and 18th centuries.[6] Another Greek name for the island is "Astakonisi" (Αστακονήσι); the Albanian name is Strakëna, which may be a cognate of it that ultimately derives from reconstructed Doric Greek Ostrakonásion (Οστρακονάσιον). A second etymological approach for the latter, is that it derives from the plural of the Greek adjective ostrakinón (οστρακινόν), which is ostrakiná (οστρακινά); likely expressing a quality of the island.[7][8]

Nowadays the Othonians living in Corfu sometimes call the island "Pera" ("Πέρα" meaning: beyond), as the island is located beyond Corfu.[5]: 19 

History

[edit]

At the beginning of the second millennium, the island was conquered alternatively by the Franks (the 11th century) and the Venetians (12th century), and often attacked by pirates of Barbary and Algeria. From the end of 1383 until 1386 the domination of Corfu was held by Charles III of Naples. In a letter from April 19, 1383, he granted the usufruct of Othonoi, Ereikoussa, Mathraki, Diapolo and Vido, to the knight Theodore Skaliti as fief.[5]: 29  In 1537, the Turkish fleet under the command of Hayreddin Barbarossa massacred the inhabitants of Othoni island after a long battle. In Stavros district at an altitude of 217 m. a white stone cross exists until today to commemorate that event.[5]: 30 

The Cross in Stavros

The last settlers of Othonoi apparently came from Paxos and Ioannina, Parga and the region of Epirus. This occurred after the Battle of Nafpaktos in 1571 when the Turkish fleet was destroyed and the islanders began to move more safely. After the last movement, the residents of Othonoi island colonized the two other small islands, Ereikoussa and Mathraki.[5]: 30  In 1815, the British conquered Othonoi. With the Treaty signed on March 29, 1864, between the three powers (United Kingdom, France, Russia) and the Kingdom of Greece, the Ionian Islands including the Diapontian islands passed definitively to Greek sovereignty on 21 May.[5]: 25–30  From 1869 until 1912 Othonoi, Ereikousa and Mathraki formed the municipality of Dimos Diapontion with Othonoi as capital.[5]: 31 

Sinking of Submarine Protefs

[edit]

On 29 December 1940, the Greek submarine Protefs sank in the sea area of Othonoi. The submarine had attacked an Italian convoy carrying ammunition to Vlorë. After sinking the steamer Sardegna, the submarine was rammed by the Italian torpedo boat Antares. The loss of the submarine was the first loss of the Greek Navy in World War II. A monument to honor the memory of the crew was inaugurated in Othonoi on June 15, 2015.[9]

Mythology

[edit]
Map by Johann Lauremberg showing Othonoi Island as "Ogygia – Calypsus Island", 1661

According to legend, the ancient poet Homer referred to Othonoi in the Odyssey as Ogygia, island of the nymph Calypso, who lived in a large cave there. Odysseus was enchanted by Calypso, and he remained there for seven years as her prisoner. Odysseus wished to leave the island, as he could no longer bear being separated from his wife, Penelope. During the day, he sat on a headland or at the sea-shore crying, while at night he was forced to sleep with Calypso in a cave against his will.[10]

Maps of geographers like Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville, Philipp Clüver, Petrus Bertius, and Aaron Arrowsmith, refer to Ogygia as an island northwest of Corfu, Greece.[6]

Some evidence in favor of this legend appears in the same writings of Homer. He described a strong scent of cypress on Ogygia, and many cypress trees grow on Othonoi. Shortly after leaving the island on a raft, Odysseus is shipwrecked on the island of Scheria, known today as Corfu. This implies that the two mythical islands were separated by a relatively short distance, and indeed, the islands of Othonoi and Corfu are separated by a relatively short distance.[5]: 21–22 

According to Hesychius, after the Trojan War, Elephenor, king of Avantes, fled from Euboea to the island after the fall of Troy, to atone as he had killed his grandfather, Abas.[5]: 222 

Economy

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Most Othoniotes (local dialect: Thoniotes) have migrated to Corfu, Athens, and abroad (especially to the USA) because of the unemployment and few exploitable resources (1900–1960). The main work was olive and olive oil production. Most men of that time were involved in nautical professions (sailor, bosun, carpenter, captain, skipper, etc.) and worked on commercial and warships which were operating in every part of the earth. The main occupations of current residents are tourism, construction, fishing, and olive production. Previously, there has been significant cultivation of vines, beekeeping and livestock.[5]: 13 

Settlements

[edit]

Othonoi is divided into two regions which are Ano Panta (Greek: Άνω Πάντα) and Kato Panta (Greek: Κάτω Πάντα). There are more than 20 settlements.[5]: 37 

Ammos, Othonoi island
Settlement Region
Chorio Ano Panta
Dafni (including Fragoplatika, Nikolatika and Mogiatika) Ano Panta
Stavros Ano Panta
Vitsentziatika Ano Panta
Argyratika Ano Panta
Deletatika Kato Panta
Damaskatika Ano Panta
Katsouratika Kato Panta
Ammos Kato Panta
Papadatika Kato Panta
Mastoratika Kato Panta
Kasimatika Kato Panta
Benardatika Kato Panta
Pagalatika Kato Panta
Katsouratika Kato Panta
Mihatika Kato Panta
Avlakia Kato Panta

Main sights

[edit]
Aspri ammos beach, Othonoi island
Imerovigli, highest point of Othonoi island

Churches

[edit]
  • Holy Trinity church (Greek: Εκκλησία Αγίας Τριάδος) (1892) at Ammos.
  • Virgin Mary church (Greek: Εκκλησία Παναγίας θεοτόκου) near Stavros district.
  • Saint George church(Greek: Εκκλησία Αγίου Γεωργίου) (about 1864) at Chorio.
  • Agia Paraskevi church (Greek: Εκκλησία Αγίας Παρασκευής) (and the old stone mill) at Damaskatika.[citation needed]

Other buildings

[edit]

