All Things Must Pass
All Things Must Pass
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All Things Must Pass
a black and white photo of George Harrison sitting on a stool surrounded by garden gnomes.
Studio album by
Released27 November 1970 (1970-11-27)
RecordedMay–October 1970
StudioEMI, Trident and Apple (London)
GenreRock,[1] folk rock
Length106:00
LabelApple
Producer
George Harrison chronology
Electronic Sound
(1969)
All Things Must Pass
(1970)
The Concert for Bangladesh
(1971)
Singles from All Things Must Pass
  1. "My Sweet Lord" / "Isn't It a Pity"
    Released: 23 November 1970 (US)
  2. "My Sweet Lord"
    Released: 15 January 1971 (UK)
  3. "What Is Life"
    Released: 15 February 1971 (US)
Alternative cover
a colorized version of the original album cover.
Cover of the 2001 reissue

All Things Must Pass is the third studio album by the English musician George Harrison. Released as a triple album on 27 November 1970, it was Harrison's first solo work after the break-up of the Beatles in April that year. The album was released on 27 November 1970 in the US and on 30 November 1970 in the UK.[2] It includes the hit singles "My Sweet Lord" and "What Is Life", as well as songs such as "Isn't It a Pity" and the title track that had been overlooked for inclusion on releases by the Beatles. The album reflects the influence of Harrison's musical activities with artists such as Bob Dylan, the Band, Delaney & Bonnie and Friends and Billy Preston during 1968–1970, and his growth as an artist beyond his supporting role to former bandmates John Lennon and Paul McCartney. All Things Must Pass introduced Harrison's signature slide guitar sound and the spiritual themes present throughout his subsequent solo work. The original vinyl release consisted of two LPs of songs and a third disc of informal jams titled Apple Jam. Several commentators interpret Barry Feinstein's album cover photo, showing Harrison surrounded by four garden gnomes, as a statement on his independence from the Beatles.

Production began at London's EMI Studios in May 1970, with extensive overdubbing and mixing continuing through October. Among the large cast of backing musicians were Eric Clapton and members of Delaney & Bonnie's Friends band – three of whom formed Derek and the Dominos with Clapton during the recording – as well as Ringo Starr, Gary Wright, Billy Preston, a pre-Yes Alan White, Klaus Voormann, John Barham, Badfinger and Pete Drake. The sessions produced a double album's worth of extra material, most of which remains unissued.

All Things Must Pass was critically and commercially successful on release, with long stays at number one on charts worldwide. Co-producer Phil Spector employed his Wall of Sound production technique to notable effect; Ben Gerson of Rolling Stone described the sound as "Wagnerian, Brucknerian, the music of mountain tops and vast horizons".[3] Reflecting the widespread surprise at the assuredness of Harrison's post-Beatles debut, Melody Maker's Richard Williams likened the album to Greta Garbo's first role in a talking picture and declared: "Garbo talks! – Harrison is free!"[4] According to Colin Larkin, writing in the 2011 edition of his Encyclopedia of Popular Music, All Things Must Pass is "generally rated" as the best of all the former Beatles' solo albums.[5]

During the final year of his life, Harrison oversaw a successful reissue campaign to mark the 30th anniversary of the album's release. After this reissue, the Recording Industry Association of America certified the album six-times platinum. It has since been certified seven-times platinum, with at least 7 million albums sold. Among its appearances on critics' best-album lists, All Things Must Pass was ranked 79th on The Times' "The 100 Best Albums of All Time" in 1993, while Rolling Stone placed it 368th on the magazine's 2023 update of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". In 2014, All Things Must Pass was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Background

[edit]

Music journalist John Harris said George Harrison's "journey" to making All Things Must Pass started when he visited America in late 1968, after the acrimonious sessions for the Beatles' self-titled double album (also known as the "White Album").[6] At Woodstock in November,[7] Harrison started a long-lasting friendship with Bob Dylan[6] and experienced a creative equality with the Band that contrasted with John Lennon and Paul McCartney's dominance in the Beatles.[8][9] He also wrote more songs,[10] renewing his interest in the guitar after three years studying the Indian sitar.[11][12] As well as being one of the few musicians to co-write songs with Dylan,[6] Harrison had recently collaborated with Eric Clapton on "Badge",[13] which became a hit single for Cream in the spring of 1969.[14]

Billboard ad for Harrison's Wonderwall Music soundtrack (1968)

Once back in London, and with his compositions continually overlooked for inclusion on releases by the Beatles,[15][16] Harrison found creative fulfilment in extracurricular projects that, in the words of his musical biographer, Simon Leng, served as an "emancipating force" from the restrictions imposed on him in the band.[17] His activities during 1969 included producing Apple signings Billy Preston and Doris Troy, two American singer-songwriters whose soul and gospel roots proved as influential on All Things Must Pass as the music of the Band.[18] He also recorded with artists such as Leon Russell[19] and Jack Bruce,[20] and accompanied Clapton on a short tour with Delaney Bramlett's soul revue, Delaney & Bonnie and Friends.[21] In addition, Harrison identified his involvement with the Hare Krishna movement as providing "another piece of a jigsaw puzzle" that represented the spiritual journey he had begun in 1966.[22] As well as embracing the Vaishnavist branch of Hinduism, Harrison produced two hit singles during 1969–70 by the UK-based devotees, credited as Radha Krishna Temple (London).[23] In January 1970,[24] Harrison invited American producer Phil Spector to participate in the recording of Lennon's Plastic Ono Band single "Instant Karma!"[25][26] This association led to Spector being given the task of salvaging the Beatles' Get Back rehearsal tapes, released officially as the Let It Be album (1970),[27][28] and later co-producing All Things Must Pass.[29]

Harrison first discussed the possibility of making a solo album of his unused songs during the ill-tempered Get Back sessions, held at Twickenham Film Studios in January 1969.[30][31][nb 1] On 25 February, his 26th birthday,[34] Harrison recorded demos of "All Things Must Pass" and two other compositions that had received little interest from Lennon and McCartney at Twickenham.[35][36] With the inclusion of one of these songs – "Something" – and "Here Comes the Sun" on the Beatles' Abbey Road album in September 1969, music critics acknowledged that Harrison had bloomed into a songwriter to match Lennon and McCartney.[37][38] He began talking publicly about recording his own album from the autumn of 1969,[39][40] but only committed to the idea after McCartney announced that he was leaving the Beatles in April 1970.[41] Included as part of the promotional material for McCartney's self-titled solo album, this announcement signalled the band's break-up.[42] Despite having already made Wonderwall Music (1968), a mostly instrumental soundtrack album, and the experimental Electronic Sound (1969),[43] Harrison considered All Things Must Pass to be his first solo album.[44][nb 2]

Songs

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Main body

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I went to George's Friar Park ... and he said, "I have a few ditties for you to hear." It was endless! He had literally hundreds of songs and each one was better than the rest. He had all this emotion built up when it was released to me.[48]

– Phil Spector, on first hearing Harrison's backlog of songs in early 1970

Spector first heard Harrison's stockpile of unreleased songs early in 1970, when visiting his recently purchased home, Friar Park.[48] "It was endless!" Spector later recalled of the recital, noting the quantity and quality of Harrison's material.[49] Harrison had accumulated songs from as far back as 1966; both "Isn't It a Pity" and "Art of Dying" date from that year.[50] He co-wrote at least two songs with Dylan while in Woodstock,[51] one of which, "I'd Have You Anytime", appeared as the lead track on All Things Must Pass.[52] Harrison also wrote "Let It Down" in late 1968.[53]

He introduced the Band-inspired[54] "All Things Must Pass", along with "Hear Me Lord" and "Let It Down", at the Beatles' Get Back rehearsals, only to have them rejected by Lennon and McCartney.[55][56][nb 3] The tense atmosphere at Twickenham fuelled another All Things Must Pass song, "Wah-Wah",[60] which Harrison wrote in the wake of his temporary departure from the band on 10 January 1969.[61] Harrison later confirmed that the song was a "swipe" at McCartney.[62] "Run of the Mill" followed soon afterwards, its lyrics focusing on the failure of friendships within the Beatles[63] amid the business problems surrounding their Apple organisation.[64] Harrison's musical activities outside the band during 1969 inspired other songs on the album: "What Is Life" came to him while driving to a London session that spring for Preston's That's the Way God Planned It album;[65] "Behind That Locked Door" was Harrison's message of encouragement to Dylan,[66] written the night before the latter's comeback performance at the Isle of Wight Festival;[67] and Harrison began "My Sweet Lord" as an exercise in writing a gospel song[68] during Delaney & Bonnie's stopover in Copenhagen in December 1969.[69][nb 4]

"I Dig Love" resulted from Harrison's early experiments with slide guitar, a technique to which Bramlett had introduced him,[68] in order to cover for guitarist Dave Mason's departure from the Friends line-up.[72] Other songs on All Things Must Pass, all written during the first half of 1970, include "Awaiting on You All", which reflected Harrison's adoption of chanting through his involvement with the Hare Krishna movement;[73][74] "Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp (Let It Roll)", a tribute to the original owner of Friar Park;[75] and "Beware of Darkness".[76] The latter was another song influenced by Harrison's association with the Radha Krishna Temple,[77] and was written while some of the devotees were staying with him at Friar Park.[78]

On 1 May 1970, shortly before beginning work on All Things Must Pass, Harrison attended a Dylan session in New York,[79] during which he acquired a new song of Dylan's, "If Not for You".[60] Harrison wrote "Apple Scruffs", which was one of a number of Dylan-influenced songs on the album,[80] towards the end of production on All Things Must Pass, as a tribute to the diehard fans who had kept a vigil outside the studios where he was working.[74][81]

According to Leng, All Things Must Pass represents the completion of Harrison's "musical-philosophical circle", in which his 1966–68 immersion in Indian music found a Western equivalent in gospel music.[82] While identifying hard rock, country and Motown among the other genres on the album, Leng writes of the "plethora of new sounds and influences" that Harrison had absorbed through 1969 and now incorporated, including "Krishna chants, gospel ecstasy, Southern blues-rock [and] slide guitar".[83] The melodies of "Isn't It a Pity" and "Beware of Darkness" have aspects of Indian classical music, and on "My Sweet Lord", Harrison combined the Hindu bhajan tradition with gospel.[84] Rob Mitchum of Pitchfork describes the album as "dark-tinged Krishna folk-rock".[85]

The recurrent lyrical themes are Harrison's spiritual quest, as it would be throughout his solo career,[86] and friendship, particularly the failure of relationships among the Beatles.[87][88] Music journalist Jim Irvin says that Harrison sings of "deep love – for his faith, for life and the people around him". He adds that the songs are performed with "tension and urgency" as if "the whole thing is happening on the edge of a canyon, an abyss into which the '60s is about to topple".[89]

Apple Jam

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On the original LP's third disc, titled Apple Jam, four of the five tracks – "Out of the Blue", "Plug Me In", "I Remember Jeep" and "Thanks for the Pepperoni" – are improvised instrumentals built around minimal chord changes,[90] or in the case of "Out of the Blue", a single-chord riff.[91] The title for "I Remember Jeep" originated from the name of Clapton's dog, Jeep,[92] and "Thanks for the Pepperoni" came from a line on a Lenny Bruce comedy album.[93] In a December 2000 interview with Billboard magazine, Harrison explained: "For the jams, I didn't want to just throw [them] in the cupboard, and yet at the same time it wasn't part of the record; that's why I put it on a separate label to go in the package as a kind of bonus."[94][nb 5]

The only vocal selection on Apple Jam is "It's Johnny's Birthday", sung to the tune of Cliff Richard's 1968 hit "Congratulations", and recorded as a gift from Harrison to Lennon to mark the latter's 30th birthday.[96] Like all the "free" tracks on the bonus disc,[97] "It's Johnny's Birthday" carried a Harrison songwriting credit on the original UK release of All Things Must Pass,[98] while on the first US copies, the only songwriting information on the record's face labels was the standard inclusion of a performing rights organisation, BMI.[99] In December 1970, "Congratulations" songwriters Bill Martin and Phil Coulter claimed royalties,[96] with the result that the composer's credit for Harrison's track was swiftly changed to acknowledge Martin and Coulter.[92]

Demo tracks and outtakes

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Aside from the seventeen songs issued on discs one and two of the original album,[100] Harrison recorded at least twenty other songs – either in demo form for Spector's benefit, just before recording got officially under way in late May, or as outtakes from the sessions.[101][102] In a 1992 interview, Harrison commented on the volume of material: "I didn't have many tunes on Beatles records, so doing an album like All Things Must Pass was like going to the bathroom and letting it out."[103][nb 6]

Harrison's solo performance for Spector included six compositions that, until their inclusion on the Deluxe editions of the album's 50th anniversary box set, were only available on bootleg compilations, such as Beware of ABKCO![104][105] The six songs are: "Window, Window", another song turned down by the Beatles in January 1969;[106] "Everybody, Nobody", the melody of which Harrison adapted for "Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp";[104] "Nowhere to Go", a second Harrison–Dylan collaboration from November 1968 (originally known as "When Everybody Comes to Town");[107] and "Cosmic Empire", "Mother Divine" and "Tell Me What Has Happened to You".[31][108] Also from this performance were two tracks that Harrison returned to in later years.[101] He completed "Beautiful Girl" for inclusion on his 1976 album Thirty Three & 1/3.[31] "I Don't Want to Do It", written by Dylan, was Harrison's contribution to the soundtrack for the 1985 film Porky's Revenge![60]

During the main sessions for All Things Must Pass, Harrison taped or routined early versions of "You", "Try Some, Buy Some" and "When Every Song Is Sung".[109][110] Harrison offered these three songs to Ronnie Spector in February 1971 for her proposed solo album on Apple Records.[111] After releasing his own versions of "Try Some, Buy Some" and "You",[112] he offered "When Every Song Is Sung" (since retitled "I'll Still Love You") to former bandmate Ringo Starr for his 1976 album Ringo's Rotogravure.[113] "Woman Don't You Cry for Me", written in December 1969 as his first slide-guitar composition,[114] was another song that Harrison revisited on Thirty Three & 1/3.[72] Harrison included "I Live for You" as the only all-new bonus track on the 2001 reissue of All Things Must Pass.[115] "Down to the River" remained unused until he reworked it as "Rocking Chair in Hawaii"[116] for his final studio album, the posthumously released Brainwashed (2002).[117]

Harrison recorded the following songs during the All Things Must Pass sessions but, until their inclusion on some editions of the 50th anniversary box set, they had never received an official release:[118]

Contributing musicians

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Jim Gordon, Carl Radle, Bobby Whitlock and Eric Clapton formed Derek and the Dominos while participating in the sessions for All Things Must Pass.

