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Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk
Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk
Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk
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The Sikorsky SH-60/MH-60 Seahawk (or Sea Hawk) is a twin turboshaft engine, multi-mission United States Navy helicopter based on the United States Army UH-60 Black Hawk and a member of the Sikorsky S-70 family. The most significant modifications are the folding main rotor blades and a hinged tail to reduce its footprint aboard ships.

Key Information

The U.S. Navy acquired H-60 helicopters under the model designations SH-60B, SH-60F, HH-60H, MH-60R, and MH-60S. Able to deploy aboard any air-capable frigate, destroyer, cruiser, fast combat support ship, expeditionary transfer dock, amphibious assault ship, littoral combat ship or aircraft carrier, the Seahawk can handle anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface warfare (ASUW), naval special warfare (NSW) insertion, search and rescue (SAR), combat search and rescue (CSAR), vertical replenishment (VERTREP), and medical evacuation (MEDEVAC). When entering service, the SH-60 was too large to operate from some of the smaller vessels in service, so it served along with the Kaman SH-2F and SH-2G models until 2001.

Early model Seahawks began to be retired in the 2010s and 2020s, with the last B model leaving U.S. Navy service in 2015, after over three decades, then the F and H models followed in 2016. These were replaced by the upgraded MH-60R and S models.

Design and development

[edit]

Origins

[edit]

In the 1970s, the U.S. Navy began looking for a new helicopter to replace the Kaman SH-2 Seasprite.[3] The SH-2 Seasprite was used by the Navy as its platform for the Light Airborne Multi-Purpose System (LAMPS) Mark I avionics suite for maritime warfare and a secondary search and rescue capability. Advances in sensor and avionic technology lead to the LAMPS Mk II suite being developed by the Naval Air Development Center. In 1974, the Navy conducted a competition to develop the Lamps MK III concept, which would integrate both the aircraft and shipboard systems. The Navy selected IBM Federal Systems as the Prime systems integrator for the Lamps MK III concept.

Since the SH-2 was not large enough to carry the Navy's required equipment, a new airframe was required. In the mid-1970s, the Army evaluated the Sikorsky YUH-60 and Boeing Vertol YUH-61 for its Utility Tactical Transport Aircraft System (UTTAS) competition.[4] The Navy based its requirements on the Army's UTTAS specification, to decrease costs from commonality as the new airframe to carry the Lamps MK III avionics.[3] In April 1977, Sikorsky and Boeing-Vertol submitted proposals for Navy versions of their Army UTTAS helicopters for review. The Navy also looked at helicopters being produced by Bell, Kaman, Westland and MBB, but these were too small for the mission. In early 1978, the Navy selected Sikorsky's S-70B design,[3] which was designated "SH-60B Seahawk".

SH-60B Seahawk

[edit]

IBM was the prime systems integrator for the Lamps MK III with Sikorsky as the airframe manufacturer. The SH-60B maintained 83% commonality with the UH-60A.[5] The main changes were corrosion protection, more powerful T700 engines, single-stage oleo main landing gear, removal of the left side door, adding two weapon pylons, and shifting the tail landing gear 13 feet (3.96 m) forward to reduce the footprint for shipboard landing. Other changes included larger fuel cells, an electric blade folding system, folding horizontal stabilators for storage, and adding a 25-tube pneumatic sonobuoy launcher on the left side.[6]

An emergency flotation system was originally installed in the stub wing fairings of the main landing gear. It was found to be impractical and possibly impeded emergency egress, and was removed.[citation needed] Five YSH-60B Seahawk LAMPS III prototypes were ordered. The first YSH-60B flight occurred on 12 December 1979. The first production SH-60B made its first flight on 11 February 1983. The SH-60B entered operational service in 1984, with its first operational deployment in 1985.[4]

The SH-60B is deployed primarily aboard frigates, destroyers, and cruisers. The primary missions of the SH-60B are surface warfare and anti-submarine warfare. It carries a complex system of sensors, including a towed magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) and air-launched sonobuoys. Other sensors include the APS-124 search radar, ALQ-142 ESM system and optional nose-mounted forward looking infrared (FLIR) turret. Munitions carried include the Mk 46, Mk 50, or Mark 54 Lightweight Torpedo, AGM-114 Hellfire missile, and a single cabin-door-mounted M60D/M240 7.62 mm (0.30 in) machine gun, or GAU-16 .50 in (12.7 mm) machine gun.

A standard crew for a SH-60B is one pilot, one ATO/Co-Pilot (Airborne Tactical Officer), and an enlisted aviation warfare systems operator (sensor operator). The U.S. Navy operated the SH-60B in Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron, Light (HSL) squadrons. All HSL squadrons were redesignated Helicopter Maritime Strike (HSM) squadrons, and transitioned to the MH-60R between 2006 and 2015.

The SH-60J is a version of the SH-60B for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force with different avionics. The SH-60K is a modified version of the SH-60J. The SH-60J and SH-60K are built under license by Mitsubishi in Japan.[7][8]

SH-60F

[edit]
A Seahawk hovers during a simulated casualty evacuation as MARSOC operators carry a stretcher.

After the SH-60B entered service,[9] the Navy conducted a competition to replace the Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King. The competitors were Sikorsky, Kaman and IBM (avionics only).[citation needed] Sikorsky began development of this variant in March 1985. In January 1986, seven SH-60Fs were ordered including two prototypes (BuNos 163282/3).[10] The first example flew on 19 March 1987.[11] The SH-60F was based on the SH-60B airframe, but with upgraded SH-3H avionics.[citation needed]

The SH-60F primarily served as the carrier battle group's primary anti-submarine warfare (ASW) aircraft. The helicopter hunted submarines with its AQS-13F dipping sonar, and carried a six-tube sonobuoy launcher. The SH-60F is unofficially named "Oceanhawk".[11] The SH-60F can carry Mk 46, Mk 50, or Mk 54 torpedoes for its offensive weapons, and it has a choice of fuselage-mounted machine guns, including the M60D, M240D, and GAU-16 (.50 caliber or 12.7 mm) for self-defense. The standard aircrew is one pilot, one co-pilot, one tactical sensor operator (TSO), and one acoustic sensor operator (ASO). The SH-60F was operated by the U.S. Navy's Helicopter Antisubmarine (HS) squadrons, until they were redesignated Helicopter Sea Combat (HSC) squadrons and transitioned to the MH-60S. The last HS squadron completed its transition in 2016.

HH-60H

[edit]
A hovering HH-60H helicopter operated by HSC-84 during fast-rope training in Iraq, 2010

The HH-60H was developed in conjunction with the US Coast Guard's HH-60J, beginning in September 1986 with a contract for the first five helicopters with Sikorsky as the prime contractor. The variant's first flight occurred on 17 August 1988. Deliveries of the HH-60H began in 1989. The variant earned initial operating capability in April 1990 and was deployed to Desert Storm with HCS-4 and HCS-5 in 1991.[11] The HH-60H's official DoD and Sikorsky name is Seahawk, though it has been called "Rescue Hawk".[12]

Based on the SH-60F, the HH-60H is the primary combat search and rescue (CSAR), naval special warfare (NSW) and anti-surface warfare (ASUW) helicopter. It carries various defensive and offensive sensors. These include a FLIR turret with laser designator, and the Aircraft Survival Equipment (ASE) package including the ALQ-144 Infrared Jammer, AVR-2 Laser Detectors, APR-39(V)2 Radar Detectors, AAR-47 Missile Launch Detectors and ALE-47 chaff/flare dispensers. Engine exhaust deflectors provide infrared thermal reduction, reducing the threat of heat-seeking missiles. The HH-60H can carry up to four AGM-114 Hellfire missiles on an extended wing using the M299 launcher, and a variety of mountable guns including M60D, M240, GAU-16 and GAU-17/A machine guns.

The HH-60H's standard crew is a pilot, a copilot, an enlisted crew chief, and two door gunners or one rescue swimmer. Originally operated by HCS-5 and HCS-4 (later HSC-84), these two special USNR squadrons were established with the primary mission of Naval Special Warfare and Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR). Due to SOCOM budget issues, the squadrons were deactivated in 2006 and 2016 respectively. The HH-60H was also operated by Helicopter Antisubmarine (HS) squadrons, with a standard dispersal of six F-models and two or three H-models, before the transition of HS squadrons to HSC squadrons equipped with the MH-60S, the last of which completed its transition in 2016. The only squadron equipped with the HH-60H as of 2016 is HSC-85, one of only two remaining USNR helicopter squadrons, the other being HSM-60 equipped with the MH-60R. In Iraq, HH-60Hs were used by the Navy, assisting the Army, for MEDEVAC purposes and special operations missions.[citation needed]

MH-60R

[edit]
An MH-60R Seahawk conducts sonar operations.