Monuments

[edit]
  • Cross monument at Stavros, for the massacre of the inhabitants of Othonoi by the Ottoman fleet under Hayreddin Barbarossa in 1537.
  • Monument to seafarers of Othonoi island, at Ammos.
  • Monument to submarine PROTEUS, at Ammos.[citation needed]

Nature

[edit]
  • Aspri Ammos beach (Greek: Παραλία Άσπρη άμμος) which is accessible only by boat to the west of the island.
  • Cave of Calypso (Greek: Σπήλαιο Καλυψώς), near of Aspri ammos beach.
  • Mount Imerovigli (Greek: Όρος Ημεροβίγκλι) and the highest peak of the island with height of 395 metres (1,296 ft)
  • Kamara (Greek: Καμάρα) near Ammos.
  • Iliovasilema (sunset) at Chorio.[5]: 37–48 [11]

Beaches

[edit]

Most beaches on the island are accessible by boat, including Ammos, Molos, Kamini, Kanoula, Kontoskes, Rogi, Fyki, Xilosermi, and Aspri Ammos. It is a well-known island for underwater photography because of the peculiar geomorphology of the seabed and the many caves. Other points of interest are the Moshopontikas, Xylosermi, Fyki bay (where there is the sunken wreck of Sarah ship). Othonoi was frequently visited by the French naturalist Jacques Cousteau and his exploratory vessel Calypso.[5]: 27–28 

Trails

[edit]

The traditional trail was created and used by the first inhabitants and was subsequently reopened by the municipality and private initiatives. Locals and visitors can use the trail to reach almost every neighborhood and part of the island on foot, as well as Mount Imerovigli (Merovigli), and the highest peak of the island, with a height of over 390 metres (1,280 ft), with views of the other Diapontia Islands, Ionian Sea and Adriatic Sea.[11]

Others

[edit]
  • Port of Ammos (Greek: Λιμένας Άμμου) is the most populous district with small guesthouses, restaurants, rent-a-bike store, cafes, police station, a community clinic with ambulance and port authority.[citation needed]

Nature

[edit]

Flora

[edit]

The island is almost completely covered by trees which produce a small species of olive, the "Elea the cherry" (Olea microcarpa), commonly Lianolia or ladoelia, with a high content of high-quality oil, which is common in all the Ionian Islands. It was densely planted during Venetian rule, so most are aged 300–400 years exceeding a height of 7 metres (23 ft). There are cypresses and fruit trees on almost all mountain slopes. The tall mulberry (or Skamnia) and fig (or Skeria) are found in nearly all districts and gardens that host many species of fruit and vegetables, and features large cabbage called by Othoniotes cramps, as in Cyprus. Most houses have, instead of tents or sheds, pergolas with vines or pergoulies. Oregano, sage and many other herbs.[5]: 52 

Fauna

[edit]

Othonoi is the first migratory bird station in southeastern Europe from Libya, especially for turtle doves. There are also grouse and snipe (xilokotes) during the winter months, and peregrine falcons, the European bee-eater birds, martins, ravens and several species of eagles. There are several hares and rabbits. The most common species of reptile is the viper (Vipera ammodytes or astritis). Marine mammals have been observed off the island's coast, including the bottlenose dolphin, at least three species of sharks (including white shark), while sporadically near the cave of Calypso there have been monk seals. Also found are almost all varieties of marine fauna, such as the white sea bream, red mullet, the snapper, the grouper, the bumpkin (weighing up to 30 pounds), octopus, moray, the stingray, lobster. Remarkable is the presence of barnacles and sea urchins. Zooplankton is in small coves of the island and especially in seaweed is abundant at night, and when the sea is calm, the plankton illuminates the sea bed.[5]: 52 

Climate

[edit]

The climate of Othonoi is mild and generally warm and temperate. The winters are rainier than the summers. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification is Csa. The average temperature in Othonoi is 16.7 °C. About 1026 mm of precipitation falls annually.

Climate data for Othonoi island
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average rainfall mm (inches) 140
(5.5) 		114
(4.5) 		92
(3.6) 		59
(2.3) 		40
(1.6) 		18
(0.7) 		12
(0.5) 		22
(0.9) 		66
(2.6) 		127
(5.0) 		173
(6.8) 		163
(6.4) 		1,026
(40.4)
Source: climate-data.org[12]

Dialect

[edit]

A dialect is spoken resembling that of Corfu and having similar prosody. It is heavily influenced by Italian. [citation needed]

Traditional Diapontian costumes

Transport

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The island is accessible by boat with regular services from Corfu port and Agios Stefanos Avliotes. There is a port in Avlakia district (with fishing port), for several small private yachts and boats.The island has a heliport for emergencies. Asphalt roads are available on many parts of the island, about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) of which are extended to settlements. There is complete electrification and a telephone network with Internet access. [citation needed]

In literature

[edit]
  • Ionion akron. Greece in the narrow of Otranto (Greek: Ιόνιον άκρων. Η Ελλάδα στο στενό του Ότραντο) (ISBN 960-7062-99-X)
  • Folklore mission to Diapontia islands, by Dimitrios Loukatos, 2012 (Greek: Λαογραφική αποστολή στα Διαπόντια νησιά) (ISBN 960-404-246-7)
  • Ereikoussa, the extra garden and the continental shelf of Diapontia islands by Greek journalist, Georgios Lekakis, 2014 (Greek: Ερείκουσσα, ο επιπλέον ανθόκηπος και η υφαλοκρηπίδα των Διαποντίων νήσων) (ISBN 978-960-454-102-7)
  • The Fiddler's daughter (Greek: Στο καλύβι του Αριά) by Dimitra Kapelouzou, 2004 (ISBN 960-7720-53-9)
[edit]
  • Imerovigli, highest point of Othoni
    Imerovigli, highest point of Othoni
  • Othonoi's lighthouse
    Othonoi's lighthouse
  • Koukouli rock
    Koukouli rock
  • Sunset, Chorio
    Sunset, Chorio
  • Ammos port
    Ammos port
  • Virgin Mary church, Ano Panta
    Virgin Mary church, Ano Panta
  • Aspri ammos beach
    Aspri ammos beach
  • Ztrila square, Chorio
    Ztrila square, Chorio
  • One of the old stone bridges of Othonoi
    One of the old stone bridges of Othonoi
  • Ammos district
    Ammos district
  • Old mill, Damaskatika district
    Old mill, Damaskatika district
  • Saint George, Chorio
    Saint George, Chorio
  • Trail sign
    Trail sign

