Hubbry Logo
Border CollieBorder CollieMain
Open search
Border Collie
Community hub
Border Collie
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Border Collie
Border Collie
Border Collie
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Border Collie
OriginAnglo-Scottish border
Traits
Height Males
48–60 cm (19–24 in)
Females
46–56 cm (18–22 in)
Weight Males
14–25 kg (31–55 lb)
Females
12–19 kg (26–42 lb)
Coat smooth or rough, double coat
Colour any; black-and-white and black tricolour (black, tan, white) most common
Kennel club standards
KC standard
Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard
Dog (domestic dog)

The Border Collie is a British breed of herding dog of the collie type of medium size. It originates in the region of the Anglo-Scottish border, and descends from the traditional sheepdogs once found all over the British Isles. It is kept mostly as a working sheep-herding dog or as a companion animal.[1] It competes with success in sheepdog trials. It has been claimed that it is the most intelligent breed of dog.[2]

History

[edit]

The Border Collie is descended from landrace collies, a type found widely in the British Isles. The name for the breed came from its probable place of origin along the Anglo-Scottish border.[3] Mention of the "collie" or "Colley" type first appeared toward the end of the 19th century, although the word "collie" is older than this and has its origin in the Scots language. It is also thought that the word 'collie' comes from the old Celtic word for useful.[4] Many Border Collies today can be traced back to a dog known as Old Hemp.[5]: 4 

In 1915, James Reid, Secretary of the International Sheep Dog Society (ISDS) in the United Kingdom first used the term "border collie" to distinguish those dogs registered by the ISDS from the Kennel Club's collie (or Scotch collie, including the rough collie and smooth collie) which originally came from the same working stock but had developed a different, standardised appearance following introduction to the show ring in 1860 and mixture with different breeds.[6]

Old Hemp

[edit]
Main article: Old Hemp
Old Hemp Memorial at West Woodburn, Northumberland

Old Hemp, a tricolour dog, was born in Northumberland, England in September 1893 and died in May 1901.[7] He was bred by Adam Telfer from Roy, a black and tan dog, and Meg, a black-coated, strong-eyed dog. Hemp was a quiet, powerful dog to which sheep responded easily. Many shepherds used him for stud and Hemp's working style became the Border Collie style. All purebred Border Collies alive today can trace an ancestral line back to Old Hemp.[8] He was believed to have sired as many as 200 pups over the span of his life.[9]

Wiston Cap

[edit]

Wiston Cap (b. 28 September 1963)[10] is the dog that the International Sheep Dog Society (ISDS) badge portrays in the characteristic Border Collie herding pose. He was a popular stud dog in the history of the breed, and his bloodline can be seen in most bloodlines of the modern-day collie.[7] Bred by W. S. Hetherington and trained and handled by John Richardson, Cap was a biddable and good-natured dog. His bloodlines all trace back to the early registered dogs of the studbook, and to J. M. Wilson's Cap, whose name occurs 16 times within seven generations in his pedigree. Wiston Cap sired three Supreme Champions and is grand-sire of three others, one of whom was E. W. Edwards' Bill, who won the championship twice.

Introduction to New Zealand and Australia

[edit]

Collies were listed as imports to New Zealand as early as 1858, but the type was not specified.[11] In the late 1890s James Lilico[12] (1861?–1945) of Christchurch, New Zealand, imported a number of working dogs from the United Kingdom. These included Hindhope Jed, a black, tan and white[13] born in Hindhope, Scotland in 1895, as well as Maudie, Moss of Ancrum, Ness and Old Bob.

It is unclear whether Hindhope Jed was a descendant of Old Hemp. Born two years after him, she is mentioned in a British Hunts and Huntsmen article concerning John Elliot of Jedburgh:[14]

Mr Elliot himself is well known for his breed of collies. His father supplied Noble to the late Queen Victoria and it was from our subject that the McLeod got Hindhope Jed, now the champion of New Zealand and Australia.[15]

On her departure to New Zealand, Hindhope Jed was already in pup to Captain, another of the then-new "border" strain. Hindhope Jed had won three trials in her native Scotland, and was considered to be the "best to cross the equator".[16]

In 1901 the King and Mcleod stud was created by Charles Beechworth King (b. 1855, Murrumbidgee, NSW), his brother and Alec McLeod at Canonbar, near Nyngan (north-west of Sydney), brought Hindhope Jed to Australia, where she enjoyed considerable success at sheepdog trials.

