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1830
1830
1830
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Years
July 27: The July Revolution starts in France and overthrows King Charles X.
May 28: U.S. government relocation of thousands of Native Americans begins with signing of the Indian Removal Act.
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1830 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1830
MDCCCXXX
Ab urbe condita2583
Armenian calendar1279
ԹՎ ՌՄՀԹ
Assyrian calendar6580
Balinese saka calendar1751–1752
Bengali calendar1236–1237
Berber calendar2780
British Regnal year10 Geo. 4 – 1 Will. 4
Buddhist calendar2374
Burmese calendar1192
Byzantine calendar7338–7339
Chinese calendar己丑年 (Earth Ox)
4527 or 4320
    — to —
庚寅年 (Metal Tiger)
4528 or 4321
Coptic calendar1546–1547
Discordian calendar2996
Ethiopian calendar1822–1823
Hebrew calendar5590–5591
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1886–1887
 - Shaka Samvat1751–1752
 - Kali Yuga4930–4931
Holocene calendar11830
Igbo calendar830–831
Iranian calendar1208–1209
Islamic calendar1245–1246
Japanese calendarBunsei 13 / Tenpō 1
(天保元年)
Javanese calendar1757–1758
Julian calendarGregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar4163
Minguo calendar82 before ROC
民前82年
Nanakshahi calendar362
Thai solar calendar2372–2373
Tibetan calendarས་མོ་གླང་ལོ་
(female Earth-Ox)
1956 or 1575 or 803
    — to —
ལྕགས་ཕོ་སྟག་ལོ་
(male Iron-Tiger)
1957 or 1576 or 804
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1830.

1830 (MDCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1830th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 830th year of the 2nd millennium, the 30th year of the 19th century, and the 1st year of the 1830s decade. As of the start of 1830, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

It is known in European history as a rather tumultuous year with the Revolutions of 1830 in France, Belgium, Poland, Switzerland and Italy.[1][2]

Events

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January–March

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April–June

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March 26: The Book of Mormon is first published, 11 days before the Church of Latter Day Saints is formally organized.

July–September

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October–December

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October 4: French-speaking and Flemish-speaking residents secede from the southern Netherlands to create Belgium.

Date unknown

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Births

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January–June

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Lars Hertervig
Louise Michel

July–December

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Camille Pissarro
Christina Rossetti
Porfirio Diaz
Franz Joseph I of Austria

Date unknown

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Deaths

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January–June

[edit]
Swaminarayan
George IV

July–December

[edit]
William Hazlitt

Date unknown

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

1830

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
1830 was a year of widespread political upheaval, particularly in Europe, where liberal and nationalist sentiments fueled revolutions against monarchical absolutism, most prominently the July Revolution in France that ousted Charles X and installed the constitutional July Monarchy under Louis Philippe, the Belgian Revolution that achieved independence from the Netherlands, and the Polish November Uprising against Russian domination. The French uprising, sparked by restrictive ordinances in July, rapidly escalated into three days of barricade fighting in Paris, compelling the Bourbon king's abdication and averting a return to absolutist rule while inspiring similar movements elsewhere. In Belgium, unrest beginning in August over cultural and economic grievances against Dutch King William I culminated in the establishment of a provisional government and eventual recognition of Belgian sovereignty by major powers in 1831. The Polish revolt, initiated by army cadets in Warsaw on November 29, sought restoration of the 1812 constitution but was suppressed by Russian forces by 1831, leading to harsh reprisals and Russification policies. Concurrently, in the United States, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act on May 28, which authorized negotiations for the exchange of Native American lands east of the Mississippi River for territories further west, facilitating the subsequent forced relocations known as the Trail of Tears. These events underscored tensions between emerging liberal constitutionalism and entrenched imperial or expansionist powers, shaping national boundaries and policies with lasting consequences.

Events

January–March

On 3 February 1830, plenipotentiaries from the , , and signed the London Protocol in , formally declaring the independence and sovereignty of as a separate from the . This agreement, building on prior naval interventions like the in 1827, delimited Greece's northern borders along the Arta-Volos line and committed the signatories to guarantee the new state's autonomy, reflecting the strategic interests of the great powers in containing Ottoman decline and stabilizing Balkan frontiers. The protocol's ratification by the Ottoman Sultan in July 1830, under pressure from the allied powers, underscored how external diplomatic coercion rather than solely Greek military successes secured the outcome of the War of Independence. In the United Provinces of the Netherlands, economic disparities between the industrial south and agrarian north exacerbated longstanding linguistic and religious divides, fostering grievances among Walloon and Flemish elites that would precipitate unrest later in the year; factory unemployment rates in southern centers reached critical levels by early 1830, prompting petitions to the Dutch crown for fiscal . On 25 February 1830, Victor Hugo's verse drama Hernani debuted at the in , provoking immediate audience disturbances as Romantic partisans clashed with classicist detractors over violations of neoclassical rules such as the three unities. Supporters, including young artists and writers like who defied theater police with colorful attire, hailed the play's irregular structure and emotional intensity as a break from rigid French Academy standards, while opponents jeered lines and hurled protests, leading to fistfights and calls for censorship. The controversy, which persisted over 26 performances amid heightened security, highlighted underlying cultural fractures in post-Napoleonic France, where demands for artistic liberty paralleled growing liberal discontent with absolutist monarchy.

