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October 19
October 19
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October 19 is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 73 days remain until the end of the year.

Events

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Pre-1600

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1601–1900

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1901–present

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Births

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Pre-1600

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1601–1900

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1901–present

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Deaths

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Pre-1600

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1601–1900

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1901–present

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Holidays and observances

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia
from Grokipedia
October 19 is the 292nd day of the year (293rd in ) in the , with 73 days remaining. The date is notably associated with the formal surrender of British Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis to American and French forces at , on October 19, 1781, following a siege that captured over 7,000 British troops and marked the last major battle of the . It is also remembered for , when on October 19, 1987, the plummeted 22.6%—the largest one-day percentage drop in its history—triggering a global with estimated worldwide losses exceeding $1 trillion. Other significant occurrences on October 19 include the 1469 marriage of and , which laid the foundation for the unification of . The date features various unofficial observances in the United States, such as National New Friends Day and Evaluate Your Life Day, alongside Christian feast days for saints like Aquilinus of . Notable figures born on this day include Nobel Prize-winning author (1899) and filmmaker (1966), while deaths encompass physicist (1937), known for discovering the , and author (1745).

Events

Pre-1600

On October 19, 202 BC, Roman forces under the command of Publius Cornelius Scipio decisively defeated the Carthaginian army led by Hannibal Barca at the in modern-day , marking the culmination of the Second Punic War and compelling to sue for peace on Roman terms. Scipio's tactical innovations, including the deployment of to outflank Hannibal's elephants and war-tested infantry, overcame Hannibal's numerical advantages in infantry and reversed 's earlier successes in . On October 19, 439, Vandal forces under King Genseric (also known as Gaiseric) captured the city of , a major blow to the Western Roman Empire's control over . Having crossed from into earlier in the decade, the Vandals exploited Roman internal divisions and weak defenses, seizing the prosperous provincial capital without prolonged through surprise tactics and local betrayals, thereby establishing a that dominated Mediterranean trade routes for nearly a century. On October 19, 1469, married in , , forging a dynastic union that laid the foundation for the eventual consolidation of the Iberian kingdoms into a unified . Despite opposition from Castilian nobles and Isabella's half-brother King , the clandestine wedding—arranged by Ferdinand's father —bypassed formal papal dispensation initially and positioned the couple to challenge rival claimants, leading to Isabella's ascension in Castile in 1474 and joint rule that facilitated the Reconquista's completion.

1601–1900

In 1649, during the , the town of surrendered to English Parliamentarian forces under after a brief siege, allowing his army to advance further into the southeast without significant resistance. On October 19, 1781, British General Charles Cornwallis formally surrendered his army of approximately 8,000 troops to combined American and French forces led by General and Lieutenant General Comte de Rochambeau at , marking the decisive Franco-American victory that effectively ended major combat operations in the . Napoleon Bonaparte ordered the , numbering around 110,000 men after heavy losses, to begin its retreat from on October 19, 1812, following the failure to secure a decisive peace with Tsar Alexander I and amid worsening supply shortages and the onset of harsh weather, initiating a catastrophic withdrawal that reduced the invading force to fewer than 40,000 survivors by year's end. The first edition of : An , written by under the pseudonym Currer Bell, was published on October 19, 1847, by Smith, Elder & Co. in , selling out its initial print run of 500 copies quickly and establishing Brontë as a prominent Victorian through its gothic elements and critique of social constraints on women. During the American Civil War, Confederate forces under Lieutenant General Jubal A. Early launched a surprise dawn attack on October 19, 1864, against Union troops encamped along Cedar Creek in Virginia's , initially routing three Union corps and capturing artillery and supplies before Union General rallied his forces for a that afternoon, securing a decisive victory and effectively ending Confederate threats in the region.

1901–present

On October 19, 1954, the United Kingdom and Egypt signed the Anglo-Egyptian Suez Treaty in Cairo, under which Britain agreed to withdraw its approximately 80,000 troops from the Suez Canal Zone within 20 months, ending a 72-year military presence that had begun during World War I. On October 19, 1977, the Anglo-French Concorde supersonic jet airliner completed its first scheduled flight to the United States, landing at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City after a transatlantic journey from Paris, despite local opposition over sonic booms and noise pollution. On October 19, 1987—known as —global stock markets experienced a severe crash, with the dropping 508 points, or 22.6 percent, marking the largest one-day percentage decline in its history and erasing gains accumulated since mid-1982. , which saw trading volume exceed 604 million shares on the , was attributed to factors including program trading, portfolio insurance strategies, and overvaluation, though no single cause was identified; markets recovered within two years without triggering a . On October 19, 2005, the trial of former Iraqi President commenced in Baghdad's heavily fortified Al-Fallujah courthouse, where he and seven co-defendants faced charges of related to the 1982 execution of 148 Shiite men and boys in following an assassination attempt against him. The proceedings, broadcast internationally, highlighted tensions over Hussein's legacy and the post-invasion Iraqi justice system, culminating in his conviction and execution in 2006.