The New Zealand Heading Dog breed was developed from Border Collies.

Description

[edit]
Red merle Border Collie. Female.
Blue merle Border Collie. Female.
Black & white Border Collie. Male.
Chocolate Border Collie. Male.

Border Collies are, on average, medium-sized dogs with a moderate amount of coat, which is often thick and prone to shedding. They have a double coat that varies from smooth to rough and is occasionally curled. While black and white is the most common colouring of the Border Collie, the breed appears in just about any colour and pattern known to occur in dogs. Some of these include black tricolour (black/tan/white), liver and white, and red tricolour (red/tan/white) which have also been seen regularly, and other colours such as blue, lilac, red merle, blue merle, brindle, and Australian red (also known as ee red, blonde, recessive red, or gold) which is seen less frequently. Some Border Collies may also have single-colour coats.[3]

Eye colour varies from brown to green, and occasionally eyes of differing colour occur; this is usually seen with merles. This trait is known as heterochromia. The ears of the Border Collie are also variable — some have fully erect ears, some fully dropped ears, and others semi-erect ears (similar to those of the rough collie).

Although working Border Collie handlers sometimes have superstitions about the appearance of their dogs (handlers may avoid mostly white dogs due to the unfounded idea that sheep will not respect a white or almost all white dog),[17] in general, the American Border Collie Association considers a dog's appearance to be irrelevant.[18] Instead, it is considered more useful to identify a working Border Collie by its attitude and ability.

Dogs bred for show are more homogeneous in appearance than working Border Collies since to win in conformation showing they must conform closely to breed club standards that are specific on many points of the structure, coat, and colour. Kennel clubs specify, for example, that the Border Collie must have a "keen and intelligent" expression, and that the preferred eye colour is dark brown. In deference to the dog's working origin, scars and broken teeth received in the line of duty are not to be counted against a Border Collie in the show ring. The males' height from withers comes from 48 to 56 centimetres (19 to 22 in), females from 46 to 53 centimetres (18 to 21 in).

It has been claimed to be the most intelligent breed of dog.[2][19]

Health

[edit]

Life span

[edit]
Smooth coated Border Collie. Young female.
Tricolour Border Collie. Young male.

A 2022 study in England of veterinary records found a life expectancy of 12.1 years, slightly higher than the 11.82 life expectancy for crossbreed dogs.[20] A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 13.1 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.[21]

Leading causes of death in a 2004 Kennel Club survey were cancer (23.6%), old age (17.9%) and cerebral vascular afflictions (9.4%).[22]

Conditions

[edit]

Collie eye anomaly is an autosomal recessive condition caused by an autosomal recessive mutation in the NHEJ1 gene that affects Collies and related breeds, such as the Border Collie.[23]

Two types of hearing loss occur in the breed. The first type is pigment associated and is found in Border Collie puppies, although the puppies can have congenital sensorineural deafness from birth as well.[24] The second type is known as adult-onset hearing loss.[25] These dogs have a normal auditory brainstem response test as pups but gradually lose their hearing some time between one and eight years of age. The American Border Collie Association's Health & Education Foundation (ABCA HEF) is supporting research into the genetic causes of this disease. Suspect regions of the genome have been identified, but the exact causal mutation(s) have not so far been located.[26]

Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) is a rare but serious disease that is limited to show Border Collies. NCL results in severe neurological impairment and early death; afflicted dogs rarely survive beyond two years of age. The mutation causing the form of the disease found in Border Collies was identified by Scott Melville in the laboratory of Alan Wilton of the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales.[27] There is no treatment or cure, but a DNA test is now available to detect carriers as well as affected dogs.