The precise line-up of contributing musicians is open to conjecture.[121][122] Due to the album's big sound and the many participants on the sessions, commentators have traditionally referred to the grand, orchestral nature of this line-up.[123][124] In 2002, music critic Greg Kot described it as "a who's who of the decade's rock royalty",[55] while Harris writes of the cast taking on "a Cecil B. De Mille aspect".[60]

The musicians included Bobby Whitlock, Jim Gordon, Carl Radle, Bobby Keys, Jim Price and Dave Mason,[125] all of whom had recently toured with Delaney & Bonnie.[126] Along with Eric Clapton, there were also musicians whose link with Harrison went back some years, such as Ringo Starr, Billy Preston and German bassist Klaus Voormann,[127] the latter formerly of Manfred Mann and a friend since the Beatles' years in Hamburg.[128] Handling much of the keyboard work with Whitlock was Gary Wright,[121] who went on to collaborate regularly with Harrison throughout the 1970s.[129]

That was the great thing about [the Beatles] splitting up: to be able to go off and make my own record ... And also to be able to record with all these new people, which was like a breath of fresh air.[31]

– George Harrison, December 2000

From within Apple's stable of musicians, Harrison recruited the band Badfinger, future Yes drummer Alan White, and Beatles assistant Mal Evans on percussion.[130][131] Badfinger drummer Mike Gibbins' powerful tambourine work led to Spector giving him the nickname "Mr Tambourine Man", after the Dylan song.[60] According to Gibbins, he and White played most of the percussion parts on the album, "switch[ing] on tambourine, sticks, bells, maracas ... whatever was needed".[132] Gibbins' bandmates Pete Ham, Tom Evans and Joey Molland provided rhythm acoustic-guitar parts that, in keeping with Spector's Wall of Sound principles, were to be "felt but not heard".[74] Other contributors included Procol Harum's Gary Brooker, on keyboards, and pedal steel player Pete Drake,[133] the last of whom Harrison flew over from Nashville for a few days of recording.[134]

Adding to his and Badfinger's acoustic guitars on some All Things Must Pass tracks, Harrison invited Peter Frampton to the sessions.[135] Although uncredited for his contributions, Frampton also played acoustic guitar on the country tracks featuring Drake;[135] he and Harrison later overdubbed further rhythm parts on several songs.[135][nb 7] Orchestral arranger John Barham also attended the sessions, occasionally contributing on harmonium and vibraphone.[138] Simon Leng consulted Voormann, Barham and Molland for his chapter covering the making of All Things Must Pass and credits Tony Ashton as one of the keyboard players on both versions of "Isn't It a Pity".[139][nb 8] Ginger Baker, Clapton's former bandmate in Cream and Blind Faith, played drums on the jam track "I Remember Jeep".[110]

For contractual reasons, on UK pressings of All Things Must Pass, Clapton's participation on the first two discs remained unacknowledged for many years,[124][142] although he was listed among the musicians appearing on the Apple Jam disc.[143][144][nb 9] A pre-Genesis Phil Collins played congas at a session for "Art of Dying".[60] Harrison gave him a credit on the 30th anniversary reissue of the album,[150] but Collins' playing does not appear on the track.[151][152] Unsubstantiated claims exist regarding guest appearances by John Lennon,[153] Maurice Gibb[154] and Pink Floyd's Richard Wright.[155] In addition, for some years after the album's release, rumours claimed that the Band backed Harrison on the country-influenced "Behind That Locked Door".[156]

Production

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Initial recording

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You could feel after the first few sessions that it was going to be a great album.[157]

– Klaus Voormann, 2003

Music historian Richie Unterberger comments that, typical of the Beatles' solo work, the precise dates for the recording of All Things Must Pass are uncertain, a situation that contrasts with the "meticulous documentation" available for the band's studio activities.[118] According to a contemporaneous report in Beatles Monthly, pre-production began on 20 May 1970,[104] the same day as the Let It Be film's world premiere.[158] Authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter cite this as the probable date for Harrison's run-through of songs for Spector.[104][nb 10] John Leckie, who worked as an EMI tape operator in 1970,[161] recalled that the sessions were preceded by a week of Harrison recording demos, accompanied by Starr and Voormann.[162] The first formal recording session for the album took place at EMI Studios (now Abbey Road Studios) on 26 May,[31][104] although Unterberger states that "much or all" of that day's recording was not used.[118]

Abbey Road Studios (formerly EMI Studios), where Harrison recorded much of All Things Must Pass

The majority of the album's backing tracks were taped on 8-track at EMI between late May and the second week of June.[163] The recording engineer was Phil McDonald,[164] with Leckie as his tape operator.[161] Spector recorded most of the backing tracks live,[165] in some cases featuring multiple drummers and keyboard players, and as many as five rhythm guitarists.[60][159] In Whitlock's description, the studio space was a "massive room ... two sets of drums on risers, a piano, organ and other keyboards to the wall on the left, up against the far wall on the right were Badfinger, and in the centre were George and Eric and the guitars".[166] Molland recalled that, to achieve the resonant acoustic guitar sound on songs such as "My Sweet Lord", he and his bandmates were partitioned off inside a plywood structure.[167]

According to Voormann, Harrison set up a small altar containing figurines and burning incense, creating an atmosphere in which "everyone felt good."[166] Having suffered in the Beatles at McCartney's tendency to dictate how each musician should play, Harrison allowed the contributors the freedom to express themselves in their playing.[168] All the participants later recalled the project favourably.[168][nb 11]

The first song recorded was "Wah-Wah".[169][170] During the playback, Harrison was shocked at the amount of echo Spector had added, since the performance had sounded relatively dry through the musicians' headphones.[166][171] Voormann immediately "loved" the sound,[166] as did Clapton; Harrison later said: "I grew to like it."[171][172]

"What Is Life", versions one and two of "Isn't It a Pity", and the songs on which Drake participated, such as "All Things Must Pass" and "Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp", were among the other tracks taped then.[173][nb 12] Preston recalled that Spector's approach was to have several keyboards playing the same chords in different octaves, to strengthen the sound. Preston said he had reservations about this approach but "with George's stuff it was perfect."[179] According to White, a "really good bond" formed among the musicians; the main sessions lasted three weeks and "There was no mucking around."[180] Badfinger participated in five sessions until early June,[132] when they left for an engagement in Hawaii.[101] Molland said they would record two or three songs each day, and that Harrison ran the sessions, rather than Spector.[181] Wright recalls that as the project progressed, the large cast of musicians was pared down.[182] He says that the later recording sessions featured a core group of himself, Harrison, Clapton, Starr or Gordon on drums, and Voormann or Radle playing bass.[183]

The Apple Jam instrumentals "Thanks for the Pepperoni" and "Plug Me In", featuring Harrison, Clapton and Mason each taking extended guitar solos,[184] were recorded later in June, at the Beatles' Apple Studio, and marked the formation of Clapton, Whitlock, Radle and Gordon's short-lived band Derek and the Dominos.[185] Harrison also contributed on guitar to both sides of the band's debut single, "Tell the Truth"[186] and "Roll It Over",[187] which were produced by Spector and recorded at Apple on 18 June.[185][188] The eleven-minute "Out of the Blue" featured contributions from Keys and Price,[189] both of whom began working with the Rolling Stones around this time.[190] According to Keys in his autobiography Every Night's a Saturday Night, he and Price added their horns parts to songs such as "What Is Life" after the backing tracks had been recorded. He recalls that Harrison and Price worked out the album's horn arrangements together in the studio.[191][nb 13]

Delays and distractions

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In his 2010 autobiography, Whitlock describes the All Things Must Pass sessions as "spectacular in every way", although he says that the project was informed by Harrison's preoccupation with his former bandmates and ongoing difficulties with Klein and Apple.[193] Wright recalls Harrison's discomfort when Lennon and Yoko Ono visited the studio, saying: "His vibe was icy as he bluntly remarked, 'What are you doing here?' It was a very tense moment ..."[183] According to Whitlock, Harrison played the couple some of his new music and Lennon "got his socks blown off", much to Harrison's satisfaction.[194] The presence of Harrison's friends from the Radha Krishna Temple caused disruption during the sessions, according to Gibbins and Whitlock.[195] While echoing this view, Spector cited this as an example of how Harrison inspired tolerance, since the Temple devotees could be "the biggest pain in the necks in the world" yet Harrison "was spiritual and you knew it", which "made you like those Krishnas".[196][197]

Phil Spector in 1965

Although Harrison had estimated in a New York radio interview that the solo album would take no more than eight weeks to complete,[198][199] recording, overdubbing and mixing on All Things Must Pass lasted for five months, until late October.[185][200] Part of the reason for this was Harrison's need to make regular visits to Liverpool to tend to his mother, who had been diagnosed with cancer.[201][202] Spector's erratic behaviour during the sessions was another factor affecting progress on the album.[60][185][203] Harrison later referred to Spector needing "eighteen cherry brandies" before he could start work, a situation that forced much of the production duties onto Harrison alone.[60][202][nb 14] At one point, Spector fell over in the studio and broke his arm.[157] He subsequently withdrew from the project due to what Madinger and Easter term "health reasons".[185]

Early in July, work on All Things Must Pass was temporarily brought to a halt as Harrison headed north to see his dying mother for the last time.[204][nb 15] EMI's growing concerns regarding studio costs added to the pressure on Harrison.[157] A further complication, according to Harris, was that Clapton had become infatuated with Harrison's wife, Pattie Boyd, and adopted a heroin habit as a means of coping with his guilt.[60][nb 16]

Overdubbing

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In Spector's absence, Harrison completed the album's backing tracks and carried out preliminary overdubs, doing much of the latter work at Trident Studios with former Beatles engineer Ken Scott. Harrison completed this stage of the project on 12 August.[185][nb 17] He then sent early mixes of many of the songs to his co-producer, who was convalescing in Los Angeles,[130] and Spector replied by letter dated 19 August with suggestions for further overdubs and final mixing.[185] Among Spector's comments were detailed suggestions regarding "Let It Down",[63] the released recording of which Madinger and Easter describe as "the best example of Spector running rampant with the 'Wall of Sound'", and an urging that he and Harrison carry out further work on the songs at Trident because of its 16-track recording desk.[210] Spector also made suggestions about overdubbing more instruments and orchestration on some tracks, but encouraged Harrison to focus on his vocals and avoid hiding his voice behind the instrumentation.[130]

John Barham's orchestrations were recorded during the next phase of the album's production,[169] starting in early September, along with many further contributions from Harrison, such as his lead vocals, slide guitar parts and multi-tracked backing vocals (the latter credited to "the George O'Hara-Smith Singers").[211][212] Barham stayed at Friar Park and created the music scores from melodies that Harrison sang or played to him on piano or guitar.[120] Leng recognises the arrangements on "pivotal" songs such as "Isn't It a Pity", "My Sweet Lord", "Beware of Darkness" and "All Things Must Pass" as important elements of the album's sound.[120]

According to Scott, he and Harrison worked alone for "weeks and months" on the overdubs, as Harrison recorded the backing vocals and lead guitar parts. In some cases, they slowed the tape down to allow Harrison to sing the high-register vocal lines.[213] Spector returned to London for the later mixing stage.[202] Scott says that Spector would visit Trident for a few hours and make suggestions on their latest mixes, and that some of Spector's suggestions were followed, others not.[214][213]

Spector has praised Harrison's guitar and vocal work on the overdubs, saying: "Perfectionist is not the right word. Anyone can be a perfectionist. He was beyond that ..."[48] Harrison's approach to slide guitar incorporated aspects of both Indian music and the blues tradition;[54] he developed a precise playing style and sound that partly evoked the fretless Indian sarod.[215] From its introduction on All Things Must Pass, Leng writes, Harrison's slide guitar became his musical signature – "as instantly recognisable as Dylan's harmonica or Stevie Wonder's".[216]

Final mixing and mastering

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If I were doing [All Things Must Pass] now, it would not be so produced. But it was the first record ... And anybody who's familiar with Phil [Spector]'s work – it was like CinemaScope sound.[44]

– George Harrison, January 2001

On 9 October, while carrying out final mixing at EMI, Harrison presented Lennon with the recently recorded "It's Johnny's Birthday".[217][nb 18] The track featured Harrison on vocals, harmonium and all other instruments, and vocal contributions from Mal Evans and assistant engineer Eddie Klein.[96] That same month, Harrison finished his production work on Starr's 1971 single "It Don't Come Easy", the basic track for which they had recorded with Voormann in March at Trident.[219][220] Aside from his contributions to projects by Starr, Clapton, Preston and Ashton during 1970, over the following year Harrison would reciprocate the help that his fellow musicians on All Things Must Pass had given him by contributing to albums by Whitlock, Wright, Badfinger and Keys.[221][nb 19]

On 28 October, Harrison and Boyd arrived in New York, where he and Spector carried out final preparation for the album's release, such as sequencing.[130] Harrison harboured doubts about whether all the songs they had finished were worthy of inclusion. Allan Steckler, Apple Records' US manager, was "stunned" by the quality of the material and assured Harrison that he should issue all the songs.[31]

Spector's signature production style gave All Things Must Pass a heavy, reverb-oriented sound, which Harrison came to regret.[225][226][227] Whitlock says that, typical of Spector's Wall of Sound, there was some reverb on the original recordings but the effect was mostly added later.[194] In music journalist David Cavanagh's description, once abandoned by his co-producer midway through the summer, Harrison had "proceeded to out-Spector Spector" through the addition of further echo and multiple overdubs. Voormann has said that Harrison "cluttered" the album's sound in this way, and "admitted later that he put too much stuff on top".[228] According to Leckie, however, the reverb on tracks such as "My Sweet Lord" and "Wah-Wah" was recorded onto tape at the time, because Spector insisted on hearing the effects in place as they worked on the tracks.[229] Outtakes from the recording sessions became available on bootlegs in the 1990s.[230] One such unofficial release, the three-disc The Making of All Things Must Pass,[231] contains multiple takes of some of the songs on the album, providing a work-in-progress on the sequence of overdubs onto the backing tracks.[169]