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Othonoi

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Othonoi is a small, inhabited Greek island in the , situated northwest of and recognized as the westernmost point of . As the largest of the Diapontian Islands, it spans 10.45 square kilometers, with a length of about 5.6 kilometers, a maximum width of 3.6 kilometers, and a 30-kilometer coastline. The island features rugged terrain, including its highest peak, Imerovigli, at 393 meters, and is known for its pristine beaches, crystal-clear waters, and lush vegetation of and trees. With a permanent population of around 392 residents—primarily in the village of Chorio—it maintains a peaceful, traditional lifestyle, though many locals have emigrated to places like , , or the . Historically, Othonoi has been inhabited since ancient times, with references dating back to the , and it played a role in Roman communications due to its proximity to . The island endured conquests by the in the 11th century and Venetians in the 12th, followed by pirate raids, including a devastating by Barbarossa in 1537, commemorated by a white cross monument. Under British protection from 1815 to 1864, it joined the Kingdom of on May 21, 1864. In Greek mythology, Othonoi is often identified as , the island home of the nymph Calypso in Homer's Odyssey, with sites like Calypso's Cave adding to its allure. Today, Othonoi attracts visitors seeking tranquility, offering hiking trails, diving spots, and beaches such as Aspri Ammos and Xylosyrmos, accessible mainly by ferry from . Notable landmarks include a 19th-century lighthouse rebuilt after , a Venetian castle, and the shipwreck of the Sara in Fyki Bay. The island's remote location—about 40 nautical miles from —preserves its unspoiled natural beauty, making it an ideal escape for nature enthusiasts.

Geography

Location and Topography

Othonoi is the largest island in the Diapontia Islands archipelago, situated in the northern approximately 12 nautical miles northwest of , marking the westernmost point of . The island lies at coordinates 39°51′N 19°24′E and forms part of the external Ionian zone of the Hellenides orogenic system. It is bordered by the smaller islands of Mathraki to the southwest and Erikoussa (Ereikoussa) to the northeast, with the archipelago collectively exposed to the open waters toward , about 40 nautical miles distant. Covering an area of 10.078 km², Othonoi features a rugged, hilly dominated by rocky outcrops and steep slopes, with limited flat coastal plains. The highest is Mount Imerovigli, reaching 393 meters above , offering panoramic views of the surrounding Diapontia Islands and, on clear days, the Italian coastline. The island's coastline spans roughly 30 km, characterized by indented bays and cliffs shaped by marine erosion. Geologically, Othonoi consists primarily of limestone formations outcropping across much of the island, part of the broader Ionian thrust belt that influences the regional . These carbonate rocks contribute to the karstic features and overall topography, while the island's northwestern position exposes it to prevailing northwest winds, known locally as the Maistro, which dominate the summer sailing conditions in the .

Climate

Othonoi features a Mediterranean hot summer climate, designated as Csa under the Köppen-Geiger classification system. This classification reflects the region's typical pattern of mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers influenced by its position in the . The island records an average annual temperature of 16.7°C and approximately 1026 mm of annual . Seasonal variations are pronounced, with summers from to bringing hot, dry conditions where daytime temperatures frequently reach up to 30°C or higher, accompanied by low rainfall of around 10-20 mm per month. Winters, spanning to , are mild and wetter, with average highs of 12-14°C and lows around 8-11°C, and peaking at over 150 mm in and . These patterns result in about 130 rainy days annually, mostly concentrated in the cooler months. The significantly moderates the , contributing to relatively high humidity levels averaging 70-75% year-round and prevailing moderate winds, including the northwest maïstro breeze during summer that provides cooling relief. The island's hilly , rising to over 300 meters in places, creates variations, with elevated and coastal areas experiencing stronger wind exposure and slightly cooler temperatures compared to sheltered valleys.

Natural Environment

Flora

Othonoi's flora reflects the typical Mediterranean ecosystem of the , dominated by evergreen sclerophyllous forests and shrublands adapted to the island's rocky, soils. Olive trees (Olea europaea), particularly the local small-fruited variety known as Olea microcarpa or "Lianolia," form extensive groves that cover much of the landscape, serving as a cornerstone of traditional agriculture and providing shade, fruit, and wood for local communities. groves () are widespread, contributing to the island's wooded character, while wild mulberry trees () and fig trees (Ficus carica) are common in gardens and lower elevations, supporting and historical practices. These dominant species create a verdant backdrop that integrates with the island's terraced fields, many now semi-abandoned but still defining the cultural and visual identity of Othonoi. The , a hallmark of Mediterranean degradation stages from evergreen woodlands, thrives in drier, exposed areas and includes aromatic and resilient species such as myrtle (), heather (), sage (), thyme ( capitatus), and tamarisk (). These shrubs, along with oaks (Quercus spp.), plane trees (), chestnuts (Castanea sativa), and holly (), form dense thickets that stabilize soils on the island's steep slopes and coastal zones. Phrygana vegetation, characterized by low-growing, drought-tolerant herbs and subshrubs, occupies open, rocky habitats, featuring plants like Asphodelus fistulosus and various grasses adapted to poor, limestone-derived soils. Seasonal blooming peaks in spring (March to May), when wild herbs and geophytes such as orchids (Ophrys spp.) and poppies ( spp.) add colorful displays, enhancing the ecological and aesthetic value of the maquis and phrygana. Although Othonoi hosts few endemic species—consistent with the low rate (approximately 1%) across the —rare coastal cliff plants, including some restricted to the Diapontia group, contribute to regional biodiversity and are protected under sites. Human activity has profoundly influenced Othonoi's vegetation, with historical for timber export and reducing native forests since antiquity, leading to the predominance of cultivated groves and secondary shrublands. This exploitation, tied to production and demands, cleared much of the original sclerophyllous woodlands, but subsequent natural regeneration and limited have restored some and maquis cover. Contemporary conservation efforts, including EU-funded restoration within protected areas, aim to preserve these ecosystems against and climate pressures, emphasizing the island's role in maintaining Ionian phytodiversity.