Trapped Neutrophil Syndrome (TNS) is a hereditary disease in which the bone marrow produces neutrophils (white cells) but is unable to effectively release them into the bloodstream. Affected puppies have an impaired immune system and will eventually die from infections they cannot fight. The mutation responsible for TNS has been found in Border Collies, in English working dogs, in show dogs that had originated in Australia and New Zealand, and in unrelated Australian working dogs. This indicates that the gene is widespread and probably as old as the breed itself. TNS was identified by Jeremy Shearman in the laboratory of Alan Wilton of the School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales. There is no cure, but a DNA test is now available to detect carriers as well as affected dogs.[28]

Other diseases found less commonly include juvenile cataracts, osteochondritis, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus and canine cyclic neutropaenia, carpal soft-tissue injury.[29]

A syndrome of exercise-induced collapse similar to that seen in Labrador retrievers, otherwise termed Border Collie Collapse and triggered by episodes of collapse associated with periods of intense exercise has been described in Border Collies in North America, Europe and Australia, and is currently the subject of further investigation.[30] Border Collie Collapse or "the wobbles" is a disease found in many herding/working breeds. The cause is currently unknown. Border Collie Collapse seems to be related to high-intensity exercises that are found to be particularly exciting to the individual dog. For example, some dogs cannot retrieve a tennis ball, as they find this activity highly stimulating, but can run for several miles with no symptoms of Border Collie Collapse. Symptoms commonly include disorientation, mental dullness, loss of attention, unsteady hind legs, dragging of hind legs, and ultimately the need to sit or lie down. Loss of consciousness and seizure-like trembling/spasms are not characteristics of Border Collie Collapse. There is no current diagnostic test or veterinary workup that can confirm Border Collie Collapse, and the diagnosis is often given as a diagnosis of exclusion, or based on clinical symptoms. There is no current treatment recommended, and it is advised to limit the episodes by avoiding the activities that trigger the collapse.[31]

A study in the UK looking at clinical records found the Border Collie to have the highest prevalence of hepatic neoplasia. Border Collies were 2.67 times more likely to acquire the condition than other breeds.[32]

The Border Collie is one of the more commonly affected breeds for a mutation in the MDR1 gene.[23] This mutation results in the affected animal being more susceptible to negative effects of drugs at volumes that are otherwise safe. Common drugs such as doramectin and ivermectin will cause neurotoxicosis.[33] The mutation has a frequency of 1–4.8% depending on the country.[34]

Breed standards

[edit]
Black & white Border Collie. Female puppy.

There are two types of tests, or standards, to determine the breeding quality of a Border Collie: the original ISDS sheepdog trial and appearance.

ISDS sheepdog trial

[edit]

The original test is the ISDS sheepdog trial. It is still used today, where a dog and handler collect groups of livestock and move them quietly around a course. There are certain standard elements to this test depending on the level: national or international. For both levels, sheep must be gathered as calmly as possible without being distressed.[35] For a national competition, normally held between England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, trials run over a 400-yard course.[36] International courses use a 400-yard course for the qualifying trials, but on the third and final day, trials are held in a course of 800 yards.[36]

The international test involves a "double fetch", where the sheepdog must gather 10 sheep from 800 yards away, bring them on an angle to the centre of the field, and then be sent back in another direction to gather another 10 sheep, also placed 800 yards from the handler. Five of those 20 sheep will have collars on, and at the end of a triangular drive, the sheep are gathered into a circular "shedding ring" and the 15 sheep without collars are driven away as the five collared sheep are kept inside the ring and then penned.[35][37] Sheepdogs must be directed through obstacles at varying distance from the handler, and then the dog must demonstrate the ability to do work close at hand by penning the sheep and sorting them out.[38]

Registries

[edit]

Australia

[edit]