The MH-60R "Romeo" was originally known as "LAMPS Mark III Block II Upgrade" when development began in 1993 with Lockheed Martin, formerly IBM/Loral. Two SH-60Bs were converted by Sikorsky, the first of which made its maiden flight on 22 December 1999. Designated YSH-60R, they were delivered to NAS Patuxent River in 2001 for flight testing. The production variant was redesignated MH-60R to match its multi-mission capability.[13] The MH-60R was deployed by the US Navy in 2006.[14]

The MH-60R is designed to combine the features of the SH-60B and SH-60F.[15] Its avionics includes dual controls and instead of the complex array of dials and gauges in Bravo and Foxtrot aircraft, 4 fully integrated 8" x 10" night vision goggle-compatible and sunlight-readable color multi-function displays, all part of the glass cockpit produced by Owego Helo Systems division of Lockheed Martin.[16] Onboard sensors include: AAR-47 Missile Approach Warning System by ATK,[16] Raytheon AAS-44 electro-optical system that integrates FLIR and laser rangefinder,[16] ALE-39 decoy dispenser and ALQ-144 infrared jammer by BAE Systems,[16] ALQ-210 electronic support measures system by Lockheed Martin,[16] APS-147 multi-mode radar/IFF interrogator, which during a mid-life technology insertion project is replaced by APS-153 Multi-Mode Radar with Automatic Radar Periscope Detection and Discrimination (ARPDD) capability.[17]

Both radars were developed by Telephonics,[18][16] a more advanced AN/AQS-22 advanced airborne low-frequency sonar (ALFS) jointly developed by Raytheon & Thales,[16] an ARC-210 voice radio by Rockwell Collins,[16] an advanced airborne fleet data link SRQ-4 Hawklink with radio terminal set ARQ-59 radio terminal, both by L3Harris,[19][20][21] and LN-100G dual-embedded global positioning system and inertial navigation system by Northrop Grumman Litton division.[16] Beginning in 2020, CAE's MAD-XR were fielded on MH-60Rs, providing it with a magnetic anomaly detector.[22]

Offensive capabilities are improved by the addition of new Mk-54 air-launched torpedoes and Hellfire missiles. All Helicopter Anti-Submarine Light (HSL) squadrons that receive the MH-60R are redesignated Helicopter Maritime Strike (HSM) squadrons.[23]

MH-60S

[edit]
An MH-60S lifting humanitarian supplies from the deck of USNS Comfort.
A US Navy technician inside an MH-60S cockpit

In 1997, the Navy decided to replace its venerable CH-46 Sea Knight helicopters. In 1998, the Navy awarded a production contract to Sikorsky for the CH-60S, after sea demonstrations with a converted UH-60. The variant first flew on 27 January 2000 and it began flight testing later that year. The CH-60S was redesignated MH-60S in February 2001 to reflect its planned multi-mission use.[24] The MH-60S is based on the UH-60L and has many naval SH-60 features.[25] Unlike all other Navy H-60s, the MH-60S is not based on the original S-70B/SH-60B platform, with its forward-mounted twin tail-gear and single starboard sliding cabin door. Instead, the S-model is a hybrid, featuring the main fuselage of the S-70A/UH-60, with large sliding doors on both sides of the cabin and a single aft-mounted tail wheel, and the folding tail pylon, engines, drivetrain and rotors of the S-70B/SH-60.[26][25] It includes the integrated glass cockpit developed by Lockheed Martin for the MH-60R and shares some of the same avionics/weapons systems.

It is deployed aboard aircraft carriers, amphibious assault ships, Maritime Sealift Command ships, and fast combat support ships. Its missions include vertical replenishment, medical evacuation, combat search and rescue, anti-surface warfare, maritime interdiction, close air support, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, and special warfare support. The MH-60S is to deploy with the AQS-20A Mine Detection System and an Airborne Laser Mine Detection System (ALMDS) for identifying submerged objects in coastal waters.

It is the first US Navy helicopter to field a glass cockpit, relaying flight information via four digital monitors. The primary means of defense is door-mounted machine guns such as the M60D, M240D, or GAU-17/A. A "batwing" Armed Helo Kit based on the Army's UH-60L was developed to accommodate Hellfire missiles, Hydra 70 2.75 inch rockets, or larger guns. The MH-60S can be equipped with a nose-mounted forward looking infrared (FLIR) turret to be used in conjunction with Hellfire missiles. It carries the ALQ-144 Infrared Jammer.

A MH-60S deploying search and rescue swimmers.

The MH-60S is unofficially known as the "Knighthawk", referring to the preceding Sea Knight, though "Seahawk" is its official DoD name.[27][28] A standard crew for the MH-60S is one pilot, one copilot and two tactical aircrewmen, depending on the mission. With the retirement of the Sea Knight, the squadron designation of Helicopter Combat Support Squadron (HC) was retired from the Navy. Operating MH-60S squadrons were re-designated Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron (HSC).[23] The MH-60S was to be used for mine clearing from littoral combat ships, but testing found it lacks the power to safely tow the detection equipment.[29]

In August 2014, the U.S. Navy forward deployed the Airborne Laser Mine Detection System (ALMDS) to the U.S. 5th Fleet. The ALMDS is a sensor system designed to detect, classify, and localize floating and near-surface moored mines in littoral zones, straits, and choke points. The system is operated from an MH-60S, which gives it a countermine role traditionally handled by the MH-53E Sea Dragon, allowing smaller ships that the MH-53E cannot operate from, to be used in the role. The ALMDS beams a laser into the water to pick up reflections from things it bounces off of, then uses that data to produce a video image for ground personnel to determine if the object is a mine.[30]

The MH-60S will utilize the BAE Systems Archerfish remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to seek out and destroy naval mines from the air. Selected as a concept in 2003 by the Navy as part of the Airborne Mine Neutralization System (AMNS) program and developed since 2007, the Archerfish is dropped into the water from its launch cradle, where its human operator remotely guides it down towards the mine using a fiber optics communications cable that leads back up to the helicopter. Using sonar and low-light video, it locates the mine, and is then instructed to shoot a shaped charge explosive to detonate it. In April 2016, BAE was awarded a contract to build and deliver the ROVs.[31]

Operational history

[edit]

U.S. Navy

[edit]

The Navy received the first production SH-60B in February 1983 and assigned it to squadron HSL-41.[32][33] The helicopter entered service in 1984,[34] and began its first deployment in 1985.[32]

A MH-60R prepares to land aboard USS John C. Stennis.

The SH-60F entered operational service on 22 June 1989 with Helicopter Antisubmarine Squadron 10 (HS-10) at NAS North Island.[24] SH-60F squadrons planned to shift from the SH-60F to the MH-60S from 2005 to 2011 and were to be redesignated Helicopter Sea Combat (HSC).[citation needed]

As one of the two squadrons in the US Navy dedicated to Naval Special Warfare support and combat search and rescue, the HCS-5 Firehawks squadron deployed to Iraq for Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003. The squadron completed 900 combat air missions and over 1,700 combat flight hours. The majority of their flights in the Iraqi theater supported special operations ground forces missions.[citation needed]

An MH-60R Seahawk firing a live Hellfire missile

A west coast Fleet Replacement Squadron (FRS), Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron (HSM) 41, received the MH-60R aircraft in December 2005 and began training the first set of pilots. In 2007, the R-model successfully underwent final testing for incorporation into the fleet. In August 2008, the first 11 combat-ready Romeos arrived at HSM-71, a squadron assigned to the carrier John C. Stennis. The primary missions of the MH-60R are anti-surface and anti-submarine warfare. According to Lockheed Martin, "secondary missions include search and rescue, vertical replenishment, naval surface fire support, logistics support, personnel transport, medical evacuation and communications and data relay."[35]

HSL squadrons in the US have been incrementally transitioning to the MH-60R and have nearly completed the transition. The first MH-60Rs in Japan arrived in October 2012. The recipient was HSM-51, the Navy's forward–deployed LAMPS squadron, home based in Atsugi, Japan. The Warlords transitioned from the SH-60B throughout 2013, and shifted each detachment to the new aircraft as they returned from deployments. HSM-51 will have all MH-60R aircraft at the end of 2013. The Warlords are joined by the Saberhawks of HSM-77.