Fauna

Othonoi's fauna reflects the of the , with a mix of resident and migratory adapted to its Mediterranean shrublands, coastal wetlands, and surrounding seas. The island's position makes it a key stopover for avian migrants crossing ecological barriers between and , while terrestrial mammals occupy niche habitats amid maquis vegetation. Marine thrive in the nutrient-rich waters, though populations face ongoing pressures from human activities. Avian life on Othonoi is dominated by migratory patterns, with the island serving as one of the first southeastern European landfalls for species traveling from and . European turtle doves (Streptopelia turtur) frequently use the island as a refueling site during spring and autumn migrations, drawn to its open habitats for foraging on seeds and insects. Other migrants pass through the island during breeding seasons. Winter visitors include (Gallinago gallinago) in wetlands. The diverse flora offers essential nesting and feeding grounds for birds present year-round or seasonally. Reptiles and amphibians are also present, including the (Hemidactylus turcicus) and spotted algyroides (Algyroides nigropunctatus) found across the island, green toad (Bufotes viridis) on Othonoi, eastern Montpellier snake (Hierophis gemonensis), and Balkan green lizard (Lacerta trilineata) specific to Othonoi. Terrestrial mammals are less diverse but include adaptable residents like the (Vulpes vulpes), which preys on small vertebrates and birds across the island's scrublands, and the northern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus roumanicus), commonly sighted in grassy areas at dusk. These species, typical of Ionian island ecosystems, rely on the mosaic of olive groves and low forests for shelter and foraging, though their populations remain understudied due to the island's remoteness. The marine environment surrounding Othonoi supports vibrant cetacean communities, including common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), often seen in pods of up to 40 individuals foraging near the coast. The endangered (Monachus monachus), with an estimated 30-40 individuals in the broader Ionian Archipelago as of recent surveys, occasionally hauls out on remote beaches for resting and pupping. Diverse fish assemblages, featuring species like groupers () and sea (Sparidae family), form the base of this food web, attracting divers to the clear waters. Conservation efforts focus on habitat protection amid threats like , which depletes prey for dolphins and seals, and coastal development that fragments seal resting sites. The Ionian Archipelago's designation as an Important Area under supports monitoring and rescue programs, while seasonal bird migrations highlight needs for anti-poaching measures, particularly for vulnerable species like turtle doves during peak passages.

History

Early and Medieval Periods

In ancient times, Othonoi was referenced in classical texts under names such as Othronos or Othronoi by Hesychius of Alexandria in the 5th century AD, Othone by in the 6th century AD, and Thoronos by in the AD. Another designation, Fidonisi (meaning "Snake Island"), arose from reports of numerous snakes inhabiting the island, while it was also known as Fanò by Venetians and due to its . Archaeological evidence points to early settlements, including Roman-era ruins of a temple and baths, suggesting habitation from at least the onward. The island's strategic position in the placed it along key maritime routes, facilitating regional trade in goods like and metals during antiquity. Some scholars associate Othonoi with the mythical , the island of Calypso in Homer's , based on its western location and descriptions in 17th- and 18th-century maps, though this remains speculative. During the early medieval period, the island experienced conquests amid broader struggles in the Ionian region; it was seized by the in the as part of their expansion following the Norman invasions. By the , control shifted to the Venetians, who incorporated Othonoi into their maritime domain, building fortifications such as the ruins at Cape Kastri to defend against rivals. The medieval era also saw frequent pirate raids, exploiting Othonoi's isolated yet navigable position near trade corridors between , the , and the . A particularly devastating event occurred in , when the Ottoman fleet under admiral attacked after a prolonged battle, resulting in the massacre of most inhabitants; this tragedy is commemorated by a in the Stavros . Under Venetian oversight, the island served as a for , with its harbors supporting the transport of regional staples despite ongoing threats from corsairs and Ottoman forces.

Modern Era

Othonoi, as part of the , fell under British protection in 1815 following the Treaty of Paris, which established the United States of the Ionian Islands as a protectorate of the United Kingdom. During this era, the island was utilized by the British as a place of recuperation for ailing soldiers, reflecting its strategic position in the . The protectorate period introduced administrative reforms and infrastructure developments, though local autonomy was limited under British oversight. This phase ended with the London Treaty of 1864, signed on March 29 and ratified on May 21, when the , including Othonoi, were ceded to the Kingdom of Greece, marking the island's formal integration into the modern Greek state. In the early , Othonoi's economy relied heavily on , including and cultivation, , and seafaring, with a significant portion of the engaged in maritime trade across the Adriatic and Aegean Seas. The island experienced the impacts of , including the sinking of the Greek submarine nearby in 1940, which served as a poignant marker of the conflict's reach to remote areas. Postwar recovery was challenged by economic difficulties and infrastructural limitations, leading to substantial depopulation through migration to , mainland , and abroad, as the island struggled to sustain its residents amid limited resources. This trend contributed to a continuous in the Ionian Islands region during the postwar decades, with Othonoi's residents dropping to 206 by the 2021 census. Throughout the , Othonoi underwent an economic transformation, shifting from traditional and to as the dominant sector, driven by the island's pristine beaches and natural beauty attracting visitors seeking seclusion. Key developments included the completion of full in the late 20th century, which enhanced living conditions and supported modern amenities like internet access. In recent decades, funding has influenced infrastructure upgrades to boost . Additionally, EU-supported initiatives, such as hybrid projects for decarbonizing the island's power systems, have advanced energy independence and environmental resilience.