April–June

On April 6, 1830, organized the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in , establishing a restorationist that sought to restore primitive Christianity amid the religious enthusiasm of the Second Great Awakening. The founding involved a small group of followers who met in compliance with state laws requiring a minimum number of members for legal incorporation as a religious society. On May 28, 1830, U.S. President signed the into law, granting authority to negotiate treaties exchanging Native American tribal lands east of the for territories to the west. The legislation responded to pressures from southern and western settlers seeking for and other , while proponents argued it would resolve conflicts between tribes and states by relocating groups to areas of supposed greater and security from intertribal warfare. On June 26, 1830, King George IV of the died at , leading to the immediate accession of his brother, , to the throne of and as well as . 's reign commenced amid mounting calls for parliamentary reform, including expanded and reduced corruption, which would culminate in subsequent legislative changes.

July–September

King Charles X of France, facing electoral setbacks and seeking to reassert Bourbon absolutism, signed the July Ordinances on July 25, 1830, which dissolved the liberal-leaning Chamber of Deputies, curtailed press freedoms by requiring prior government approval for publications, restricted suffrage to larger property holders, and called for new elections under manipulated rules. These decrees, published in Le Moniteur Universel on July 26, directly violated the Charter of 1814's guarantees of parliamentary consent and press liberty, igniting opposition from journalists, bankers, and industrialists amid economic strains including high unemployment and poor harvests. Protests erupted in Paris on July 27 after authorities raided opposition newspapers, escalating into barricade fighting between revolutionaries—primarily bourgeois liberals and remnants—and royal troops over the Three Glorious Days (July 27–29), resulting in approximately 800 deaths and the retreat of loyalist forces from the capital. On July 31, the appointed Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, as lieutenant-general of the kingdom; Charles X abdicated on August 2 in favor of his grandson, but parliamentary rejection of this succession led to Louis Philippe's proclamation as King of the French on August 9, establishing the constitutional oriented toward bourgeois interests and limited suffrage. The French upheaval inspired unrest across Europe, notably sparking the on August 25, 1830, when riots broke out in following a patriotic performance of the opera , fueled by grievances against ' centralizing policies, favoritism toward Dutch speakers and Protestants, and economic disparities disadvantaging the French-speaking Catholic majority in the southern provinces. Demonstrators looted shops and clashed with Dutch garrison troops, forcing their withdrawal from the city by August 27 and enabling the formation of a on September 24 under Charles Latrie Rogier, which organized defenses and convened a national congress to pursue independence from the . In the United States, on August 28, 1830, inventor demonstrated the viability of steam locomotion with his experimental engine on the , pulling a passenger car with directors from to Ellicott's Mills at speeds up to 18 miles per hour despite rudimentary design limitations. During a publicized race against a horse-drawn carriage over roughly 13 miles, the locomotive initially outperformed the horse but lost due to a slipped belt disabling its blower, causing steam pressure to drop; though the horse won, the event empirically validated steam power's potential over animal traction, accelerating railroad adoption.

October–December

On October 4, the in declared the of from the , formalizing the push for independence amid the sparked by liberal discontent with Dutch rule and religious differences. This act followed revolutionary unrest earlier in the year, reflecting broader European demands for constitutional governance against monarchical overreach. The London Conference convened on November 4, involving Britain, , , , and to mediate the Belgian-Dutch conflict, imposing an to prevent escalation and prioritizing territorial stability over revolutionary ideals. By December 20, the powers recognized Belgium's permanent separation from the , establishing a neutral under Leopold of as king, a pragmatic balance to contain French influence while curbing Dutch expansionism. Tensions in Russian-controlled Poland erupted on November 29 with the , as cadets from 's military school, led by , attacked the Palace in response to Tsar Nicholas I's orders mobilizing Polish forces against Western revolts, perceived as a prelude to eroding the Kingdom of Poland's constitutional autonomy granted by the 1815 . The revolt quickly spread, mobilizing thousands against policies that threatened local self-governance and military independence, underscoring Polish elites' resistance to autocratic centralization from St. Petersburg. Grand Duke Constantine, the Russian viceroy, fled as insurgents seized key sites, initiating a broader conflict that highlighted imperial overextension in multi-ethnic domains.

