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Peruvian Navy
Marina de Guerra del Perú
Coat of arms of the Peruvian Navy
Founded8 October 1821
BranchNavy
Size25,988 active personnel 51 ships, 43 aircraft
Naval headquartersCallao naval base, Peru
PatronMiguel Grau Seminario
AnniversariesOctober 8[a]
Fleet6 Submarines
7 Frigates
7 Corvettes
7 patrol ships
1 Landing Platform, Dock
2 landing ships, tank
6 River gunboats
2 Training Ships
25 Auxiliaries
Engagements
See list
Commanders
General Commander of the Navy Luis Polar Figari[1]
Insignia
Flag
Naval ensign
Naval jack
Standard
Roundel
Low-visibility roundel

The Peruvian Navy (Spanish: Marina de Guerra del Perú, abbreviated MGP)[b] is the branch of the Peruvian Armed Forces tasked with surveillance, patrol and defense on lakes, rivers and the Pacific Ocean up to 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) from the Peruvian littoral. Additional missions include assistance in safeguarding internal security, conducting disaster relief operations and participating in international peacekeeping operations.

The Marina de Guerra del Perú celebrates the anniversary of its creation in 1821 on October 8 and also commemorates the decisive Battle of Angamos, the final part of the naval campaign of the War of the Pacific between Peru and Chile at the end of 1879.

History

[edit]

19th century

[edit]
Battle of Angamos, 8 October 1879

The Marina de Guerra del Perú was established on 8 October 1821 by the government of general José de San Martín. Its first actions were undertaken during the War of Independence (1821–1824) using captured Spanish warships. The Peruvian Naval Infantry was also formed during the war with Spain, performing successfully in their first battle where they seized Arica from the Spanish.[2]

Shortly afterwards it was engaged in the war against the Gran Colombia (1828–1829) during which it conducted a blockade against the seaport of Guayaquil and then assisted in the subsequent Peruvian occupation. The Navy saw further action during the war of the Peru-Bolivian Confederacy (1836–1839) and during the Chincha Islands War with Spain (1866).

The outbreak of the War of the Pacific (1879–1883) caught the Peruvian Navy unprepared and with inferior forces in comparison to the Chilean Navy. Even so, hit-and-run tactics carried out by Peruvian Admiral Miguel Grau, commander of the ironclad Huáscar, famously delayed the Chilean advance by six months until his death and defeat at the Battle of Angamos.

20th century

[edit]

Following the War of the Pacific, the Peruvian Navy had to be completely rebuilt. In 1900 the force consisted of only one cruiser of 1,700 tons displacement, a screw-driven steamer, and ten smaller ships – the latter described by a contemporary British publication as "of no real value".[3] The lengthy process of expansion and rebuilding started in 1907 with the acquisition from the United Kingdom of the scout cruisers Almirante Grau and Coronel Bolognesi, followed by the arrival of two submarines, Ferré and Palacios, from France in 1911. During the Presidency of Augusto B. Leguía (1919–1930) a Navy Ministry was established as well as a Navy Aviation Corps, both in 1920.

BAP Almirante Grau (CLM-81) in June 1973

Border conflicts with Colombia in 1911 and 1932 and a war with Ecuador in 1941 saw Peruvian warships involved in some skirmishes in support of the Army. The attack on Pearl Harbor brought World War II to the Pacific and even though Peru did not declare war on the Axis until 1945, its Navy was involved in patrol missions against possible threats by the Imperial Japanese Navy from early 1942 up to mid-1945.

During the 1970s and the first half of the 1980s the Peruvian Navy carried out a major buildup programme[4] which allowed it to take advantage over its traditional rival, the Chilean Navy. The navy purchased one cruiser the BAP Almirante Grau (CLM-81) from the Netherlands, eight Carvajal-class frigates from Italy – four newly purchased and four ex-Lupo-class frigates – as well as six PR-72P-class corvettes from France. The buildup proved to be temporary due to the economic crisis of the second half of the 1980s, forcing the decommissioning of several warships and resulting in a general lack of funds for maintenance.

The economic upturn of the 1990s and into the 2000s would later permit some improvement, although at a reduced force level compared to the early 1980s.[citation needed]

21st century

[edit]
BAP Almirante Grau (FM-53), current fleet flagship

Into the 21st century, the Peruvian Navy began to modernize their ships. In 2008, the Type 209/1100 submarines were modernized[5] while the Carvajal-class frigates began to be modernized in 2011.[6] The Type 209/1200 submarines began to be modernized in late-2017 beginning with the BAP Chipana (SS-34).[5]

SIMA has continued to construct ships for the Navy. In 2013, SIMA partnered with Posco Daewoo Corporation and Daesun Shipbuilding of South Korea to construct two Makassar-class landing platform docks.[7] The BAP Pisco (AMP-156), recently launched on 25 April 2017, as well as the BAP Paita which is currently under construction will provide Peru with increased expeditionary warfare capabilities, with the ability to accommodate multiple Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel, newly purchased LAV IIs and helicopters.[7][8]

In 2018, a modernization program was initiated to upgrade Peru's Type 209/1200 submarines, the BAP Chipana, BAP Angamos, BAP Antofagasta and BAP Pisagua, with a contract with ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems being made for further assistance with SIMA.[9]

During the 2017–present Peruvian political crisis, the Navy of Peru was involved in political scandals. During the first impeachment process against president Martín Vizcarra, the next in the order of succession to the presidency, President of the Congress Manuel Merino, had been in contact with the Commanding General of the Navy saying that he was attempting to remove Vizcarra from office.[10] While the 2021 Peruvian general election was underway, the imprisoned former head of the National Intelligence Service (SIN) Vladimiro Montesinos was able to make phone calls from a landline telephone at the Centro de Reclusión de Máxima Seguridad (CEREC) at the Callao Naval Base to organize projects and campaign support for Keiko Fujimori in the Vladi-audios scandal.[11][12][13]

Organization

[edit]
Peruvian Navy
Naval Jack of Peru
Naval Jack of Peru
History
Ships
Insignia
Organisation

The current Commander-in-Chief of the Peruvian Navy is Admiral Luis José Polar Figari. Naval Forces are subordinated to the Ministry of Defense and ultimately to the President as Chief Supreme of the Peruvian Armed Forces. They are organized as follows:

Operational units are divided between three commands:

Comandancia General de Operaciones del Pacífico

Pacific Operations General Command, it comprises the following units:

  • Fuerza de Superficie (Surface Force)
  • Fuerza de Submarinos (Submarine Force)
  • Fuerza de Aviación Naval (Naval Aviation Force)
  • Fuerza de Infantería de Marina (Naval Infantry Force)
  • Fuerza de Operaciones Especiales (Special Operations Force)
Comandancia General de Operaciones de la Amazonía

Amazon Operations General Command, tasked with river patrolling in the Peruvian portion of the Amazon Basin.

Dirección General de Capitanías y Guardacostas

Directive General of Captains and Coast Guard, oversees Coast Guard operations

Coast Guard

[edit]
Main article: Peruvian Coast Guard
BAP Río Quilca (PM-207) of the Peruvian Coast Guard
AVINAV Bell AB-212 with fast-roping Marines
Peruvian Marines of various specialties

Coast Guard, tasked with law enforcement on Peruvian territorial waters, rivers and lakes. The Peruvian Coast Guard often performs anti-drug trafficking operations within the nation's waters. The Coast Guard has approximately 1,000 personnel.[14]

[edit]
Main article: Peruvian Naval Aviation

The Naval Aviation Force (in Spanish): (Fuerza de Aviación Naval, AVINAV) is the air branch of the Peruvian Navy, its roles include anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare, maritime surveillance, reconnaissance and transport of marine personnel. It is also responsible for airborne operations of the Peruvian Marines. Naval Aviation has about 800 personnel.[15]

[edit]
Main article: Peruvian Naval Infantry
Naval Infantry Brigade
Other units
  • 3rd Naval Infantry Battalion – Tumbes
  • 4th Naval Infantry Battalion – Puno
  • 1st Jungle Naval Infantry Battalion – Iquitos
  • 2nd Jungle Naval Infantry Battalion – Pucallpa
  • Naval Infantry Detachment Litoral Sur – Mollendo

Bases

[edit]
Callao naval base.

Although most of the fleet is based at Callao, this has not been considered an ideal location since it is also the main outlet for Peruvian trade, causing space and security problems. In the 1980s the building of a new naval base at Chimbote was considered though high costs and a poor economic situation made the project unfeasible.[16]

Personnel

[edit]
Standing watch on BAP Mariátegui (FM-54).
Submarine crew saluting while at sea.
Personnel (as of 2001)[17]
Commissioned Officers 2,107
Non-commissioned officers 16,863
Cadets 620
NCO in training 1,533
Enlisted 4,855
Civilians 5,079
Total 25,988 (excl. civilians)

Ranks

[edit]
Main article: Military ranks of Peru

Commissioned officer ranks

[edit]

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

Rank group General / flag officers Senior officers Junior officers
 Peruvian Navy[18]
Gran Almirante del Perú Almirante Vicealmirante Contraalmirante Capitán de navío Capitán de fragata Capitán de corbeta Teniente primero Teniente segundo Alférez de fragata

Other ranks

[edit]

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
 Peruvian Navy[18]
 No insignia No insignia
Oficial de mar primero Oficial de mar segundo Oficial de mar tercero Cabo primero Cabo segundo Marinero Grumete

Ships

[edit]

Ships of the Peruvian Navy are prefixed BAP, which stands for Buque Armada Peruana (Peruvian Navy Ship).[19]