Border Collies are registered with an Australian National Kennel Council (ANKC) affiliated state control body or with a working dog registry. Between 2,011 and 2,701 ANKC pedigreed Border Collies have been registered with the ANKC each year since 1986.[39] Inclusion on the ANKC affiliate's main register allows Border Collies to compete in conformation, obedience, agility, tracking, disc dog, herding and other ANKC-sanctioned events held by an ANKC affiliated club, while inclusion on the limited register prohibits entry in conformation events. The ANKC provides a breed standard; however, this applies to conformation events only and has no influence on dogs entering performance events. Non-ANKC pedigreed dogs may also be eligible for inclusion on an ANKC associate or sporting register and be able to compete in ANKC performance or herding events. Agility organisations such as the Agility Dog Association of Australia (ADAA) have their own registry which allows the inclusion of any dog wishing to compete in their events.

Canada

[edit]

Agriculture Canada has recognised the Canadian Border Collie Association[40] as the registry under the Animal Pedigree Act for any Border Collie that is designated as a "Pure Breed" in Canada.

The criteria used are based on herding lineage rather than appearance. It is a two-tiered registry in that dogs imported that are registered with a foreign Kennel Club that does hold conformation shows are given a "B" registration, whereas those that come directly from other working registries are placed on the "A" registry.

Recently, the Canadian Kennel Club has polled its members to decide if Border Collies should be included on the CKC "Miscellaneous List". This designation would allow Border Collie owners the ability to compete in all CKC events, but the CKC would not be the registering body. People who compete in performance events support the move. The CBCA is against this designation.

South Africa

[edit]

The registration of working sheepdogs in South Africa is the responsibility of the South African Sheepdog Association. ISDS-registered dogs imported into the country can be transferred onto the SASDA register. Dogs not registered can become eligible for registration by being awarded a certificate of working ability by a registered judge. Occasionally they will facilitate the testing of dogs used for breeding, for hip dysplasia and collie eye anomaly, to encourage the breeding of dogs without these genetic flaws.

Turkey

[edit]

The registration of working Border Collies in Turkey is the province of the Border Collie Dernegi (Turkish Border Collie Association)[41] established in 2007.

United Kingdom

[edit]

Dogs can be registered with the national Kennel Club like any other recognised breed; a breed society, the International Sheep Dog Society,[42] registers only dogs with proven herding ability.[43]


United States

[edit]
A Border Collie registered with the AKC and having an ABCA certificate of descent

The principal registry for Border Collies in the United States is the American Border Collie Association (ABCA), which is dedicated to the preservation of the traditional working dog.[44] The breed was also recognised in 1995 by the American Kennel Club (AKC) after occupying the AKC's Miscellaneous Class for over 50 years. The recognition was under protest[45] from the majority of Border Collie affiliated groups, such as the United States Border Collie Club, which felt that emphasis on the breed's working skills would be lost under AKC recognition. AKC registrations have gradually increased since recognition and by 2004 there were 1,984 new AKC registrations of Border Collies, with a further 2,378 for the year 2005.[46] By contrast, the American Border Collie Association registers approximately 20,000 Border Collies annually.[47] Because of the inherent tension between the goals of breeding to a working standard and to an appearance standard, the American Border Collie Association voted in 2003 that dogs who attained a conformation championship would be delisted from the ABCA registry, regardless of ability. Cross-registration is allowed between the working registries, and AKC accepts dogs registered with ABCA, but none of the working registries in the U.S. honor AKC pedigrees.


Elsewhere

[edit]

The Border Collie breed is also recognised as the prime sheepdog by the International Stock Dog Federation (ISDF),[48] based in Piccadilly, London, UK.

Activities

[edit]

Border Collies are one of the most popular breeds for dog agility competitions. They also excel at competitive obedience, showmanship, flyball, tracking, and sheepdog trials and herding events.[49]

Livestock work

[edit]
The Border Collie uses a direct stare at sheep, known as "the eye", to intimidate while herding.
Black and white Border Collie herding a sheep

Working Border Collies can take direction by voice and by whistle at long distances when herding. Their great energy and herding instinct are still used to herd a variety of animals, from the traditional sheep and cattle, to free-range poultry, pigs, and ostriches. They are also used to remove unwanted wild birds from airport runways, golf courses, and other public and private areas.[50]

Shepherds in the UK have taken the most critical elements of herding and incorporated them into a sheepdog trial. The first recorded sheepdog trials were held in Bala, North Wales, in 1873.[51] These competitions enable farmers and shepherds to evaluate possible mates for their working dogs, but they have developed a sport aspect as well, with competitors from outside the farming community also taking part.