Date unknown

James Armistead Lafayette, an enslaved African American who served as a for the Continental Army during the , providing intelligence that contributed to the British surrender in 1781, died in 1830 at his farm in . The exact date of his death remains uncertain, though he collected his final Revolutionary War pension payment in March of that year. Nancy Hart, a Georgia frontierswoman renowned for single-handedly capturing a group of Loyalist soldiers during the by exploiting their complacency at her home in 1780, died around 1830 at approximately age 95. No precise date or will survives to confirm the timing of her death in .

Science, Technology, and Inventions

Key Developments

In biology, the Cuvier–Geoffroy debate unfolded at the French Académie des Sciences through eight public sessions from February to April, contrasting Georges Cuvier's functionalist approach—emphasizing organ correlations and adaptive utility derived from comparative dissections—with Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire's idealist framework of structural unity, positing homologous plans across vertebrates and invertebrates based on positional analogies. Cuvier defended empirical observations of functional interdependence, arguing that disparate animal forms reflected distinct organizational types shaped by environmental necessities, while Geoffroy invoked transformative principles akin to Goethean morphology to claim underlying skeletal equivalences. The exchanges, attended by figures like Laplace and Arago, underscored methodological divides between observable causality in and speculative typological reasoning, with Cuvier prevailing on evidential grounds but Geoffroy's ideas later informing evolutionary morphology. Geology advanced with the January 1830 publication of the first volume of Charles Lyell's , which systematically applied uniformitarian principles to interpret stratigraphic and fossil records through ongoing processes like , , and volcanic activity, rejecting Wernerian and biblical in favor of extended timescales evidenced by observable rates. Lyell detailed empirical data from European terrains, such as Sicilian lava flows and Wealden fossils, to demonstrate that minor, cumulative changes suffice to account for major formations without invoking paroxysmal events, thereby establishing a causal framework reliant on measurable modern analogies. This volume, drawing on field observations and quantitative estimates of uplift and subsidence, set a precedent for inductive over deductive scriptural interpretations. In electromagnetism, Joseph Henry reported experiments in 1830 with a large electromagnet featuring over 400 feet of silk-insulated copper wire wound in multiple layers around an iron core, achieving a lifting force exceeding 750 pounds—more than 35 times its own weight—through parallel coil connections and a quantity battery, marking a practical leap via insulation to prevent shorting and enable denser windings. These tests, conducted at Albany Academy, quantified magnetic strength as proportional to current intensity and wire length while highlighting saturation limits in iron, providing empirical validation for design optimizations in electromechanical apparatus. Henry's findings, prioritizing measurable force outputs over theoretical speculation, preceded similar European efforts and anticipated motors and relays.

Cultural and Religious Events

Arts, Literature, and Society

The premiere of Victor Hugo's Hernani on February 25, 1830, at the provoked clashes between Romantic enthusiasts and neoclassical adherents, underscoring a broader cultural shift toward dramatic works emphasizing passion, irregularity, and historical settings over rigid . This "battle" reflected Romanticism's challenge to established literary norms, fostering public discourse on artistic freedom and emotional authenticity in French theater. In music, Robert Schumann's attendance at Niccolò Paganini's violin concert in during April 1830 ignited his pursuit of pianistic , leading to compositions such as the Etudes after Caprices of Paganini, Op. 3, which adapted the violinist's demanding techniques for piano and exemplified Romantic valorization of individual technical mastery and expressive intensity. Visual arts saw Eugène Delacroix produce Liberty Leading the People in late 1830, a canvas depicting allegorical struggle through dynamic composition and vivid color, capturing Romantic emphases on heroism, national sentiment, and sublime emotion amid societal ferment. Literary output included Honoré de Balzac's La Maison du chat-qui-pelote, the first tale in his Scènes de la vie privée, exploring provincial bourgeois life with realist detail infused by Romantic individualism, and James Fenimore Cooper's The Water-Witch, advancing his frontier narratives with themes of adventure and moral ambiguity. Serialization of Stendhal's Le Rouge et le Noir commenced in December 1830, portraying ambition and social hypocrisy through a protagonist's psychological depth, aligning with Romantic interest in inner conflict. The U.S. Fifth , taken as of June 1, 1830, recorded a free population of 10,537,000 and 2,009,000 enslaved persons, totaling 12,866,020 inhabitants, revealing a society marked by rapid territorial expansion, persistent in the , and emerging urban concentrations that shaped cultural expressions of and domestic realism.