Artwork

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Harrison commissioned Tom Wilkes to design a hinged box in which to house the three vinyl discs, rather than have them packaged in a triple gatefold cover.[92] Apple insider Tony Bramwell later recalled: "It was a bloody big thing ... You needed arms like an orang-utan to carry half a dozen."[145] The packaging caused some confusion among retailers, who, at that time, associated boxed albums with opera or classical works.[145]

The stark black-and-white cover photo was taken on the main lawn at Friar Park[74] by Wilkes' Camouflage Productions partner, Barry Feinstein.[92] Commentators interpret the photograph – showing Harrison seated in the centre of, and towering over, four comical-looking garden gnomes – as representing his removal from the Beatles' collective identity.[232][233] The gnomes had recently been delivered to Friar Park and placed on the lawn;[234] seeing the four figures there, and mindful of the message in the album's title, Feinstein immediately drew parallels with Harrison's former band.[145] Author and music journalist Mikal Gilmore has written that Lennon's initial negativity regarding All Things Must Pass was possibly because he was "irritated" by this cover photo;[201] Harrison biographer Elliot Huntley attributes Lennon's reaction to envy during a time when "everything [Harrison] touched turned to gold".[235][nb 20]

Apple included a poster with the album, showing Harrison in a darkened corridor of his home, standing in front of an iron-framed window.[239] Wilkes had designed a more adventurous poster, but according to Beatles author Bruce Spizer, Harrison was uncomfortable with the imagery.[240][nb 21] Some of the Feinstein photographs that Wilkes had incorporated into this original poster design appeared instead on the picture sleeves for the "My Sweet Lord" single and its follow-up, "What Is Life".[92]

Release

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Impact

[edit]

EMI and its US counterpart, Capitol Records, had originally scheduled the album for release in October 1970, and advance promotion began in September.[185] An "intangible buzz" had been "in the air for months" regarding Harrison's solo album, according to Alan Clayson, and "for reasons other than still-potent loyalty to the Fab Four".[241] Harrison's stature as an artist had grown over the past year through the acclaim afforded his songs on Abbey Road,[242][243] as well as the speculation caused by his and Dylan's joint recording session in New York.[244] Noting also Harrison's role in popularising new acts such as the Band and Delaney & Bonnie, and his association with Clapton and Cream, NME critic Bob Woffinden concluded in 1981: "All in all, Harrison's credibility was building to a peak."[242]

Music should be used for the perception of God, not jitterbugging.[201]

– George Harrison, January 1971

All Things Must Pass was released on 27 November 1970 in the United States, and on 30 November in Britain,[238] with the rare distinction of having the same Apple catalogue number (STCH 639) in both countries.[97] Often credited as rock's first triple album,[201] it was the first triple set of previously unissued music by a single act, the multi-artist Woodstock live album having preceded it by six months.[202] Adding to the commercial appeal of Harrison's songs, All Things Must Pass appeared at a time when religion and spirituality had become a trend among Western youth.[245][246] Apple issued "My Sweet Lord" as the album's first single, as a double A-side with "Isn't It a Pity" in the majority of countries.[247] Discussing the song's cultural impact, Gilmore credits "My Sweet Lord" with being "as pervasive on radio and in youth consciousness as anything the Beatles had produced".[201]

Another factor behind the album's first weeks of release was Harrison's meeting with McCartney in New York,[238] the failure of which led to McCartney filing suit in London's High Court to dissolve the Beatles' legal partnership.[248][249] Songs such as "Wah-Wah", "Apple Scruffs", "Isn't It a Pity" and "Run of the Mill" resonated with listeners as documents of the group's dysfunction.[250] In the fallout to the break-up, according to journalist Kitty Empire, Harrison's triple album "functioned as a kind of repository for grief" for the band's fans.[251]

Commercial performance

[edit]
Trade ad for the "What Is Life" single, February 1971

"My Sweet Lord" was highly successful,[243] topping singles charts around the world during the first few months of 1971.[74] It was the first solo single by a former Beatle to be number 1 in the UK or the US,[252] and became the most performed song of that year.[253][nb 22] Issued in February 1971, the second single, "What Is Life" backed with "Apple Scruffs",[255] also became an international hit.[256]

All Things Must Pass was number 1 on the UK's official albums chart for eight weeks, although until 2006, chart records incorrectly stated that it had peaked at number 4.[257][nb 23] On Melody Maker's national chart, the album was also number 1 for eight weeks, from 6 February to 27 March, six of which coincided with "My Sweet Lord" topping the magazine's singles chart.[258] In America, All Things Must Pass spent seven weeks at number 1 on the Billboard Top LP's chart, from 2 January until 20 February, and a similarly long period atop the listings compiled by Cash Box and Record World;[259] for three of those weeks, "My Sweet Lord" held the top spot on the Billboard Hot 100.[260] In Canada the album hit number 1 on just its 3rd week, was number 1 for 9 weeks, and was on the charts for 31 weeks, ending 17 July 1971.[261]

The extent of Harrison's success surprised the music industry and largely overshadowed Lennon's concurrently released Plastic Ono Band album, which Spector also co-produced.[262][nb 24] Writing in the April 2001 issue of Record Collector, Peter Doggett described Harrison as "arguably the most successful rock star on the planet" at the start of 1971, with All Things Must Pass "easily outstripping other solo Beatles projects later in the year, such as [McCartney's] Ram and [Lennon's] Imagine".[264] Harrison's so-called "Billboard double" – whereby one artist simultaneously holds the top positions on the magazine's albums and singles listings – was a feat that none of his former bandmates equalled until Paul McCartney and Wings repeated the achievement in June 1973.[265][nb 25] At the 1972 Grammy Awards, All Things Must Pass was nominated for Album of the Year and "My Sweet Lord" for Record of the Year, but Harrison lost out in both categories to Carole King.[267][268]

All Things Must Pass was awarded a gold disc by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on 17 December 1970[269] and it has since been certified seven times platinum by the RIAA.[259][270] In January 1975, the Canadian Recording Industry Association announced that it had been certified as a platinum album in Canada.[271][nb 26] According to John Bergstrom of PopMatters, as of January 2011, All Things Must Pass had sold more than Imagine and McCartney and Wings' Band on the Run (1973) combined.[273] Also writing in 2011, Lennon and Harrison biographer Gary Tillery describes it as "the most successful album ever released by an ex-Beatle".[274] According to Hamish Champ's 2018 book The 100 Best-Selling Albums of the 70s, in the US, All Things Must Pass is the 33rd-best-selling album from the 1970s.[275]

Critical reception

[edit]

Contemporary reviews

[edit]

All Things Must Pass received almost universal critical acclaim on release[276] – as much for the music and lyrical content as for the fact that, of all the former Beatles, it was the work of supposed junior partner George Harrison.[4][226][277] Harrison had usually contributed just two songs to a Beatles album;[278] in author Robert Rodriguez's description, critics' attention was now centred on "a major talent unleashed, one who'd been hidden in plain sight all those years" behind Lennon and McCartney. "That the Quiet Beatle was capable of such range", Rodriguez continues, "from the joyful 'What Is Life' to the meditative 'Isn't It a Pity' to the steamrolling 'Art of Dying' to the playful 'I Dig Love' – was revelatory."[279] Most reviewers tended to discount the third disc of studio jams, accepting that it was a "free" addition to justify the set's high retail price,[90][143] although Anthony DeCurtis recognises Apple Jam as further evidence of the album's "bracing air of creative liberation".[280][nb 27]

Ben Gerson of Rolling Stone deemed All Things Must Pass "both an intensely personal statement and a grandiose gesture, a triumph over artistic modesty"[3] and referenced the three-record set as an "extravaganza of piety and sacrifice and joy, whose sheer magnitude and ambition may dub it the War and Peace of rock 'n' roll".[282] Gerson also lauded the album's production as being "of classic Spectorian proportions, Wagnerian, Brucknerian, the music of mountain tops and vast horizons".[3][283] In the NME, Alan Smith referred to Harrison's songs as "music of the mind", adding: "they search and they wander, as if in the soft rhythms of a dream, and in the end he has set them to words which are often both profound and profoundly beautiful."[98] Billboard's reviewer hailed All Things Must Pass as "a masterful blend of rock and piety, technical brilliance and mystic mood, and relief from the tedium of everyday rock".[284]

Melody Maker's Richard Williams summed up the surprise many felt at Harrison's apparent transformation: All Things Must Pass, he said, provided "the rock equivalent of the shock felt by pre-war moviegoers when Garbo first opened her mouth in a talkie: Garbo talks! – Harrison is free!"[4] In another review, for The Times, Williams opined that, of all the Beatles' solo releases thus far, Harrison's album "makes far and away the best listening, perhaps because it is the one which most nearly continues the tradition they began eight years ago".[277][nb 28] William Bender of Time magazine described it as an "expressive, classically executed personal statement ... one of the outstanding rock albums in years", while Tom Zito of The Washington Post predicted that it would influence the discourse on "the [real] genius behind the Beatles".[287]

In The New York Times, Don Heckman deemed the album "a release that shouldn't be missed"[287] and outlined his "complex" reaction to being presented with a sequence of Harrison songs for the first time: "amazement at the range of Harrison's talents; fascination at the effects of Phil Spector's participation as the album's producer; curiosity about the many messages that waft through the Harrison songs".[288] John Gabree of High Fidelity described it as "the big album of the year" and a "unified yet tremendously varied" work. In response to rumours that the Beatles were due to reunite, Gabree said that, on the strength of the Harrison and Lennon solo albums, "I, for one, don't care if they ever do."[289]

Retrospective assessments

[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusicStarStarStarStarStar[47]
BlenderStarStarStarStarStar[290]
Encyclopedia of Popular MusicStarStarStarStar[291]
MojoStarStarStarStarStar[227]
MusicHound Rock5/5[292]
Pitchfork9.0/10[293]
QStarStarStarStarStar[294]
Rolling StoneStarStarStarStarHalf star[280]
UncutStarStarStarStarStar[295]

An album that sounded contemporary in 1970 was viewed as dated and faddish later in the decade.[142] Village Voice critic Robert Christgau, having bemoaned in 1971 that it was characterised by "overblown fatuity" and uninteresting music,[296] wrote in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981) of the album's "featurelessness", "right down to the anonymity of the multitracked vocals".[297] In their book The Beatles: An Illustrated Record, Roy Carr and Tony Tyler were likewise lukewarm in their assessment, criticising the "homogeneity" of the production and "the lugubrious nature of Harrison's composing".[143] Writing in The Beatles Forever in 1977, however, Nicholas Schaffner praised the album as the "crowning glory" of Harrison's and Spector's careers, and highlighted "All Things Must Pass" and "Beware of Darkness" as the "two most eloquent songs ... musically as well as lyrically".[298]

AllMusic's Richie Unterberger views All Things Must Pass as "[Harrison's] best ... a very moving work",[47] and Roger Catlin of MusicHound describes the set as "epic and audacious", its "dense production and rich songs topped off by the extra album of jamming".[292] Unterberger has also written that while the Beatles' break-up remains a source of sorrow for many listeners, "it's impossible not to rejoice in George's greatest triumph" and that, as further evidenced in the bootlegs of outtakes from the sessions, Lennon, McCartney and Beatles producer George Martin undervalued not just Harrison's songwriting abilities but also his talent as a producer.[299] Q magazine considers the album to be an exemplary fusion of "rock and religion", as well as "the single most satisfying collection of any solo Beatle".[294] Filmmaker Martin Scorsese has written of the "powerful sense of the ritualistic on the album", adding: "I remember feeling that it had the grandeur of liturgical music, of the bells used in Tibetan Buddhist ceremonies."[300] Writing for Rolling Stone in 2002, Greg Kot described this grandeur as an "echo-laden cathedral of rock in excelsis" where the "real stars" are Harrison's songs;[55] in the same publication, Mikal Gilmore labelled the album "the finest solo work any ex-Beatle ever produced".[301]

In his 2001 review for Mojo, John Harris said that All Things Must Pass "remains the best Beatles solo album ... oozing both the goggle-eyed joy of creative emancipation and the sense of someone pushing himself to the limit".[302] In another 2001 review, for the Chicago Tribune, Kot wrote: "Neither Lennon nor McCartney, let alone Ringo Starr, ever put out a solo album more accomplished than All Things Must Pass ... In subsequent years, Lennon and McCartney would strive mightily to scale the same heights as All Things Must Pass with solo works such as Imagine and Band on the Run, but they would never top it."[303][nb 29] Nigel Williamson of Uncut said that the album includes some of Harrison's best songs in "My Sweet Lord", "All Things Must Pass" and "Beware of Darkness", and stands as "George's finest ... and arguably the best post-Beatles solo album of them all".[295]

In The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), Mac Randall writes that the album is exceptional, but "a tad overrated" by those critics who tend to overlook how its last 30 minutes comprise "a bunch of instrumental blues jams that nobody listens to more than once".[304] Unterberger similarly cites the inclusion of Apple Jam as "a very significant flaw", while recognising that its content "proved to be of immense musical importance", with the formation of Derek and the Dominos.[47] Writing for Pitchfork in 2016, Jayson Greene said that Harrison was the only former Beatle who "changed the terms of what an album could be" since, although All Things Must Pass was not the first rock triple LP, "in the cultural imagination, it is the first triple album, the first one released as a pointed statement."[293]

Legacy

[edit]

George Harrison confronted the breakup head-on, with the graceful, philosophical All Things Must Pass. A series of elegies, dream sequences, and thoughts on the limits of idealism, it is arguably the most fully realized solo statement from any of the Beatles.[305]

Author Mark Ribowsky says that All Things Must Pass "forged the seventies first new rock idiom",[306] while music historian David Howard writes that the album's combination of expansive hard rock and "intimate acoustic-confessionals" made it the touchstone for the early 1970s rock sound.[307] Another Rolling Stone critic, James Hunter, commented in 2001 on how All Things Must Pass "helped define the decade it ushered in", in that "the cast, the length, the long hair falling on suede-covered shoulders ... foretold the sprawl and sleepy ambition of the Seventies."[308]

