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January 2
January 2
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January 2 is the second day of the year in the Gregorian calendar; 363 days remain until the end of the year (364 in leap years).

Events

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Pre-1600

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1601–1900

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1901–present

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Births

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Pre-1600

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1601–1900

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1901–present

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Deaths

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Pre-1600

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1601–1900

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1901–present

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Holidays and observances

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia
from Grokipedia
January 2 is the second day of the year in the Gregorian calendar, following January 1 and preceding January 3, with 363 days remaining in common years or 364 days in leap years.
The date holds historical significance for events such as the surrender of the Emirate of Granada to the Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile on January 2, 1492, marking the end of nearly eight centuries of Muslim rule on the Iberian Peninsula and completing the Reconquista. In American history, Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution on January 2, 1788, contributing to the momentum that led to its adoption by the required number of states later that year. Observances on this date include Berchtold's Day in parts of Switzerland, a traditional celebration involving parades and feasting, and Ancestry Day in Haiti, commemorating family heritage. Other notable occurrences span military, scientific, and cultural milestones, underscoring the date's varied role in global timelines.

Events

Pre-1600

  • 869 – Yōzei, Emperor of Japan
  • 1462 – Piero di Cosimo, Italian Renaissance painter

1601–1900

  • 1642 – [[Mehmed IV]], Ottoman sultan (d. 1693)
  • 1647 – [[Nathaniel Bacon (soldier)|Nathaniel Bacon]], leader of Bacon's Rebellion in colonial Virginia (d. 1676)
  • 1699 – [[Osman III]], Ottoman sultan (d. 1757)
  • 1727 – [[James Wolfe]], British Army officer known for the capture of Quebec (d. 1759)
  • 1752 – [[Philip Freneau]], American poet and prose writer of the Revolutionary era (d. 1832)
  • 1822 – [[Rudolf Clausius]], German physicist and mathematician, founder of thermodynamics (d. 1888)
  • 1836 – [[Queen Emma of Hawaii]] (d. 1885)
  • 1837 – [[Mily Balakirev]], Russian composer and pianist (d. 1910)

1901–present

  • 1920 – Isaac Asimov, Russian-born American author and biochemist (d. 1992)
  • 1936 – Roger Miller, American country singer-songwriter (d. 1992)
  • 1938 – David Bailey, British photographer and director

Births

Pre-1600

1601–1900

1901–present

Deaths

Pre-1600

[[Bertrand de Blanchefort]], sixth Grand Master of the [[Knights Templar]] from around 1156 until his death, succumbed to old age on January 2, 1169, in Reims, France. Under his leadership, the order fortified strategic positions in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, such as the castles at Tortosa and Baghras, enhancing Templar defensive capabilities against Muslim forces during the [[Crusades]]. He also navigated diplomatic challenges, including correspondence with [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Manuel I Komnenos]] regarding joint military actions and warnings about [[Nizari Ismaili]] threats. His passing led to the immediate succession by Odo de St Amand, who inherited a more robust Templar network but oversaw heightened frictions with rival orders like the [[Hospitallers]], contributing to the militarization of Crusader politics. [[Svante Nilsson Sture]], Swedish regent from 1504, died on January 2, 1512, at Västerås Castle, aged about 52. As head of the influential Natt och Dag family, he consolidated power after the death of [[Sten Sture the Elder]], launching campaigns against Danish incursions to weaken the [[Kalmar Union]] and assert Swedish self-rule, including the 1508 victory at Lindholm and alliances with Lübeck merchants for economic leverage. His regency marked a pivotal resistance to foreign overlordship, fostering noble coalitions that eroded unionist control. Nilsson's death shifted regency to his son, [[Sten Sture the Younger]], whose continued defiance against [[Christian II of Denmark]] escalated conflicts, directly paving the way for [[Gustav Vasa]]'s uprising and Sweden's full independence in 1523.