Sinking of Submarine Proteus

During the Greco-Italian War, which began with Italy's invasion of Greece on October 28, 1940, the Greek Navy deployed its submarines to disrupt Italian supply lines across the Adriatic Sea, targeting convoys bound for Albanian ports like Vlorë to support the stalled offensive. The submarine Proteus (Y-3), a Protefs-class vessel commissioned in 1928 and commanded by Lieutenant Commander P. Hadjiconstantis, departed on its second war patrol from Preveza on December 26, 1940, operating in the southern Adriatic to interdict enemy shipping. On December 29, 1940, detected an Italian convoy approximately 40 nautical miles east of , , in waters north of Othonoi (position 40°31'N, 19°02'E). The submarine launched torpedoes, successfully sinking the troop Sardegna (11,452 GRT), which was carrying elements of the Italian 7th Regiment and ammunition toward ; this strike inflicted significant casualties, with around 980 Italian troops lost. However, a mechanical malfunction prevented from fully submerging after the attack, forcing it to the surface where it was spotted by the escorting Italian Antares. The Antares rammed the submarine, causing it to sink rapidly with all 48 crew members aboard, marking the first loss of a Greek submarine in . No survivors were recovered, as the vessel went down intact in deep water. The sinking of underscored the high risks faced by Greek submariners in the early war phase, contributing to the navy's tally of 18 Italian vessels sunk by December 1940 despite limited resources. On Othonoi, the incident's proximity fostered a lasting local connection, with the island's residents honoring the crew through commemorative efforts. A dedicated to the fallen was inaugurated on June 14, 2015, at Ammos beach, organized by the Municipality of and attended by representatives, including a wreath-laying by the Commander of Submarines. Annual memorial services continue at Agia Triada Church in Othonoi, typically held in September, featuring prayers and wreath-layings to perpetuate the memory of the sacrifice.

Cultural Significance

Mythology

In , Othonoi is frequently identified as , the mythical island in Homer's where the Calypso, daughter of the Titan Atlas, detained the hero for seven years after his . This association stems from the island's description in Book V of the as a lush, isolated haven surrounded by the sea, where Calypso offered immortality in exchange for companionship, though he ultimately yearned for his homeland Ithaca. Supporting evidence for this link includes the Odyssey's portrayal of Ogygia as fragrant with cypress trees, a feature echoed in Othonoi's abundant cypress groves that dominate its landscape. Additionally, Othonoi's position northwest of —often equated with , the Phaeacian island in the epic—aligns with Odysseus's navigational path from to the Phaeacians after his departure. Ancient texts refer to the island by names such as Othronos or Thoronos, underscoring its enduring mythological resonance in the Ionian region. Othonoi's mythological role centers on Calypso's cave, traditionally located near Ámmos Áspros beach, as the site of Odysseus's captivity, symbolizing themes of and divine intervention in his journey home. Early modern cartographers reinforced this by labeling the island as "" or "Calypso's island" on 16th- and 17th-century naval maps, drawing from Homeric geography. Modern interpretations continue to embrace Othonoi as , bolstered by local Greek traditions and its unspoiled, verdant terrain matching the epic's idyllic yet remote setting. However, scholarly debates persist over 's precise location, with alternative proposals including in —linked to a cave tradition by ancient writers like —and sites in or the , based on varying interpretations of Homer's vague coordinates as the "navel's of the sea." Some classicists, following , argue the island is entirely fictional, while proponents of Othonoi emphasize its Ionian proximity and botanical parallels as compelling evidence for a historical kernel in the myth.

Dialect

The dialect of Othonoi constitutes a distinct variant of the Corfiot dialect, a regional form of shaped by centuries of Venetian rule over the from 1386 to 1797, which introduced numerous Italian loanwords into the . This influence is evident in vocabulary such as avogadoros (prosecutor, from Italian avvocato) and veramente (truly), adapted to Greek grammar and while retaining Italian roots. Phonetic traits include a musical, singing-like intonation and prosody akin to that of , with vowel adaptations in borrowed terms contributing to a melodic that sets it apart from mainland Greek varieties. The dialect's evolution has been influenced by migrations from nearby regions in and other parts of the Ionian area, alongside the island's geographic isolation, which has both preserved archaic features and limited external linguistic exchange. In daily life on Othonoi, the persists informally among residents for casual conversations and local interactions, reflecting the island's small, tight-knit amid emigration pressures. These expressions often blend humor and historical , with Italian-infused vocabulary adding vividness to oral traditions. Preservation efforts focus on documentation through cultural associations, linguistic recordings, and theatrical revivals, countering the dialect's endangered status due to the rise of Standard Greek via media and . Researchers and local groups compile lexicons and examples to safeguard its unique identity. This work underscores the dialect's ties to broader Ionian linguistic heritage.

In Literature

Othonoi's remote position in the Ionian Sea has inspired depictions in 19th-century travelogues, where writers often portrayed the island's rugged landscapes and isolation as evoking ancient myths. John Davy, in his accounts of the Ionian Islands, described Othonoi (known then as Fano) as a strategic outpost with a cave dubbed "Calypso’s Cave" by French explorers at Aspri Ammos beach, once a notorious pirate hideout that reinforced its legendary ties to Homer's Odyssey. Similarly, Sophie Atkinson identified Othonoi as the "fair isle" of Calypso, the nymph who detained Odysseus, emphasizing the island's enchanting yet isolating terrain as a direct echo of Homeric lore. William Martin Leake further noted that the ancient name "Othonus" likely encompassed the entire Diapontia group, including Othonoi, Erikousa, and Mathraki, framing it within broader classical geography. François Raoul de La Graviere Vaudoncourt questioned its precise alignment with Homer's descriptions but acknowledged Othonoi's pivotal role in regional seafaring narratives. In the 20th and 21st centuries, scholarly works have continued to explore Othonoi's mythological resonance in . A 2014 philological study posits Othonoi as the true Homeric Ithaca, Odysseus's homeland, based on alignments between the island's coordinates (39° 50' 59.10" N, 19° 24' 08.61" E) and descriptions in the Odyssey, while drawing etymological links from the island's name to concepts of "home" in ancient and even non-Greek languages. This interpretation underscores themes of and return that permeate Ionian literary traditions, influencing modern interpretations of Homeric epics. Dimitrios Loukatos's 2012 study, Λαογραφική αποστολή στα Διαπόντια νησιά ( Mission to the Diapontia Islands), documents oral narratives and customs from Othonoi and neighboring isles, highlighting motifs of isolation, maritime perils, and lingering mythological echoes in local storytelling that contribute to the broader canon of untranslated Greek regional . These works collectively portray Othonoi not as a mere geographical but as a symbolic space of endurance and myth in Ionian cultural expression.