In his PopMatters review, John Bergstrom likens All Things Must Pass to "the sound of Harrison exhaling", adding: "He was quite possibly the only Beatle who was completely satisfied with the Beatles being gone."[273] Bergstrom credits the album with heavily influencing bands such as ELO, My Morning Jacket, Fleet Foxes and Grizzly Bear, as well as helping bring about the dream pop phenomenon.[273] In Harris' view, the "widescreen sound" used by Harrison and Spector on some of the tracks was a forerunner to recordings by ELO and Oasis.[309]

Among Harrison's biographers, Simon Leng views All Things Must Pass as a "paradox of an album": as eager as Harrison was to break free from his identity as a Beatle, Leng suggests, many of the songs document the "Kafkaesque chain of events" of life within the band and so added to the "mythologized history" he was looking to escape.[310] Ian Inglis notes 1970's place in an era marking "the new supremacy of the singer-songwriter", through such memorable albums as Simon & Garfunkel's Bridge Over Troubled Water, Neil Young's After the Gold Rush, Van Morrison's Moondance and Joni Mitchell's Ladies of the Canyon, but that none of these "possessed the startling impact" of All Things Must Pass.[311] Harrison's triple album, Inglis writes, "[would] elevate 'the third Beatle' into a position that, for a time at least, comfortably eclipsed that of his former bandmates".[311]

Writing for Spectrum Culture, Kevin Korber describes the album as a celebration of "the power that music and art can have if we are free to create it and experience it on our own terms", and therefore "perhaps the greatest thing to come out of the breakup of the Beatles".[312] Jim Irvin considers it to be "a sharper clutch of songs than Imagine, more individual than Band on the Run" and concludes, "It's hard to think of many bigger-hearted, more human and more welcoming records than this."[89]

All Things Must Pass features in music reference books such as The Mojo Collection: The Greatest Albums of All Time,[313] Robert Dimery's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die[314] and Tom Moon's 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die.[315] In 1999, All Things Must Pass appeared at number 9 on The Guardian's "Alternative Top 100 Albums" list, where the editor described it as the "best, mellowest and most sophisticated" of all the Beatles' solo efforts.[316] In 2006, Pitchfork placed it at number 82 on the site's "Top 100 Albums of the 1970s".[85] It was ranked 433rd on Rolling Stone's list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time" in 2012[317] and 368th on the 2020 updated list.[318] All Things Must Pass has also appeared in the following critics' best-album books and lists, among others: the Paul Gambaccini-compiled Critic's Choice: Top 200 Albums (1978; ranked number 79),[citation needed] The Times Magazine' "100 Best Albums of All Time" (1993; number 79),[319] Allan Kozinn's The 100 Greatest Pop Albums of the Century (published in 2000),[citation needed] Q's "The 50 (+50) Best British Albums Ever" (2004),[citation needed] Mojo's "70 of the Greatest Albums of the 70s" (2006),[citation needed] the NME's "100 Greatest British Albums Ever" (2006; number 86),[citation needed] Paste magazine's "The 70 Best Albums of the 1970s" (2012; number 27),[citation needed] and Craig Mathieson and Toby Creswell's The 100 Best Albums of All Time (2013).[320]

In January 2014, All Things Must Pass was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame,[321] an award bestowed by the Recording Academy "to honor recordings of lasting qualitative or historical significance that are at least 25 years old".[322] Colin Hanks titled his 2015 film All Things Must Pass: The Rise and Fall of Tower Records after the album and, with the blessing of Harrison's widow, Olivia Harrison, used the title track over the end credits.[263]

Subsequent releases

[edit]

2001

[edit]
Front cover of the 2001 album booklet, reflecting Harrison's environmental concerns at the start of the 21st century

To mark the 30th anniversary of the album's release, Harrison supervised a remastered edition of All Things Must Pass, which was issued in January 2001, less than a year before his death from cancer at the age of 58.[323][nb 30] Ken Scott engineered the reissue,[325] which was remastered by Jon Astley.[326] Harrison and Scott were shocked at the amount of reverb they had used in 1970[327] and were keen to remix the album, but EMI vetoed the idea.[213]

The reissue appeared on Gnome Records, a label set up by Harrison for the project.[328] Harrison also oversaw revisions to Wilkes and Feinstein's album artwork,[150] which included a colourised "George & the Gnomes" front cover[150] and, on the two CD sleeves and the album booklet, further examples of this cover image showing an imaginary, gradual encroachment of urbanisation on the Friar Park landscape.[95][nb 31] The latter series served to illustrate Harrison's dismay at "the direction the world seemed headed at the start of the millennium", Gary Tillery observes, a direction that was "so far afield from the Age of Aquarius that had been the dream of the sixties".[329][nb 32] Harrison launched a website dedicated to the reissue, which offered, in the description of Chuck Miller of Goldmine magazine, "graphics and sounds and little Macromedia-created gnomes dancing and giggling and playing guitars in a Terry Gilliam-esque world".[331] As a further example of his willingness to embrace modern media,[332] Harrison prepared an electronic press kit, which he described as "not exactly an EPK but it is a threat to world order as we know it".[333]

Titled All Things Must Pass: 30th Anniversary Edition, the new album contained five bonus tracks, including "I Live for You",[334] two of the songs performed for Spector at EMI Studios in May 1970 ("Beware of Darkness" and "Let It Down") and "My Sweet Lord (2000)", a partial re-recording of Harrison's biggest solo hit.[335] In addition, Harrison resequenced the content of Apple Jam so that the album closed with "Out of the Blue", as he had originally intended.[94][150] Assisting Harrison with overdubs on the bonus tracks were his son, Dhani Harrison, singer Sam Brown and percussionist Ray Cooper,[94] all of whom contributed to the recording of Brainwashed around this time.[336] According to Scott, Harrison had suggested they include a bonus disc containing recollections from some of the album's contributors, starting with Ringo Starr. The idea was abandoned since Starr could not remember playing on the sessions at all.[213]

With Harrison undertaking extensive promotional work, the 2001 reissue was a critical and commercial success.[337] Having underestimated the album's popularity, Capitol faced a back order of 20,000 copies in America.[338] There, the reissue debuted at number 4 on Billboard's Top Pop Catalog Albums chart[339] and topped the magazine's Internet Album Sales listings.[340] In the UK, it peaked at number 68 on the national albums chart.[341] Writing in Record Collector, Doggett described this success as "a previously unheard-of achievement for a reissue".[342]

Following Harrison's death on 29 November 2001, All Things Must Pass returned to the US charts, climbing to number 6 and number 7, respectively, on the Top Pop Catalog and Internet Album Sales charts.[343] With the release on iTunes of much of the Harrison catalogue, in October 2007,[344] the album re-entered the US Top Pop Catalog chart, peaking at number 3.[345]

2010

[edit]

For the 40th anniversary of All Things Must Pass, EMI reissued the album in its original configuration, in a limited-edition box set of three vinyl LPs, on 26 November 2010.[346][347] Each copy was individually numbered.[348][349] In what Bergstrom views as a contrast with the more aggressive marketing campaign run simultaneously by John Lennon's estate, to commemorate Lennon's 70th birthday,[273] a digitally remastered 24-bit version of the album was made available for download from Harrison's official website.[346][347] The reissue coincided with the Harrison estate's similarly low-key[350] release of the Ravi Shankar–George Harrison box set Collaborations[351] and East Meets West Music's reissue of Raga, the long-unavailable documentary on Shankar that Harrison had helped release through Apple Films in 1971.[352][353]

2014

[edit]

All Things Must Pass was remastered again for the eight-disc Harrison box set The Apple Years 1968–75,[354] issued in September 2014.[355] Also available as a separate, double-CD release, the reissue reproduces Harrison's 2001 liner notes[356] and includes the same five bonus tracks that appeared on the 30th anniversary edition.[354] In addition, the box set's DVD contains the promotional film created for the 2001 reissue.[357]

2020–2021

[edit]

On 27 November 2020, the Harrison family released a stereo remix of the song "All Things Must Pass" to mark the album's 50th anniversary. Dhani Harrison described it as a prelude to further releases related to the anniversary.[358] That same month, as part of its Archive on 4 series, BBC Radio 4 broadcast "All Things Must Pass at 50", a one-hour special presented by Nitin Sawhney.[359]

On 10 June 2021, the release of a 50th anniversary edition was officially announced for 6 August.[360] The reissue is available in seven varieties, from Standard vinyl and CD editions up to an Uber Deluxe Edition box set.[361] The most extensive editions contain 70 tracks across 5 CDs/8LPs, including outtakes, jams and 47 demos, 42 of which are previously unreleased,[362] and a scrapbook containing archival notes and track-by-track annotation curated by Olivia Harrison.[361] The Uber Deluxe set adds a 44-page book on the creation of the 1970 triple album,[360] along with scale replica figurines of Harrison and the Friar Park gnomes, an illustration by Voormann, and Paramahansa Yogananda's text "Light from the Great Ones", among other extras.[361]

On Metacritic, the Super Deluxe Edition has an aggregate score of 92 out of 100, based on eight reviews – indicating what the website defines as "universal acclaim".[363] The release received maximum scores from Mojo, The Times, The Daily Telegraph, the Daily Mail, the Daily Express, Uncut and American Songwriter.[364] It peaked at number 6 in the UK and number 7 on the Billboard 200 in the US; in other Billboard charts, it topped the listings for Top Rock Albums, Catalog Albums and Tastemaker Albums, and placed at number 2 on Top Albums Sales. The 50th anniversary release also peaked at number 2 in Germany and number 3 in Switzerland, among other top-ten international chart placings.[364] In 2022, the 50th anniversary box set won the Grammy Award for Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package.[365]

Track listing

[edit]

All songs written by George Harrison, except where noted.

Original release

[edit]

Side one

  1. "I'd Have You Anytime" (Harrison, Bob Dylan) – 2:56
  2. "My Sweet Lord" – 4:38
  3. "Wah-Wah" – 5:35
  4. "Isn't It a Pity (Version One)" – 7:10

Side two

  1. "What Is Life" – 4:22
  2. "If Not for You" (Dylan) – 3:29
  3. "Behind That Locked Door" – 3:05
  4. "Let It Down" – 4:57
  5. "Run of the Mill" – 2:49

Side three

  1. "Beware of Darkness" – 3:48
  2. "Apple Scruffs" – 3:04
  3. "Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp (Let It Roll)" – 3:48
  4. "Awaiting on You All" – 2:45
  5. "All Things Must Pass" – 3:44

Side four

  1. "I Dig Love" – 4:55
  2. "Art of Dying" – 3:37
  3. "Isn't It a Pity (Version Two)" – 4:45
  4. "Hear Me Lord" – 5:46

Side five (Apple Jam)

  1. "Out of the Blue" – 11:14
  2. "It's Johnny's Birthday" (Bill Martin, Phil Coulter, Harrison) – 0:49
  3. "Plug Me In" – 3:18

Side six (Apple Jam)

  1. "I Remember Jeep" – 8:07
  2. "Thanks for the Pepperoni" – 5:31

2001 remaster

[edit]

Disc one

Sides one and two were combined as tracks 1–9, with the following additional tracks:

  1. "I Live for You" – 3:35
  2. "Beware of Darkness" (acoustic demo) – 3:19
  3. "Let It Down" (alternate version) – 3:54
  4. "What Is Life" (backing track/alternate mix) – 4:27
  5. "My Sweet Lord (2000)" – 4:57

Disc two

Sides three and four were combined as tracks 1–9, followed by the reordered Apple Jam tracks.

  1. "It's Johnny's Birthday" (Martin, Coulter, Harrison) – 0:49
  2. "Plug Me In" – 3:18
  3. "I Remember Jeep" – 8:07
  4. "Thanks for the Pepperoni" – 5:31
  5. "Out of the Blue" – 11:16

2021 50th Anniversary Super Deluxe Box

[edit]

Disc one – Remixed (2020) versions of sides 1 and 2.

Disc two – Remixed (2020) versions of sides 3 and 4, remastered versions of sides 5 and 6.