On 23 July 2013, Sikorsky delivered the 400th MH-60, an MH-60R, to the U.S. Navy. This included 166 MH-60R versions and 234 MH-60S versions. The MH-60S is in production until 2015 and will total a fleet of 275 aircraft, and the MH-60R is in production until 2017 and will total a fleet of 291 aircraft. The two models have flown 660,000 flight hours. Seahawk helicopters are to remain in Navy service into the 2030s.[36]

The SH-60B Seahawk completed its last active-duty deployment for the U.S. Navy in late April 2015 after a seven-month deployment aboard USS Gary. After 32 years and over 3.6 million hours of service, the SH-60B was formally retired from U.S. Navy service during a ceremony on 11 May 2015 at Naval Air Station North Island.[37][38] In late November 2015 USS Theodore Roosevelt returned from its deployment, ending the last active-duty operational deployment of both the SH-60F and HH-60H. The models are to be transferred to other squadrons or placed in storage.[39]

Indian Navy

[edit]

In February 2011, India selected the S-70B over the NHIndustries NH90 for an acquisition of 16 multirole helicopters for the Indian Navy to replace its aging Westland Sea King fleet.[40] India selected the Seahawk for procurement in November 2014.[41] In June 2017, India's Ministry of Defence terminated the procurement program over a pricing issue.[42] Then in August 2018, India's Defence Ministry approved the purchase of 24 MH-60R helicopters.[43] In April 2019, the US Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) approved sale of 24 MH-60R anti-submarine helicopters to India for US$2.6 bn and notified Congress of the proposed sale.[44]

India signed a ₹15,157 crore (equivalent to ₹180 billion or US$2.1 billion in 2023) contract for the MH-60Rs in February 2020. These helicopters are to aid in detecting and destroying enemy submarines prowling in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).[45] On 16 July 2021, the U.S. Navy handed over the first two MH-60Rs to the Indian Navy at Naval Air Station North Island, San Diego.[46] In December 2023, it has reported that the 6th helicopter was delivered to the Navy.[47] At least four were commissioned on 6 March 2024, in the presence of Defense Minister Rajnath Singh at their planned home base of INS Garuda in Kochi. They formed the INAS 334 Naval Squadron and will be under the command of Captain M Abhishek Ram.[48][49][50][51]

The MH-60Rs have been integrated with the Navy's aircraft carrier INS Vikrant. The new helicopters can be used for rescue operations, especially in night search and rescue missions, as they have night vision goggles and forward-looking infrared facilities. They participated in the Exercise Milan-2024 held by the Navy.[48][49][50]

On 24 August 2024, DSCA approved a possible order worth $52.8 million for sonobuoys and related equipment. The deal includes the sale of 3 types of High Altitude Anti-Submarine Warfare (HAASW) sonobuoys including AN/SSQ-53G/O[a], AN/SSQ-62F[b], and AN/SSQ-36[c] sonobuoys may be a part of the deal. The sonobuoys are to be integrated onboard MH-60R for ASW operations.[52][53][54] The Indian Navy is planning to acquire over 500 anti-submarine sonobuoys for the MH-60 fleet.[55][56] On 6 October 2024, DSCA further cleared the possible sale of 53 aircraft-launched MK 54 MOD 0 Lightweight Torpedo all up rounds for its MH-60R fleet and associated equipment and support, including “in-country torpedo training”.[57]

As per Ministry of Defence reports on 26 December 2024, the first nine helicopters were delivered and put into service on the fleet ships. The helicopters took part in exercises like MALABAR, SIMBEX and MILAN 24 in the year.[58]

Other and potential users

[edit]
The first two Australian MH-60Rs arriving at Naval Air Station Jacksonville shortly before being delivered to the Royal Australian Navy, December 2013
Brazilian Navy S70B operating from Bahia

Spain ordered 12 S-70B Seahawks for its Navy.[59] Spain requested six refurbished SH-60Fs through a Foreign Military Sale in September 2010.[60][61]

The Royal Australian Navy (RAN) ordered 16 S-70B-2s which were delivered in 1988 and 1989.[62] In December 2017, the S-70B-2s were retired from service.[62] The S-70B-2 served extensively in the Middle East, embarked on the Adelaide-class and the Anzac-class frigates.[63] 11 S-70B-2 were sold to Skyline Aviation Group.[64] Under Project AIR 9000 Phase 8, the MH-60R competed with the NHIndustries NH90 to replace the S-70B-2.[65] In June 2011, the MH-60R was selected to replace the S-70B-2.[66] 24 MH-60Rs were ordered to be equipped with the Mark 54 and the Hellfire with deliveries commencing in mid-2014.[66] The US approved a Foreign Military Sale of 24 MH-60Rs in July 2010.[67] The first MH-60R was delivered to the RAN in 2013 and the last was delivered in 2016.[68][69] In 2018, Australia signed a 10-year agreement with the US Navy to support the MH-60R.[70] The Department of Defence in the 2020 Force Structure Plan reported it planned to expand and rationalise the RAN's MRH-90 Taipan fleet used for support and logistics.[71] In October 2021, the US approved a Foreign Military Sale to Australia of 12 MH-60Rs.[72] In May 2022, the Australian government announced that it would purchase 12 MH-60Rs to replace the MRH-90 fleet.[73] The government placed the order in September 2022.[74]

The Royal Danish Navy (RDN) put the MH-60R on a short list for a requirement of around 12 new naval helicopters, together with the NH90/NFH, H-92, AW159 and AW101. The Request For Proposal was issued in September 2010.[75] In November 2010, Denmark requested approval for a possible purchase of 12 MH-60Rs through a Foreign Military Sale.[76][77] In November 2012, Denmark selected 9 MH-60Rs to replace its 7 aging Lynx helicopters.[78] In October 2015, the US Navy accepted two mission ready MH-60R helicopters for Denmark.[79] In October 2018, Lockheed Martin was in the process of delivering the ninth and final MH-60R to Denmark.[80]

In July 2009, the Republic of Korea requested eight MH-60S helicopters, 16 GE T700-401C engines, and related sensor systems to be sold in a Foreign Military Sale.[81] South Korea instead chose the AW159 in January 2013.[82] In December 2020, the South Korean government purchased 12 MH-60Rs.[83]

In July 2010 Tunisia requested 12 refurbished SH-60Fs through a Foreign Military Sale.[84] But the change in government there in January 2011 may interfere with an order.[85]

In 2011, Qatar requested a potential Foreign Military Sale of up to 6 MH-60R helicopters, engines and other associated equipment.[86] In late June 2012, Qatar requested another 22 Seahawks, 12 fitted with the armed helicopter modification kit and T700-401C engines with an option to purchase an additional six Seahawks and more engines.[87][88]

In 2011, Singapore bought six S-70Bs. In 2013, they ordered an additional two.[89]

In early 2015, Israel ordered eight ex-Navy SH-60Fs to support the expansion of the Israeli Navy surface fleet for ASW, ASuW and SAR roles.[90]

In 2015, Saudi Arabia requested the sale of ten MH-60R helicopters and associated equipment and support for the Royal Saudi Navy.[91][92]

In 2016, Malaysia considered purchasing new helicopters for its Royal Malaysian Navy, with the MH-60R Seahawk, AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat, or the Airbus Helicopters H225M under evaluation for the role.[93]

In April 2018, the Defense Security Cooperation Agency received U.S. State Department approval and notified Congress of a possible sale to Mexican Navy of eight MH-60Rs, spare engines, and associated systems.[94][95] In July 2018, Mexico's president planned to cancel the MH-60 sale to cut government spending.[96]

In 2022, the Royal Norwegian Air Force considered the UH-60 as a replacement for the NHIndustries NH90.[97] In March 2023, Norway decided to procure MH-60R Sea Hawks for the Norwegian Coast Guard. Training is to start immediately in cooperation with the Royal Danish Air Force. The U.S. government decided to reallocate three MH-60Rs originally destined for the U.S. Navy to the Norwegian Coast Guard, with an estimated delivery in the summer of 2025. Norway will procure six MH-60Rs, with the remaining three delivered by 2027. Norway is considering procuring additional helicopters for the anti-submarine warfare role for the Royal Norwegian Navy Fridtjof Nansen-class frigate, pending review into how to best satisfy the navy's ASW needs.[98]