Current ships

[edit]
Ship Origin Type Class In service Notes
Submarines (4 in service, 2 in upgrade)
BAP Angamos (SS-31)  Germany diesel-electric submarine Type 209/1200 Yes ex-BAP Casma.
BAP Antofagasta (SS-32)  Germany diesel-electric submarine Type 209/1200 No Currently being upgraded in SIMA Callao shipyard since January 2020.[5]
BAP Pisagua (SS-33)  Germany diesel-electric submarine Type 209/1200 Yes
BAP Chipana (SS-34)  Germany diesel-electric submarine Type 209/1200 No ex-BAP Blume. Currently being upgraded in SIMA Callao shipyard since December 2017.[5]
BAP Islay (SS-35)  Germany diesel-electric submarine Type 209/1100 Yes Upgraded in 2008
BAP Arica (SS-36)  Germany diesel-electric submarine Type 209/1100 Yes Upgraded in 2008
Guided missile frigates (7 in service)
BAP Villavicencio (FM-52)  Italy guided missile frigate Carvajal-class frigate Yes
BAP Almirante Grau (FM-53)  Peru guided missile frigate Carvajal-class frigate Yes Ordered in 1973. Laid down in SIMA Callao shipyard and commissioned in 1984 as BAP Montero until 2017, when became fleet flagship
BAP Mariátegui (FM-54)  Peru guided missile frigate Carvajal-class frigate Yes Ordered in 1973. Laid down in SIMA Callao shipyard and commissioned in 1987.
BAP Aguirre (FM-55)  Italy guided missile frigate Lupo-class frigate Yes ex-Orsa (F-567), overhauled and upgraded in SIMA Callao shipyard along with BAP Bolognesi. Currently in sea trials.
BAP Palacios (FM-56)  Italy guided missile frigate Lupo-class frigate Yes ex-Lupo (F-564)
BAP Bolognesi (FM-57)  Italy guided missile frigate Lupo-class frigate Yes ex-Perseo (F-566), overhauled and upgraded in SIMA Callao shipyard with locally made CMS and ESM systems, a Kronos NV 3D radar, MASS countermeasures system and 4 MM40 Block III Exocet missiles replacing Otomat.[20]
BAP Quiñones (FM-58)  Italy guided missile frigate Lupo-class frigate Yes ex-Sagittario (F-565)
Guided missile corvettes (8 in service)
BAP Velarde (CM-21)  France fast attack craft PR-72P-class corvette Yes
BAP Santillana (CM-22)  France fast attack craft PR-72P-class corvette Yes
BAP De los Heros (CM-23)  France fast attack craft PR-72P-class corvette Yes
BAP Herrera (CM-24)  France fast attack craft PR-72P-class corvette Yes
BAP Larrea (CM-25)  France fast attack craft PR-72P-class corvette Yes
BAP Sánchez Carrión (CM-26)  France fast attack craft PR-72P-class corvette Yes
BAP Ferre (CM-27)  South Korea fast attack craft Pohang-class corvette Yes ex-Gyeonjyu (PCC-758). Built in 1985. Transferred from Republic of Korea Navy in July 2016.
BAP Guise (CM-28)  South Korea fast attack craft Pohang-class corvette Yes ex-Suncheon (PCC-767). Built in 1987. Transferred from Republic of Korea Navy in July 2021. Commissioned in 2022.
Offshore Patrols vessels (7 in service)
BAP Guardiamarina San Martin (PO-201)  Italy Frigate Lupo-class frigate Yes ex-BAP Carvajal (FM-51). Operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
BAP Rio Pativilca (PM-204)  Peru Offshore Patrol Vessel PGCP-50 offshore patrol vessel Yes Ordered in 2013. Derived design of Taegeuk-class patrol vessel from Republic of Korea Navy. Laid down in SIMA Chimbote shipyard and commissioned on March 18, 2016. Operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
BAP Rio Cañete (PM-205)  Peru Offshore Patrol Vessel PGCP-50 offshore patrol vessel Yes Ordered in 2013. Derived design of Taegeuk-class patrol vessel from Republic of Korea Navy. Laid down in SIMA Chimbote shipyard and commissioned on March 18, 2016. Operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
BAP Rio Piura (PM-206)  Peru Offshore Patrol Vessel PGCP-50 offshore patrol vessel Yes Laid down in SIMA Chimbote shipyard and commissioned on May 3rd, 2017. Operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
BAP Rio Quilca (PM-207)  Peru Offshore Patrol Vessel PGCP-50 offshore patrol vessel Yes Laid down in SIMA Chimbote shipyard and commissioned on May 3, 2017. Operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
BAP Rio Tumbes (PM-208)  Peru Offshore Patrol Vessel PGCP-50 offshore patrol vessel Yes Laid down in SIMA Chimbote shipyard and commissioned on March 17, 2021. Operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
BAP Rio Locumba (PM-209)  Peru Offshore Patrol Vessel PGCP-50 offshore patrol vessel Yes Laid down in SIMA Chimbote shipyard and commissioned on March 17, 2021. Operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
Amphibious (10 in service, 1 in construction)
BAP Pisco (AMP-156)  Peru Landing Platform, Dock Makassar class Yes Ordered on July 13, 2013; laid down in SIMA Callao shipyard, launched on April 25, 2017; commissioned on June 21, 2018.[21]
BAP Paita (AMP-157)  Peru Landing Platform, Dock Makassar class No Ordered on March 15, 2018; laid down in SIMA Callao shipyard.[22]
BAP Callao (DT-143)  United States Landing Ship, Tank Terrebonne Parish class No ex-USS Washoe County. Sunk as target 30 September 2021
BAP Eten (DT-144)  United States Landing Ship, Tank Terrebonne Parish class Yes ex-USS Traverse County
Seven in service[23]  United Kingdom Landing Craft Air Cushion Griffon Hoverwork 2000TD Yes
River gunboats vessels (6 in service)
BAP Loreto (CF-11)  United States River gunboat Loreto class Yes
BAP Amazonas (CF-12)  United States River gunboat Loreto class Yes
BAP Marañón (CF-13)  United Kingdom River gunboat Marañón class Yes
BAP Ucayali (CF-14)  United Kingdom River gunboat Marañón class Yes On 2 May, 2025 she struck the anchored oil barge El Manati resulting in a hull breach and sank in shallow water partially submerged in the Amazon River near the Napo River some 50 miles downstream from Iquitos, Peru.[24]
BAP Clavero (CF-15)  Peru River gunboat Clavero class Yes Laid down in the SIMA Iquitos shipyard. Damaged by an uncontrolled fire in her first operational deployment on May 25, 2010; leaving two crewmen badly injured.[25] Returned to service on July 27, 2012, during the BRACOLPER 2012 exercise.[26]
BAP Castilla (CF-16)  Peru River gunboat Clavero class Yes Laid down on April 9, 2010, in the SIMA Iquitos shipyard, launched on June 8, 2013, and commissioned on March 14, 2016, second and final ship of its class, has some improvements over its sister ship, mainly in armament[27]
Training ships (2 in service)
BAP Unión (BEV-161)  Peru Sail training ship – Yes laid down on December 8, 2012, in the SIMA Callao shipyard, commissioned January 27, 2016, with an estimated cost of US$50 million.[28][29]
BAP Marte (ALY-313)  Canada Sailing yacht – Yes assigned to the Peruvian Naval School as a training ship
Tugs and support ships (5 in service)
BAP Unanue (AMB-160)  United States Diving support ship Sotoyomo class Yes ex-USS Wateree
BAP San Lorenzo (ART-323)  Germany Torpedo recovery vessel – Yes
BAP Morales (RAS-180)  Peru Diving support offshore tugboat Morales class Yes Ordered in 2014, 50 TBP class locally designed tugboat, equipped to support diving, firefighting and rescue operations.[30] Delivered in November 2016
BAP Selendón (ARB-129)  Peru Harbour tugboat 20 TBP class tug Yes Built in SIMA Callao shipyard, ordered in 2011.[31] Delivered in the first quarter of 2012.
BAP Medina (ARB-130)  Peru Harbour tugboat 20 TBP class tug Yes Built in SIMA Callao shipyard, ordered in 2011. Delivered in late 2012.[31]
Tankers and barges (4 in service)
BAP Caloyeras (ACA-111)  United States Water barge YW-83 class Yes ex-US YW-128
BAP Noguera (ACP-118)  United States Fuel barge YO type Yes ex-US YO-221
BAP Gauden (ACP-119)  United States Fuel barge YO type Yes ex-US YO-171
BAP Tacna (ARL-158)  Netherlands Replenishment Ship Amsterdam class Yes ex-HNLMS Amsterdam
Built in 1995, acquired in July 2014 from the Royal Netherlands Navy, commissioned on December 4, 2014, at the Den Helder naval base, Netherlands.[32]
Hospital vessels (10 in service, 1 in construction)
BAP Rio Yavarí  Peru River hospital ship Yavarí PIAS class Yes Built by Sima Iquitos shipyard, commissioned in 2021.
BAP Rio Putumayo II  Peru River hospital ship Napo PIAS class Yes Built in Sima Iquitos shipyard, commissioned in 2016.
BAP Rio Putumayo I  Peru River hospital ship Napo PIAS class Yes Built in Sima Iquitos shipyard, commissioned in 2015.
BAP Morona  Peru River hospital ship Napo PIAS class Yes Built in Sima Iquitos shipyard, commissioned in 2015.
BAP Rio Napo  Peru River hospital ship Napo PIAS class Yes Built in Sima Iquitos shipyard, commissioned in 2013.
BAP Rio Yahuas (ABH-302)  Peru River hospital ship Morona class Yes Ex BAP Morona (ABH-302)
BAP Corrientes (ABH-303)  Peru Small river hospital craft – Yes
BAP Curaray (ABH-304)  Peru Small river hospital craft – Yes
BAP Pastaza (ABH-305)  Peru Small river hospital craft – Yes
BAP Lago Titicaca I  Peru Lake hospital ship Lago Titicaca PIAS class Yes Built by SIMA Peru, commissioned in 2017.
BAP Puno (ABH-306)  United Kingdom Lake hospital ship Yaravi class Yes ex-Yapura
operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
Scientific research vessels (6 in service)
BAP Carrasco (BOP-171)  Spain Oceanographic research ship NC-704 class Yes 95-m long steel-hulled vessel designed to operate in the Antarctic region as well as in Peruvian waters. Construction contract signed in December 2014 with Freire Shipyard. Keel-laying scheduled for June 22, 2015, to be delivered July 2016.[33] Commissioned in May 2017.[34]
BAP Stiglich (AH-172)  Peru Hydrographic survey ship Morona class Yes
BAP Zimic (COMBSH-173)  Netherlands Hydrographic survey ship Dokkum class Yes ex-HNLMS Abcoude minesweeper. ex-BAP Carrasco, repowered in 2006 with 2 Volvo Penta engines at SIMA Callao, in 2015 received a high power multibeam echosounder.
BAP La Macha (AEH-174)  Peru Hydrographic survey ship – Yes
BAP Carrillo (AH-175)  Netherlands Hydrographic survey ship Van Straelen class Yes ex-HNLMS van Hamel minesweeper
BAP Melo (AH-176)  Netherlands Hydrographic survey ship Van Straelen class Yes ex-HNLMS van der Wel minesweeper. Repowered in 2006 with 2 Volvo Penta engines at SIMA Callao.

Museum Ships

[edit]
Vessel Origin Type Class Decommissioned Notes
BAP América (RH-90)  United Kingdom River gunboat América class restored at SIMA Iquitos shipyard, on display in Clavero naval station.
BAP Abtao (SS-42)  United States Sierra-type submarine[35] 2 de Mayo class 1998 become a museum ship in 2004
Yavarí  United Kingdom Lake gunboat Yavarí class 1976 restored and become a museum ship in 2015 and is the oldest iron lake steamer sailing.