Disc three

  1. "All Things Must Pass" (Day 1 Demo) – 4:38
  2. "Behind That Locked Door" (Day 1 Demo) – 2:54
  3. "I Live for You" (Day 1 Demo) – 3:26
  4. "Apple Scruffs" (Day 1 Demo) – 2:48
  5. "What Is Life" (Day 1 Demo) – 4:46
  6. "Awaiting on You All" (Day 1 Demo) – 2:30
  7. "Isn't It a Pity" (Day 1 Demo) – 3:19
  8. "I'd Have You Anytime" (Day 1 Demo) (Harrison, Dylan) – 2:10
  9. "I Dig Love" (Day 1 Demo) – 3:35
  10. "Going Down to Golders Green" (Day 1 Demo) – 2:24
  11. "Dehra Dun" (Day 1 Demo) – 3:39
  12. "Om Hare Om (Gopala Krishna)" (Day 1 Demo) – 5:13
  13. "Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp (Let It Roll)" (Day 1 Demo) – 3:41
  14. "My Sweet Lord" (Day 1 Demo) – 3:21
  15. "Sour Milk Sea" (Day 1 Demo) – 2:28

Disc four

  1. "Run of the Mill" (Day 2 Demo) – 1:54
  2. "Art of Dying" (Day 2 Demo) – 3:04
  3. "Everybody-Nobody" (Day 2 Demo) – 2:20
  4. "Wah-Wah" (Day 2 Demo) – 4:24
  5. "Window Window" (Day 2 Demo) – 1:53
  6. "Beautiful Girl" (Day 2 Demo) – 2:39
  7. "Beware of Darkness" (Day 2 Demo) – 3:20
  8. "Let It Down" (Day 2 Demo) – 3:57
  9. "Tell Me What Has Happened to You" (Day 2 Demo) – 2:57
  10. "Hear Me Lord" (Day 2 Demo) – 4:57
  11. "Nowhere to Go" (Day 2 Demo) (Harrison, Dylan) – 2:44
  12. "Cosmic Empire" (Day 2 Demo) – 2:12
  13. "Mother Divine" (Day 2 Demo) – 2:45
  14. "I Don't Want to Do It" (Day 2 Demo) (Dylan) – 2:05
  15. "If Not for You" (Day 2 Demo) (Dylan) – 1:48

Disc five

  1. "Isn't It a Pity" (take 14) – 0:53
  2. "Wah-Wah" (take 1) – 5:56
  3. "I'd Have You Anytime" (take 5) (Harrison, Dylan) – 2:48
  4. "Art of Dying" (take 1) – 2:48
  5. "Isn't It a Pity" (take 27) – 4:01
  6. "If Not For You" (take 2) (Dylan) – 2:59
  7. "Wedding Bells (Are Breaking Up That Old Gang of Mine)" (take 1) (Sammy Fain, Irving Kahal, Willie Raskin) – 1:56
  8. "What Is Life" (take 1) – 4:34
  9. "Beware of Darkness" (take 8) – 3:48
  10. "Hear Me Lord" (take 5) – 9:31
  11. "Let It Down" (take 1) – 4:13
  12. "Run of the Mill" (take 36) – 2:28
  13. "Down to the River (Rocking Chair Jam)" (take 1) – 2:30
  14. "Get Back" (take 1) (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) – 2:07
  15. "Almost 12 Bar Honky Tonk" (take 1) – 8:34
  16. "It's Johnny's Birthday" (take 1) (Martin, Coulter, Harrison) – 0:59
  17. "Woman Don't You Cry for Me" (take 5) – 5:01

Personnel

[edit]

The following musicians are either credited on the 2001 reissue of All Things Must Pass[325] or are acknowledged as having contributed after subsequent research:[366]

Accolades

[edit]

Grammy Awards

[edit]
Year Nominee / work Award Result
1972 All Things Must Pass Album of the Year[267] Nominated
"My Sweet Lord" Record of the Year[267] Nominated
2014 All Things Must Pass Hall of Fame Award[322] Won
2022 All Things Must Pass Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package[370] Won

Charts

[edit]

Weekly charts

[edit]

Year-end charts

[edit]
Chart (1971) Position
Australian Kent Music Report[372] 5
Dutch Albums Chart[401] 11
US Billboard Year-End[402] 18

Certifications

[edit]
Region Certification Certified units/sales
Canada (Music Canada)[403] Gold 50,000^
Denmark (IFPI Danmark)[404] Gold 10,000
United Kingdom (BPI)[405] Gold 100,000^
United States (RIAA)[406] 7× Platinum 7,000,000

^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]

Sources

[edit]
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Further reading

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia
from Grokipedia
All Things Must Pass is the third studio album by English rock musician George Harrison, released as a triple LP on 27 November 1970 by Apple Records.[1] Co-produced by Harrison and Phil Spector, the album features contributions from a wide array of prominent musicians, including Eric Clapton on lead guitar, Ringo Starr on drums, Billy Preston on keyboards, and members of Badfinger.[2] It includes the international number-one single "My Sweet Lord" and the top-ten hit "What Is Life," along with other spiritually themed tracks such as the title song and "Isn't It a Pity."[3] Recorded in the wake of the Beatles' break-up earlier that year, All Things Must Pass marked Harrison's emergence as a solo artist in his own right, amassing a backlog of songs previously overshadowed by his bandmates John Lennon and Paul McCartney.[2] The album debuted at number five on the Billboard 200 and reached number one for seven consecutive weeks from 2 January to 13 February 1971.[3] "My Sweet Lord" also topped the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the first solo number-one single by a Beatle.[3] Hailed for its lush production and Harrison's introspective lyrics drawing from Eastern philosophy and Christianity, the album topped charts in multiple countries and has been certified multi-platinum.[4] A 50th anniversary edition, executive produced by Harrison's son Dhani and remixed by Paul Hicks, was released in August 2021, re-entering the Billboard 200 top ten and introducing previously unreleased demos and session outtakes across five discs.[4]

Background

Post-Beatles transition

During the final years of the Beatles, George Harrison grew increasingly frustrated with his limited role as a songwriter within the group, feeling overshadowed by John Lennon and Paul McCartney. Many of his compositions were rejected or set aside during sessions for albums like Let It Be and Abbey Road, despite his growing maturity as a writer; for instance, songs such as "All Things Must Pass," "Let It Down," and "Not Guilty" were attempted but ultimately excluded from Let It Be, where only "I Me Mine" and "For You Blue" made the final tracklist. Similarly, Abbey Road featured just two Harrison originals—"Something" and "Here Comes the Sun"—even though he had stockpiled additional material that highlighted his evolving style.[5] Harrison's personal transformation during this period was profoundly shaped by his spiritual awakening, which began intensifying in 1968–1969 through his deepening engagement with Indian philosophy and music. Introduced to Ravi Shankar in 1966, he took sitar lessons and immersed himself in Hindu teachings, including readings of Swami Vivekananda's Raja Yoga and Paramahansa Yogananda's Autobiography of a Yogi during the Beatles' 1968 retreat at Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's ashram in Rishikesh, where the group composed over 40 songs and Harrison wrote several that contributed to his growing backlog. By 1969, Harrison fully embraced Hinduism, adopting the Hare Krishna mantra and producing a mantra album with devotees from London's Radha Krishna Temple, marking his commitment to Krishna Consciousness as a core aspect of his life.[6] Following the Beatles' informal breakup announcement by Lennon in September 1969—which was kept private until the following year—Harrison began exploring informal collaborations outside the band. He joined Lennon's Plastic Ono Band for their surprise performance at the Toronto Rock and Roll Revival festival on September 13, 1969, contributing guitar alongside Eric Clapton, Klaus Voormann, and Alan White on a set of rock standards. Later that December, Harrison participated in Delaney and Bonnie's UK tour, performing as a guest guitarist and drawing inspiration from their soulful, communal approach, which further fueled his desire for freer musical expression. By early 1970, amid escalating tensions and the band's effective dissolution, Harrison made the definitive decision to leave the Beatles and prioritize his solo career, viewing the split as a liberating opportunity to pursue his accumulated songs without compromise. This shift was solidified after the temporary walkout during the January 1969 Get Back sessions, where frustrations with McCartney's leadership had already peaked; Harrison soon began preparing material independently, leading to recordings for his debut triple album later that year.[7]

Early demos and song accumulation

Following the Beatles' internal tensions and his temporary walkout during the January 1969 Get Back sessions, George Harrison began accumulating material for what would become his debut solo album by demoing songs, including at Abbey Road Studios. On February 25, 1969—his 26th birthday—Harrison recorded acoustic versions of several songs at Abbey Road, including "All Things Must Pass," "Old Brown Shoe," and "Something," the latter two of which were later selected for Beatles' releases.[8][9] These efforts continued into early 1970 after he acquired Friar Park, where he recorded additional home demos of tracks dating back to 1966, such as "Isn't It a Pity," building a personal repertoire amid the band's dissolution.[8] Harrison's songwriting was further spurred by informal jam sessions during a late November 1968 visit to Bob Dylan and The Band at Dylan's home in Woodstock, New York, where the group collaborated on music and shared creative influences.[8] This trip, occurring shortly after the Beatles' White Album release, resulted in the co-writing of "I'd Have You Anytime" with Dylan and exposed Harrison to the communal, roots-oriented style of The Band, encouraging him to stockpile more introspective compositions for future projects.[8] Throughout the late 1960s, Harrison faced repeated rejections of his songs by John Lennon and Paul McCartney during Beatles recording sessions, fostering a substantial backlog of unreleased material that he had composed but could not fully develop within the group dynamic.[5] Tracks like "All Things Must Pass," attempted over multiple days in early 1969 but ultimately set aside, "Let It Down," "Isn't It a Pity," and "Wah-Wah"—the latter penned after his brief departure from the band—exemplified this frustration, as Lennon and McCartney prioritized their own contributions.[5] To accommodate this accumulated body of work, Harrison opted for a triple album format upon entering formal production in 1970, allowing him to showcase the breadth of his creativity without compromise, a decision supported by producer Phil Spector who was impressed by the demos played at Friar Park.[10] This expansive structure, including two discs of original songs and a third of jam sessions, reflected Harrison's determination to release the "stockpile" of material sidelined during his Beatles years, marking a deliberate assertion of his artistic independence.[10]

Songs

Core album tracks

The core tracks of All Things Must Pass comprise 17 songs spread across the original double album's first two discs, forming the heart of George Harrison's post-Beatles solo debut released on November 27, 1970. These compositions, many written during his Beatles years but set aside due to band dynamics, explore themes of spirituality, romantic and divine love, personal reflection, and the impermanence of life, often infused with Eastern philosophical influences from Harrison's deepening interest in Hinduism and Krishna consciousness. The album's thematic unity lies in its introspective tone, portraying a sense of liberation and acceptance after the Beatles' dissolution, with recurring motifs of surrender, forgiveness, and transcendence that tie the songs into a cohesive meditation on growth and letting go. Demos for several tracks, recorded acoustically in late 1969 and early 1970, reveal simpler, more intimate structures that evolved into fuller, more expansive versions emphasizing Harrison's signature slide guitar and layered harmonies, while briefly featuring contributions from guests like Eric Clapton on lead guitar. I'd Have You Anytime, co-written with Bob Dylan during a November 1968 visit to his Woodstock home, opens the album with a gentle acoustic folk-rock ballad expressing openness to friendship and love as a healing force, its structure building from sparse verses to a warm chorus that previews the album's themes of connection and vulnerability; Harrison noted in his autobiography that it marked a departure from his Beatles-era frustrations, evolving from a raw demo to a more polished expression of mutual support.[11] My Sweet Lord, the album's lead single reaching No. 1 in multiple countries, is a gospel-infused prayer blending Christian and Hindu references in its call-and-response chorus, lyrically pleading for divine presence amid spiritual longing; its structure alternates upbeat verses with soaring, chant-like refrains incorporating Eastern scales and slide guitar, originating from a simple acoustic demo Harrison played for Billy Preston in 1969 before expanding it into a universal anthem of faith.[12] Wah-Wah follows as an upbeat, horn-driven rocker with funky rhythms and prominent slide guitar riffs, thematically addressing the headaches and frustrations from Beatles arguments—specifically written after Harrison walked out of a January 1969 band meeting—serving as a cathartic declaration of independence; the song's evolution from a demo captured frustration in raw form to a celebratory groove emphasizing self-reliance and moving forward.[13][14] Isn't It a Pity appears in two versions across the discs, the first a poignant piano-led ballad lamenting humanity's tendency to overlook blessings and inflict pain on others, with lyrics reflecting on regret and compassion structured around repetitive, empathetic choruses; Harrison drew from his spiritual readings for its theme of universal pity, transforming an early demo's somber introspection into a hymn-like reflection on empathy and forgiveness. The second version offers a more subdued, acoustic take reinforcing the same themes of shared human frailty.[15][16] What Is Life, originally intended for Billy Preston, is an exuberant pop-rock track with driving bass and brass accents, lyrically pondering the essence of existence through metaphors of love as life's vital force, its verse-chorus structure building to an infectious hook that captures joyful surrender; the demo phase featured a simpler arrangement, later enriched to highlight Harrison's theme of life's interconnected spiritual energy.[17][18] If Not For You, a cover of Bob Dylan's 1970 composition, delivers a tender folk-rock love song crediting a partner for emotional salvation, with gentle acoustic strumming and harmonious vocals forming its straightforward structure; Harrison's version, evolved from Dylan's demo blueprint, infuses personal reflection on gratitude and devotion, aligning with the album's motifs of relational healing. Behind That Locked Door is a country-tinged ballad with mandolin and light percussion, written as encouragement for Bob Dylan during his 1970 withdrawal from public life, thematically urging openness and faith to overcome isolation; its evolving demo captured a quiet plea that expanded into a supportive narrative of spiritual resilience and friendship. Let It Down unfolds as a soulful mid-tempo rocker with emotional slide guitar solos, lyrically exploring surrender to a higher power amid personal doubt, structured with building verses leading to a cathartic release; rooted in Harrison's early spiritual explorations, the track's demo was more restrained, growing to embody the album's theme of releasing ego for divine guidance. Run of the Mill closes the first disc with a reflective acoustic ballad addressing strained friendships—particularly with Paul McCartney—using metaphors of everyday struggles to advocate forgiveness and understanding, its structure weaving narrative verses into a hopeful chorus; Harrison composed it post-Beatles tensions, evolving from a demo's personal lament to a broader commentary on reconciliation and impermanence.[19] Beware of Darkness, opening the second disc, is a haunting warning against negative influences like greed and illusion, with brooding piano and strings creating a meditative structure that echoes Eastern philosophy; the song's demo highlighted its introspective core, later layered to underscore themes of spiritual vigilance and inner light.[20] Apple Scruffs pays homage to the band's devoted female fans outside Apple Studios, a lighthearted rock tune with jangling guitars and upbeat rhythm celebrating loyalty and innocence; its simple verse-chorus form evolved from casual observations into a affectionate nod to unwavering support amid Harrison's post-Beatles introspection. Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp (Let It Roll) draws from the history of Harrison's Friar Park estate, a whimsical folk-rock piece with orchestral flourishes evoking the previous owner's eccentricities, thematically blending humor and reflection on legacy; the demo's quirky storytelling expanded into a playful exploration of embracing life's absurdities. Awaiting on You All serves as a direct spiritual exhortation to chant God's name for liberation, structured as an infectious groove with handclaps and slide guitar promoting Krishna consciousness; originating from Harrison's 1970 immersion in the Hare Krishna movement, it transformed a basic demo into an uplifting call to transcend material bonds. All Things Must Pass, the title track, is a sweeping gospel-rock epic contemplating life's transience and the futility of clinging to the temporary, with piano-driven verses building to a choral crescendo; written in 1968 but held back, its acoustic demo conveyed quiet resignation, evolving to affirm acceptance and spiritual passage as central to the album's philosophy.[21] I Dig Love offers a funky, clavinet-fueled romp celebrating romantic bliss, its repetitive, danceable structure capturing carefree affection; the track's lighthearted demo phase reflected Harrison's joy in newfound relationships, aligning with the album's balance of spiritual depth and earthly love. Art of Dying delves into reincarnation and the soul's journey beyond death, a psychedelic rocker with Eastern-tinged riffs and urgent lyrics warning against material attachment; inspired by Harrison's study of the Tibetan Book of the Dead, it grew from a contemplative demo into a bold statement on enlightenment and release.[22] Hear Me Lord concludes the core tracks as a soul-stirring prayer for guidance and peace, featuring gospel choir backups and a soaring structure that pleads for divine intervention amid human frailty; rooted in Harrison's personal faith struggles, the song's evolution from demo to finale encapsulated the album's overarching themes of humility, reflection, and hopeful surrender.