In October 2023, Lockheed Martin was awarded a contract to deliver eight MH-60Rs to the Spanish Navy.[99]

On 21 August 2025, New Zealand's Defence Minister Judith Collins and Foreign Minister Winston Peters announced the intention to purchase five MH-60R Seahawks.[100][101]

Variants

[edit]

U.S. versions

[edit]
MH-60S empty cabin and sling load mechanism
  • YSH-60B Seahawk: Developmental version, led to SH-60B; five built.[102]
  • SH-60B Seahawk: Anti-submarine warfare helicopter, equipped with an APS-124 search radar and an ALQ-142 ESM system under the nose, also fitted with a 25-tube sonobuoy launcher on the left side and modified landing gear; 181 built for the US Navy.
  • NSH-60B Seahawk: Permanently configured for flight testing.[102]
  • CH-60E: Proposed troop transport version for the U.S. Marine Corps. Not built.[103]
  • SH-60F "Oceanhawk": Carrier-borne anti-submarine warfare helicopter, equipped with AQS-13F dipping sonar; 76 built for the U.S. Navy.[104]
  • NSH-60F Seahawk: Modified SH-60F to support the VH-60N Cockpit Upgrade Program.[102]
  • HH-60H "Rescue Hawk": Search-and-rescue helicopter for the U.S. Navy; 42 built.
  • XSH-60J: Two U.S.-built pattern aircraft for Japan.
  • SH-60J: Anti-submarine warfare helicopter for the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force.
  • YSH-60R Seahawk:
  • MH-60R Seahawk: Anti-submarine warfare helicopter with capability for vertical resupply missions and search & rescue operations.[105]
  • YCH-60S "Knighthawk": Prototype; converted to MH-60S in 2001.
  • MH-60S "Knighthawk": Used for vertical resupply missions, search & rescue operations, special warfare support, and airborne mine countermeasures. Entered service in February 2002.
  • HH-60J/MH-60T Jayhawk: U.S. Coast Guard version. The HH-60J was developed with the HH-60H, the MH-60T is an upgrade to the HH-60J.

Export versions

[edit]
View of front of MH-60R, 2010
  • S-70B Seahawk: Sikorsky's designation for Seahawk. Designation is often used for exports.
    • S-70B-1 Seahawk: Anti-submarine version for the Spanish Navy. The Seahawk is configured with the LAMPS (Light Airborne Multipurpose System)
    • S-70B-2 Seahawk: Anti-submarine version for the Royal Australian Navy, similar to the SH-60B Seahawk in U.S. Navy operation.
    • S-70B-3 Seahawk: Anti-submarine version for the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force. Also known as the SH-60J. The JMSDF ordered 101 units, with deliveries starting in 1991.
    • S-70-4 Seahawk: Sikorsky's designation for the SH-60F Oceanhawk.
    • S-70-5: Sikorsky's designation for the HH-60H Rescue Hawk and HH-60J Jayhawk.
    • S-70B-6 Aegean Hawk: the Greek military variant which is a blend of the SH-60B and F models, based on Republic of China (Taiwan) Navy's S-70C(M)1/2.
    • S-70B-7 Seahawk: Export version for the Royal Thai Navy.
    • S-70B-28 Seahawk: Export version for Turkey.
Republic of China Navy S-70C(M)-1/2 Thunderhawk dropping a sonobuoy at Zuoying Naval Base in 2014
  • S-70C: Designation for civil variants of the H-60.
    • S-70C(M)-1/2 Thunderhawk: Export version for the Republic of China (Taiwan) Navy, equipped with an undernose radar and a dipping sonar. The S-70C(M)-1 has the CT7-2D1 engines whereas S-70C(M)-2 is uprated with the T700-GE-401C turboshafts.
    • S-70C-2: 24 radar-equipped UH-60 Black Hawks for China, the delivery of the helicopters was halted by an embargo.
    • S-70C-6 Super Blue Hawk: Search-and-rescue helicopter for Taiwan, equipped with undernose radar, plus provision for four external fuel tanks on two sub wings.
    • S-70C-14: VIP transport version for Brunei; two built.
    • S-70A (N) Naval Hawk: Maritime variant that blends the S-70A Black Hawk and S-70B Seahawk designs.
  • S-70L: Sikorsky's original designation for the SH-60B Seahawk.
  • SH-16: Brazilian Navy designation of the SH-60.[106]

Operators

[edit]
Map with SH-60 users in blue
A Hellenic Navy S-70B-6 Aegean Hawk
MH-60R Seahawk helicopter of Indian Navy
A JMSDF SH-60J lands on board USS Russell.
Republic of China Navy S-70C(M) Thunderhawks
 Australia
 Brazil
 Denmark
 Greece
 India
  • Indian Navy – 9 MH-60R Seahawks delivered by December 2024 out of 24 ordered in 2020, with remaining deliveries to be completed by 2025.[58]
 Israel
 Japan
 Norway
 South Korea
 Saudi Arabia
 Singapore
 Spain
 Taiwan (Republic of China)
 Thailand
 Turkey
 United States

Specifications (SH-60B)

[edit]

Data from Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory,[121] Navy fact file,[27] Sikorsky S-70B brochure[122] Sikorsky MH-60R brochure,[123] NATOPS Flight Manual[124]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 3–4
  • Capacity: 5 passengers in cabin, slung load of 6,000 lb (2,700 kg) or internal load of 4,100 lb (1,900 kg) for B, F, and H models / 6,684 lb (3,032 kg) payload
  • Length: 64 ft 8 in (19.71 m)
  • Height: 17 ft 2 in (5.23 m)
  • Empty weight: 15,200 lb (6,895 kg)
  • Gross weight: 17,758 lb (8,055 kg) for ASW mission
  • Max takeoff weight: 21,884 lb (9,926 kg)
  • Powerplant: 2 × General Electric T700-GE-401C turboshaft engines, 1,890 shp (1,410 kW) each for take-off
  • Main rotor diameter: 53 ft 8 in (16.36 m)
  • Main rotor area: 2,262.3 sq ft (210.17 m2) * Blade section: root: SC1095/SC1095R8; tip: Sikorsky SC1095[125]

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 146 kn (168 mph, 270 km/h)
  • Never exceed speed: 180 kn (210 mph, 330 km/h)
  • Range: 450 nmi (520 mi, 830 km)
  • Service ceiling: 12,000 ft (3,700 m)
  • Rate of climb: 1,650 ft/min (8.4 m/s)

Armament

See also: U.S. Helicopter Armament Subsystems

See also

[edit]

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk

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from Grokipedia
The Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk is a twin-turboshaft engine, multi-mission helicopter developed for the as a maritime variant of the UH-60 Black Hawk, featuring 83% commonality in components to enhance production efficiency and logistics. Initiated in the 1970s under the (LAMPS) Mark III program to replace the SH-2 Seasprite, the SH-60 first flew on February 11, 1983, and achieved initial operational capability with the in 1984, with the SH-60B variant deploying aboard ships in 1985. It is powered by two T700-GE-401C engines, each producing up to 1,900 shaft horsepower, enabling a maximum speed of 160 knots, a range of approximately 450 nautical miles, and a service ceiling of 13,000 feet. The SH-60 Seahawk serves as a versatile platform for (ASW), (ASuW), (SAR), (VERTREP), (MEDEVAC), and special warfare support, deployable from frigates, destroyers, cruisers, and aircraft carriers. Equipped with advanced sensors such as APS-124 search , towed detectors (MAD), dipping (AQS-13F), sonobuoys, and electronic support measures, it carries armaments including Mk 46/50 torpedoes, AGM-119 Penguin or Hellfire missiles, rockets, and crew-served machine guns like the M60 or M240. Key variants include the SH-60B, optimized for shipboard ASW and ASuW since 1983; the SH-60F, a carrier-based ASW model introduced in 1988; the HH-60H, focused on combat SAR; the MH-60S, a multi-mission variant for ASuW, SAR, and airborne mine countermeasures since 2002; and the MH-60R, an advanced upgrade combining B and F capabilities with integrated mission systems, electro-optical/infrared sensors, and multi-mode , achieving initial operational capability in 2006 and serving over 350 units worldwide as of 2023. Manufactured by Sikorsky (a Lockheed Martin subsidiary), the Seahawk family has accumulated millions of flight hours, with the MH-60R projected to remain operational beyond 2045, underscoring its enduring role in .