Recently Decommissioned Ships

[edit]
Vessel Origin Type Class Decommissioned Notes
BAP Bayovar (ATP-154)  Russia Oil tanker Grigoriy Nesterenko type 2017 ex-Petr Schmidt, auctioned on March 21, 2018[36]
BAP Zorritos (ATP-155)  Russia Oil tanker Grigoriy Nesterenko type 2017 ex-Grigoriy Nesterenko, auctioned on March 21, 2018[36]
BAP Almirante Grau (CLM-81)  Netherlands Light cruiser De Zeven Provinciën class 26 September 2017[37] ex-HNLMS De Ruyter (C801)
BAP Guardian Rios (ARA-123)  United States Offshore tugboat Cherokee class 2015 ex-USS Pinto, inactive since 2014, to be scrapped
BAP Dueñas (ARB-126)  United States Harbour tugboat PC-461-class 2015 ex-USS PC-1138, decommissioned in 1956 and sold, then first converted into icebreaker and finally into a tugboat (hull shortened), acquired by the Peruvian Navy in 1984. Inactive since 2014, to be scrapped[38]
BAP Unión (ABE-161)  Peru Transport ship Ilo class December 2014 ex-BAP Mollendo (ATC-131). Decommissioned in late 2014, towed to be scrapped in Ecuador.
BAP Carvajal (FM-51)  Italy Guided missile frigate Carvajal-class frigate 26 December 2013 Transferred to the Coast Guard under the name BAP Guardiamarina San Martin (PO-201) after being stripped down of its missile weaponry and main radar, reclassified as Patrullera Oceánica (Offshore patrol vessel).[39]
BAP Paita (DT-141)  United States Tank landing ship Terrebonne Parish class September 2012 ex-USS Walworth County (LST-1164), sunk as a target during the exercise Independencia
BAP Pisco (DT-142)  United States Landing Ship, Tank Terrebonne Parish class 2012 ex-USS Waldo County (LST-1163), scrapped that year after sold.
BAP Ferré (DM-74)  United Kingdom Guided missile destroyer Daring class 13 July 2007[40] ex-HMS Decoy
BAP Talara (ATP-152)  Peru Replenishment tanker Talara class 12 August 2008[41] capable of underway replenishment at sea from the stern
BAP Lobitos (ATP-153)  Peru Oil tanker Sealift Pacific class 20 July 2008[42] ex-USNS Sealift Caribbean (T-AOT-174)

Equipment

[edit]
Name Origin Type Version Used by Notes
Naval artillery
Oto Melara 127/54 Compact Gun  Italy dual-purpose naval gun 127/54 Compact Lupo-class
Oto Melara 76/62 Compact Gun  Italy dual-purpose naval gun 76/62 Compact PR-72P-class
Oto Melara Twin 40 Compact Gun  Italy Close-in weapon system (CIWS) Twin Forty Lupo-class
PR-72P-class
Makassar-class
Anti-ship missiles
MBDA Otomat  Italy Anti-ship missile (AShM) Otomat II Block 1 Lupo-class on December 8, 2008, an updated Otomat missile was successfully launched from BAP Aguirre, hit a target at a range in excess of 150 km (93 mi).[43]
MBDA Exocet  France Anti-ship missile (AShM) MM40 Block 3 Lupo-class four fire control systems and sixteen missiles ordered on December 15, 2010.[44] Scheduled to be installed in the 4 Aguirre class frigates.
MBDA Exocet  France Anti-ship missile (AShM) MM38 PR-72P-class
MBDA Exocet  France Anti-ship missile (AShM) AM39 Block 1 ASH-3D Sea King Land-based. Currently not embarked in any surface unit of the Peruvian Navy
Surface-to-air missile
MBDA Aspide  Italy Surface-to-air missile (SAM) Aspide 1A Lupo-class
9K38 Igla  Russia MANPADS 9K310 Igla-1 PR-72P-class
Peruvian Naval Infantry		 used in MGP-86 mount for close air defence
to be replaced with the FN-6 missile system
FN-6  People's Republic of China MANPADS FN-6 Peruvian Naval Infantry a small batch acquired in July 2009 for US$1.1 million[45]
Torpedoes
Atlas Elektronik SUT  Germany 533 mm heavyweight torpedo SUT 264 Type 209 submarine
Atlas Elektronik SST  Germany 533 mm heavyweight torpedo SST-4 mod 0 Type 209 submarine
Mark 44 torpedo  United States 324 mm lightweight torpedo Mk 44 mod 1 Lupo-class
AB-212ASW
ASH-3D
Alenia-Whitehead A244/S  Italy 324 mm lightweight torpedo A244/S Lupo-class
AB-212ASW
ASH-3D

Peacekeeping operations

[edit]

The Peruvian Navy has been actively involved in several United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. As of June 2006 Naval Infantry and Special Operations troops have been deployed to United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) (embedded in the Argentine forces[46] ) and United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). Peruvian naval officers have also been deployed to United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC), United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI), United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) as United Nations Militar Observers (UNMOs). By 2012 the Peruvian Navy sent its first officer to serve in United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei.

[edit]
  • BAP Carvajal (FM-51).
    BAP Carvajal (FM-51).
  • BAP Sánchez Carrión (CM-26).
    BAP Sánchez Carrión (CM-26).
  • Submarines BAP Pisagua (SS-33), BAP Chipana (SS-34), and BAP Islay (SS-35).
    Submarines BAP Pisagua (SS-33), BAP Chipana (SS-34), and BAP Islay (SS-35).
  • Naval infantry coming ashore from BAP Callao (DT-143).
    Naval infantry coming ashore from BAP Callao (DT-143).
  • BAP Mollendo (ATC-131).
    BAP Mollendo (ATC-131).
  • BAP Clavero and BAP Castilla berthed in Iquitos Naval Base
    BAP Clavero and BAP Castilla berthed in Iquitos Naval Base
  • BAP Unión leaving the Callao harbour
    BAP Unión leaving the Callao harbour

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]

Sources

[edit]
  • Baker III, Arthur D., The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World 2002–2003. Naval Institute Press, 2002.
  • Basadre, Jorge, Historia de la República del Perú. Editorial Universitaria, 1983.
  • "La base de Chimbote", Caretas, 855: 31 (June 17, 1985).
  • Gibbs, Jay (2005). "Question 30/04: The Bolivian Navy in the War of the Pacific". Warship International. XLII (3): 242–247. ISSN 0043-0374.
  • Ortiz Sotelo, Jorge, Apuntes para la historia de los submarinos peruanos. Biblioteca Nacional, 2001.
  • Pixley, William & Walker, Hartley P. (2001). "Question 33/00: Peruvian Warships Loa and Victoria". Warship International. XXXVIII (3). International Naval Research Organization: 248. ISSN 0043-0374.
  • Rial, Juan, Los militares tras el fin del régimen de Fujimori-Montesinos.
  • "Los Programas de Renovacion y Modernizacion de la Marina de Guerra del Peru", Alejo Marchessini – Revista Fuerzas de Defensa y Seguridad (FDS) N° 430. Paginas 32 a 35.
  • "Entrevista al Almirante Carlos Tejada Mera, Comandante General de la MArina de Guerra del Peru", Alejo Marchessini – Revista Fuerzas de Defensa y Seguridad (FDS) N° 430. Paginas 36 a 43.
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Peruvian Navy

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The Peruvian Navy, known in Spanish as the Marina de Guerra del Perú (MGP), is the maritime branch of the , founded on 8 October 1821 amid the country's war of independence from under General . Headquartered at the naval base, it is charged with defending Peru's Pacific coastline, safeguarding the , and supporting fluvial and lacustrine operations in the and . The service operates a fleet comprising six German-built Type 209 submarines, four Italian Lupo-class frigates modernized for missile armament, six PR-72P corvettes, and various patrol and amphibious vessels, enabling capabilities in , surface engagements, and maritime interdiction. Historically, the navy achieved renown for the tactical prowess of Admiral Miguel Grau during the (1879–1884), including the ironclad Huáscar's raids on Chilean shipping despite numerical disadvantages, though it suffered decisive losses like the . In the , the MGP has emphasized indigenous shipbuilding at the SIMA yards, acquiring and upgrading platforms through international partnerships in the 1970s–1980s, while contributing to counter-narcotics patrols and multinational exercises amid persistent challenges in fleet renewal and resource constraints.

History

Origins in Colonial Era and War of Independence (1821–1824)

During the Spanish colonial period, the maritime defense of the , encompassing modern and parts of neighboring territories, was managed exclusively by the Spanish Royal Navy (Armada Real), which operated fleets to safeguard trade convoys such as the Manila galleons departing from , the principal Pacific port. Local shipbuilding and auxiliary vessels supported these operations, including the Limeño brigs constructed in 1794 as early permanent units for royalist service, but no independent Peruvian naval entity existed, as all forces answered to the viceregal administration in . The Peruvian Navy emerged amid the (1821–1824), catalyzed by General José de San Martín's Liberating Expedition from . San Martín's squadron, comprising Chilean-built ships under commanders like Thomas Cochrane, arrived at on September 8, 1820, and enforced a of the royalist stronghold at starting in late 1820, capturing several Spanish merchant vessels and isolating viceregal forces. Following Peru's declaration of independence on July 28, 1821, San Martín formalized the Marina de Guerra del Perú on October 8, 1821, as the maritime arm of the nascent republic, drawing initially on transferred Chilean assets, captured prizes, and local commissions to counter Spanish naval superiority. The early fleet consisted of four primary vessels commissioned in 1821: the schooner Castelli, brigs Belgrano and Balcarce, and Limena, which conducted patrols along the coast and supported troop movements. On November 6, 1821, the first naval infantry battalion formed aboard the brigs Balcarce and Belgrano, enabling amphibious raids and shore defenses. These modest forces, augmented by prizes like the Prueba and Paraguay seized from Spanish hands, focused on blockading and Huacho, disrupting royalist supply lines, and ferrying patriot reinforcements, thereby contributing causally to the erosion of Spanish control over coastal regions. By 1823–1824, as assumed command and land campaigns intensified, the navy facilitated the transport of Colombian lancers for the decisive on December 9, 1824, which ended royalist resistance in . This period laid the institutional foundation for the service, emphasizing coastal interdiction over open-sea engagements due to limited tonnage and armament, with early successes attributable to blockade efficacy rather than fleet-on-fleet battles.