Apple Jam sessions

The Apple Jam sessions captured the spontaneous and collaborative spirit of the musicians involved in recording George Harrison's 1970 triple album All Things Must Pass, forming the entirety of its third disc. These improvisational tracks emerged from informal studio play during the album's production at Abbey Road Studios, prioritizing experimentation, humor, and group interplay over polished songwriting. Recorded primarily in late spring and early summer 1970, the sessions reflected Harrison's desire to preserve the raw energy of the gatherings, which included jamming with friends and collaborators in a relaxed atmosphere free from the constraints of the main album's thematic depth.[23][8] The resulting Apple Jam disc comprises five tracks, all derived from these loose sessions: the upbeat instrumental opener "Out of the Blue," the short, whimsical "It's Johnny's Birthday" (a playful vocal tribute to John Lennon set to the melody of Cliff Richard's "Congratulations"), the extended bluesy exploration "I Remember Jeep," the lively "Thanks for the Pepperoni," and the guitar-driven "Plug Me In." These pieces, totaling around 29 minutes, showcase a blend of rock, blues, and horn-infused grooves, with varying lengths highlighting the unscripted nature of the performances—some brief and lighthearted, others stretching into extended solos. For instance, "I Remember Jeep" clocks in at over eight minutes, allowing for free-form interplay among the instruments.[8][24][25] Key participants in the Apple Jam sessions drew from the album's core ensemble, including Harrison on lead guitar and occasional vocals, Eric Clapton on guitar, Ringo Starr on drums for certain tracks, Billy Preston on organ, and Klaus Voormann on bass, alongside guests like Badfinger members for rhythmic support. More prominently, jams like "Thanks for the Pepperoni" and "Plug Me In" featured Derek and the Dominos lineup—Clapton, bassist Carl Radle, drummer Jim Gordon, and keyboardist Bobby Whitlock—augmented by Gary Wright on additional keyboards, trumpeters Jim Price and Bobby Keys, and even journalist Al Aronowitz contributing percussion on one session. This lineup emphasized a fun, egalitarian dynamic, with horn sections adding a festive, improvisational flair reminiscent of loose R&B or rock revue performances.[23][26] Harrison deliberately included the Apple Jam disc as a bonus LP, pressed on a distinct apple-green label to separate it from the main double album, aiming to demonstrate the exceptional chemistry and vitality of the musicians without overshadowing his composed material. He valued the "fire" in these recordings, particularly Clapton's guitar work, as a nod to the joyful, unstructured jams of The Beatles' early days, believing they captured an authentic slice of the creative process. Despite Harrison's enthusiasm, critical reception has been mixed, with some reviewers appreciating the disc's energetic showcase of band camaraderie and others dismissing it as superfluous indulgence that padded the ambitious triple set.[23][8]

Demos and outtakes

The demos recorded for All Things Must Pass provide a glimpse into George Harrison's initial songwriting visions, often featuring stark acoustic arrangements that contrast sharply with the album's final lush, orchestral productions. For instance, the Day 1 Demo Take 1 of the title track, "All Things Must Pass," captures Harrison performing solo on acoustic guitar, emphasizing the song's introspective lyrics and melody without the layered instrumentation and choir that define the released version.[4] Similarly, the Day 2 Demo Take 1 of "Let It Down" presents an early, minimal rendition with Harrison on acoustic guitar and basic rhythm section support from Ringo Starr on drums and Klaus Voormann on bass, highlighting the track's emotional core before the addition of horns, strings, and Phil Spector's "wall of sound" effects transformed it into a more expansive ballad.[4][27] Outtakes from the sessions further illustrate Harrison's experimental side and the material that did not make the original album. "Mother Divine," recorded as Take 1 during the Day 2 demos on 27 May 1970, is a gentle, spiritually themed acoustic piece that evokes Harrison's interest in Eastern philosophy but was ultimately excluded, possibly due to its similarity to other devotional tracks like "My Sweet Lord."[4] Another unreleased outtake, the acoustic demo "Cosmic Empire," features Harrison's raw vocal delivery and simple guitar work, offering a cosmic, meditative vibe that was set aside in favor of more developed compositions.[28] Session jams and alternate takes, such as early run-throughs of "Isn't It a Pity" (Take 14), reveal improvisational energy with loose band interplay that was not incorporated into the final tracks, underscoring Harrison's collaborative yet selective approach.[4] These materials collectively demonstrate Harrison's extraordinary productivity during the post-Beatles period, as he committed 30 demo recordings to tape over just two days in May 1970, many of which were refined or discarded to shape the album's cohesive narrative.[4] This editing process highlights his deliberate curation, prioritizing songs that balanced personal reflection with broader spiritual themes while sidelining others that overlapped in mood or style, a selectivity that allowed the triple album to emerge as a landmark without overwhelming redundancy.[27] Many of these demos and outtakes were first made widely available on the 50th anniversary super deluxe edition released in 2021.[4]

Recording and production

Initial sessions at Abbey Road

The initial recording sessions for George Harrison's All Things Must Pass commenced at Abbey Road Studios in London on 26 May 1970, marking the transition from Harrison's home demos to professional studio work with a live band approach. Over the following days, from 26 to 27 May, Harrison recorded solo acoustic demos of 30 songs in Studio Three, including early versions of tracks like "All Things Must Pass" and "Wah-Wah," using simple setups with acoustic and electric guitars.[23] These demos served as blueprints for the album's selections, such as "Wah-Wah" and "I'd Have You Anytime," which would later form core tracks.[23] Basic tracking began the next day, 28 May, and continued through early July in primarily Studio Three (with one session in Studio Two on 26 June), focusing on live band performances to capture the foundational rhythm sections and instrumentation.[29] Sessions paused briefly in mid-July following the death of Harrison's mother on 7 July 1970. By late July, sessions shifted toward initial overdubs, wrapping up the Abbey Road phase on 12 August.[23] Harrison took a hands-on leadership role in assembling and directing the core group of musicians, drawing from his extensive network of collaborators to form a loose supergroup known informally as the "Lumberjacks." Key members included Ringo Starr on drums, Klaus Voormann on bass, Eric Clapton and Dave Mason on guitars, Billy Preston on keyboards, and members of Badfinger (Pete Ham, Tom Evans, Joey Molland, and Mike Gibbons) providing additional guitars and harmonies.[29] Other contributors like Peter Frampton, Gary Wright, and Alan White joined for specific tracks, creating a dynamic ensemble that emphasized collective energy over rigid structure. Harrison guided initial arrangements by demonstrating chords acoustically, setting tempos, and encouraging improvisation while vetoing overly complex elements—such as instructing Badfinger to avoid "fiddly bits" on guitar parts—to maintain clarity in the live takes.[29] This approach fostered a collaborative atmosphere, with the band rehearsing songs in the studio before committing to tape, allowing Harrison to refine structures on the fly.[23] The sessions operated within the constraints of Abbey Road's technical setup, utilizing 3M M23 eight-track tape recorders and the TG12345 Mk I mixing desk, which limited simultaneous recording to eight channels.[23] This necessitated sub-mixing techniques, such as bouncing drums or multiple guitars onto single tracks to free up space for additional elements, a process that demanded precise planning during the basic tracking phase to accommodate the dense instrumentation Harrison envisioned.[30] The eight-track format, while sufficient for capturing the core band's live sound, eventually prompted a shift to Trident Studios in September for expanded overdubs, but the Abbey Road period established the album's raw rhythmic foundation.[30] Engineers Phil McDonald and John Leckie handled the technical aspects, ensuring high-fidelity captures that preserved the sessions' organic feel.[23]

Overdubs and Phil Spector's influence

In September 1970, George Harrison reconvened sessions at Trident Studios with co-producer Phil Spector to expand the album's sound through extensive overdubs, transferring the eight-track recordings to a sixteen-track format for greater layering capacity.[23] Spector, who had initially joined the project in May, applied elements of his signature "Wall of Sound" technique, emphasizing dense orchestration, reverb, and multiple instrumental overlays to create a lush, expansive texture.[31] Key overdubs included additional guitar tracks, where Harrison and guests like Eric Clapton layered multiple acoustic and electric guitars for stereo separation—often panned left, right, and center—to build rhythmic depth on songs such as "Wah-Wah." Horn sections and strings, arranged by John Barham under Spector's guidance, were added in August and September, notably enhancing the upbeat drive of "What Is Life" with brass flourishes that complemented the track's soulful groove. Percussion and piano overdubs further thickened the arrangements, with Spector suggesting doublings of instruments to achieve a fuller, more orchestral feel across tracks like "Let It Down" and "Awaiting on You All."[23][31] Harrison initially hesitated with Spector's methods, particularly resisting the heavy reverb and echo effects applied to his vocals and guitars, which he felt overwhelmed the intimacy of the original demos; however, he ultimately embraced the results for their grandeur, crediting Spector with elevating the album's emotional scope despite the producer's temporary absence in July due to health issues.[31] This collaboration yielded a polished, symphonic quality that distinguished All Things Must Pass from Harrison's earlier work, though he later expressed mixed feelings about the density in reissue notes.[32]

Final mixing and mastering

In October 1970, the final mixing sessions for All Things Must Pass took place primarily at Abbey Road Studios in London, with George Harrison and co-producer Phil Spector overseeing the process to refine the album's dense sonic layers.[23] Engineers Phil McDonald and John Leckie handled the technical work in Room 4 from October 6 to 9, focusing on balancing the Wall of Sound arrangements by reducing excessive reverb and clarifying individual elements like vocals and guitars amid the multi-instrument overdubs.[33] Additional mixing continued at Trident Studios from October 10 to 17, where engineer Ken Scott assisted in further adjustments to ensure cohesion across the tracks.[34] The mixing addressed challenges inherent in Spector's production style, such as the overwhelming density of layered instrumentation, by selectively attenuating elements to enhance clarity without losing the epic scope— for instance, toning down echo effects on Harrison's lead vocals and integrating horn and string overdubs more precisely.[34] Decisions on sequencing were finalized during this phase, arranging the 18 core tracks across two LPs for narrative flow, with the third LP dedicated to improvisational Apple Jam sessions to showcase the ensemble's chemistry.[23] Volume balance proved particularly tricky given the triple-LP format, requiring careful level matching to maintain dynamic consistency between the structured songs and looser jams, preventing any disc from overpowering the others on playback.[34] Mastering followed shortly after, handled by George Peckham at Apple Studios in late October 1970, who cut the lacquers directly from the mixed tapes to prepare the masters for global pressing.[34] Peckham's work emphasized uniformity in loudness and tonal balance across the three discs, incorporating subtle EQ adjustments to mitigate playback variations on different turntables—a critical step for the ambitious set's commercial viability.[34] Minor final edits, such as fades and crossfades, were applied during mastering to polish transitions, ensuring the album's spiritual and musical arc translated effectively from studio to vinyl.[23]

Musicians and personnel

Core band members

The core band for George Harrison's All Things Must Pass consisted of a select group of versatile musicians whom Harrison handpicked for their reliability and camaraderie, forming an informal ensemble often referred to as "George's band" to provide the foundational tracks without the constraints of a traditional rigid lineup.[35] This approach allowed for a relaxed, organic feel during the initial sessions at Abbey Road Studios in 1970, emphasizing collaboration over strict roles.[36] Key among them was Gary Wright, who handled keyboards, including piano, electric piano, and organ, contributing melodic depth and atmospheric layers to the basic rhythm sections of many tracks.[36] His work helped shape the album's lush, expansive sound, drawing on his experience as a session player and future frontman of Spooky Tooth.[35] Bobby Whitlock also played a central role on keyboards, including piano and organ, as well as providing backing vocals on numerous tracks. As a member of Delaney and Bonnie and Friends, Whitlock helped form the core band alongside Harrison and Eric Clapton, adding soulful textures that underpinned the album's spiritual and rock elements.[37] Klaus Voormann, a longtime friend of Harrison from his Hamburg days with The Beatles, served as the primary bassist and also played guitar, anchoring the grooves with his distinctive, economical style that complemented Harrison's slide guitar leads.[36] Voormann's involvement extended beyond instrumentation, as he later designed artwork for The Beatles' Revolver, underscoring his integral role in Harrison's creative circle.[35] On drums, Alan White provided the rhythmic backbone for the core sessions, delivering steady, dynamic performances that supported the album's blend of rock and spiritual influences; White, who later joined Yes, brought a jazz-inflected precision to tracks like "What Is Life."[36] His contributions were pivotal in establishing the loose yet cohesive pulse Harrison envisioned.[35] Members of Badfinger—Pete Ham, Tom Evans, Joey Molland, and Mike Gibbins—rounded out the group with acoustic rhythm guitars, additional percussion, and backing vocals, adding a youthful energy and harmonic support drawn from their Apple Records affiliation.[36] Harrison chose them for their fresh sound and availability, integrating their playing into the basic tracks to enhance the album's communal vibe without overshadowing his vision.[35] As Dhani Harrison reflected on the sessions, "It was very loose… George wanted it to feel organic."[35]

Guest contributors

Eric Clapton provided lead guitar on numerous tracks throughout All Things Must Pass, serving as a key collaborator who infused the album with intricate, blues-inflected solos that complemented Harrison's vision without dominating it.[38] His contributions, drawn from sessions with Derek and the Dominos, brought a spontaneous jamming energy to songs like "I'd Have You Anytime" and "What Is Life," enhancing the record's rock-oriented depth and emotional resonance.[39] Clapton's role as Harrison's "secret weapon" during the early Abbey Road sessions helped foster a loose, supportive atmosphere that elevated the overall collaborative spirit.[39] Ringo Starr contributed drums to several key tracks, including "Wah-Wah," "Isn't It a Pity," and the title song, delivering a steady, organic groove that grounded the expansive arrangements.[40] His percussion work added a familiar Beatles-era warmth and reliability, subtly reinforcing Harrison's leadership while maintaining the album's momentum across its triple-disc format.[2] Billy Preston lent his keyboard expertise, playing piano and organ on tracks such as "Isn't It a Pity" and "My Sweet Lord," where his soulful layers enriched the spiritual and melodic textures.[35] Preston's input, building on his prior associations with Harrison, introduced gospel-inspired flourishes that amplified the album's uplifting themes without overshadowing the core compositions.[2]