Design and development

Origins

In the early 1970s, the U.S. Navy initiated the (LAMPS) program to enhance the (ASW) capabilities of surface combatants by replacing the aging helicopter, which served as the platform for the earlier LAMPS Mark I suite. The LAMPS initiative addressed critical gaps in over-the-horizon targeting and surveillance, integrating airborne sensors with shipboard systems to extend the detection range of non-aviation ships against submarines and surface threats. By the mid-1970s, advances in and sensor technology necessitated a larger, more capable for the planned LAMPS Mark III upgrade, prompting a competition among industry proposals. In September 1977, the Navy selected Sikorsky Aircraft's S-70B design—a navalized derivative of the U.S. Army's UH-60 Black Hawk—for the LAMPS Mark III program, choosing it over competitors including Kaman's proposed SH-2G upgrade to the Seasprite. This selection led to a $109.3 million full-scale development contract awarded in February 1978, marking congressional approval for the program's initial phase amid broader defense budget allocations for naval aviation enhancements. Key naval adaptations in the S-70B, later designated SH-60B Seahawk, included folding main rotor blades and a hinged tail pylon to minimize shipboard storage footprint, corrosion-resistant materials for maritime durability, an automatic flight control system to enable stable hovers in adverse weather, and provisions for integrating with shipboard sensors via data links for real-time ASW and anti-surface warfare coordination. These modifications ensured compatibility with destroyers, frigates, and cruisers, supporting operations in sea states up to 5. The YSH-60B prototype achieved its first flight on December 12, 1979, initiating a series of ground and flight tests, including mockup evaluations on ships like in 1978. Developmental testing progressed through operational evaluations completed in February 1982, featuring shipboard trials such as those conducted aboard to validate deck operations and sensor integration. The SH-60B reached initial operational capability (IOC) in 1984, with the first production aircraft delivered that year following low-rate initial production. Full-rate production commenced shortly thereafter, supported by ongoing congressional funding; the overall LAMPS Mark III program, encompassing 181 SH-60B helicopters for deployment on surface combatants, was estimated at $3.9 billion through the early 1980s. This foundation enabled subsequent evolutions into multi-mission variants like the MH-60R.

SH-60B Seahawk

The SH-60B Seahawk represented the baseline production variant of the S-70B naval helicopter family, adapted from the UH-60A Black Hawk to fulfill U.S. Navy requirements for (ASW) and (ASuW) from surface ships. This adaptation maintained 83% parts commonality with the UH-60A while incorporating naval-specific modifications, such as power-folding main and tail rotors, a hinged tail pylon for shipboard storage, enhanced corrosion-resistant materials, and single-stage oleo suitable for small deck operations. For ASW missions, the aircraft integrated the AN/APS-124 X-band search radar for surface and detection, a 25-tube launcher with ARR-84 receivers and UYS-1 acoustic processors for passive tracking, and the AN/AQS-13F dipping sonar for active acoustic interrogation. Additional sensors included the AN/ALQ-142 electronic support measures (ESM) system for electronic threat identification and a towed AN/ASQ-81 (MAD) for localization. Flight testing for the SH-60B focused on expanding the operational envelope to ensure compatibility with carrier and frigate deck operations, including evaluations of shipboard landings, rotor folding mechanisms, and performance in high-sea states. These phases encompassed night vision goggle-assisted landings and adverse weather trials conducted between 1982 and 1983, building on the YSH-60B prototype flights that began in December 1979. The first production SH-60B achieved its initial flight on 11 February 1983, marking the transition from developmental prototypes to operational hardware. Production milestones advanced rapidly following in 1978, with the first delivered to the U.S. Navy in February 1983 and initial operational capability achieved in 1984 through Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron Light (HSL) 41. Low-rate initial production (LRIP) commenced shortly thereafter, ramping up to sustain an annual output of approximately 18 units by 1985 to equip surface combatants under the (LAMPS) Mark III program. Early upgrades in the late 1980s bolstered the SH-60B's ASuW role by integrating the , enabling precision strikes against small surface vessels and providing standoff targeting support for ship-launched weapons. This capability was tested and fielded as part of broader enhancements, including improved data links for coordinated ship-helicopter operations. Engineering efforts during development addressed key challenges inherent to maritime operations, including excessive vibrations from the hydraulic rotor folding system, which were mitigated through dynamic balancing and elastomeric dampers in the main rotor hub. Saltwater was countered via epoxy-based protective coatings on components, combined with galvanized fasteners and sealed electrical systems to extend service life in humid, saline environments. A total of 181 SH-60B helicopters were produced by the end of the dedicated production run in 1989, excluding the five developmental prototypes. The variant supported the U.S. Navy's initial LAMPS III deployments in the mid-1980s, enhancing fleet ASW and from frigates and destroyers.

SH-60F

The SH-60F program was initiated in early 1985 to provide the U.S. Navy with a carrier-based inner-zone (ASW) , complementing the outer-zone capabilities of the SH-60B and addressing capability gaps in protection that had emerged after the era with the aging SH-3H fleet. Based on the proven SH-60B , the variant featured modified mission systems tailored for close-in ASW operations in high-noise environments near carriers, including enhanced and sensor integration to detect and engage submarines. Development advanced rapidly, with the prototype achieving its first flight on March 19, 1987, followed by technical evaluations from July to November 1987 and operational testing through 1990. The aircraft reached initial operational capability in 1990, when Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron 2 (HS-2) became the first unit to receive it for active use. Between 1990 and 1994, Sikorsky produced 81 SH-60F units for the , with subsequent retrofits in the 1990s enabling organic airborne mine countermeasures (MCM) operations through integration of detection systems. Key modifications centered on ASW and MCM enhancements, including the AN/AQS-13F dipping sonar for active acoustic detection, magnetic anomaly detectors for subsurface threat localization, and laser-based systems for mine spotting in later configurations, allowing the helicopter to support mine detection and neutralization drills alongside its primary ASW role. These additions increased onboard weight significantly, with mission-specific payloads reaching up to 2,000 pounds for sensors and towed gear, prompting upgrades to more powerful T700-GE-401C engines rated at 1,940 shp (1,447 kW) each to maintain performance and hover capabilities. The SH-60F shared its core airframe with the HH-60H variant, which incorporated adaptations for while retaining similar ASW foundations. By the early , the variant began phasing out as Navy squadrons transitioned to the MH-60S for multi-mission demands, including expanded MCM, , and , with full replacement of SH-60F units completed by the mid-2010s.

HH-60H

The HH-60H Seahawk emerged in the mid-1980s to address the U.S. Navy's growing need for a dedicated (CSAR) helicopter, driven by the expansion of operations and the limitations of older platforms like the HH-1K and HH-3A in high-threat environments. This variant was derived directly from the SH-60F airframe to leverage existing commonality while fulfilling requirements for personnel recovery, naval special warfare (NSW) support, and (ASUW) missions in contested maritime areas. Development of the HH-60H began with a contract awarded to Sikorsky in September 1986, focusing on adaptations for . The prototype achieved its first flight on August 17, 1988, followed by extensive testing for goggle (NVG) compatibility, which included redesigned lighting and displays to enable low-light operations. Integration of (FLIR) systems, such as the AAS-44, was also validated during trials to enhance target detection and navigation in adverse conditions. Key modifications from the SH-60F baseline emphasized survivability and mission flexibility, including the addition of probes for extended range, reinforced armor plating for ballistic protection, and /flare dispensers as part of an advanced countermeasures suite. The rescue hoist was upgraded to handle loads up to 600 pounds (270 kg) over 250 feet (76 m), supporting swimmer deployments and extractions, while provisions for up to four missiles and a hover suppression system (HIRSS) were incorporated for and . Production commenced in 1989, with a total of 42 HH-60H helicopters built between 1989 and the early 1990s; deliveries to operational units began that year. Initial operating capability (IOC) was declared in April 1990 with Helicopter Combat Support Squadrons (HCS) 4 and 5 under the Helicopter Sea Combat Wing, enabling rapid integration into carrier-based fleets. Operationally, the HH-60H was adapted for seamless integration with Navy SEAL teams, facilitating , fast-rope insertions, (SPIE) rigs, and combat extractions in hostile littoral environments. It supported NSW missions by providing , , and logistics in scenarios requiring up to five hours of loiter time. During the , it participated in U.S. Navy exercises simulating recoveries. Most HH-60H aircraft were retired in the 2000s as the MH-60S entered service, assuming similar CSAR and NSW roles with upgraded avionics; the final active-duty units were phased out by 2019, with some airframes transferred for training or reserve use.