1601–1900

1901–present

  • [[James Longstreet]] (1821–1904), Confederate general during the [[American Civil War]], died on January 2, 1904, in Gainesville, Virginia, from pneumonia. Known for his tactical acumen at battles like [[Gettysburg]], where his delayed assault on the second day contributed to the Confederate defeat, Longstreet later advocated for Southern reconciliation and African American civil rights post-war, serving as U.S. Minister to Turkey and Surveyor of Customs in New Orleans, reflecting pragmatic adaptation over ideological rigidity.
  • [[Emil Jannings]] (1884–1950), German actor and the first Oscar winner for Best Actor in 1929 for The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh, died on January 2, 1950, in Strobl, Austria. His career spanned silent films to talkies, embodying expressive physicality that influenced cinema, though post-WWII scrutiny arose from his Nazi-era propaganda roles, underscoring the tension between artistic output and political alignment without excusing complicity.
  • [[Guccio Gucci]] (1881–1953), Italian businessman and founder of the Gucci luxury fashion house in 1921, died on January 2, 1953, in Milan. His equestrian-inspired designs, including the double-G logo and bamboo bag, built a global brand through craftsmanship and innovation, generating enduring economic value via family enterprise predating modern conglomerates.
  • [[Fausto Coppi]] (1919–1960), Italian cyclist dubbed "Il Campionissimo," died on January 2, 1960, in Tortona from malaria contracted during a tour in Burkina Faso. Winning five Tours de France, Giro d'Italia titles, and world championships, Coppi's physiological dominance—evidenced by record-breaking performances—advanced training science and popularized professional cycling as a merit-based pursuit.
  • [[Erroll Garner]] (1921–1977), American jazz pianist and composer, died on January 2, 1977, in Los Angeles from cardiac arrest linked to emphysema. Self-taught and illiterate in music notation, Garner's improvisational style in albums like Concert by the Sea (1955), which sold over a million copies, highlighted innate talent and rhythmic innovation over formal education, with "Misty" becoming a jazz standard performed by hundreds of artists.
  • [[Alan Hale Jr.]] (1921–1990), American actor best known as the Skipper in Gilligan's Island (1964–1967), died on January 2, 1990, in Los Angeles from lung cancer. Appearing in over 200 films and TV shows, Hale's reliable everyman portrayals contributed to mid-century entertainment's escapist appeal, drawing from his naval service background for authentic characterizations.
  • [[Pete Postlethwaite]] (1946–2011), English actor nominated for an Academy Award for In the Name of the Father (1993), died on January 2, 2011, in Shropshire from pancreatic cancer. With roles in The Usual Suspects (1995) and Inception (2010), his chameleon-like versatility—rooted in Royal Shakespeare Company training—delivered 100+ performances emphasizing character depth over stardom.
  • [[Richard Winters]] (1918–2011), U.S. Army officer and WWII veteran who commanded Easy Company, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, died on January 2, 2011. Leading from D-Day to VE Day, Winters' leadership in operations like Brécourt Manor assault exemplified small-unit tactics' efficacy, as detailed in Band of Brothers, influencing modern military doctrine through empirical combat lessons.
  • [[Thomas S. Monson]] (1927–2018), 16th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 2008 to 2018, died on January 2, 2018, in Salt Lake City. Overseeing global expansion to 16 million members and temple constructions, Monson's tenure prioritized welfare programs aiding millions, grounded in organizational data on humanitarian disbursements exceeding $2 billion since 1985.
  • [[Ken Block]] (1967–2023), American rally driver, entrepreneur, and co-founder of DC Shoes (1994), died on January 2, 2023, in Wasatch County, Utah, in a snowmobile accident. Pioneering "Gymkhana" video series with over 500 million views, Block's ventures in apparel and motorsports demonstrated market-driven innovation, generating jobs and advancing automotive stunts via self-funded engineering feats.

Holidays and observances

Religious observances

In the Roman Catholic Church, January 2 marks the memorial of Saints Basil the Great and Gregory Nazianzen, bishops and doctors, who as Cappadocian Fathers articulated defenses of Trinitarian orthodoxy against Arianism's subordination of the Son and Spirit to the Father. Basil (c. 330–379), bishop of Caesarea, organized monastic communities and authored treatises like On the Holy Spirit, arguing from scriptural and patristic evidence for the Spirit's full divinity and co-equality within the Godhead, countering Arian reductions of divine persons to unequal ranks. Gregory Nazianzen (c. 329–390), Basil's collaborator and short-term archbishop of Constantinople, composed the Theological Orations, exegetically refuting Arian proofs from texts like Proverbs 8 by demonstrating the eternal generation of the Son and the Trinity's unity in essence without division or hierarchy. Their shared feast, established in the 1969 revision of the Roman Missal, underscores their causal role in preserving Nicene doctrine amid fourth-century imperial enforcement of Arian views under emperors like Valens. In the Eastern Orthodox tradition, January 2 initiates the forefeast of Theophany (January 6), liturgically preparing for Christ's baptism in the Jordan, where the Trinity's revelation—Father's voice, Son's incarnation, Spirit's descent—affirms co-equal persons against Arian denials of Christ's full deity or the Spirit's personhood. This observance, rooted in early church baptisms symbolizing illumination and divine indwelling, doctrinally emphasizes theosis through Trinitarian immersion, with hymns drawing on Isaiah 11:2 and Matthew 3:16–17 to reject modalist or subordinationist interpretations. Basil and Gregory's anti-Arian writings, such as Basil's liturgical contributions and Gregory's orations, inform Orthodox Trinitarian theology, though their primary feasts fall on January 1 and 25 respectively in the Julian-adjusted calendar.