In the US, the national sanctioning body for these competitions is the USBCHA.[52] In the UK it is the International Sheep Dog Society, in Canada the Canadian Border Collie Association (CBCA)[53] and in South Africa it is the South African Sheepdog Association.

Dog sports

[edit]

They perform well at some higher jump heights at dog agility competitions, so much so that in England, competitions often include classes for ABC dogs, "Anything But Collies".[54]

The Border Collie's speed, agility, and stamina have allowed them to dominate in dog activities like flyball and disc dog competitions. Their trainability has also given them a berth in dog dancing competitions.

Border Collies have a highly developed sense of smell and with their high drive make excellent and easily motivated tracking dogs for tracking trials.[55] These trials simulate the finding of a lost person in a controlled situation where the performance of the dog can be evaluated, with titles awarded for successful dogs. Border Collies are used as search dogs in mountain rescue in Britain. They are particularly useful for searching large areas of hillside and avalanche debris. Hamish MacInnes believed that dark-coated dogs are less prone to snow blindness.[56]

Research

[edit]

The impressive intelligence of the Border Collie has made it a viable subject for research. In particular, the Georgia Institute of Technology's FIDO (Facilitating Interactions for Dogs with Occupations) project demonstrated the ability of intelligent dogs to communicate with humans. In particular, Professor Melody Jackson, director of the institute's BrainLab, instrumented a Border Collie named Sky to activate a sensor worn by the dog which allowed Sky to communicate in audible English with its handler. One intent was to allow service dogs to warn their owners of impending danger, or to alert others to emergency situations involving their handler, especially those situations which might have resulted in the incapacitation of their handler.[57][58][59]

Notable dogs

[edit]
  • Rico, who was studied for recognising up to 200 objects by name. Another Border Collie, Betsy, was found to have a vocabulary of over 300 words.[60]
  • Chaser had a vocabulary of 1,022 words, could reason by exclusion, and could recognise objects by the groups they belong to.[61][62][63]
  • Shep, who was the long-term companion to John Noakes of the BBC's Blue Peter and Meg, companion of Matt Baker, former presenter of the same show
  • Shep was also a dog that appeared at a railway station in 1936 and watched his dead master be loaded onto a train. He remained there, waiting for his master to return, for the next five and a half years.
  • Jean, also known as the Vitagraph Dog, who was the first canine movie star (owned and trained by Laurence Trimble)
  • Messi, a Border Collie who starred as "Snoop" in Anatomy of a Fall and won the 2023 Palm Dog award at the Cannes Film Festival[64]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Border Collie