Births

January–June

King George IV of the United Kingdom died on 26 June 1830 at Windsor Castle from a ruptured abdominal blood vessel, exacerbated by longstanding obesity, gout, and respiratory ailments, at the age of 67. His passing, amid widespread economic distress from agricultural failures and industrial unrest, exposed vulnerabilities in the Tory government's resistance to parliamentary reform, as the monarch's conservative influence waned, intensifying pressures for electoral changes to address representation imbalances. Other notable deaths included French mathematician and physicist on 16 May 1830 in , aged 62, whose analytical theories on heat conduction had advanced physical sciences but carried limited immediate political ramifications. Swiss author Johann Rudolf Wyss, who completed , died on 21 March 1830 in , aged 48, leaving a cultural legacy without direct governance impact.

July–December

On September 15, William Huskisson, British statesman and advocate for economic liberalization including railway development, died from injuries sustained when struck by George Stephenson's locomotive Rocket during the ceremonial opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, marking the first recorded fatality of a railway passenger in history. The accident occurred as Huskisson alighted from a stationary train to exchange greetings with the Duke of Wellington, failing to reboard before the approaching engine arrived at speed. Adam Weishaupt, German philosopher and founder of the Bavarian —a short-lived Enlightenment-era promoting and opposing religious influence, which authorities disbanded in 1785 amid fears of subversion—died on November 18 in Gotha, Germany, at age 82. Simón Bolívar, Venezuelan military commander instrumental in liberating , , , , and from Spanish colonial rule through campaigns culminating in the 1820s, died on December 17 in , , at age 47, from exacerbated by exhaustion and suspicions raised in later analyses. His death followed the collapse of under his presidency, with separatist movements fragmenting the federation he had forged post-independence, leaving successor states in caudillo-led instability.

Date unknown

James , an enslaved African American who served as a for the Continental Army during the , providing intelligence that contributed to the British surrender in 1781, died in 1830 at his farm in . The exact date of his death remains uncertain, though he collected his final Revolutionary War pension payment in March of that year. Nancy Hart, a Georgia frontierswoman renowned for single-handedly capturing a group of Loyalist soldiers during the American Revolution by exploiting their complacency at her home in 1780, died around 1830 at approximately age 95. No precise date or will survives to confirm the timing of her death in northeast Georgia.

Deaths

January–June

King George IV of the United Kingdom died on 26 June 1830 at Windsor Castle from a ruptured abdominal blood vessel, exacerbated by longstanding obesity, gout, and respiratory ailments, at the age of 67. His passing, amid widespread economic distress from agricultural failures and industrial unrest, exposed vulnerabilities in the Tory government's resistance to parliamentary reform, as the monarch's conservative influence waned, intensifying pressures for electoral changes to address representation imbalances. Other notable deaths included French mathematician and physicist on 16 May 1830 in , aged 62, whose analytical theories on heat conduction had advanced physical sciences but carried limited immediate political ramifications. Swiss author Johann Rudolf Wyss, who completed , died on 21 March 1830 in , aged 48, leaving a cultural legacy without direct governance impact.

July–December

On September 15, William Huskisson, British statesman and advocate for economic liberalization including railway development, died from injuries sustained when struck by George Stephenson's locomotive Rocket during the ceremonial opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, marking the first recorded fatality of a railway passenger in history. The accident occurred as Huskisson alighted from a stationary train to exchange greetings with the Duke of Wellington, failing to reboard before the approaching engine arrived at speed. Adam Weishaupt, German philosopher and founder of the Bavarian —a short-lived Enlightenment-era promoting and opposing religious influence, which authorities disbanded in 1785 amid fears of subversion—died on November 18 in , , at age 82. Simón Bolívar, Venezuelan military commander instrumental in liberating , , , , and from Spanish colonial rule through campaigns culminating in the 1820s, died on December 17 in , , at age 47, from exacerbated by exhaustion and suspicions raised in later analyses. His death followed the collapse of under his presidency, with separatist movements fragmenting the federation he had forged post-independence, leaving successor states in caudillo-led instability.

Date unknown

James Armistead Lafayette, an enslaved African American who served as a for the Continental Army during the , providing intelligence that contributed to the British surrender in 1781, died in 1830 at his farm in . The exact date of his death remains uncertain, though he collected his final Revolutionary War pension payment in March of that year. Nancy Hart, a Georgia frontierswoman renowned for single-handedly capturing a group of Loyalist soldiers during the by exploiting their complacency at her home in 1780, died around 1830 at approximately age 95. No precise date or will survives to confirm the timing of her death in .
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References

  1. https://guides.loc.gov/women-in-the-french-revolution/revolutions-rebellions/1789-1830-1848-timeline
  2. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/revolutions-1830-1831
  3. https://1997-2001.state.gov/background_notes/belgium_0006_bgn.html
  4. https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/november-uprising
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  9. https://digitalteachers.co.ug/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/The-Belgian-Revolution-of-1830-1839-causes-cosequences-and-factor-contributing-to-its-success.pdf
  10. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/theatre-survey/article/hernanis-revolt-from-the-tradition-of-french-stage-composition/270B26EB376D564949A3E68CF3BF5707
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