National and international holidays

Ancestry Day, known in French as Jour des Aieux, is a national public holiday in Haiti observed annually on January 2. It honors the forebears who sacrificed during the Haitian Revolution, culminating in independence from France declared on January 1, 1804, by Jean-Jacques Dessalines after defeating Napoleon's forces in the Battle of Vertières in November 1803. The revolution, sparked by a slave uprising in 1791 under leaders like Toussaint Louverture, resulted in approximately 100,000 deaths among combatants and civilians, establishing Haiti as the first independent nation led by former slaves. This observance underscores the empirical struggles against colonial enslavement, with public ceremonies often including tributes at historical sites like the Citadelle Laferrière, built post-independence as a defensive fortress. Berchtold's Day, or Berchtoldstag, is a public holiday in several Swiss cantons including Zurich and Basel-Stadt, as well as certain municipalities, observed on January 2. It traces to medieval customs among nobility, involving feasting and rituals tied to inheritance and family succession, potentially linked to Duke Berchtold V of Zähringen, who founded the city of Bern around 1191 during the Holy Roman Empire's expansion in the region. In historical practice, it allowed heirs to claim estates after New Year's settlements, with traditions evolving from Alemannic folklore where participants dressed in costumes and shared Berchtoldbrot, a sweet bread symbolizing prosperity. Switzerland's federal structure means such holidays vary by canton, reflecting localized medieval agrarian and feudal origins rather than a uniform national mandate.

Cultural and unofficial observances

National Science Fiction Day is observed unofficially on January 2 by enthusiasts of the genre, coinciding with the birthdate of Isaac Asimov, the prolific author born on January 2, 1920, whose works like the Foundation series exemplify science fiction's tradition of extrapolating plausible technological and societal developments from scientific principles. The observance encourages reading, discussions, and events highlighting the genre's predictive insights into innovations such as robotics and space exploration, which have influenced real-world engineering and policy debates. World Introvert Day, also on January 2, promotes awareness of introversion as a natural personality trait, drawing from psychological frameworks like the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), where roughly 50% of individuals self-identify as introverts based on preferences for lower-stimulation environments. Established to counterbalance post-holiday social fatigue, it underscores empirical findings from personality research showing introverts' strengths in focused, independent tasks, without implying extroversion as deficient. In the United States, 55 MPH Speed Limit Day commemorates the January 2, 1974, signing of the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act by President Richard Nixon, which imposed a national maximum speed of 55 miles per hour on interstate highways to conserve fuel amid the 1973 oil crisis, resulting in estimated annual savings of over 2 billion gallons of gasoline by some analyses. The law, later repealed in 1995, highlighted causal links between speed, fuel efficiency, and traffic fatalities, with studies attributing a 5-10% drop in highway deaths per vehicle mile traveled during its enforcement. National Cream Puff Day, another informal U.S. observance on January 2, celebrates the choux pastry treat originating in 16th-century France, popularized in America by the late 19th century through bakeries and events like the annual cream puff competition at the Wisconsin State Fair since 1961, where over 350,000 are consumed. This reflects broader cultural patterns of designating food-focused days to preserve culinary traditions amid industrialized baking. Día de la Toma, also known as the Day of the Taking of Granada or Reconquest Day, is a local civic and religious festival observed annually on January 2 in Granada, Spain. It commemorates the surrender of the city to the Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile on January 2, 1492, by the last Nasrid ruler Boabdil, marking the completion of the Reconquista and the end of Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula. Celebrations typically include a military detachment formation, a mass at the Cathedral of Granada, the collection and waving of royal standards at the Royal Chapel and City Hall balcony, processions, and public access to the Alhambra for bell-ringing traditions. While the event honors a pivotal moment in Spanish history, it is subject to contemporary debate regarding its historical interpretation, political implications, and associations with nationalism or multicultural heritage.

References

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