MH-60R

The MH-60R Seahawk, often referred to as the "Romeo," is a multi-mission maritime helicopter developed by Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation (now part of Lockheed Martin) to serve as the U.S. Navy's primary platform for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and anti-surface warfare (ASuW). It integrates advanced avionics, sensors, and weaponry into an airframe derived from the earlier SH-60 series, enabling operations from aircraft carriers, destroyers, frigates, or land bases in support of littoral and open-ocean missions. Designed to replace the aging SH-60B and SH-60F variants, the MH-60R achieved initial operational capability (IOC) in December 2005 and full operational capability (FOC) in 2010, demonstrating superior mission reliability with the highest availability rates among U.S. Navy maritime helicopters. As of 2025, ongoing upgrades including advanced mission systems and sensor integrations are extending its service life beyond 2045. Development of the MH-60R originated in the early 1990s as the " (LAMPS) Mark III Block II Upgrade" program, initiated to modernize the 's helicopter fleet for evolving threats in submarine detection and surface engagements. In 2000, Sikorsky received a $3.43 billion from the U.S. to produce 236 new-build helicopters, with the first —a remanufactured SH-60B—completing its in July 2001. The program emphasized commonality with existing SH-60 airframes to reduce costs, while incorporating digital cockpit systems, controls, and modular mission equipment for rapid upgrades. Initial deliveries began in August 2005, with the first operational squadron, Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadron (HSM) 71, standing up in October 2007 at , . By November 2014, the 200th MH-60R had been delivered, and production continues for U.S. and international customers, with over 300 units in the U.S. inventory as of 2025. The MH-60R's design builds on the S-70 Black Hawk family, featuring a corrosion-resistant optimized for maritime environments, with folding main and tail rotors for compact shipboard storage. It is powered by two T700-GE-401C (or upgraded -401D) engines, each providing 1,940 shp (1,447 kW), enabling a of 10,659 kg and a cruise speed of 267 km/h. The helicopter's avionics suite includes a with four multifunction displays, an integrated mission management system, and advanced sensors such as the AN/APS-147 multi-mode radar for surface search, the AN/AQS-22 dipping sonar for ASW, and the AN/AAS-44 (FLIR) for targeting. Electronic warfare capabilities are enhanced by the AN/ALQ-210 electronic support measures (ESM) system, allowing detection and jamming of enemy radar emissions. For armament, the MH-60R can carry up to three Mk 54 lightweight torpedoes for ASW or eight air-to-surface missiles for ASuW, supplemented by door-mounted .50-caliber machine guns for self-defense. Its multi-mission versatility extends to secondary roles including , , , and intelligence, , and , supported by a of three (pilot, tactical coordinator, and sensor operator). The design prioritizes survivability with self-sealing fuel tanks, armored stations, and redundant flight controls, ensuring reliable performance in contested environments.
General CharacteristicsDetails
Primary FunctionAnti-submarine and helicopter
ContractorSikorsky Aircraft Corporation ()
Propulsion2 × T700-GE-401C engines
Length19.76 m (64 ft 10 in)
Height5.18 m (17 ft)
Empty Weight6,895 kg (15,200 lb)
Maximum Takeoff Weight10,659 kg (23,500 lb)
Crew3
Endurance2.7–3.3 hours (mission-dependent)

MH-60S

The MH-60S Seahawk, also known as the Knight Hawk, is a multi-mission naval developed by Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation (now part of ) as a replacement for the aging CH-46D Sea Knight and HH-60H Seahawk variants. Initially designated as the CH-60S in the late 1990s, it was redesignated MH-60S on February 6, 2001, to reflect its expanded combat and support roles beyond . The U.S. Navy awarded Sikorsky a development contract in 1997, with the first flight occurring in January 2000 and initial operational capability achieved in August 2002 following operational evaluation at . Full-rate production began that same year, and the first deployment took place in January 2003 aboard the . Full operational capability was declared in 2016, after which the MH-60S fully supplanted the CH-46D fleet by September 2004. As of 2025, ongoing modernizations including enhanced and multi-mission kits support operations through 2070. Derived from the U.S. Army's UH-60L Black Hawk with marinized adaptations from the SH-60B Seahawk, the MH-60S features a robust suited for shipboard operations, including automatic rotor blade folding and a folding pylon for compact storage on carriers and amphibious vessels. It incorporates a "common cockpit" design shared with the MH-60R variant, featuring four 8-by-10-inch active matrix displays for enhanced and reduced pilot training time. include dual UHF/VHF transceivers, GPS navigation, and night-vision-compatible heads-up displays, enabling day/night operations in adverse weather and light icing conditions. Early upgrades in 2004-2005 added data links and a multispectral targeting system to improve coordination with naval strike groups. The helicopter's design emphasizes reliability, achieving lower costs per flight hour, fewer mission aborts, and reduced unscheduled maintenance compared to its predecessors. Powered by two T700-GE-401C (or upgraded -401D) engines each producing 1,800 shp (1,342 kW), the MH-60S supports a crew of four and can carry up to 20 troops or equivalent cargo. Key specifications include:
ParameterValue
Length64 ft 10 in (19.8 m)
Height17 ft (5.2 m)
Empty Weight14,430 lb (6,543 kg)
Max Gross Weight23,500 lb (10,659 kg)
Max Speed180 knots (207 mph; 333 km/h)
Service Ceiling13,000 ft (3,962 m)
Range245 nautical miles (282 mi; 454 km)
Propulsion2 × GE T700-GE-401C turboshafts
These metrics enable deployment from aviation-capable ships, air-capable vessels, and land bases. Fuel capacity is 2,233 liters, with provisions for hover-in-flight refueling and a fuel dump system for safety. The MH-60S performs a wide array of missions, including , (CSAR), special warfare support, airborne mine countermeasures, , , maritime interdiction, and humanitarian assistance/disaster relief. It is equipped with modular for CSAR and mine countermeasures, allowing rapid reconfiguration for tasks like organic airborne mine countermeasures or non-combatant evacuations. The U.S. Navy maintains an inventory of approximately 280 MH-60S helicopters as of 2025, classified as an ACAT IC program, with the first international sale to the Royal Thai Navy in 2007 for two units delivered in 2011.

Operational history

U.S. Navy

The SH-60B Seahawk entered operational service with the U.S. Navy in 1984, achieving its first deployment in 1985 aboard frigates for patrols during operations in the Atlantic and Pacific. These missions focused on detecting and tracking Soviet submarines, leveraging the helicopter's (LAMPS) for extended-range surveillance from surface ships. In the of 1990–1991, SH-60 Seahawks supported Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm by providing anti-submarine protection for carrier battle groups and conducting surveillance for mine clearance operations. from Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron 5 (HS-5), for example, flew missions to locate Iraqi vessels and threats in the northern Arabian Gulf, contributing to the coalition's maritime dominance. Following the , SH-60 variants played roles in enforcing no-fly zones over during the , including Operations Southern Watch and Northern Watch, where they provided reconnaissance and escort support for coalition patrols. In the 2000s, the helicopters supported humanitarian and counter-piracy efforts, such as interdiction operations off under , where they conducted overflights and rapid response to deter pirate attacks on merchant vessels. The introduction of the MH-60R and MH-60S variants marked a significant evolution, with the MH-60R achieving its first operational deployments in the late 2000s and seeing combat use in the 2011 Libyan intervention under for and strike support. These modernized Seahawks have continued in high-threat environments, including Red Sea patrols against Houthi drone and missile threats from 2023 onward, with MH-60R and MH-60S helicopters from engaging small boat attacks in self-defense during 2023-2024 and subsequent carrier strike groups in 2025. Key incidents highlight the SH-60's versatility, such as the 1991 mine countermeasures operations involving SH-60B helicopters from Helicopter Anti-Submarine Light Squadron 48 (HSL-48) aboard during clearance efforts in the Arabian Gulf. In the , upgrades to the MH-60R/S fleet, including enhanced sensors and data links, have bolstered capabilities for competition in the , particularly against Chinese submarine threats. By 2025, the U.S. Navy's SH-60 fleet had accumulated over 1 million flight hours on MH-60R/S variants alone, with modernization efforts transitioning the majority of the rotary-wing assets to these advanced models for multi-mission maritime operations.