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
The Border Collie is a medium-sized breed renowned for its exceptional intelligence, agility, and tireless work ethic, originating from the border region between and where it was developed to manage on rugged . Standing 18 to 22 inches tall at the shoulder and weighing 30 to 55 pounds, it features a well-proportioned, athletic build with a double coat that can be either rough (moderately long) or smooth, in a variety of colors where white does not predominate. This breed's history traces back to medieval times, with ancestors serving as shepherds' dogs for livestock herding, evolving over centuries in response to the demands of the wool trade and harsh border climates. The name "Border Collie" derives from its prominence in the Scotland-England border area, with "collie" stemming from an old Gaelic term meaning a useful or sheep dog. Formal recognition came with the first sheepdog trials in 1873 in Wales, leading to the establishment of the International Sheep Dog Society in 1906, which maintains the breed's studbook. The American Kennel Club (AKC) initially placed Border Collies in the Miscellaneous class in 1955 before granting full recognition in the Herding Group in 1995, marking it as the organization's 139th breed. Border Collies are characterized by keen alertness, high trainability, and a distinctive "herding eye"—an intense stare used to control from a distance—making them highly effective in tasks requiring focus and responsiveness. Affectionate and loyal to their families, they are energetic that thrive on mental and physical stimulation, though they can be reserved with strangers and require early to integrate well with children and other pets. Their is legendary; for instance, one Border Collie named Chaser learned the names of over 1,000 objects, earning recognition as one of the smartest dogs in . The breed excels in dog sports such as , obedience, and , holding records like the fastest skateboarding dog (Jumpy, covering 100 meters in under 20 seconds) and winning the 2025 Westminster Masters with Vanish. In terms of care, Border Collies demand at least 1-2 hours of vigorous daily exercise to prevent boredom-induced behaviors, along with weekly grooming to manage their weather-resistant coat, which sheds seasonally, and regular paw maintenance including checks, moisturizing, and protective boots or balms to prevent cracked paws from high activity, rough terrain, or hot surfaces. They are generally healthy with a lifespan of 12-15 years, but responsible breeders screen for common issues including , , and collie eye anomaly. Beyond , these versatile dogs have served in search-and-rescue operations and even as "goose chasers" to manage wildlife on properties. Ranked 30th in popularity by the AKC in , the Border Collie remains a premier choice for active owners seeking a devoted, high-performance companion.

Description

Physical Appearance

The Border Collie is a medium-sized characterized by an athletic and build, designed for and in tasks. It typically stands with males 19–22 inches (48–56 cm) at the and females 18–21 inches (46–53 cm), with males often slightly taller than females. Weights typically range from 14–25 kg (30–55 lbs), with males tending to be larger and heavier than females. The body is well-proportioned, slightly longer than tall, featuring a deep chest, well-sprung , and muscular that contribute to its balanced, graceful outline. The head has a moderate stop, and the overall structure emphasizes power without coarseness, allowing for effortless movement. The comes in two main varieties: a medium-length rough or a short smooth , both double-layered for weather resistance. The outer is dense and medium-textured, while the undercoat is soft and insulating, providing protection against harsh conditions. The rough variety features feathering on the chest, legs, and tail, forming a mane and , whereas the smooth is shorter and coarser overall. Minimal grooming is required beyond natural presentation, with only light trimming permitted around the feet and tail tip. Color patterns vary widely but are predominantly black and white, though blue merle, red merle, , and tri-color combinations are also common. White markings are acceptable but should not predominate, and all colors are judged equally without preference. Breeding two merle-patterned dogs together is discouraged to prevent genetic defects in offspring. Eye color is typically brown, though merle dogs may exhibit blue or split-colored eyes. The ears are medium-sized, set well apart, and usually erect or tipped forward, while the tail is moderately long, set low, and carried naturally with a slight upward curve when alert.

Temperament

Border Collies are renowned for their exceptional , consistently ranked as the top breed in obedience and working by psychologist in his 1994 book , based on surveys of judges evaluating adaptive , working/obedience , and instinctive . This cognitive prowess enables them to learn complex commands rapidly and excel in tasks requiring problem-solving, such as competitions and search-and-rescue operations. Their mental acuity demands ongoing challenges to prevent understimulation, as they thrive on purposeful activities that engage their sharp minds. A defining feature of the Border Collie's temperament is its strong herding instinct, an innate drive honed over centuries for livestock management. This manifests in characteristic behaviors like the intense "eye," a fixed stare used to intimidate and control animals from a distance, along with to approach stealthily and nipping at heels to urge movement. These traits, while invaluable in working roles, can redirect toward family members, children, or other pets if not channeled appropriately, highlighting the breed's focused work ethic. Border Collies possess boundless energy levels, necessitating 1-2 hours of combined mental and physical stimulation daily to maintain balance and avert boredom-related problems. Without sufficient outlets like runs, fetch sessions, or puzzle toys, they may exhibit restlessness or frustration. In terms of , they are deeply loyal and highly responsive to their handlers' commands, forming devoted bonds within the while remaining amiable yet watchful. However, they tend to be reserved or aloof with strangers, benefiting from early to build confidence. Their sensitivity to methods is notable; they respond best to gentle, positive reinforcement, as harsh corrections can lead to anxiety or withdrawal. As pets, Border Collies suit active, experienced owners who can commit to their demanding , providing jobs like trials or obedience training to satisfy their drive. They are ill-suited to sedentary households, where insufficient activity often results in destructive behaviors such as excessive or . Their and further underscore the need for dynamic environments that align with their energetic disposition.