19th Century: War of the Pacific and Naval Expansion (1879–1890s)

The Peruvian Navy's primary engagement in the late 19th century occurred during the War of the Pacific (1879–1884), fought against Chile over territorial disputes in the Atacama Desert rich in nitrate deposits. Peru, allied with Bolivia via a secret 1873 treaty, mobilized its fleet upon Chile's invasion of Bolivian territory in February 1879; Peru declared war on April 6, 1879. The navy consisted of the ironclad frigate BAP Independencia (2,028 tons, armed with ten 5-inch guns and one 115 mm), the turret monitor BAP Huáscar (1,174 tons, with two 10-inch guns), and supporting vessels including the corvette BAP Unión and several older ships. Early naval actions favored Peru tactically. On May 21, 1879, at the , Huáscar and Independencia, under command of Captain Miguel Grau Seminario on Huáscar, engaged the Chilean wooden corvette Esmeralda and schooner . The Peruvians sank Esmeralda, killing Chilean hero , but failed to pursue Covadonga due to damage on Independencia, allowing the survivor to report the engagement. Grau then conducted with Huáscar, sinking or capturing several Chilean merchant vessels and disrupting supply lines through August 1879. However, on October 8, 1879, at the , Huáscar was intercepted and overwhelmed by a superior Chilean squadron including the ironclads Blanco Encalada, Almirante Cochrane, and O'Higgins; Grau was killed, and Huáscar captured after heavy damage. The loss at Angamos granted unchallenged naval supremacy, enabling blockades of Peruvian ports like and facilitating amphibious invasions, including the occupation of Tarapacá and subsequent advances into Peru proper. By January 1881, with Chilean forces approaching , Peruvian naval commander Lizardo Montero ordered the of the remaining fleet, including Independencia, Unión, and the Manco Cápac (Peru's first submarine, launched 1879), to prevent capture. The war concluded with Peru's defeat in 1883, leaving the navy effectively destroyed and the nation economically devastated by reparations and territorial losses. Post-war reconstruction began modestly amid financial constraints. In the 1880s, Peru acquired the Lima-class cruisers, originally German transports reordered as warships; BAP Lima (1,075 tons, armed with two 4.7-inch guns) was completed in 1880 but delayed in delivery until 1885 due to war impacts, with her sister Villavisencio lost incomplete. Further expansion in the 1890s included purchases of second-hand vessels and gunboats, such as the cruiser BAP Almirante Brown (ex-Argentine, acquired 1896?) and riverine forces, aiming to rebuild defensive capabilities against potential revanchism, though the fleet remained limited compared to pre-war strength until early 20th-century efforts. By 1899, the navy had integrated torpedo boats and initiated training reforms to professionalize operations.

Early 20th Century: Modernization and Border Conflicts (1900s–1940s)

In the early , the Peruvian Navy focused on fleet reconstruction and technological upgrades to address vulnerabilities exposed in prior conflicts, acquiring modern warships primarily from European shipyards. The protected cruisers BAP Almirante Grau and BAP Almirante Guise, each displacing 2,500 tons and armed with six 6-inch guns, two 4-inch guns, and lighter armament, were commissioned in 1907 after construction by in , ; these vessels served as the backbone of Peru's blue-water capabilities until the 1950s. Complementing them, four destroyers—including BAP Teniente Rodriguez (1,038 tons, four 4-inch guns, commissioned 1915) and BAP Almirante Villar (similar specifications, 1918)—were obtained from British yards between 1914 and 1918, enhancing escort and torpedo capabilities amid rising regional tensions. By the , U.S. naval advisory missions, which influenced doctrine and training from 1920 to 1933, promoted organizational reforms and interoperability with American standards, though procurement remained Europe-oriented until later decades. Submarine and riverine forces expanded to support Amazonian patrols and coastal defense. Peru acquired its initial submarines in the mid-1920s, culminating in four operational boats by , including Italian-built vessels like the R-class, which displaced around 400 tons submerged and carried four torpedo tubes for littoral operations. Four river gunboats, such as BAP Loreto and BAP Amazonas (each about 500 tons, armed with 4-inch guns and machine guns), were integrated for upstream mobility in border regions, reflecting a strategic pivot toward inland waterway control amid territorial disputes. These acquisitions, funded through national budgets strained by economic instability, aimed at deterrence but were hampered by maintenance challenges and limited indigenous , with older hulks like the 1881 cruiser Lima discarded by 1940. The Navy's role in border conflicts underscored its operational limitations, primarily providing auxiliary support rather than decisive engagements. In the 1932–1933 Leticia Incident with over Amazonian enclaves, Peruvian warships facilitated troop transports and conducted patrols along the , engaging in minor skirmishes to reinforce army garrisons after Peruvian forces seized Leticia on September 1, 1932; the dispute ended via mediation in 1934, with Peru retaining influence but no major naval concessions. Similarly, during the 1941 sparked by clashes in the Zarumilla region, the fleet deployed cruisers and destroyers to the northern Pacific coast for blockade enforcement and gunfire support, aiding army advances that captured key Ecuadorian positions by July 1941 and secured Peruvian territorial gains via the later that year. These actions, involving roughly 2,000–3,000 naval personnel in and , highlighted the Navy's evolution from coastal defense to expeditionary enabler, though riverine assets bore the brunt of Amazon-focused operations. By the mid-1940s, amid neutrality until Peru's 1945 Axis declaration, the force patrolled against submarine threats and seized belligerent merchant vessels, further testing modernization gains.

Mid-to-Late 20th Century: Cold War Era and Internal Security (1950s–1990s)

During the Cold War, the Peruvian Navy underwent significant modernization efforts, initially relying on transfers from the United States to bolster its fleet. In the 1950s and early 1960s, acquisitions included two Fletcher-class destroyers, BAP Guise and BAP Villar, commissioned in 1960 and 1961, respectively, as well as ex-USS submarines redesignated as BAP La Pedrera (SS-49) and BAP Pacocha (SS-48). These additions supported Pacific patrols and multinational exercises such as UNITAS, initiated in the 1960s to enhance hemispheric naval interoperability amid anti-submarine warfare priorities. The 1970s marked a peak in naval expansion, driven by Peru's economic growth and a deliberate buildup program that diversified suppliers beyond the US. Key procurements included two Dutch De Zeven Provinciën-class cruisers, renamed BAP Almirante Grau (CLM-81) in 1973 and BAP Aguirre y Carbo (CLM-82) in 1976, equipped with modernized armament for surface warfare. Concurrently, four Italian Lupo-class frigates of the Carvajal class (BAP Carvajal, Villavisencio, Mariátegui, and Palacios) entered service between 1974 and 1979, featuring Exocet missiles and enhancing anti-ship capabilities. Submarine strength was augmented with six Type 209 boats of the Islay class, commissioned from 1977 to 1982 under license from Germany, providing a stealthy underwater deterrent. Amphibious capabilities expanded with classes such as Chimbote, , and landing ships in the 1950s through 1970s, enabling riverine and coastal operations in the amid ongoing border vigilance. However, Peru's non-aligned stance led to tensions with the over arms purchases from , though military grants totaling over $59 million from 1950 to 1965 underscored continued cooperation. By the late , hyperinflation and economic crisis curtailed further acquisitions, reducing operational readiness. In the context of internal security, the Navy's role during the (1980–1992) was primarily supportive, focusing on maritime interdiction to curb arms smuggling and coastal patrols rather than direct ground engagements led by the Army. Riverine patrols in the Amazon supplemented counterinsurgency efforts against Maoist guerrillas, though the Navy's contributions remained secondary to land forces. The 1995 with highlighted the Navy's strategic mobilization, deploying its full fleet to blockade Ecuadorian ports and enforce naval superiority, contributing to Peru's tactical advantage in the brief border clash over the Cordillera del Cóndor. This conflict underscored the Navy's pivot toward regional deterrence as internal threats waned post-1992 with the capture of leader .

21st Century: Post-Cold War Reforms and Regional Tensions (2000–present)

Following the end of the Cold War, the Peruvian Navy shifted focus from large-scale conventional threats to asymmetric challenges, including narcotrafficking, illegal fishing, and humanitarian assistance, while pursuing fleet modernization amid fiscal constraints. Institutional reforms emphasized operational readiness for maritime security, with procurement prioritizing anti-narcotics capabilities and patrol vessels. Key modernization efforts included mid-life upgrades (MLU) for the Lupo-class frigates, initiated in 2011, enhancing missile systems and sensors on vessels like BAP Mariátegui. Submarine maintenance programs progressed, with the overhaul of BAP Chipana completed by early 2024, incorporating dockside and sea trials for operational certification. By 2020, the Navy prioritized acquiring up to three offshore patrol vessels (OPVs) to bolster surface fleet capabilities, reflecting a strategic emphasis on versatile, cost-effective platforms. In 2023, the government allocated dedicated funding for replacing frigates, OPVs, patrol ships, and logistics vessels, signaling sustained commitment to renewal despite economic pressures. Regional dynamics featured lingering maritime boundary sensitivities with Chile and Ecuador, rooted in 19th-century conflicts and 1947 declarations asserting 200-nautical-mile jurisdictions. Post-1995 peace accords with Ecuador reduced border hostilities, but perceptions of an arms race emerged in the early 2000s as both Peru and Chile pursued European-sourced military acquisitions, prompting mutual denials from officials. The Navy participated in multinational exercises like UNITAS, fostering cooperation with Chilean and Ecuadorian forces while maintaining vigilance over exclusive economic zone enforcement. Counter-narcotics operations became central, with the Navy leading interdictions in partnership with the , including contributions to hemispheric campaigns disrupting drug flows. Initiatives such as the Orion Naval Campaign integrated Peruvian assets into regional efforts against trafficking networks, underscoring the service's pivot to non-traditional security roles. By the mid-2020s, these activities, alongside and fisheries protection, defined the Navy's operational tempo, with ongoing upgrades ensuring relevance in a multipolar maritime environment.

Organization and Command Structure

High Command and Administrative Oversight

The Peruvian Navy operates under the administrative oversight of the Ministry of Defense, which exercises policy direction and command authority over the nation's armed forces, including the Navy. The holds the position of Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, providing ultimate civilian control. At the apex of the Navy's high command is the Comandancia General de la Marina, the senior operational and administrative organ responsible for directing naval forces, ensuring sovereignty over maritime domains, and executing defense policies. The Comandante General de la Marina, holding the rank of Almirante, serves as the chief executive officer of the service, overseeing all branches, personnel, and resources. As of August 2025, Almirante Javier Bravo de Rueda Delgado holds this position, having assumed command in a on August 5, 2025. Supporting the Comandante General is the Jefe del Estado Mayor General de la Marina, a Vicealmirante responsible for strategic planning, operations coordination, and staff functions. The current incumbent is Vicealmirante Julio César Cacho Morán. The structural organigram includes the Estado Mayor General de la Marina for advisory and executive support, alongside the Consejo Superior de la Marina, which provides high-level counsel on , , and institutional matters. These elements ensure alignment with national defense objectives while maintaining operational autonomy within the Ministry's framework.