International operations

The Royal Australian Navy has employed its MH-60R Seahawk helicopters for maritime security patrols in the during the 2000s, supporting border protection and surveillance operations in Australia's northern approaches. In the , these aircraft contributed to multinational anti-piracy efforts in the as part of NATO's , where RAN frigates such as HMAS Ballarat, equipped with MH-60R Seahawks, conducted boarding and deterrence missions against Somali pirates. The (JMSDF) utilizes its indigenously produced SH-60J and SH-60K variants for (ASW) patrols in the , particularly amid escalating tensions with over territorial disputes in the 2010s and into 2025. These helicopters, operating from destroyers and patrol vessels, have participated in routine surveillance and joint training exercises, including trilateral drills with U.S. and Republic of Korea forces under Freedom Edge 2025, enhancing regional deterrence against submarine threats. The SH-60K's advanced and dipping capabilities have been integral to monitoring Chinese naval activities near the . Since receiving its first MH-60R Seahawks in 2022, the has deployed these helicopters for surveillance missions in the , bolstering in the strategic region. The aircraft's multi-role sensors support anti-submarine and tasks, with squadrons based at in operational by 2024. Additionally, Indian MH-60Rs have featured prominently in the annual Malabar joint exercises with the U.S., , and , conducting coordinated ASW and reconnaissance drills to strengthen interoperability. The and Turkish Navy, both operating S-70B Seahawk variants, have integrated these helicopters into exercises in the Mediterranean, focusing on ASW and maritime interdiction scenarios. In 2023, following the devastating earthquakes in , MH-60 and S-70B-equipped naval units from and participated in -coordinated relief efforts, including search-and-rescue operations and logistics support from Mediterranean bases. These activities underscored the helicopters' versatility in humanitarian assistance alongside routine alliance drills like Eastern Mediterranean-2023. The Royal Saudi Naval Forces have utilized MH-60R Seahawks for ASW patrols in the Red Sea since their initial deliveries in 2018, countering perceived threats from Iranian naval assets and proxies during the and . Operating from frigates and corvettes, these helicopters conduct surveillance and deterrence missions as part of multinational coalitions like , enhancing Saudi Arabia's in the strait. Limited public details exist on Seahawk operations by the Royal Thai Navy and , though both employ S-70B variants in joint ASW exercises and regional patrols; further expansion on their roles in 2024 Indo-Pacific joint operations remains potential for future documentation.

Recent procurements and upgrades

In recent years, the has advanced its acquisition of MH-60R Seahawk helicopters, with 24 units ordered from the in 2020 under a $2.12 billion agreement to bolster capabilities. Deliveries progressed with 19 aircraft received by mid-2025 and the 20th (tail number IN770) spotted in in June 2025; the remaining expected by the end of 2025, though delays have been reported, with full operational integration across the fleet projected for 2026. As of November 2025, deliveries neared completion with all 24 aircraft received. The secured a in October 2023 for eight MH-60R helicopters to replace its aging SH-60B fleet, valued at $379 million and awarded to by the U.S. Navy. Deliveries are scheduled to commence in 2026, with completion by March 2027, enhancing Spain's maritime multi-mission operations alongside its existing fleet of over 300 SH-60 variants worldwide. Norway formalized its procurement of six MH-60R helicopters in 2023 through a $364.3 million deal, marking its entry as a Seahawk operator to equip its Fridtjof Nansen-class frigates for . The aircraft are set to arrive between 2025 and 2027, replacing problematic NH90 helicopters and supporting critical maritime security missions in the North Atlantic. In August 2025, announced the selection of five MH-60R Seahawks as the preferred replacement for its legacy maritime helicopters, part of a $2.7 billion investment aligned with enhanced defense cooperation among U.S. allies. The acquisition, integrated into a broader fleet modernization under the 2025 defense capability plan, aims to restore anti-submarine and capabilities on ANZAC-class frigates, with operational entry expected in the late . For the U.S. Navy, ongoing upgrades to the MH-60R fleet include the integration of the MAD-XR digital detection sensor in 2025, a removable device that enhances through improved submarine localization and compatibility with existing software updates initiated in 2024. This follows a $150 million contract in early 2024 for electronic defense enhancements, incorporating low-size, weight, and power sensor architectures for advanced threat detection. Meanwhile, the MH-60S variant is undergoing a extension program to sustain operations into the 2040s, addressing structural and enabling continued multi-mission utility amid delays in replacements projected for the late 2030s. Export programs have faced hurdles, notably in Turkey, where production of licensed S-70B Seahawk variants under the program has been delayed in the 2020s due to U.S. sanctions imposed in 2020 over Turkey's acquisition of Russian S-400 systems, restricting access to critical components and technology transfers. By 2025, global exports of SH-60/MH-60 variants exceeded 350 units across more than a dozen nations, reflecting sustained demand despite such geopolitical constraints.

Variants

U.S. versions

The Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk, derived from the UH-60 Black Hawk, encompasses several U.S. Navy variants tailored for maritime operations, with high parts commonality facilitating across models. The baseline SH-60B served as the initial (ASW) model, equipped for surface and subsurface threat detection; a total of 181 were built for the U.S. Navy, excluding prototypes, and the variant was fully retired in 2015 following replacement by advanced models. The SH-60F variant focused on mine countermeasures (MCM) and carrier-based ASW, with 76 aircraft produced; it was phased out in the late to early as multi-mission upgrades entered service. The HH-60H provided (CSAR) capabilities, including special operations support, with 27 units built; this model was retired in 2019. The MH-60R represents the current multi-mission standard, integrating ASW, (ASuW), and (SAR) roles with advanced sensors and weaponry; over 300 have been built, forming the active fleet backbone. The MH-60S handles utility, logistics, and missions, with more than 235 produced and ongoing sustainment supporting fleet operations. Development included four YSH-60B prototypes to validate the naval adaptation. Overall, approximately 450 SH-60 Seahawks remain active in U.S. service as of 2025, primarily MH-60R and MH-60S models. The MH-60R and MH-60S share about 80% parts commonality, optimizing maintenance and supply chains.