Births

Pre-1600

On October 19, 202 BC, Roman forces under the command of Publius Cornelius Scipio decisively defeated the Carthaginian army led by Hannibal Barca at the in modern-day , marking the culmination of the Second Punic War and compelling to sue for peace on Roman terms. Scipio's tactical innovations, including the deployment of to outflank Hannibal's elephants and war-tested infantry, overcame Hannibal's numerical advantages in infantry and reversed 's earlier successes in . On October 19, 439, Vandal forces under King Genseric (also known as Gaiseric) captured the city of , a major blow to the Western Roman Empire's control over . Having crossed from into earlier in the decade, the Vandals exploited Roman internal divisions and weak defenses, seizing the prosperous provincial capital without prolonged through surprise tactics and local betrayals, thereby establishing a that dominated Mediterranean trade routes for nearly a century. On October 19, 1469, married in , , forging a that laid the foundation for the eventual consolidation of the Iberian kingdoms into a unified . Despite opposition from Castilian nobles and Isabella's half-brother King , the clandestine wedding—arranged by Ferdinand's father —bypassed formal papal dispensation initially and positioned the couple to challenge rival claimants, leading to Isabella's ascension in Castile in 1474 and joint rule that facilitated the Reconquista's completion.

1601–1900

In 1649, during the , the town of surrendered to English Parliamentarian forces under after a brief siege, allowing his army to advance further into the southeast without significant resistance. On October 19, 1781, British General Charles Cornwallis formally surrendered his army of approximately 8,000 troops to combined American and French forces led by General and Lieutenant General Comte de Rochambeau at , marking the decisive Franco-American victory that effectively ended major combat operations in the . Napoleon Bonaparte ordered the , numbering around 110,000 men after heavy losses, to begin its retreat from on October 19, 1812, following the failure to secure a decisive with Tsar Alexander I and amid worsening supply shortages and the onset of harsh weather, initiating a catastrophic withdrawal that reduced the invading force to fewer than 40,000 survivors by year's end. The first edition of : An Autobiography, written by under the pseudonym Currer Bell, was published on October 19, 1847, by Smith, Elder & Co. in , selling out its initial print run of 500 copies quickly and establishing Brontë as a prominent Victorian through its gothic elements and critique of social constraints on women. During the , Confederate forces under Lieutenant General Jubal A. Early launched a surprise dawn attack on October 19, 1864, against Union troops encamped along Cedar Creek in Virginia's , initially routing three Union corps and capturing artillery and supplies before Union General rallied his forces for a that afternoon, securing a decisive victory and effectively ending Confederate threats in the region.

1901–present

On October 19, 1954, the United Kingdom and Egypt signed the Anglo-Egyptian Suez Treaty in Cairo, under which Britain agreed to withdraw its approximately 80,000 troops from the Suez Canal Zone within 20 months, ending a 72-year military presence that had begun during World War I. On October 19, 1977, the Anglo-French Concorde supersonic jet airliner completed its first scheduled flight to the United States, landing at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City after a transatlantic journey from Paris, despite local opposition over sonic booms and noise pollution. On October 19, 1987—known as —global stock markets experienced a severe crash, with the dropping 508 points, or 22.6 percent, marking the largest one-day percentage decline in its history and erasing gains accumulated since mid-1982. , which saw trading volume exceed 604 million shares on the , was attributed to factors including program trading, portfolio insurance strategies, and overvaluation, though no single cause was identified; markets recovered within two years without triggering a . On October 19, 2005, the trial of former Iraqi President commenced in Baghdad's heavily fortified Al-Fallujah courthouse, where he and seven co-defendants faced charges of related to the 1982 execution of 148 Shiite men and boys in following an assassination attempt against him. The proceedings, broadcast internationally, highlighted tensions over Hussein's legacy and the post-invasion Iraqi justice system, culminating in his conviction and execution in 2006.

Deaths

Pre-1600

On October 19, 202 BC, Roman forces under the command of Publius Cornelius Scipio decisively defeated the Carthaginian army led by Hannibal Barca at the in modern-day , marking the culmination of the Second Punic War and compelling to sue for peace on Roman terms. Scipio's tactical innovations, including the deployment of to outflank Hannibal's elephants and war-tested infantry, overcame Hannibal's numerical advantages in infantry and reversed 's earlier successes in . On October 19, 439, Vandal forces under King Genseric (also known as Gaiseric) captured the city of , a major blow to the Western Roman Empire's control over . Having crossed from into earlier in the decade, the Vandals exploited Roman internal divisions and weak defenses, seizing the prosperous provincial capital without prolonged through surprise tactics and local betrayals, thereby establishing a that dominated Mediterranean trade routes for nearly a century. On October 19, 1469, married in , , forging a dynastic union that laid the foundation for the eventual consolidation of the Iberian kingdoms into a unified . Despite opposition from Castilian nobles and Isabella's half-brother King , the clandestine wedding—arranged by Ferdinand's father —bypassed formal papal dispensation initially and positioned the couple to challenge rival claimants, leading to Isabella's ascension in Castile in 1474 and joint rule that facilitated the Reconquista's completion.