Operational Commands and Branches

The Peruvian Navy's operational structure is divided into regional commands that oversee forces tailored to Peru's diverse maritime and riverine domains, primarily the Pacific Operations General Command and the Amazon Operations General Command. These commands exercise tactical control over assigned units, focusing on defense, patrolling, and expeditionary operations in their respective areas. The Comandancia General de Operaciones del Pacífico, headquartered in the Second Naval Zone at , directs the Navy's principal combat elements along the 3,080-kilometer Pacific coastline. Established in 1980, it encompasses the Surface Force (responsible for surface combatants and patrol vessels), Submarine Force (operating six Type 209 submarines for stealth and anti-submarine roles), Naval Aviation Force (providing fixed-wing, rotary-wing, and unmanned aerial support from bases like and Talara), and Naval Infantry Force (conducting amphibious assaults, , and ground security). The command integrates these branches for joint operations, including counter-narcotics patrols and humanitarian assistance, with its forces comprising the bulk of the Navy's approximately 25,000 active personnel. The Comandancia General de Operaciones de la Amazonía, based in within the Fifth Naval Zone, handles riverine and jungle operations across Peru's Amazonian territories, emphasizing fluvial patrol and interdiction amid dense terrain and transnational threats like and drug trafficking. It commands the Flotilla de Amazonas (river gunboats and patrol craft for enforcement) and the Escuadrón Aeronaval de la Amazonía ( and light aircraft units for reconnaissance and transport). The command supports interagency efforts, including joint exercises with units, and maintains a dedicated Naval Infantry for amphibious-riverine missions. The Naval Infantry Force, integrated primarily under Pacific command but with detachments in operations, functions as the Navy's maneuver branch, specializing in amphibious landings, raids, and rapid-response ground actions. Comprising specialized battalions trained for multi-domain warfare, it executes missions in peacetime crises or conflict, drawing on equipment like assault boats and light armor for projection from naval platforms. These branches operate under unified command protocols aligned with the Joint Command of the Armed Forces, enabling coordinated responses to regional security challenges.

Logistics and Support Elements

The logistics and support infrastructure of the Peruvian Navy encompasses specialized directorates for supply chain management, fuel provisioning, and industrial maintenance, integrated within its operational commands to ensure sustainment of maritime forces. These elements prioritize self-reliance in repairs and logistics amid regional constraints, drawing on domestic industrial capacity rather than extensive foreign dependencies. A 2015 study on naval logistics highlighted its role in national development through efficient resource allocation and infrastructure support, though challenges persist in modernization funding. Central to support operations is Servicios Industriales de la Marina (SIMA Perú S.A.), a established in 1950 from the former Naval Factory and operating under to provide , repair, and industrial services primarily for the Navy. SIMA handles vessel , mid-life upgrades, and maintenance, including the June 2025 completion of the BAP Chipana submarine modernization, which extended its service life through hull refurbishment and systems enhancements. The entity maintains facilities in and other sites, supporting not only military assets but also commercial clients to generate revenue for naval projects; in 2025 priorities, SIMA was tasked with initiating by December following technical approvals. Fuel and logistics are augmented by international agreements, such as the 2019 Fuel Implementing Arrangement with the U.S. Energy, enabling mutual supply exchanges to enhance interoperability during joint exercises like UNITAS. This arrangement covers acquisition of fuels, lubricants, and related services, addressing gaps in domestic stockpiling identified in Cold War-era assessments of Peruvian support capabilities. Domestically, directorates coordinate with the Ministry of Defense for , emphasizing stockpiling and facility expansions to sustain extended patrols along the Pacific and Amazonian waterways.

Bases and Facilities

Principal Naval Bases

The Peruvian Navy operates through a network of naval zones, each with principal bases responsible for regional maritime, riverine, and lake defense. The Second Naval Zone, headquartered at the Naval Base in the Constitutional Province of , functions as the primary facility for Pacific operations, accommodating the bulk of the surface fleet, , and aviation assets. This base includes the Principal Shipyard (SIMA ) for maintenance and construction, as well as the Base, supporting the Comandancia General de Operaciones del Pacífico. Modernization initiatives, including relocation and expansion efforts initiated in recent years, aim to address overcrowding from commercial port activities and improve operational efficiency. The First Naval Zone, established by Supreme Decree No. 01 on January 10, 1962, and headquartered in , oversees northern coastal defenses with facilities in areas such as Talara and , focusing on , , and logistics for the northern Pacific frontier. In the south, the Third Naval Zone maintains bases around Ilo and to secure southern maritime approaches and support amphibious operations. The Amazonian zones include the Fourth Naval Zone in (Ucayali) and the Fifth Naval Zone in (Loreto), which host riverine forces for inland waterway control and counter-narcotics efforts, with the latter under the General Command of Amazon Operations (COMOPERAMA). Additional specialized facilities exist, such as the base in for high-altitude lake operations.

Shipyards and Maintenance Facilities

The primary shipyard and maintenance entity for the Peruvian Navy is Servicios Industriales de la Marina S.A. (SIMA), a established in 1950 that handles construction, repair, and modernization of naval vessels, primarily serving the Navy while also supporting commercial clients. SIMA operates three main facilities: the principal center in , equipped for high- and low-board vessels including dry-docking up to 261 meters in length, 36 meters in beam, and 10.6 meters in draft; a coastal yard in Chimbote for mid-sized shipbuilding and repairs; and an inland facility in for riverine and Amazon-region vessels. SIMA Callao has conducted major overhauls, such as the 2025 modernization of submarine BAP Chipana (SS-34), which included upgrades to propulsion, sensors, and combat systems before its redelivery to the Navy on June 27, 2025; similar work continues on sisters BAP Antofagasta (initiated in 2020) and others in a fleet-wide program. The yard has also built amphibious transport docks like BAP Pisco (launched 2017) and supports ongoing construction of logistic auxiliary vessels for the Navy as of September 2025. Chimbote and Iquitos facilities focus on specialized maintenance, with Chimbote handling coastal patrol craft refits and Iquitos producing platforms for fluvial operations, contributing to SIMA's role in regional self-reliance amid Peru's naval modernization efforts. These sites enable comprehensive lifecycle support, from routine engine overhauls (e.g., Caterpillar systems on Río Pativilca-class patrol boats in 2024) to collaborative projects like potential submarine acquisitions with Hyundai Heavy Industries announced in October 2025.

Personnel and Training

Recruitment, Demographics, and Retention

The Peruvian Navy recruits personnel through a voluntary service system, emphasizing physical fitness, educational qualifications, and commitment. Enlisted personnel primarily enter via the Servicio Militar Voluntario, requiring Peruvian , a minimum age of 18 years, possession of a Documento Nacional de Identidad, proof of military inscription with "SELECCIONADO" status, and copies of educational certificates or achievement records. Recent convocations, such as the I Llamamiento 2025 in and , target young adults for initial periods focused on maritime defense skills. Officer candidates undergo a competitive admission process at the Escuela Naval del Perú, involving academic aptitude exams in and , physical tests including , planks, and a 50-meter swim, and medical evaluations. Minimum physical standards include heights of 1.68 meters for males and 1.58 meters for females, with weight proportional to height, and applicants must be unmarried without children. Postulants from other armed forces branches, such as the or , may apply without restrictions if holding a valid inscription. The process prioritizes candidates aged 17-22 for cadets, extending to professionals and technicians up to 32 years for specialized roles. Demographically, the Navy maintains approximately 25,990 active-duty personnel as of 2025 estimates, encompassing officers, enlisted sailors, and support staff across surface, , and branches. Service is voluntary for both males and females aged 18-30, reflecting a shift from selective toward professionalization, though the force remains predominantly male due to historical recruitment patterns and physical demands. Female incorporation has expanded since at least , with dedicated recruitment drives in regional zones like the Third Naval Zone, enabling women to serve in operational roles subject to the same standards. The personnel pool draws from 's urban coastal populations, particularly and , with educational prerequisites favoring graduates or technical certificate holders for enlisted positions. Retention strategies rely on the voluntary framework, offering post-service benefits like military libreta issuance for civilian employment advantages and potential career progression to permanent roles. Public data on specific retention rates remains limited, but the Navy's emphasis on professional training and periodic convocations indicates efforts to sustain force levels amid regional demands. Challenges such as competitive civilian job markets in may influence long-term service, though official reports highlight stable personnel growth from 22,000 in the mid-2010s to current figures.

Officer and Enlisted Training Programs

The officer training for the Peruvian Navy is primarily conducted at the Escuela Naval del Perú (ENP), located in La Punta, Callao, which provides a five-year undergraduate program culminating in a bachelor's degree in Maritime Naval Sciences and commissioning as an alférez de fragata (ensign). The curriculum is structured around six foundational pillars: academic education equivalent to university-level studies; naval discipline emphasizing obedience and leadership; physical conditioning including nautical and sports training; sociocultural development through cultural and ambassadorial activities; nautical skills leveraging the academy's coastal position; and moral-ethical formation drawing from historical naval figures like Miguel Grau. Practical phases incorporate sea voyages on the training ship BAP Unión for exercises such as VIEX and PRALID, ensuring graduates are qualified for division officer roles on surface vessels. Post-commissioning specialization occurs at the Escuela de Especialización Profesional de Oficiales de la Marina (ESPRO) for advanced postgraduate courses and second specialties, while senior officers attend the Escuela Superior de Guerra Naval for strategic postgraduate education. Enlisted personnel, including sailors and technical specialists, begin with basic indoctrination through the voluntary program, which provides initial military preparation for a two-year term, focusing on , , and foundational naval skills to prepare for operational duties. Technical and advanced enlisted training is delivered at the Centro de Instrucción Técnica y Entrenamiento Naval (CITEN), an institute offering three-year programs in 26 specialties such as , , and mechanics, targeting Peruvian citizens who graduate as oficiales de mar de tercera (third-class sea officers). CITEN's formation integrates academic instruction, physical training, and , producing personnel for technical roles across naval operations, with admission requiring completion and physical standards like a minimum of 1.60 meters for women and 1.65 meters for men. For marine infantry (infantería de marina) enlisted, specialized training occurs at the Escuela de Infantería de Marina, established in 1966, which qualifies personnel for amphibious and ground combat roles after initial courses. Sea training on BAP Unión supplements enlisted development, fostering practical and international exposure during global voyages.

Rank Structure

The Peruvian Navy's rank structure encompasses commissioned officers, non-commissioned officers, and enlisted personnel, with primarily displayed on sleeves in a manner akin to the . Commissioned officers hold nine grades, ranging from flag ranks to junior officers responsible for operational leadership at sea and ashore. Flag officers include Almirante, the highest rank typically held by the Comandante General de la Marina or in joint command roles such as Jefe del Comando Conjunto de las Fuerzas Armadas; Vicealmirante; and Contralmirante. Senior officers consist of Capitán de navío, equivalent to an army Coronel and commanding major vessels or shore establishments; Capitán de fragata; and Capitán de corbeta. Junior officers comprise Teniente de navío, Teniente de fragata, and Alférez de fragata, who serve in division officer and watchstanding roles.
RankEnglish Equivalent
Almirante
Vicealmirante
Contralmirante
Capitán de navío
Capitán de fragata
Capitán de corbeta
Teniente de navío
Teniente de fragataLieutenant (Junior Grade)
Alférez de fragataEnsign
Non-commissioned officers and enlisted ranks feature three senior suboficial grades (Suboficial Primero, Suboficial Segundo, Suboficial Tercero), functioning as chief petty officers for technical and leadership duties; junior non-commissioned roles including sargentos and cabos; and basic marinería with two seaman levels (Marinero Primero and Marinero). Promotions occur via merit-based processes, with recent examples including ascensos to grades announced in October 2025. The structure supports a total active-duty personnel of approximately 25,000, emphasizing operational readiness along Peru's extensive coastline.