Export versions

The S-70B Seahawk family has been exported to numerous international navies, with adaptations tailored to specific operational requirements, including , integrated indigenous weaponry, and modifications for anti-submarine and roles. These export variants maintain the core twin-engine, maritime design derived from the UH-60 Black Hawk but incorporate country-specific enhancements such as custom radars, sonars, and armaments to suit regional threats and shipboard integration. By 2025, over 238 S-70B-series helicopters had been delivered to foreign operators, reflecting the platform's versatility in global . The operates 12 S-70B-1 Seahawks, designated HS.23, which were delivered starting in December 1988 for service aboard F-100 and Santa María-class frigates. These aircraft feature the (LAMPS) Mark III suite, including the AN/APS-124 search radar and AN/AQS-13 dipping sonar, closely mirroring the U.S. Navy's SH-60B but with adaptations for Spanish naval doctrine, such as integration with indigenous electronic warfare systems. Production involved initial deliveries from Sikorsky, with subsequent assembly support from local industry to enhance maintenance autonomy. Japan's Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) fields more than 100 SH-60J and SH-60K variants under the S-70B-2 designation, license-produced by since 1990 to replace the HSS-2 . The SH-60J emphasizes with the HOS-301 dipping and Type 91 lightweight , while the upgraded SH-60K, entering service in 1998, adds improved , folding tail, and enhanced survivability features for operations from destroyers like the Akizuki class. Over 100 units were built domestically by 2025, with ongoing upgrades to SH-60L standards incorporating advanced mission computers and data links for networked warfare. Australia's received 24 MH-60R Seahawks between 2013 and 2016, replacing the earlier S-70B-2 fleet and integrating with Anzac-class frigates and Hobart-class destroyers. These Romeo-standard aircraft feature the AN/APS-153(V) multi-mode radar, AN/AQS-22 airborne low-frequency sonar, and compatibility with Mk 54 torpedoes, providing advanced anti-submarine and anti-surface capabilities. Local sustainment by Sikorsky Australia includes software upgrades for improved , with additional orders for 13 more units announced in 2025 to expand the fleet to 37. South Korea's Navy integrates 12 S-70B-3 (MH-60R) Seahawks with its Incheon-class frigates, with deliveries commencing in 2024 following a 2019 U.S. approval. These helicopters are armed with the indigenous lightweight torpedo alongside missiles, enhancing littoral anti-submarine defense against North Korean threats. The variant includes customized for Korean shipboard systems and is supported by local agreements. MH-60R exports have expanded the Seahawk's global footprint, with acquiring eight ex-U.S. SH-60F/Ocean Hawks in the 2010s for Sa'ar 5 and Sa'ar 6 corvettes, upgraded with Israeli avionics and Penguin anti-ship missiles. received 10 MH-60R units in the late 2010s, equipped for operations with APS-153 radars and Mk 54 torpedoes to bolster multi-mission capabilities on Avante 2200 corvettes. Taiwan's pending acquisition of at least 13 MH-60R, under negotiation as of late 2025, aims to replace aging S-70C(M) helicopters with advanced ASW suites for Cheng Kung-class ships. Thailand operates six S-70B-7 Seahawks, delivered in the 1990s for anti-submarine and search-and-rescue roles on Naresuan-class frigates, featuring tropicalized and integration with Mk 46 torpedoes. Singapore's maintains six upgraded S-70B Seahawks, with two new builds delivered in 2018 and the original fleet modernized to S-70B(M) standard, incorporating advanced dipping sonars for Formidable-class stealth frigates before any full retirement. These adaptations underscore the S-70B's role in regional , with ongoing sustainment ensuring with allied forces.

Operators

United States

The Navy is the primary operator of the SH-60 Seahawk family, maintaining a fleet of approximately 270 MH-60R Seahawk multi-mission helicopters and 256 MH-60S Knight Hawk helicopters as of 2025. These support , , , and logistics missions across the fleet. Helicopter Maritime Strike Squadrons (HSM) operate the MH-60R for surface and submarine threats, while Helicopter Sea Combat Squadrons (HSC) manage the MH-60S for and from carriers and amphibious ships. Training is conducted by squadrons such as HSM-46 "Grandmasters" at , , which prepares aircrews and detachments for deployment. The MH-60R and MH-60S are allocated across 11 carrier air wings, each typically including one HSC squadron with up to 11 MH-60S aircraft for carrier-based operations. Additionally, over 20 surface combatants, including Arleigh Burke-class destroyers and Ticonderoga-class cruisers, embark MH-60R detachments from HSM squadrons for independent anti-submarine and tasks. The last SH-60B Seahawk variant was retired in 2015 after more than 30 years of service, marking the full transition to the MH-60R and MH-60S models. Sustainment efforts are supported by through multi-year contracts, including a $96 million in 2025 for H-60 program logistics and engineering, with work extending through 2030. The operates a limited fleet of approximately 45 MH-60T Jayhawk helicopters, a variant derived from the SH-60 for (SAR), , and missions. These aircraft are based at air stations along U.S. coasts and support extended-range SAR operations, with plans to expand the fleet to 127 units by incorporating additional MH-60Ts to replace aging MH-65 Dolphins. The employs SH-60 variants in auxiliary roles within expeditionary units, primarily through joint operations with assets for littoral support and amphibious maneuvers, though it does not maintain a dedicated SH-60 fleet.

International operators

The Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk and its variants serve numerous international navies, providing multi-mission maritime capabilities including , , and surface surveillance. As of late 2025, foreign operators maintain fleets totaling approximately 300 units across export-designated S-70B and MH-60R configurations, with adaptations for regional threats such as submarine detection in contested waters. The Royal Australian Navy operates 23 MH-60R Seahawks, with an additional 13 slated for delivery by 2026 to expand the fleet to 36; these helicopters are based at HMAS Albatross in , , supporting anti-submarine and missions from surface combatants. India's has ordered 24 MH-60R helicopters under a 2020 foreign military sales agreement, with 19 delivered by June 2025 and full completion expected by the end of 2026; the fleet is based at INS in , operating under Indian Naval Air Squadron (INAS) 334 for anti-submarine operations in the . The fields over 100 SH-60J and upgraded SH-60K helicopters, the latter featuring enhanced dipping sonar and anti-submarine weaponry; these are distributed across multiple squadrons at bases including Omura Air Base and , embarked on destroyers and frigates for patrols in the and . The employs 12 S-70B Seahawks integrated on its destroyers for maritime surveillance, while transitioning to a new fleet of 12 MH-60R helicopters with initial deliveries commencing in February 2025 to bolster anti-submarine capabilities against North Korean threats. Saudi Arabia's naval forces operate 24 S-70B variants, primarily for coastal defense and embarked operations from Jeddah-based facilities under the Royal Saudi Naval Forces. Other active operators include with 9 MH-60R helicopters for North Atlantic patrols; with 7 MH-60R (3 delivered by 2024, remaining four by April 2026) supplementing 7 existing S-70B-6 units at ; with eight SH-60F helicopters, with deliveries expected in 2025, for integration into its maritime fleet; with 6 MH-60R incoming by 2027 for frigate operations; with 12 SH-60B and 8 additional MH-60R ordered for Atlantic and Mediterranean duties; with 12 S-70C(M) Thunderhawk variants for anti-submarine roles; with 6 S-70B-7 helicopters; and with 19 S-70B-28 units across its navy. announced in August 2025 plans to acquire 5 MH-60R to replace its SH-2G fleet, enhancing South Pacific , with contract expected in 2026 and deliveries thereafter.

Specifications

General characteristics (SH-60B)

The SH-60B Seahawk accommodates a crew of 3 to 4, typically comprising a pilot, co-pilot or airborne tactical officer, and one or two sensor operators responsible for mission systems. Its dimensions include an overall length of 64 feet 10 inches with rotors turning, a height of 17 feet 1 inch, and a main diameter of 53 feet 8 inches. The has an empty weight of 13,650 pounds (6,191 kg), a of 21,884 pounds (9,926 kg), and a useful load of approximately 8,234 pounds (3,736 kg). Power is provided by two T700-GE-401C engines, each delivering 1,890 shaft horsepower. The features a primary aluminum structure enhanced with composite materials and specialized coatings for resistance in maritime environments, along with a folding main rotor and tail section to facilitate compact storage on naval vessels. The baseline avionics suite relies on analog instrumentation integrated with Doppler-based navigation systems, supporting deployment of up to 25 sonobuoys and carriage of two torpedoes.

Performance and armament (SH-60B)

The SH-60B Seahawk demonstrates robust flight performance tailored for maritime operations, achieving a maximum speed of 146 knots (168 mph) and a cruise speed of 120 knots, with a never-exceed speed of 155 knots. Its operational range extends to 450 nautical miles with standard internal fuel, while the ferry range reaches 600 nautical miles when equipped with external auxiliary tanks. The service ceiling stands at 12,200 feet, supported by a rate of climb of 1,500 feet per minute, enabling effective deployment in diverse sea states. Endurance for typical missions ranges from 3 to 4 hours, allowing sustained on-station time for search and detection tasks, with the capability to maintain stable hover in waves up to 10 feet high. Internal fuel capacity totals 590 US gallons (2,233 liters), complemented by provisions for two external tanks to extend operational reach during transit or prolonged patrols. These performance parameters establish the SH-60B as the baseline for subsequent upgrades like the MH-60R, which enhance sensor integration while building on this core envelope. The SH-60B's armament configuration emphasizes anti-submarine and roles, typically carrying two Mk 46, Mk 50, or Mk 54 lightweight torpedoes deployed from pylons for underwater threat neutralization. For surface targets, it supports up to four air-to-surface missiles, providing precision strike capability against small vessels or coastal threats. Defensive and is enabled by .50 (12.7 mm) door-mounted machine guns, such as the GAU-16, operable from the crew doors during low-level operations. Additionally, the features launchers capable of deploying up to 25 active or passive acoustic sensors to localize submerged contacts, with onboard processing for real-time analysis.

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