Artwork and packaging

Album cover design

The front cover of All Things Must Pass features a stark black-and-white photograph taken by American photographer Barry Feinstein in August 1970 at George Harrison's Friar Park estate in Henley-on-Thames, England.[41] Harrison appears seated on a stool in the lush garden, wearing a camouflage-patterned floppy hat and wellington boots, with his long hair and beard emphasizing his post-Beatles persona.[42] Surrounding him on the grass are four reclining garden gnomes, creating a surreal, playful composition that contrasts Harrison's central figure against the whimsical elements.[41] The garden setting at Friar Park, Harrison's expansive Victorian estate, underscores themes of nature and introspection, aligning with the album's spiritual undertones.[42] Feinstein, who shot over 500 album covers in his career, selected this one for its evocative quality.[43] The gnomes add a layer of symbolism, often seen as representing Harrison's former Beatles bandmates, with his dominant position signifying his emergence as an independent artist.[44] The title itself originates from the album's opening track, "All Things Must Pass," which Harrison drew from the Tao Te Ching, a key text in Taoism reflecting Eastern philosophical concepts of change and ephemerality.[45] The logo, rendered in the Abbott Old Style typeface, appears prominently on the cover in a simple, elegant script that complements the monochromatic imagery.[42] Overall, the design, handled by Tom Wilkes, packages the triple album in a hinged box resembling a classical music set, emphasizing its ambitious scope.[42] The inner artwork continues these natural motifs with additional Feinstein photographs from the Friar Park session, though the exterior prioritizes symbolic detachment from Harrison's past.[41]

Sleeve and liner notes

The original 1970 release of All Things Must Pass featured a triple-gatefold design in some editions, such as the Australian pressing, with the three LPs housed in individual gatefold sleeves containing additional photographs by Barry Feinstein that complemented the album's garden-themed imagery.[46] In the US and UK versions, the packaging consisted of a sturdy black box set with three separate LP jackets, each equipped with colored inner sleeves—lilac for the first disc, tawny for the second, and mustard for the third—printed with the song lyrics in a clear, readable format.[47] Harrison contributed personal liner notes to the packaging, handwritten in style for authenticity in later reflections but printed in the original, expressing gratitude to collaborators and including dedications to spiritual figures like the Hare Krishna movement, which he credited for providing inspiration during the recording process alongside Phil Spector.[48] These notes emphasized themes of transience and devotion, aligning with the album's overarching spiritual motifs, and acknowledged key contributors such as Ringo Starr and Eric Clapton.[36] The box set also included a large 36-by-24-inch poster featuring a portrait of Harrison from Feinstein's photoshoot, serving as a collectible insert that enhanced the album's intimate, personal feel. The third disc, comprising informal jam sessions, was distinctly branded as "Apple Jam" on its label and sleeve, distinguishing it from the structured songs on the first two discs and underscoring the album's expansive, collaborative spirit.[47]

Original release

Marketing and promotion

All Things Must Pass was released by Apple Records on November 27, 1970, in the United States and November 30, 1970, in the United Kingdom, marking George Harrison's first major solo release following the Beatles' breakup.[2] The triple album's launch emphasized its expansive nature, positioning it as a statement of Harrison's accumulated creativity during his Beatles years. The lead single, a double A-side featuring "My Sweet Lord" and "Isn't It a Pity (Version One)," was issued in the US on November 23, 1970, just days before the album's American debut, to build anticipation through radio airplay and retail tie-ins. In the UK, "My Sweet Lord" followed as a standalone single on January 15, 1971, further extending the campaign with focused promotion on its spiritual themes. Promotion efforts were understated compared to typical rock launches, reflecting Harrison's preference for substance over spectacle, and included select radio appearances where he highlighted his artistic independence from the Beatles' constraints. In a May 1970 interview with Howard Smith on WABC-FM in New York, Harrison discussed his solo direction, stating that the project allowed him to express ideas long suppressed within the band.[49] A press conference around the release further underscored this autonomy, with Harrison framing the album as a personal liberation and previewing his growing involvement in spiritual and humanitarian initiatives, including early discussions that would culminate in planning the Concert for Bangladesh later that year. Advertisements for the album incorporated elements from its artwork, such as the iconic garden imagery, to evoke a sense of introspection and renewal in print and broadcast media.[31]

Commercial performance

Upon its release, All Things Must Pass achieved immediate chart success, topping the UK Albums Chart for eight consecutive weeks from February 6 to March 27, 1971 and remaining on the chart for a total of 32 weeks.[50] In the United States, the album debuted at number 5 on the Billboard 200 and reached number one on January 2, 1971, holding the position for seven weeks.[3] The album's November 27, 1970, release positioned it advantageously during the holiday shopping season, driving strong initial sales amid a wave of post-Beatles solo projects. It competed directly with John Lennon's Plastic Ono Band, released just two weeks later on December 11, and followed Paul McCartney's self-titled debut from earlier in the year, yet outperformed both in immediate commercial impact due to its expansive triple-LP format and lead single "My Sweet Lord."[2] Commercially, All Things Must Pass sold over 6 million copies in its first few years, establishing it as the best-selling solo album by any Beatle at the time. Long-term sales have sustained its popularity, with the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certifying it 7× platinum in January 2022 for shipments exceeding 7 million units in the US; worldwide estimates place total sales above 13 million equivalent units, reflecting enduring demand.[51][52]

Initial reception and impact

Upon its release on November 27, 1970, All Things Must Pass garnered widespread critical acclaim, positioning George Harrison as a major creative force independent of the Beatles and reshaping his image from the understated "quiet Beatle" to a confident solo powerhouse. Critics highlighted the album's ambitious scope and spiritual depth, with Melody Maker's Richard Williams praising Harrison for finally raising his voice after years in the shadow of Lennon and McCartney.[26] The triple-album format, featuring lush Phil Spector production and contributions from top session musicians, surprised audiences and affirmed Harrison's stockpiled songwriting talent, many tracks originating from his Beatles era but now fully realized.[26] The album's commercial dominance further solidified this perceptual shift, debuting at No. 5 on the Billboard 200 and ascending to No. 1 for seven consecutive weeks beginning January 2, 1971.[3] Its success outpaced contemporaries like John Lennon's Plastic Ono Band and Paul McCartney's McCartney, both released earlier in 1970, by showcasing Harrison's ability to deliver a cohesive, expansive statement that influenced the emerging solo Beatle landscape and emphasized individual artistic freedom in the post-group era.[1] Adding to its immediate cultural ripple, the lead single "My Sweet Lord" became the first No. 1 hit by a former Beatle on the Billboard Hot 100 in December 1970, blending gospel influences with Harrison's Hindu-inspired spirituality. However, this triumph was tempered by early controversy when, on February 10, 1971, Bright Tunes Music filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against Harrison, alleging that "My Sweet Lord" subconsciously plagiarized The Chiffons' 1963 hit "He's So Fine."[53] The suit, which Harrison later described as an unintended overlap, drew significant media attention and underscored the challenges of his high-profile solo debut.[54]

Critical reception

Contemporary reviews

Upon its release in November 1970, All Things Must Pass received widespread critical acclaim for its ambitious scope and Harrison's emergence as a mature songwriter, often drawing comparisons to his restrained role within the Beatles. Richard Williams of Melody Maker hailed it as a revelatory statement, likening the album's impact to "Garbo talks! – Harrison is free!", emphasizing how the "quiet Beatle" had unleashed a backlog of profound material previously overshadowed by Lennon and McCartney.[55] The review praised the spiritual depth in tracks like "My Sweet Lord" and "Awaiting on You All", viewing them as authentic expressions of Harrison's Hindu-influenced worldview, while noting the ensemble's contributions added emotional weight.[56] In a similar vein, NME's Derek Johnson described the collection as "a magnificent achievement" that showcased Harrison's growth beyond the Beatles, with songs delivered "with real feeling and understanding".[57] However, some reviewers critiqued the album's scale and production style, particularly Phil Spector's "Wall of Sound" approach, which layered reverb and orchestration to create a dense, orchestral texture. Ben Gerson in Rolling Stone acknowledged the grandeur as "both an intensely personal statement and a grandiose gesture", but highlighted the triple-LP format's potential excess, suggesting it reflected Harrison's frustration with past limitations while risking overreach.[58] Robert Christgau of The Village Voice rated it C, describing the production's featurelessness as reflecting Harrison's notion of Truth and criticizing the religiosity for lacking introspection, noting he was good for only a few songs per album like "My Sweet Lord" before getting stuck.[59] Overall, the era's consensus positioned All Things Must Pass as a superior solo debut compared to Paul McCartney's self-titled effort earlier that year, with critics like Williams noting its rock equivalent to a cinematic breakthrough, though the production's bombast divided opinions on whether it elevated or overwhelmed Harrison's introspective lyrics.[56]

Retrospective assessments

In the decades following its release, All Things Must Pass has been consistently ranked among the greatest albums in rock history, often hailed for elevating George Harrison from the Beatles' sideman to a preeminent songwriter. In Rolling Stone's 2020 edition of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, it placed at number 368, praised for its "grand, spiritual declaration of independence" and Harrison's maturation as a composer capable of blending Eastern philosophy with Western rock structures. Similarly, in aggregated critic polls on Best Ever Albums, the record ranks 101st overall and third for 1970, with reviewers lauding tracks like "My Sweet Lord" and "Isn't It a Pity" as exemplars of Harrison's refined songcraft, marked by introspective lyrics and melodic depth that outshone his earlier Beatles contributions. Ultimate Classic Rock deemed it the pinnacle of Harrison's solo discography in 2019, emphasizing how its ambitious scope showcased his ability to craft timeless anthems from personal and spiritual introspection. The 2021 50th anniversary edition, featuring a remix by Paul Hicks in collaboration with Harrison's son Dhani, has been widely acclaimed for clarifying the album's dense Phil Spector production and revealing nuances previously obscured by the "Wall of Sound." Hicks's approach stripped away excessive reverb and layering, allowing Harrison's vocals and guitar work—particularly on songs like "What Is Life" and "Awaiting on You All"—to emerge with greater intimacy and clarity, as noted in Analog Planet's review, which described the result as hearing "familiar tunes as never before." Americana Highways called the remix "excellent," highlighting how it modernized the sound without altering the spiritual essence, while Goldmine Magazine praised Hicks for honoring Harrison's preference for minimal effects on his voice, thereby enhancing the album's emotional directness. This reworking addressed long-standing critiques of Spector's heavy-handed style, making the record more accessible to contemporary listeners while preserving its original intent. Later comments from John Lennon, in his 1980 Playboy interview, described the album as "all right" but noted it "just went on too long." As of 2025, marking the album's 55th anniversary, retrospectives continue to affirm its enduring appeal as a cornerstone of post-Beatles rock, though some note the original production's dated elements.

Legacy

Cultural and musical influence

All Things Must Pass has exerted a profound influence on rock music by integrating spiritual and philosophical themes, paving the way for artists to explore introspection and Eastern philosophies within the genre. The album's emphasis on transcendence and impermanence resonated with later musicians seeking to infuse rock with deeper meaning, exemplified by bands like Oasis and Radiohead, whose works often blend raw guitar-driven energy with existential and societal commentary.[60][35] Harrison's incorporation of Hindu devotional elements, particularly in tracks like "My Sweet Lord," played a significant role in popularizing the Hare Krishna movement and meditation practices among Western audiences during the early 1970s. By merging Christian lyrics such as "Hallelujah" with the Hare Krishna maha-mantra, the song introduced Sanskrit chanting to mainstream pop, encouraging listeners to engage with spiritual rituals like Japa meditation as described in "Awaiting on You All."[8][61] Devotees visited the recording sessions, providing vegetarian prasad and reinforcing the album's role as a bridge between Eastern mysticism and Western rock culture.[61] The album's songs have been widely covered and sampled, extending its reach into subsequent genres. Billy Preston covered the title track on his 1970 album Encouraging Words, while Olivia Newton-John's 1972 version of "What Is Life" peaked at number 16 in the UK.[8][62] "My Sweet Lord" has been sampled in tracks like Rilo Kiley's "Silver Lining" (2007), highlighting its enduring melodic appeal.[63] In film and television, "What Is Life" underscores a tense montage in Martin Scorsese's Goodfellas (1990), adding ironic levity to a criminal operation scene, while "My Sweet Lord" accompanies the idyllic arrival on Ego's planet in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017). The title track features prominently in Scorsese's 2011 documentary George Harrison: Living in the Material World, opening the film and framing Harrison's life narrative.[64]

Harrison's career significance

All Things Must Pass marked a pivotal moment in George Harrison's solo career, establishing him as a formidable artist independent of The Beatles and providing the momentum for subsequent high-profile endeavors. The album's commercial triumph, including seven weeks at number one on the Billboard 200 in 1971, showcased Harrison's prolific songwriting with tracks like "My Sweet Lord" and "What Is Life," which became international hits and affirmed his creative autonomy. This success directly served as a launchpad for The Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971, where Harrison assembled an all-star lineup including Ravi Shankar, Eric Clapton, and Billy Preston to raise funds for refugees, leveraging the goodwill and visibility gained from the album's spiritual themes and collaborative spirit.[8][1] In contrast, Harrison's follow-up album Living in the Material World (1973) adopted a more restrained approach, emphasizing introspective spirituality with a smaller ensemble and eschewing the expansive production of its predecessor, though it still achieved number one status on both the US and UK charts. While All Things Must Pass exuberantly unpacked years of pent-up material in a triple-disc format, Living in the Material World reflected a maturing focus on personal enlightenment, incorporating influences from his Bangladesh concert collaborators like drummer Jim Keltner. Harrison later reflected on the earlier album's production in a 1977 Crawdaddy interview, expressing confidence in its creation due to his abundance of songs and energy at the time.[8][1][31] Harrison voiced some reservations about Phil Spector's "Wall of Sound" technique on All Things Must Pass in the liner notes for its 2001 reissue, noting, "All these years later I would like to liberate some of the songs from the big production that seemed appropriate at the time, but now seem a bit over the top." This ambivalence highlighted his evolving perspective on the album's dense arrangements, though he acknowledged Spector's role in bringing the project to fruition during a challenging post-Beatles period. Following Harrison's death in November 2001, the album re-entered the US charts at number 6 on the Top Internet Albums chart and number 7 on the Catalog Albums chart, underscoring its enduring appeal.[31] The Harrison estate, managed by his widow Olivia and son Dhani, has sustained the album's legacy through careful curation, including the 2021 50th anniversary edition featuring remixes and unreleased demos that reveal Harrison's raw creative process. Fan appreciation remains strong, with Olivia recalling letters to Harrison describing how the album provided spiritual solace during personal hardships. Modern musicians such as Dhani Harrison and contemporaries like Norah Jones continue to draw inspiration from it, ensuring its place in Harrison's posthumous reputation as a profound solo innovator.[65]