Administration and Demographics

Governance

Othonoi functions as a municipal unit within the Municipality of Central Corfu and Diapontian Islands, which belongs to the Corfu regional unit of the Ionian Islands Region in Greece. The municipality is led by an elected mayor and a 49-member municipal council, responsible for overall policy, budgeting, and services across the region, including the Diapontian Islands. The current mayor, Stefanos Poulimenos, has held office since December 2023, overseeing initiatives that extend to remote units like Othonoi. At the local level, the Othonoi municipal unit comprises the Othonoi community, governed by a community council of seven members, including a president elected every five years to manage day-to-day administration, such as civil registry, local infrastructure maintenance, and community events, under the municipality's supervision. This structure ensures representation for the island's residents in municipal decisions while adapting to its remote location. Following the 1864 union of the Ionian Islands with Greece, Othonoi was incorporated into the national administrative framework, marking the end of British protectorate rule and the beginning of Greek sovereignty over the island. In the late 19th century, it briefly served as the administrative center for the surrounding Diapontian islets before broader reorganizations. Subsequent reforms, including the 1994 Kapodistrias Programme that consolidated smaller communities, and the 2010 Kallikratis Programme that reduced municipalities from over 1,000 to 325 and established Othonoi as a formal municipal unit within the expanded Municipality of Corfu, shaped its modern governance. The 2019 Kleisthenis I Programme further refined this by splitting the Municipality of Corfu into three entities, with Othonoi retained as a municipal unit in the new Municipality of Central Corfu and Diapontian Islands to enhance local efficiency. Othonoi's governance is influenced by both Greek national policies and EU directives aimed at sustainable island development. National programs, such as the GR-eco Islands initiative, provide funding for and local action plans to promote and economic resilience on small like Othonoi. At the EU level, projects under Horizon 2020, including the JEDI initiative, have allocated €3.34 million for decarbonizing the energy systems of the Diapontia Islands (including Othonoi) through , battery storage, and smart infrastructure. These policies support targeted investments, such as upgrades funded at €9.5 million, to bolster connectivity and development while addressing the challenges of the island's modest scale.

Population

According to the 2021 Population and Housing Census conducted by the Hellenic Statistical Authority, Othonoi has a permanent resident population of 206. This figure reflects a significant decline from the 392 recorded in the 2011 census, consistent with broader demographic trends in remote Greek islands where limited economic opportunities drive out-migration. The island's population has undergone a historical decline since the , when higher numbers were supported by and before economic pressures led to widespread . Many Othoniotes relocated to nearby for better employment and services, while others sought opportunities in or abroad, particularly in the United States, resulting in a net loss that has persisted into the . Demographically, Othonoi exhibits an aging profile typical of small Ionian communities. The is ethnically homogeneous, consisting entirely of ethnic from the Ionian region who speak the local Othonian dialect, a of the Heptanesian idiom. Migration patterns continue to favor for and seasonal work, exacerbating the island's low youth retention. Seasonally, causes a temporary influx, swelling the effective during summer months as visitors arrive for the island's beaches and trails, though the core remains small year-round. The modest size of the resident is managed through the of Central and Diapontian Islands, which coordinates essential services like healthcare and transport from .

Settlements

Main Villages

Othonoi's primary inhabited centers are Chorio and Ammos, which serve as the island's core settlements and focal points for community activities. Chorio, located in the Ano Panta (upper) region, functions as the main village and administrative hub, housing key public buildings such as the local community offices and serving as the historical and cultural heart of the island. Situated on elevated terrain approximately 7 kilometers inland from the coast, it exemplifies the island's traditional settlement patterns designed for defense and oversight of the surrounding landscape. The village of Chorio is divided into upper and lower zones within the Ano Panta area, with residential clusters concentrated along narrow, winding lanes that facilitate daily interactions among residents. Daily life here revolves around communal gatherings, , and seasonal agricultural tasks, reflecting a close-knit rural existence where families maintain longstanding traditions. Architectural features in Chorio include stone-built houses with arched doorways and tiled roofs, bearing Venetian influences from the island's ties to the Ionian region's Venetian era, which introduced elements like decorative lintels and fortified layouts. These structures blend with local stone materials, creating a , compact layout that emphasizes community cohesion. In contrast, Ammos occupies the Kato Panta (lower) region as the port settlement, acting as the primary entry point and logistical center for the island. Positioned along the southeastern coast, it features a linear layout hugging the harbor, where daily routines center on maritime arrivals, fishing, and trade interactions that sustain the community's connectivity to and beyond. Population is more densely concentrated in Ammos during peak seasons due to its accessibility, though the island's permanent population of 386 (2021 census) is distributed primarily between these two villages. Like Chorio, Ammos displays architectural styles influenced by Venetian heritage, evident in its waterfront buildings with facades and details adapted to the coastal environment.