1601–1900

In 1649, during the , the town of surrendered to English Parliamentarian forces under after a brief siege, allowing his army to advance further into the southeast without significant resistance. On October 19, 1781, British General Charles Cornwallis formally surrendered his army of approximately 8,000 troops to combined American and French forces led by General and Lieutenant General Comte de Rochambeau at , marking the decisive Franco-American victory that effectively ended major combat operations in the . Napoleon Bonaparte ordered the , numbering around 110,000 men after heavy losses, to begin its retreat from on October 19, 1812, following the failure to secure a decisive with Tsar Alexander I and amid worsening supply shortages and the onset of harsh weather, initiating a catastrophic withdrawal that reduced the invading force to fewer than 40,000 survivors by year's end. The first edition of : An Autobiography, written by under the pseudonym Currer Bell, was published on October 19, 1847, by Smith, Elder & Co. in , selling out its initial print run of 500 copies quickly and establishing Brontë as a prominent Victorian novelist through its gothic elements and critique of social constraints on women. During the American Civil War, Confederate forces under Lieutenant General Jubal A. Early launched a surprise dawn attack on October 19, 1864, against Union troops encamped along Cedar Creek in Virginia's , initially routing three Union corps and capturing artillery and supplies before Union General rallied his forces for a that afternoon, securing a decisive victory and effectively ending Confederate threats in the region.

1901–present

On October 19, 1954, the United Kingdom and Egypt signed the Anglo-Egyptian Suez Treaty in Cairo, under which Britain agreed to withdraw its approximately 80,000 troops from the Suez Canal Zone within 20 months, ending a 72-year military presence that had begun during World War I. On October 19, 1977, the Anglo-French Concorde supersonic jet airliner completed its first scheduled flight to the United States, landing at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City after a transatlantic journey from Paris, despite local opposition over sonic booms and noise pollution. On October 19, 1987—known as —global stock markets experienced a severe crash, with the dropping 508 points, or 22.6 percent, marking the largest one-day percentage decline in its history and erasing gains accumulated since mid-1982. , which saw trading volume exceed 604 million shares on the , was attributed to factors including program trading, portfolio insurance strategies, and overvaluation, though no single cause was identified; markets recovered within two years without triggering a . On October 19, 2005, the trial of former Iraqi President commenced in Baghdad's heavily fortified Al-Fallujah courthouse, where he and seven co-defendants faced charges of related to the 1982 execution of 148 Shiite men and boys in following an assassination attempt against him. The proceedings, broadcast internationally, highlighted tensions over Hussein's legacy and the post-invasion Iraqi justice system, culminating in his conviction and execution in 2006.

Holidays and observances

Religious observances

In the Roman Catholic Church, October 19 is the memorial of Saints , John de Brébeuf, and their companion martyrs, known as the North American Martyrs; these eight Jesuit missionaries were killed between 1642 and 1649 by Indigenous groups in what is now and the during efforts to evangelize the Huron and peoples, with Jogues tortured and beheaded in 1646 and de Brébeuf burned at the stake in 1649. The group was canonized in 1930 by , recognizing their endurance amid hostility from tribes resisting European incursion and disease outbreaks that heightened tensions. It is also the feast of Saint (1694–1775), an Italian priest who founded the in 1720 to promote on Christ's Passion, establishing the order's rule of severe asceticism and preaching; he experienced visions from age 23 and received papal approval for his congregation in 1741. The date marks the optional memorial of Blessed (1947–1984), a Polish priest assassinated by communist security agents for his sermons denouncing the Soviet-backed regime's oppression of the and movement; beatified in 2010, his martyrdom highlighted clerical resistance to in during the . Additional saints commemorated include Philip Howard (1557–1595), an English noble converted from , imprisoned in the for under , and dying in chains; and minor figures such as Veranus of (d. ca. 580), a Burgundian bishop noted for charitable works. In the , October 19 (on the , corresponding to October 6 for ) honors saints including the Prophet Joel; the Holy Martyrs Tarachus, Probus, and Andronicus, beheaded under in 304 for refusing to sacrifice to idols; and Hieromartyr Methodius, bishop of , drowned circa 311 for Christian preaching. These commemorations emphasize themes of prophetic witness and endurance under persecution, drawn from hagiographic traditions preserved in synaxaria. No major fixed observances occur on October 19 in , , , or , though variable lunar dates like the Islamic al-Nabi (Prophet Muhammad's birthday) may occasionally align with it in certain years. Claims of a Baháʼí observance for the birth of Bahá'u'lláh on this date lack corroboration from official calendars, which place it on November 12 in the Gregorian reckoning.

Secular and national observances

In , National is observed annually on October 19 as a , established in 2023 to commemorate the victims of the 1983 political crisis, including the execution of and his cabinet members by firing squad on that date. In , is celebrated on October 19 as a , honoring the enactment of the Act on October 19, 1974, by the , which granted the territory self-governance in free association with while retaining the British monarch as .

References

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