Reissues and remasters

2001 and early digital editions

In 2001, George Harrison supervised the first major digital remastering of All Things Must Pass for its 30th anniversary edition, released on January 23 by EMI Records (in the UK) and Capitol Records (in the US).[66] This double-CD set featured the original 18 tracks from the main album, digitally remastered by Harrison himself to enhance audio quality and provide a "much much better" listening experience compared to prior versions.[66][67] The remastering process, one of Harrison's final projects before his death on November 29, 2001, involved equalizing the mixes to reduce the original production's density and improve clarity without a full remix.[68][69] Unlike the original 1970 triple-LP configuration, which included a third disc of loose jam sessions titled Apple Jam, the 2001 edition condensed the release into two CDs and omitted those improvisations to focus on the core material.[70] In their place, five bonus tracks were added, including the previously unreleased "I Live for You" (a Phil Spector-produced outtake from the original sessions) and alternate versions of "Beware of Darkness," "What Is Life," "Let It Down," and a new 2000 recording of "My Sweet Lord."[66][71] The reissue was marketed as Harrison's personal valedictory touch on his landmark debut, with new liner notes penned by his longtime friend and road manager Eddie Klein, reflecting on the album's creation and significance.[66] Harrison promoted it actively through interviews, noting the timing aligned with his broader effort to remaster his entire solo catalog for re-release.[67] This edition laid the groundwork for subsequent digital distributions, becoming the standard version available on early streaming platforms and downloads in the 2000s.[72]

2010–2014 expansions

In 2010, to commemorate the album's 40th anniversary, a limited-edition triple vinyl reissue was released, featuring a remaster from the original analog tapes at Abbey Road Studios and restoring the full original packaging, including the third LP of informal jams titled Apple Jam, which had been omitted from some prior CD editions.[73] This edition, uniquely numbered and limited in quantity, emphasized the album's initial triple-LP format and provided audiophiles with a high-fidelity analog experience faithful to Harrison's 1970 vision. The period also saw increased access to session material through the 2012 compilation Early Takes Volume 1, which included several acoustic demos recorded during the All Things Must Pass sessions, such as solo renditions of "All Things Must Pass" and "Awaiting on You All."[74] These intimate, previously unreleased recordings, sourced from Harrison's personal archives, offered insight into the album's creative evolution and highlighted his songwriting process in a stripped-down form, contributing to a broader appreciation of the project's depth.[75] In 2014, All Things Must Pass was digitally remastered for inclusion in the comprehensive box set The Apple Years 1968–75, which collected Harrison's first six solo albums on Apple Records.[76] This two-disc edition incorporated bonus tracks originally added in the 2001 reissue—such as the outtake "I Live for You" and alternate versions like an acoustic "Beware of Darkness"—with the full Apple Jam tracks included on the second disc, all presented in a newly remastered format derived from the original analog masters to enhance clarity and dynamics.[77] Later that year, a limited 180-gram vinyl reissue, exclusive to Record Store Day, replicated the triple-LP structure with analog remastering, further prioritizing vinyl revival and sonic authenticity for collectors.[78] These releases collectively expanded the album's archival footprint, with retrospective reviews noting improved sound quality that better captured Phil Spector's wall-of-sound production.[79]

2021 50th anniversary edition

To mark the 50th anniversary of George Harrison's landmark triple album, the Harrison estate released an expanded edition on August 6, 2021, via Capitol/UMe, featuring a newly remixed version of the original album produced by Dhani Harrison and mixed by Grammy-winning engineer Paul Hicks using the original multitrack tapes to create a clearer, more balanced sound while preserving the Phil Spector wall-of-sound production.[4][80] The remix aimed to highlight individual performances and instrumentation without overhauling the album's essence, as Hicks noted in interviews that it sought to "bring the sound into the 21st century" by reducing reverb and enhancing clarity.[81] The limited Uber Deluxe Edition, housed in a wooden crate replicating the original 1970 pressing plant crate, offered the most comprehensive package with five CDs, one Blu-ray disc, eight LPs, two hardcover books (a 60-page volume with rare photos and Dhani Harrison's liner notes, plus a 44-page book detailing the album's creation through archival interviews), art prints, a replica of Harrison's original scribble belt, and memorabilia like a wooden bookmark.[4][82] The CDs included the remixed album on discs 1 and 2; disc 3 with 17 Day 1 demos from May 26, 1970; disc 4 with Day 2 demos from May 27, including outtakes like "Time from Now"; and disc 5 featuring session outtakes and restored versions of the original Apple Jam instrumental tracks, totaling 47 bonus selections with 42 previously unreleased.[4][83] The Blu-ray provided the remixed album in high-resolution stereo, 5.1 surround, and Dolby Atmos formats.[84] Overseen by the George Harrison estate—managed by Olivia Harrison and with Dhani Harrison as executive producer—the reissue drew widespread acclaim for its archival depth and sonic improvements, with Variety calling it "glorious detail" that reaffirms the album as the finest ex-Beatles solo work, and Rolling Stone praising the bonus material for revealing the "communal depth" of the sessions.[85][81] Commercially, it propelled the album back to prominence, debuting at No. 7 on the Billboard 200 (its first top 10 since 1971), No. 1 on both the Top Rock Albums and Top Album Sales charts, and No. 7 on the UK Albums Chart, while earning a Grammy nomination for the Uber Deluxe packaging.[3][26]

Track listings

Original 1970 triple album

The original 1970 release of All Things Must Pass was issued as a triple LP box set by Apple Records on November 27 in the UK and December 1 in the US, comprising two discs of Harrison's original compositions and collaborations alongside a third disc of informal jam sessions titled Apple Jam. The sequencing decisions positioned the 18 structured songs across the first four sides to showcase Harrison's songwriting, with the five jam tracks isolated on the final two sides as a bonus element, reflecting their spontaneous nature and serving as an appendix to the main album rather than integrated material.[2][86][36] The track listing below details the sides, titles, songwriters, and runtimes for the original vinyl configuration.
SideTrackTitleSongwriter(s)Runtime
Disc 1
AA1I'd Have You AnytimeGeorge Harrison, Bob Dylan2:57
AA2My Sweet LordGeorge Harrison4:37
AA3Wah-WahGeorge Harrison5:35
AA4Isn't It a Pity (Version One)George Harrison7:08
BB1What Is LifeGeorge Harrison4:22
BB2If Not for YouBob Dylan3:29
BB3Behind That Locked DoorGeorge Harrison3:05
BB4Let It DownGeorge Harrison4:57
BB5Run of the MillGeorge Harrison2:51
Disc 2
CC1Beware of DarknessGeorge Harrison3:48
CC2Apple ScruffsGeorge Harrison3:04
CC3Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp (Let It Roll)George Harrison3:46
CC4Awaiting on You AllGeorge Harrison2:45
CC5All Things Must PassGeorge Harrison3:44
DD1I Dig LoveGeorge Harrison4:54
DD2Art of DyingGeorge Harrison3:37
DD3Isn't It a Pity (Version Two)George Harrison4:45
DD4Hear Me LordGeorge Harrison5:48
Disc 3 (Apple Jam)
EE1Out of the BlueGeorge Harrison, Gary Wright, Klaus Voormann, Billy Preston, Pete Drake11:13
EE2It's Johnny's BirthdayGeorge Harrison, Bill Martin, Phil Coulter0:49
EE3Plug Me InGeorge Harrison, Gary Wright, Klaus Voormann, Billy Preston, Pete Drake3:18
FF1I Remember JeepGeorge Harrison, Gary Wright, Klaus Voormann, Billy Preston, Pete Drake8:05
FF2Thanks for the PepperoniGeorge Harrison, Gary Wright, Klaus Voormann, Billy Preston, Pete Drake5:32
[2][86]

Remastered versions

The 2001 remastered edition condensed the original triple album into a double-CD set, with the first nine tracks (corresponding to sides one and two of the original LP) on Disc 1, followed by five bonus tracks: "I Live for You," an acoustic demo of "Beware of Darkness," an alternate version of "Let It Down," a backing track for "What Is Life," and an acoustic version of "Apple Scruffs." Disc 2 contained the remaining nine main tracks (sides three and four), followed by the five Apple Jam tracks in a reordered sequence: "It's Johnny's Birthday," "Plug Me In," "I Remember Jeep," "Thanks for the Pepperoni," and "Out of the Blue" (relocated to the end).[87] The 2014 remastered double-CD edition retained the same 28 tracks and sequencing as the 2001 version, with the five bonus tracks appended to the end of Disc 1.[2][69] The 2021 50th anniversary edition offered multiple configurations, including a standard two-CD (or three-LP) remixed version of the original 23 tracks (18 principal songs and 5 Apple Jam tracks) across Discs 1 and 2 (or LPs 1–3) in an updated sequence approximating the classic configuration. The super deluxe five-CD edition expanded to 70 tracks total, with Discs 1 and 2 featuring Paul Hicks' 2020 remixes of the 18 principal songs; Disc 3 presenting a remastered Apple Jam with the five original jam tracks in their standard order ("Out of the Blue," "It's Johnny's Birthday," "Plug Me In," "I Remember Jeep," and "Thanks for the Pepperoni"); and Discs 4 and 5 adding 47 previously unreleased or rare items, including 31 acoustic demos from all five early session days (e.g., "All Things Must Pass (Take 1)" and "Run of the Mill (Day 2 Demo)") plus 17 session outtakes and jams (e.g., "Isn't It a Pity (Take 14)" and "Woman Don't You Cry for Me (Take 5)"). This edition introduced significant added content and restored separations between the principal album, jams, and extras, differing from prior reissues' condensed formats.[88]

Commercial success

Chart performance

Upon its release in late 1970, All Things Must Pass achieved significant commercial success on major album charts worldwide. In the United Kingdom, the album debuted on the Official Albums Chart on 26 December 1970 and reached number one on 6 February 1971, where it remained for eight consecutive weeks before dropping out of the top ten in late April.[50] In the United States, it topped the Billboard 200 for seven weeks beginning 2 January 1971.[3] The album also peaked at number one in several international markets, including Australia (Kent Music Report), Canada (RPM 100 Albums), the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, and Sweden.[89]
Chart (1970–1971)Peak position
Australian Kent Music Report1[89]
Canadian RPM 100 Albums1[89]
Dutch MegaCharts1[89]
Norwegian VG-lista1[89]
Spanish PROMUSICAE1[89]
Swedish Kvällstoppen1[89]
UK Official Albums Chart1[50]
US Billboard 2001[3]
The album's strong performance extended to year-end rankings for 1971, where it placed first on the UK Official Albums Chart compilation, reflecting its dominance throughout the year.[90] In the US, it ranked 18th on the Billboard year-end Top LPs chart, while in Australia, it finished fifth on the Kent Music Report year-end albums.[91][91] Subsequent reissues revitalized the album's chart presence. The 2001 remastered edition re-entered the UK Official Albums Chart for four weeks in February, peaking at number four.[50] In the US, it reached number 31 on the Billboard Top Pop Catalog Albums chart that year. The 2021 50th anniversary edition sparked further re-entries, including number seven on the US Billboard 200 and number two on the UK Official Albums Chart Update, driven in part by streaming activity.[3][50] Internationally, the 2021 release hit the top ten in Australia and Canada, alongside markets such as Germany and the Netherlands, underscoring ongoing streaming revivals.[92]

Sales certifications

All Things Must Pass has earned multiple sales certifications across various countries, reflecting its substantial commercial impact and enduring appeal as George Harrison's breakthrough solo release. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in the United States certified the album Gold on December 17, 1970, for initial shipments of 500,000 units, and it has since reached 7× Platinum status for 7,000,000 copies shipped.[93] In the United Kingdom, the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) awarded it Gold certification for 100,000 units.[94] Canada's Music Canada certified the album Gold for 50,000 units.[95] The album has also received a Gold award in Denmark.[96]
CountryCertifying bodyCertificationCertified units/sales
CanadaMusic CanadaGold50,000^
DenmarkIFPI DanmarkGold10,000‡
United KingdomBPIGold100,000^
United StatesRIAA7× Platinum7,000,000‡
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
Reissues and remasters, such as the 30th anniversary edition in 2001 and the expansive 50th anniversary edition in 2021, have sustained the album's sales momentum, with the latter's super deluxe box set debuting at number one on the Billboard Top Album Sales chart and adding to its cumulative figures.[97] Worldwide, the album has sold approximately 13 million equivalent album units as of 2025.[51]

Awards and accolades

At the 14th Annual Grammy Awards in 1972, All Things Must Pass received a nomination for Album of the Year, while the lead single "My Sweet Lord" was nominated for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male.[98] In 2014, the album was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, recognizing its enduring significance as a recorded work of lasting quality or importance.[26] The 50th anniversary edition, released in 2021, earned a Grammy nomination in 2022 for Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package and subsequently won the award, honoring the production design by Masaki Kuroda and others.[99] George Harrison's induction into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist in 2004 highlighted All Things Must Pass as a cornerstone of his post-Beatles career, with inductors Tom Petty and Jeff Lynne praising its artistic impact.[100]

References

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