Hamlets and Outlying Areas

Othonoi features over 20 small, scattered hamlets and outlying areas beyond its primary villages, often consisting of clusters of houses dispersed across the island's hilly terrain. These include settlements such as Dafni and Damaskatika in the Ano Panta region, which serve as examples of the island's dispersed rural fabric. Many of these hamlets exhibit a pronounced rural character, dominated by ancient groves that cover much of the landscape and support limited pastoral activities like and small-scale . Traditional footpaths and dirt tracks weave through these groves, providing connectivity to the main villages of Ammos and Chorio, facilitating seasonal movement for residents and visitors alike. A significant number of these outlying areas are seasonal or partially abandoned, with permanent habitation limited to a handful of families during the winter months, as younger residents migrate to larger islands like for work and education. This depopulation trend underscores the challenges of sustaining remote communities but also aids in preserving traditional rural life, where stone-built homes, family-run cultivation, and communal gatherings maintain cultural continuity amid the island's isolation.

Economy

Traditional Industries

Othonoi's traditional economy was dominated by production, a practice that dates back to and became a cornerstone of the island's identity under Venetian rule from the 12th to 18th centuries. The Venetians incentivized the planting of olive groves across the , including Othonoi, paying locals to cultivate trees whose oil served as a key export to for lighting and lubrication, fostering a landscape still dotted with centuries-old olive trees exceeding 300 years in age. Fishing and nautical trades complemented agriculture as vital livelihoods during the Venetian period, with many island men serving as sailors, captains, and shipbuilders, leveraging Othonoi's strategic position in the for maritime commerce. These activities supported local trade in and other goods, though they were frequently disrupted by from North African coasts and Ottoman forces, including the devastating 1537 raid by , which massacred inhabitants and temporarily halted economic stability. Agriculture extended beyond olives to include vine cultivation, fruit trees, and , with rearing providing dairy, meat, and for subsistence and limited trade, while contributed to production integral to island diets. Piracy's threat often confined farming to safer inland areas, limiting export volumes and reinforcing self-sufficiency. In the , British rule over the from 1815 to 1864 introduced subtle shifts to Othonoi's , utilizing the island's mild as a for recovering soldiers, which marked the nascent stages of tourism-like activity and diversified income beyond traditional agrarian pursuits. Despite these changes, the core rural of olive production and persisted, with British policies failing to overhaul longstanding indebtedness and trade patterns.

Modern Developments

Tourism has emerged as the primary economic driver on Othonoi since the late , with the development of hotels and vacation rentals catering to visitors seeking the island's pristine beaches and tranquility. This sector has grown alongside the broader ' tourism boom, providing significant employment opportunities during peak seasons. and olive production continue to play key roles in the local , sustaining year-round livelihoods for residents amid the island's agricultural heritage. These traditional activities complement by supplying fresh and locally produced to island tavernas and markets. European Union funding has spurred construction projects essential for economic growth, including a €9.5 million initiative for the Othoni Port expansion under the ESPA Transport Programme (2021-2027), enhancing maritime infrastructure and accessibility. Additional EU-supported efforts, such as the Water Aerodrome project, further bolster connectivity and development. The island's economy exhibits strong seasonal patterns, with peaking in summer and leading to a significant drop to 206 residents (2021 census) in winter, exacerbating challenges like limited year-round and vulnerability to depopulation trends observed in small Greek islands. Sustaining remains difficult, with the declining by approximately 47% from 392 in 2011 to 206 in 2021. Sustainability initiatives, including the EU-funded GReco Islands program for local action plans and the NESOI project for decarbonizing Othonoi's power systems, promote eco-tourism and the valorization of local products like to ensure resilient growth. These efforts aim to balance environmental protection with economic viability, extending the tourist season through green energy and cultural experiences.

Tourism and Attractions

As of 2025, Othonoi's is quietly rising, attracting visitors seeking tranquility amid Greece's booming trends, while maintaining its unspoiled character through limited infrastructure and preservation efforts.

Beaches and Trails

Othonoi's coastline features several pristine beaches renowned for their clear waters and varied substrates, attracting visitors seeking seclusion and natural beauty. The island's main beach, Ammos, located near the port, consists of fine sand mixed with white pebbles and offers shallow, crystal-clear waters ideal for families and swimmers. In contrast, Aspri Ammos on the southwest coast stands out for its striking white sands and turquoise waters, framed by steep cliffs; access is primarily by boat or a challenging hike, ensuring limited foot traffic and high water quality due to minimal pollution. Another notable pebbly beach is Fyki Bay to the north, characterized by rocky shores and excellent visibility for snorkeling, though it requires boat access or scrambling down unmarked paths from the cliffs above. The island's trails provide opportunities for through verdant landscapes, connecting coastal areas to inland elevations with moderate difficulty levels suitable for most visitors. A prominent route leads to the summit of Imerovigli, the island's highest point at over 390 meters, via a traditional 1.3-kilometer path starting from the village of Chorio; this trail offers panoramic views of the and surrounding islets, with basic signage and shaded sections under olive and pine trees. Coastal paths, such as those descending to remote bays like Fyki, are shorter (under 1 kilometer) but steeper, often involving dirt tracks with minimal maintenance, rewarding hikers with direct access to secluded shores and occasional sightings of migratory birds. These routes typically take 30-90 minutes depending on the destination and are best attempted in cooler morning hours to avoid midday heat. Environmental measures on Othonoi emphasize preservation amid growing , with the Diapontia Islands designated as a Key Biodiversity Area to protect coastal ecosystems, including meadows that mitigate erosion by stabilizing seabeds and reducing wave impact. Overcrowding remains low due to the island's remoteness and limited , supported by Greece's national policies restricting commercial development on sensitive beaches to maintain ecological balance.