Fleet Composition

Surface Combatants

The surface combatants of the Peruvian Navy primarily comprise and corvettes equipped for , anti-surface operations, and limited air defense roles, forming the core of its blue-water capabilities along the and beyond. These vessels, mostly acquired or built in the late 1970s to 1980s with subsequent modernizations, support , interdiction of illicit activities, and multinational exercises such as UNITAS and RIMPAC. The fleet totals eight frigates and seven corvettes as of 2025, though aging platforms have prompted modernization programs and acquisition plans for replacements. Frigates represent the Navy's most capable surface combatants, with all eight units based on the Italian Lupo-class design featuring gas turbine propulsion, helicopter decks, and missile armaments. The four Carvajal-class frigates (FM-51 to FM-54) were constructed under license in Peru at the SIMA shipyards between 1979 and 1987: BAP Carvajal (commissioned July 1979), BAP Villavicencio (October 1979), BAP Almirante Grau (June 1985), and BAP Mariátegui (October 1988). These 2,213-ton displacement vessels underwent mid-life upgrades in the 2000s, enhancing radar, sonar, and weapon systems for extended service. In 2004–2006, Peru acquired four additional Lupo-class frigates decommissioned from the Italian Navy, redesignated as the Aguirre class (FM-55 to FM-58): BAP Aguirre (ex-ITS Orsa, commissioned in Peruvian service 2004), BAP Palacios (ex-ITS Sirio, 2004), BAP Coronel Bolognesi (ex-ITS Sagittario, 2006), and BAP Quiñones (ex-ITS Perseo, 2006), each refitted at SIMA for compatibility with Peruvian systems.
ClassPennant Numbers and NamesCommissioned (Peruvian Service)Displacement (tons)Armament Highlights
Carvajal (Lupo)FM-51 Carvajal, FM-52 Villavicencio, FM-53 Almirante Grau, FM-54 Mariátegui1979–19882,213Otomat missiles, Aspide SAMs, 127mm gun
Aguirre (ex-Lupo)FM-55 Aguirre, FM-56 Palacios, FM-57 Coronel Bolognesi, FM-58 Quiñones2004–20062,213Similar to Carvajal, post-refit
Corvettes provide lighter, agile platforms for coastal defense, fisheries protection, and anti-narcotics operations, with the Peruvian Navy operating six PR-72P-class missile corvettes ordered from France's Lürssen yard in 1976 and commissioned between 1980 and 1981. These 560-ton vessels—BAP Velarde (CM-21), BAP Santillana (CM-22), BAP De los Heros (CM-23), BAP Herrera (CM-24), BAP Larrea (CM-25), and BAP Sánchez Carrión (CM-26)—are armed with Exocet missiles and capable of speeds exceeding 25 knots, though some have received sensor upgrades. In 2021, the Navy expanded this capability by acquiring the Pohang-class corvette BAP Guise (CC-28, ex-ROKN Namwon, PCC-775), a 1,220-ton vessel transferred from South Korea, commissioned after refit with modern electronics and delivered on November 26, 2021; it participated in RIMPAC 2022 despite an onboard fire incident.
ClassPennant Numbers and NamesCommissioned (Peruvian Service)Displacement (tons)Armament Highlights
PR-72PCM-21 Velarde to CM-26 Sánchez Carrión1980–1981560 MM38 missiles, 100mm gun
CC-28 20211,220 missiles, 76mm gun
Ongoing efforts to replace the Lupo-derived frigates include a 2024 contract with South Korea's for a new guided-missile based on advanced designs, with construction slated to begin soon, alongside plans for up to six units to bolster the fleet's capabilities amid regional tensions. No active destroyers are in service, with historical classes like the Gearing-class fully retired by the .

Submarines

The submarine force of the Peruvian Navy primarily consists of Type 209 diesel-electric attack submarines acquired from Germany in the 1970s and 1980s. These vessels form the core of Peru's underwater capabilities, designed for coastal defense, anti-surface warfare, and intelligence gathering along the Pacific coast. The fleet includes two Type 209/1100 variants and four Type 209/1200 variants, with the latter featuring enhanced range and endurance due to additional fuel capacity.
SubmarinePennant NumberClassCommissionedStatus
BAP IslaySS-35Type 209/11001974Active (aging)
BAP AricaSS-36Type 209/11001975Active (aging)
BAP AngamosSS-32Type 209/12001980Under modernization
BAP PisaguaSS-33Type 209/12001981Operational; recent port visits in 2025
BAP ChipanaSS-34Type 209/12001982Modernized and recommissioned June 2025
BAP AntofagastaSS-31Type 209/12001983Under modernization
These submarines displace approximately 1,100 to 1,200 tons submerged, powered by diesel-electric propulsion with a top speed of around 22 knots underwater and armed with eight bow tubes firing heavyweight or naval mines. The Type 209/1200 models offer improved battery capacity and sensor suites compared to the earlier 1100 variants, enabling longer submerged patrols suited to Peru's extensive maritime domain. A comprehensive modernization program, initiated in 2018, targets the four Type 209/1200 submarines to extend service life through mid-century, incorporating upgrades to propulsion, combat systems, and for enhanced stealth and detection capabilities. State-owned SIMA , in collaboration with foreign partners, completed the first upgrade on BAP Chipana in June 2025, reintegrating it into active service after sea trials. Remaining vessels are undergoing similar refits to maintain operational readiness amid regional tensions. Looking ahead, the Peruvian Navy signed a strategic agreement in May 2025 with South Korea's and SIMA Peru to develop and potentially build HDS-1500 class submarines as replacements for the aging Type 209 fleet. This 1,500-ton design emphasizes local construction to build indigenous capabilities, with initial focus on rather than immediate acquisition. As of October 2025, no new submarines have entered service, preserving reliance on the modernized Type 209s for deterrence.

Patrol and Auxiliary Vessels

The Peruvian Navy operates a fleet of offshore and coastal patrol vessels primarily for maritime surveillance, counter-narcotics operations, and fisheries protection within its exclusive economic zone. The PGCP-50 class (also known as Pativilca-class) offshore patrol vessels, derived from South Korean designs, form the backbone of modern capabilities, with six units commissioned between 2016 and 2021: BAP Río Pativilca (PM-204, 2016), BAP Río Cañete (PM-205, 2016), BAP Río Piura (PM-206, 2017), BAP Río Quilca (PM-207, 2017), BAP Río Tumbes (PM-208, 2021), and BAP Río Locumba (PM-209, 2021). These 50-meter vessels displace approximately 500 tons, achieve speeds up to 26 knots, and are armed with a 30 mm gun for patrol duties. In January 2025, two additional Pativilca-class vessels were launched to expand this force, enhancing endurance for extended operations. Older Río Cañete-class coastal patrol boats, built domestically in the 1980s, remain in service for inshore tasks: BAP Río Nepeña (PC-243, 1981), BAP Río Tambo (PC-244, 1982), BAP Río Ocoña (PC-245, 1983), BAP Río Huarmey (PC-246, 1984), and BAP Río Zaña (PC-247, 1985); these 31-meter steel-hulled craft, displacing 250 tons, support riverine and near-shore patrols despite their age. The Ferré-class light corvettes, transferred from South Korea, also contribute to patrol roles: BAP Ferré (CM-27, commissioned 2016) and BAP Guise (CM-28, 2021), each displacing 950 tons with missile and gun armament for versatile enforcement.
ClassShipsCommissionedDisplacement (tons)Key Role
PGCP-50 (Pativilca)PM-204 to PM-209 (6 units)2016–2021~500Offshore ,
Río CañetePC-243 to PC-247 (5 units)1981–1985250Coastal/riverine
FerréCM-27, CM-28 (2 units)2016, 2021950Multi-role /enforcement
Auxiliary vessels provide logistical support, including replenishment at sea, , and transport for the fleet's sustainment. The primary unit is BAP (ARL-158), an Amsterdam-class replenishment ship acquired from the in 2014 and commissioned in Peruvian service in , displacing 17,000 tons full load with capacity to carry 6,000 tons of fuel, water, and provisions for during extended deployments. This vessel enables independent blue-water operations and . Smaller auxiliaries include the PO-201-class multi-purpose support ship BAP Guardiamarina San Martín (PO-201, 2013), used for oceanographic surveys and auxiliary tasks. Tugs and salvage vessels, such as those in the RAS series, handle port operations and emergency . As of 2025, the state-owned SIMA is constructing two new logistic auxiliary vessels (Buques Auxiliares Logísticos) for delivery starting in late 2026, alongside an additional oceanic vessel (OPV) based on the HDP-2200 design, expected in , to modernize sustainment and capacities amid fleet expansion efforts. These projects, valued at supporting over 10,000 jobs, emphasize domestic production with foreign technical assistance to reduce reliance on imports.

Recent Decommissions and Museum Ships

The Peruvian Navy decommissioned its long-serving flagship, the BAP Almirante Grau (CLM-81), on 26 September 2017 after 45 years of active duty, marking the retirement of the world's last operational gun cruiser. Originally built as the Dutch HNLMS De Ruyter in 1939, the vessel had undergone multiple modernizations but was ultimately towed for scrapping by July 2022 due to maintenance challenges and the navy's shift toward missile-armed surface combatants. In late September 2022, the navy conducted a series of retirements amid fleet renewal pressures, including the Carvajal-class frigate BAP Villavicencio (FM-52), which had served since its commissioning in 1979; the offshore patrol vessel BAP San Martín (PO-201); and an unspecified missile-armed corvette from the Velarde (PR-72P) class. These decommissions reflected aging hulls exceeding operational limits and budget constraints favoring upgrades to remaining frigates like the Lupo and Daring classes, rather than indefinite extensions. Among preserved vessels, the Abtao-class submarine BAP Abtao (SS-42)—originally the U.S.-built USS Tiburón delivered in 1954—stands as the navy's primary . Decommissioned in 1998 after 44 years of service, including patrols and training roles, it was converted into a floating exhibit in harbor and opened to the public in 2004 as Latin America's first museum, showcasing internal compartments, historical artifacts, and War-era diesel-electric propulsion systems. No recent decommissions have transitioned directly to museum status, with priorities emphasizing operational modernization over preservation.