History

Origins and Early Development

The Border Collie breed developed in the border country between and during the , emerging from traditional farm dogs and sheepherding landraces used across the . These early dogs were adapted to the rugged, hilly terrains of the region, where shepherds required versatile herders to manage over vast, uneven landscapes. Selective breeding in the 1800s focused on traits essential for effective sheep , including exceptional speed, , and to control flocks with minimal human intervention. Farmers prioritized working ability over physical appearance, conducting informal breeding programs based on performance in daily tasks rather than standardized looks, which laid the foundation for the breed's renowned herding prowess. Possible ancestral influences trace back centuries earlier to herding dogs introduced by Roman invaders around 55 BCE and later by Viking settlers, who brought spitz-type herders that contributed to the genetic pool of British working dogs. The breed's name derives from its regional roots, with "Border" referring to the area of origin, while "Collie" stems from the Scottish dialect term "colley" or "colly," meaning black, alluding to the common black-and-white coat of early examples herding black-faced sheep. An alternative links "collie" to old Gaelic for a "useful ," reflecting the breed's practical role. The term "" was first used in by James , secretary of the International Sheep Dog Society, to distinguish these working dogs from the show-oriented collies. This informal development persisted until the early , when the International Sheep Dog Society formalized registration in 1906, though early exemplars like Old Hemp exemplified the desired traits from the late 1800s.

Key Historical Dogs

Old Hemp (1893–1901), a black-and-white dog bred in Northumberland, England, by shepherd Adam Telfer from a black and tan sire named Roy and a black-coated dam named Meg, is regarded as the foundation sire of the modern Border Collie. Renowned for his gentle temperament and effective herding method, he controlled livestock through quiet commands and the intense "eye" stare—a hypnotic gaze that intimidated sheep without the need for aggressive barking or excessive movement. Old Hemp sired more than 200 puppies during his lifetime, with his progeny becoming highly sought after for their balanced working style and passing on desirable traits that shaped subsequent generations on border farms. His descendants continue to dominate the International Sheep Dog Society (ISDS) registry, forming the backbone of the breed's working lines. Wiston Cap (1963–1979), a tri-color bred in by J.M. Wilson and later owned by trainer John Richardson, rose to prominence by winning the 1965 International Sheep Dog Trial, where his speed, precision, and outrun ability excelled in competitive . As a prolific sire, he produced numerous trial champions and influenced modern Border Collie lines through his athletic build and keen intelligence, with his bloodlines extending into show breeding programs. Together, Old Hemp and Wiston Cap solidified the "eye" technique as a hallmark of Border Collie herding and elevated the breed's visibility through sheepdog trials, ensuring their legacies endure in both working and conformational standards.

Global Introduction

The Border Collie began its global dissemination in the late , primarily through exports from the to support expanding operations. In , the breed was introduced by British shepherds, including Scottish settlers, as early as the mid-1800s alongside large shipments of sheep; by the 1880s, these dogs had adapted to the country's rugged terrains, fostering the development of robust working lines essential for in challenging hill country environments. The breed's spread to occurred concurrently in the late 1800s, with imports from the borders employed on expansive sheep stations to manage vast flocks across arid landscapes; these dogs influenced the emergence of local trials, enhancing their utility in the continent's industry. In , Border Collies arrived in the early 1900s, often via Canadian ports for work on western sheep operations, where their versatility supported in diverse terrains from the prairies to mountainous regions. Adapting to these new environments posed significant challenges, including rigorous protocols for animal imports—such as those implemented in from the onward to prevent transmission—and the risk of unintended crossbreeding with indigenous herding breeds like the , which could dilute the Border Collie's specialized traits. The 20th century saw accelerated growth in the breed's popularity post-World War II, fueled by agricultural expansion and increased demand for efficient dogs in sheep-dependent economies across , , and ; influential sires like Wiston Cap further bolstered export lines that sustained these working populations.