Churches and Monuments

Othonoi's religious landscape is marked by Orthodox churches that serve as focal points for community worship and cultural identity, often integrated into the island's main settlements. The Church of the Holy Trinity (Agia Triada), situated in the central village near the harbor, functions as the primary parish church under the Holy Metropolis of Kerkyra, Paxoi, and Diapontioi Nisoi. It hosts key religious ceremonies, including an annual memorial service for the crew of the Greek , held on September 10 with a wreath-laying ceremony at noon. The Othoniotissa Church, dedicated to the Virgin Mary and located in the inland village of Chorio, stands as a prominent hillside structure offering views toward neighboring Ereikoussa. It contributes to the island's tradition of Marian devotion, though specific details on its icon collection remain limited in available records. Among the island's monuments, the in Ammos honors the 48 crew members lost when the Greek Navy's Proteus sank in the east of , , on December 29, 1940, during its first World War II engagement against Italian forces. Erected on the southern shore, the monument symbolizes naval sacrifice and was the site of inaugural commemorations in 2015. The at Stavros, positioned at 217 meters overlooking the , commemorates the 1537 of Othonoi's inhabitants by the Ottoman fleet under , serving as a enduring reminder of the island's turbulent under pirate raids. Religious festivals on Othonoi emphasize communal faith, with the annual memorial at Agia Triada drawing locals and veterans for and tributes; the island also observes the Feast of Saint George in , featuring processions and traditional gatherings. No major recent restoration efforts for these structures have been documented, preserving their role in ongoing island traditions.

Caves and Natural Sites

The Cave of Calypso, situated on the northwestern coast of Othonoi, holds significant mythological importance as the purported home of the nymph Calypso from Homer's , where she detained for seven years. The cave features striking stalactite and formations, with two entrances allowing exploration from a small internal accessed via the northern opening. Access to the Cave of Calypso requires sea entry, typically by swimming or small boat, followed by a short walk and cautious descent over rocks to the southern exit, emphasizing the need for sturdy footwear and supervision. Beyond this site, Othonoi boasts other natural attractions, including the Imerovigli Mount, the island's highest elevation at approximately 393 meters, providing expansive viewpoints over the and surrounding islets. The island's untouched coves, reachable primarily by boat, reveal dramatic cliffs and secluded inlets that highlight Othonoi's rugged . These areas contribute to the island's , featuring diverse plant species such as olive trees, cypresses, chestnuts, and wild myrtles, supporting a varied amid the Mediterranean maquis. Guided boat tours are recommended for exploring these caves and coves, as they ensure safe navigation through potentially strong currents and rocky terrain, with operators providing life jackets and briefings on local hazards like slippery surfaces. Independent visits carry risks of isolation or injury, so participants should assess weather conditions and beforehand.

Transport and Accessibility

Sea Connections

Othonoi's primary maritime connection to the Greek mainland and other islands is via ferry services from the port of , operated mainly by Kerkyra Lines using the vessel Evdokia. The route covers approximately 43 nautical miles and takes 3 to 4 hours, including intermediate stops at Ereikoussa and Mathraki. In the summer months from to , ferries operate 3 times per week as of 2025, with typical departures from Corfu around 08:30 and return sailings from Othonoi at about 10:30; fares start at €11 for foot passengers. Outside peak season, frequency decreases to 3 to 5 sailings weekly, reflecting lower demand and seasonal operations. Private boats and yacht charters provide flexible alternatives, particularly for tourists seeking direct access without fixed schedules. Operators like Aspiotis Lines offer daily cruises from to the Diapontia Islands, including Othonoi, while private excursions from 's ports allow customized itineraries around the . These vessels, often speedboats or small yachts, enhance tourism by enabling visits to remote coves and also support island supply chains by transporting goods, provisions, and building materials during off-peak ferry periods or when public services are unavailable. Historically, Othonoi's position as Greece's westernmost island has endowed it with significant nautical importance, serving as a strategic maritime waypoint during Roman times for communications across the and later under Venetian, French, and British rule due to its role in regional trade routes and defense. Its location near the Otranto Strait amplified its value for navigation between the Adriatic and Mediterranean. Sea travel to Othonoi remains highly dependent on weather conditions, with northerly Maïstros prevalent in summer often causing delays or cancellations if gusts exceed 6-7 Beaufort; services are routinely suspended during storms to ensure safety, as seen in instances where strong winds have stranded passengers for days.

Internal Infrastructure

Othonoi features a modest network of approximately 12 kilometers of asphalt roads that connect its main settlements and facilitate vehicular travel across the island's terrain. These roads, primarily serving local needs and , are supplemented by bus services and availability, providing reliable options for residents and visitors to navigate the interior without personal vehicles. A heliport located on the island supports emergency medical evacuations and other urgent air operations. The island achieved full in the mid-20th century as part of broader Greek island development efforts, ensuring complete coverage for households, businesses, and public facilities; recent initiatives, such as the project, aim to transition to hybrid renewable systems for sustainable power supply. Water supply systems rely on a combination of local sources to enhance reliability and address seasonal demands. Tourists can explore Othonoi via an extensive network of walking paths that wind through verdant landscapes and link coastal areas to inland hamlets, offering scenic routes for hiking. Vehicle rentals, including cars, scooters, and bicycles, are readily available at the port and local agencies, enabling independent discovery of remote beaches and trails upon arrival by sea.

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  87. https://www.airial.travel/attractions/greece/sidari/diapontia-islands-boat-trip-AGY5-Qhc
  88. https://www.ferryhopper.com/en/ferries/greece/othonoi
  89. https://www.ferryscanner.com/en/ferry-routes/ferry-corfu-othonoi
  90. https://zasferries.com/othoni
  91. https://aspiotislines.gr/
  92. https://corfuprivateboattours.com/othonoi-and-diaplo/
  93. https://www.checkyeti.com/en/d/2585/21015
  94. https://agreekoddity.com/diapontia-3-arrival-on-mathraki/
  95. https://aspiotislines.gr/home/
  96. https://www.ferryhopper.com/en/ferry-disruptions
  97. https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Corfu/Othonoi
  98. https://greece.terrabook.com/corfu/page/othonoi/
  99. https://www.expedia.com/Car-Rentals-In-Othonoi.d3000030516.Car-Rental-Guide
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