Equipment and Weaponry

Armaments and Sensors

The Peruvian Navy's surface combatants rely on a mix of anti-ship , deck guns, and torpedoes for offensive capabilities, with sensors centered on suites for detection and fire control. The Carvajal-class frigates, serving as the backbone of the surface fleet, are armed with MM40 anti-ship missiles launched from deck mounts, providing standoff strike capability against surface threats, alongside 127 mm dual-purpose guns for surface and limited anti-air roles, and Whitehead A244/S anti-submarine torpedoes delivered via triple-tube launchers. Missile boats of the class equipped with four MM40 missiles each, modernized between 2008 and 2010 with inertial navigation, GPS integration, active homing sensors, and in-flight retargeting for enhanced precision. Anti-air defenses are modest, featuring secondary armaments like 40 mm guns and man-portable systems, lacking dedicated surface-to-air missiles on most vessels. Submarines of the Type 209 family, including the modernized Angamos and classes, are equipped with six 533 mm torpedo tubes forward, firing wire-guided heavyweight es such as the SUT Mod 1 for anti-surface and , with capacity for up to 14 reloads. Recent overhauls of these submarines, completed starting with BAP Chipana in June 2025, incorporate upgraded fire control and for improved targeting accuracy. Sensor systems emphasize integration for , with the Varayoc command-and-control platform developed domestically to link , , and electro-optical inputs across frigates, enabling data sharing and coordinated engagements. Surface ships utilize search s like the RAN-10S for early warning and RTN-series for fire control, while feature bow-mounted arrays for passive and active detection. In December 2024, contracted to supply combat management systems for new frigates, fusing multi-sensor data—including , electronic warfare receivers, and —with weapon effectors under a "sensor-to-shooter" architecture for rapid response. These systems include electronic countermeasures against anti-ship missiles and electromagnetic threat detection, addressing vulnerabilities in littoral operations. Ongoing evaluations for HDS-1500 , initiated in September 2025, focus on advanced , periscopes, and integrated weapon sensors to replace aging Type 209 platforms.

Aviation Assets

The aviation assets of the Peruvian Navy are managed by the Naval Aviation Command, which operates a mix of and helicopters to support , (ASW), (SAR), logistics, and training. These assets are distributed across specialized squadrons, enabling capabilities in , , and along Peru's extensive coastline and Amazon regions. Fixed-wing aircraft primarily handle patrol and transport duties. The Fokker 60 serves in maritime exploration, surveillance, and SAR roles within Escuadrón N°11, equipped for maritime patrol aircraft (MPA) operations. The Fokker 50 supports signals intelligence (SIGINT) missions in the same squadron. Beechcraft B-200 variants conduct maritime exploration and SAR. The Antonov An-32B provides transport for Escuadrón N°32, particularly in Amazon logistics, while the Beechcraft T-34C Turbo Mentor is used for fixed-wing pilot training in Escuadrón N°31. At least three Fokker 60s remain active as of 2025. Helicopter operations form the core of embarked and shore-based capabilities. Escuadrón N°22 operates Sikorsky UH-3H Sea Kings for SAR, aeromedical evacuations, and logistics, alongside SH-3D Sea Kings for maritime exploration, ASW, and (ASuW); the Peruvian Navy incorporated six ex-Spanish Navy SH-3D/3H variants into service starting December 2023 following their acquisition in 2022. Escuadrón N°21 employs Kaman SH-2G Seasprites for ASW and ASuW, Agusta-Bell AB-212s for support, and Bell 206B JetRangers for training. Escuadrón N°23 utilizes three Agusta-Bell AB-412SP helicopters, acquired from the in 2015, for logistics, SAR, and coast guard assistance. Additional support includes Mil Mi-8T helicopters for Amazon logistics in Escuadrón N°32 and Enstrom F-28F for rotary-wing training in Escuadrón N°33.
SquadronFixed-Wing AssetsHelicopter AssetsPrimary Roles
Escuadrón N°11Fokker 60, , B-200-Maritime patrol, surveillance, SIGINT, SAR
Escuadrón N°21-SH-2G Seasprite, AB-212, Bell 206BASW, ASuW, missile guidance,
Escuadrón N°22-UH-3H , SH-3D SAR, logistics, ASW, ASuW
Escuadrón N°23-AB-412SPLogistics, SAR, coast guard
Escuadrón N°32 An-32BMil Mi-8TTransport, Amazon logistics
Escuadrón N°31T-34C Turbo Mentor-Fixed-wing
Escuadrón N°33-Enstrom F-28FRotary-wing
These assets enhance the Navy's ability to and respond to threats, though maintenance of aging platforms like the Sea Kings and Seasprites poses ongoing challenges amid limited modernization funding.

Amphibious and Special Operations Capabilities

The Peruvian Navy's amphibious capabilities are executed primarily by the Infantería de Marina, a force tasked with projecting naval power ashore through assaults, seizures, and support for maritime campaigns. Originating on November 6, 1821, the Infantería de Marina has validated its operational readiness in multiple engagements, including efforts and territorial defense. Its structure incorporates maneuver battalions equipped for seaborne insertions, with adaptations for diverse environments such as coastal and riverine zones. The Batallón de Infantería de Marina de la Amazonía Nº 1, established in 1976, exemplifies specialized training for jungle and fluvial operations, including the temporary activation of a basic infantry school during that period. Amphibious exercises underscore these capabilities, with the Infantería de Marina leading multinational ship-to-shore maneuvers using amphibious assault vehicles during events like UNITAS LXII in 2021, where Peruvian marines coordinated landings at Salinas Beach involving armored vehicle deployments from vessels. The force also maintains an International Amphibious Training Center, hosting planning conferences for regional partners to refine joint amphibious tactics as of 2021. Complementing amphibious operations, the Fuerza de Operaciones Especiales (FOES) delivers precision support, focusing on high-risk tasks such as infiltration, , , and salvage to advance national objectives. FOES organizes, trains, and sustains units for multi-domain insertions by land, sea, or air, emphasizing operator resilience under the doctrine that "the man is the weapon." Its operational groups have executed counter-terrorism missions in areas like , Huallaga, Ucayali, and the VRAEM valley, achieving zero casualties in the 1995 Cenepa conflict. Formally structured since 1980, FOES evolved from the 1969 Escuela de Demolición Submarina and includes three Grupos de Operaciones Especiales for tactical actions, one Grupo de Salvamento for underwater recovery, and support elements like explosive ordnance disposal units. Historical feats include the 1980s salvage of the BAP Pacocha submarine from 130 feet depth and combat insertions during the Falso Paquisha incident in 1981. Training encompasses naval parachuting, tactical diving, and operations across varied terrains, enabling integration with broader amphibious efforts for or .

Operations and Missions

Domestic Maritime Security Operations

The Peruvian Navy, through its Directorate of Captaincies and Coast Guards (DICAPI), conducts routine patrols and interdictions to combat maritime narcotrafficking, focusing on port inspections, coastal surveillance, and seizures of narcotics destined for international markets. In July 2025, naval personnel participated in the interception of over 250 kilograms of cocaine hydrochloride at the Euroandinos terminal in Paita, involving coordinated efforts with customs and anti-drug authorities. Earlier, in October 2023, joint operations with the National Police seized more than three tons of cocaine in Tumbes and Piura regions, targeting smuggling routes along the northern coast. These actions form part of ongoing port security exercises simulating narcotrafficking scenarios, which deploy naval units alongside police to enhance detection and response capabilities. Enforcement of the (EEZ) emphasizes preventing illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) , particularly by foreign fleets encroaching on Peruvian and stocks. In February 2025, the intensified military-led crackdowns on Chinese vessels accused of depleting through unauthorized incursions, employing patrol craft for boarding and deterrence. Peruvian naval units routinely intercept Ecuadorian boats violating EEZ boundaries, contributing to broader regional efforts against that threatens and economic yields. Partnerships with entities like NOAA bolster monitoring through and , aiding in the identification of suspicious vessel activities via and . Inland waterway security extends to the Amazon basin via the Amazon Operations Command (COMOPERAMA), where riverine flotillas address narcotrafficking, illegal logging, mining, and arms smuggling linked to terrorist financing. Task Force 22 operations in September 2024 disrupted illicit supply networks in the VRAEM region, deploying riverine gunboats and infantry for interdictions. Fleet modernization, including upgrades to BAP-class riverine vessels, enhances patrolling of remote tributaries to counter transnational threats. Multisectoral interventions, such as those in Pimentel, integrate naval assets with production ministry oversight to curb ecosystem-damaging activities.

International Engagements and Peacekeeping

The Peruvian has contributed personnel to operations since 1958, primarily as military observers under Security Council mandates, with deployments to missions in , , the , Iran-Iraq ceasefire supervision, , , , East Timor, , , the , Côte d'Ivoire, , Ethiopia-Eritrea, , and . In specific instances, such as the 1988-1989 Iran-Iraq mission, two Navy officers supervised ceasefire implementation alongside and counterparts. Similarly, five Navy officers participated in the 1989 mission to monitor ceasefires and secure elections. A notable contingent of 49 Navy personnel, including marines, deployed to the Haiti stabilization mission (MINUSTAH) in September 2004 as part of a 205-member Peruvian focused on security restoration and humanitarian support. More recently, in June 2024, the assigned 47 members—predominantly marines—to the Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the (), integrating into a 220-strong Peruvian contingent for logistics, engineering, and tasks amid ongoing conflict stabilization efforts. These contributions reflect Peru's policy of supporting UN mandates through specialized naval infantry and observer roles, though total deployments remain modest compared to Army-led contingents. Beyond peacekeeping, the Peruvian Navy engages in multinational exercises to enhance interoperability and regional security cooperation. It has participated annually in UNITAS since 1960, a U.S.-led series involving Latin American navies, with Peru hosting UNITAS LXII in in 2023, coordinating 29 warships, four submarines, and 20 aircraft from multiple nations for , amphibious operations, and maritime interdiction drills. In UNITAS 2021, Peruvian Navy Eduardo Díaz León led a multinational amphibious landing force, demonstrating command of combined operations with 14 participating countries. The Navy also joins riverine-focused exercises like BRACOLPER 2025 with and , conducting tactical maneuvers, live-fire shoots, and cyber defense simulations along the to address transnational threats such as smuggling. Additional engagements include RIMPAC 2002, a multinational Pacific exercise, and hosting SOLIDAREX 2024 for and interoperability with partner nations. These activities underscore the Navy's role in fostering hemispheric maritime partnerships while prioritizing operational readiness over expansive combat deployments.

Joint Exercises and Bilateral Cooperation

The Peruvian Navy regularly participates in UNITAS, the world's longest-running multinational maritime exercise series, initiated in 1959 to promote hemispheric security cooperation and interoperability among participating navies. In UNITAS 2025, the 66th iteration, Peruvian forces contributed assets including the Lupo-class frigate BAP Villavisencio and the BAP Pisagua, alongside 26 partner nations, focusing on joint operations such as , maritime interdiction, and amphibious maneuvers off 's coast and in the Atlantic. Peru has hosted UNITAS multiple times, including UNITAS LXII in 2017 with 18 nations and 19 warships, emphasizing tactical proficiency in contested environments. Bilateral cooperation with the forms a cornerstone of Peruvian naval engagements, encompassing exercises, personnel exchanges, and capacity-building initiatives to counter regional threats like illicit trafficking and . In June 2024, the USS George Washington conducted bilateral drills with Peruvian vessels, practicing air defense and tactics to enhance joint operational readiness. The U.S. and co-led Resolute Sentinel exercises in 2023 and 2024, integrating Peruvian and sailors in training across air, land, and sea domains. Additional U.S.- activities include the 2025 RASEX deployment of the amphibious ship BAP for 100 days of joint amphibious and logistics operations, and bilateral exchanges like those with USS Porter in 2024 for scenarios. Regional bilateral ties emphasize border security and , particularly with through annual meetings of frontier naval zones. The 22nd such meeting in September 2025 in agreed to expand cooperation on combat, maritime safety, and response, including joint Exercise Neptuno simulations for containment. With neighboring and , the Peruvian Navy engages in BRACOLPER, a riverine-focused multinational exercise; its 51st edition in 2025 honed fluvial patrol tactics against smuggling and piracy in the . Canada-Peru naval interactions include 2025 joint patrols by with Peruvian units to bolster maritime security cooperation. These engagements underscore the Peruvian Navy's emphasis on practical interoperability over doctrinal alignment, prioritizing verifiable enhancements in tactical execution and regional stability amid resource limitations.

Strategic Role and Capabilities

Doctrinal Objectives and Regional Defense Posture

The doctrinal objectives of the Peruvian Navy emphasize the protection of national sovereignty and across maritime, fluvial, and lacustrine environments, as outlined in its core mission to conduct and safeguard national interests in these domains. This framework prioritizes defensive operations to deter threats to Peru's 2,414-kilometer Pacific coastline and its 200-nautical-mile (EEZ), which encompasses approximately 1.2 million square kilometers rich in fisheries and hydrocarbons. Supporting roles include bolstering economic and social development through maritime resource management and participating in to mitigate natural disasters, such as earthquakes or floods that have historically impacted coastal regions. In alignment with these objectives, the Navy's regional defense posture remains predominantly inward-oriented, focusing on and enforcement against non-state threats like illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing—responsible for annual losses exceeding $500 million in Peru's EEZ—and narcotics trafficking via Pacific routes. Unlike navies with expeditionary ambitions, Peru's strategy eschews beyond hemispheric waters, constrained by a fleet emphasizing frigates, submarines, and patrol vessels suited for coastal and EEZ defense rather than open-ocean dominance. Historical border resolutions with in 1999 and in 1998 have shifted emphasis from interstate rivalry to cooperative security, evidenced by routine participation in multinational exercises such as UNITAS, which in 2023 involved over 20 nations to enhance in and search-and-rescue scenarios. This posture integrates foreign policy support through limited deployments, such as contributions to UN peacekeeping in from 2004 to 2017, where Peruvian naval assets provided logistical aid, reflecting a that balances deterrence with diplomatic engagement in South America's . Institutional restructuring under the 2012 Legislative Decree No. 1138 further orients operations toward joint with the and , prioritizing resource-efficient capabilities amid constraints averaging 1.1% of GDP for defense since 2015. Such adaptations underscore a realist assessment of Peru's vulnerabilities—geographic isolation from allies and dependence on lanes for 90% of trade—favoring resilient, asymmetric defenses over expansive ambitions.

Modernization Efforts and Future Procurement

The Peruvian Navy has pursued modernization through mid-life upgrades of its existing fleet, including the completion of a comprehensive overhaul of the BAP Chipana (Type 209/1100 ) by SIMA Peru in June 2025, marking the first of four such upgrades aimed at extending operational life and enhancing combat capabilities with improved sensors and propulsion systems. Similar efforts target the navy's Lupo-class frigates, with ongoing refits at SIMA incorporating modern and electronic warfare systems to address obsolescence from the 1980s-era platforms. These initiatives prioritize domestic shipyard capacity building via SIMA, aligning with 2025 priorities to expand the and foster industrial partnerships for in maintenance. In April 2024, the navy awarded (HHI) a $463 million for local at SIMA of four vessels: a 3,400-ton HDF-3200-based equipped for multi-role operations including , a 2,200-ton offshore patrol vessel (OPV) derived from the DOPV-2200 design, an OPV variant, and a landing craft utility (LCU), with keel-laying ceremonies initiating in January 2025 to bolster surface fleet numbers amid aging hulls. This procurement emphasizes technology transfer to SIMA, enabling future indigenous builds, and forms part of a broader plan for five additional frigates, four more OPVs, and two LCUs to replace 1970s-1980s acquisitions like the Daring-class destroyers. Submarine procurement represents a cornerstone of future capabilities, with a October 2025 Memorandum of Agreement between SIMA and HHI at SITDEF outlining co-development of two to four HDS-1500-class submarines (1,500-ton displacement, AIP-equipped) to succeed the Type 209 fleet by the 2030s, focusing on stealth, vertical launch systems, and regional deterrence against asymmetric threats. This partnership builds on prior HHI collaborations and addresses capability gaps identified in doctrinal reviews, though funding constraints tied to Peru's 2025 defense budget may sequence deliveries over a decade. ![BAP Mariátegui command information center][float-right] These efforts reflect a strategic shift toward interoperable, export-proven platforms from , selected over European or domestic-only options due to cost-effectiveness and rapid delivery timelines, as evidenced by competitive evaluations in 2023-2024. While enhancing blue-water projection in the Pacific, procurements face scrutiny over integration with legacy systems and reliance on foreign yards for initial designs, potentially mitigated by SIMA's growing role in assembly and upgrades.

Challenges and Criticisms

Resource Constraints and Funding Issues

The Peruvian Navy has historically operated under significant budgetary constraints, with defense spending as a of GDP averaging around 1.2% in recent years, lower than many regional peers and insufficient to fully address fleet . expenditure totaled approximately $3.31 billion in 2023 but declined to $2.51 billion in 2024, reflecting fiscal pressures amid 's economic volatility and competing national priorities such as and social programs. These limitations have constrained the navy's ability to procure new vessels, forcing reliance on aging, often second-hand platforms that require high maintenance costs and limit operational readiness. Specific to the navy, funding shortfalls have delayed major acquisitions, with the service struggling to replace missile frigates and submarines procured in the 1970s and 1980s, many of which remain in service despite exceeding their designed lifespans. Until recent years, budget execution focused on minimal sustainment rather than expansion, exacerbating vulnerabilities in maritime patrol and power projection, as noted in assessments of global naval challenges where resource limitations hinder modernization. For instance, the navy's submarine fleet underwent partial upgrades through domestic efforts at SIMA shipyards, but full renewal programs have been protracted due to funding gaps, with only incremental progress reported as of 2025. While the 2025 defense budget increased to about $3.42 billion overall, including allocations for naval priorities like fleet expansion and industrial partnerships, analysts highlight persistent risks from Peru's ballooning fiscal deficit—projected to necessitate bond issuances—which could redirect funds away from defense amid pressures exceeding $75 billion. The navy's targeted $1.3 billion for new frigates, patrol vessels, and remains vulnerable to execution delays, as historical patterns show approved funds often underperform due to bureaucratic inefficiencies and economic downturns. This underfunding has broader implications, including reduced capacity for enforcement against illegal fishing and , where operational critiques point to inadequate resourcing as a core limiter.

Operational and Institutional Critiques

The Peruvian Navy has faced institutional critiques centered on and disciplinary lapses within its ranks. In November 2024, reports emerged of internal in the Dirección de Bienestar de la Marina, where subordinates allegedly solicited bribes from officers, undermining administrative integrity and prompting calls for stricter oversight. Similarly, in March 2025, Peru's Fiscalía Anticorrupción conducted raids on the Escuela Técnica de la Marina de Guerra del Perú in , investigating officers for passive bribery by charging cadets fees to obtain weekend passes, a practice that erodes training standards and fosters a culture of favoritism. Historical cases, such as the 2007 conviction of Jorge Ibárcena for related to 1990s , highlight persistent vulnerabilities in and . Disciplinary issues have also drawn scrutiny, including allegations of recruit mistreatment. In 2002, Peru's probed claims that naval training programs involved of conscripts, including beatings and , which compromised quality and public trust in the institution's adherence to norms. More recently, a 2015 espionage scandal implicated three Peruvian naval personnel— de Corbeta Johnny Philco, Alfredo Dominguez, and —in passing classified surveillance data on fishing vessels to Chilean agents for payment, exposing weaknesses in protocols and loyalty vetting. Operationally, the Navy has encountered safety and procedural failures in diverse environments. On May 2, 2025, the BAP Ucayali collided with the Perenco-owned fluvial platform Manatí during a transit on the , resulting in two fatalities, one missing personnel, and 30 rescued crew members; preliminary assessments pointed to potential navigation errors, inadequate signaling, or insufficient in riverine operations, amplifying concerns over for high-risk inland waterways. In July 2025, a Fokker from the squadron veered off the during landing at Marcona in Ica, with no injuries but grounding the asset pending investigation into or maintenance factors. Earlier incidents, like a vessel collision in Callao Bay requiring evacuation of six crew, underscore recurring challenges in maneuvering and response coordination. These events collectively suggest gaps in operational readiness, where empirical data from accident reports indicates causal links to procedural oversights rather than isolated misfortunes, though official inquiries often emphasize external factors over systemic reforms.

Reforms and Accountability Measures

In response to persistent corruption allegations, the Peruvian Navy has been subject to external judicial oversight, with the Prosecutor's Office conducting high-profile investigations into institutional misconduct. For instance, on March 12, 2025, authorities raided the Escuela Técnica de la Marina de Guerra del Perú in , targeting eight officials and students accused of demanding bribes totaling thousands of soles for academic favors and promotions between July 2023 and February 2025. Similarly, in January 2025, prosecutors requested six-year prison terms for seven active-duty officers linked to fraudulent "ghost contracts" and unauthorized double remunerations, resulting in verified state losses exceeding 3.6 million soles through manipulated and personnel records. These probes, often initiated by anonymous tips or internal audits, demonstrate prosecutorial intervention but also reveal vulnerabilities in and administrative processes within naval education and support directorates. Internally, the Navy has established procedural frameworks to promote , including Directive IPECAMAR 001-2021, which mandates a standardized reporting format for suspected acts, complete with whistleblower protection protocols to encourage denunciations without retaliation. Complementing this, mandatory training programs on the Índice de Riesgos de Corrupción e Inconducta Funcional (IRCF) have been rolled out across commands, aiming to identify high-risk areas such as contracting and personnel management through risk assessments and ethical guidelines. Such measures align with national laws under the Ministry of Defense, though their efficacy remains unproven amid recurring scandals, including a October 2025 judicial order for nationwide arrests of three senior officers evading prior convictions. Broader accountability challenges persist due to legislative actions affecting forces as a whole, such as Law 31998 enacted in August 2025, which grants to military personnel over 80 accused of gross violations during the 1980–2000 , effectively barring prosecutions and reparations claims. While the Navy's direct involvement in was limited compared to the —focusing instead on coastal interdictions and —the law's blanket application erodes institutional incentives for rigorous self-scrutiny, as noted by international observers monitoring in . This has drawn criticism for prioritizing veteran protections over evidentiary accountability, potentially fostering a permissive environment for unresolved operational lapses in roles.

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