Health and Welfare

Lifespan and Mortality

The average lifespan of a Border Collie is 12 to 15 years, with a at birth of approximately 12.1 years based on large-scale veterinary data from the . The median longevity reported in Kennel Club-registered dogs is 12.17 years, reflecting robust in this breed when provided with appropriate care. While individual variation exists, Border Collies generally exhibit strong vitality, with low early-life mortality rates; for instance, the probability of in the first year is only 1.2%, and in the second year, 2.0%. Primary causes of mortality in Border Collies are associated with old age, including cancer and heart disease, which become more prevalent in senior years. Veterinary surveys indicate that "old age" is the most commonly reported cause of death, followed by unspecified cancers accounting for a significant proportion of fatalities in older individuals. In one comprehensive analysis of over 5,000 deaths across breeds, cancer represented about 8.7% of overall proportional mortality. A breed-specific survey of Border Collies found cancer accounting for 16.8% of deaths, with heart conditions also contributing notably in medium-sized herding dogs like the Border Collie. Approximately 70% or more of Border Collies reach at least 10 years of age, as inferred from median survival exceeding 12 years and low cumulative early mortality risks in breed-specific life tables. Several factors influence Border Collie longevity, including diet, , and preventive veterinary care, which can mitigate risks from age-related decline. A balanced, high-quality diet tailored to activity levels supports overall and prevents , a known contributor to shortened lifespan by 1 to 3 years if unmanaged. Regular , while essential for this energetic breed, must be moderated in later years to avoid overexertion, with studies showing that consistent combined with routine check-ups promotes extended vitality. Regarding , mixed veterinary studies indicate a slight increase in lifespan for neutered dogs overall, with one analysis finding neutered Border Collies and similar breeds experiencing about 4 months longer at birth compared to intact counterparts, though early neutering (before 12 months) may elevate certain cancer risks. In comparison to other herding breeds, Border Collies tend to have a longer lifespan than many peers in the group, such as Springer Spaniels (11.92 years average), while aligning closely with Australian Shepherds (12-15 years). This places them above the overall medium-sized dog average of about 12.7 years but shorter than smaller companion breeds, which often exceed 14 years due to reduced size-related health burdens.

Common Health Conditions

Border Collies are prone to , a multifactorial orthopedic condition involving abnormal development of the hip joint, with a reported prevalence of approximately 10-12% based on radiographic evaluations. Symptoms typically include hindlimb lameness, difficulty rising, reduced exercise tolerance, and , which may worsen with activity or age due to secondary . Management often involves conservative approaches such as weight control, anti-inflammatory medications, , and joint supplements, while severe cases may require surgical interventions like femoral head ostectomy or total hip replacement. Elbow dysplasia, another developmental joint disorder, occurs at a lower rate in Border Collies, with prevalence around 0-3% in screened populations. It manifests as frontlimb lameness, swelling around the , and intermittent pain, often appearing in young dogs. Treatment focuses on pain relief through non-steroidal drugs (NSAIDs), controlled exercise, and surgical correction for fragmented coronoid processes or ununited anconeal processes if necessary. Idiopathic epilepsy affects an estimated 3-5% of Border Collies, characterized by recurrent without an identifiable structural cause. may present as generalized convulsions with paddling limbs, , drooling, and post-ictal disorientation, often starting between 6 months and 5 years of age. Treatment typically includes anticonvulsant medications such as or to control frequency, alongside regular monitoring for side effects and trigger avoidance. Collie eye anomaly (CEA) leads to optical abnormalities and potential vision impairment, with a low prevalence of less than 2.5% in Border Collies. Affected dogs may show no symptoms or exhibit , choroidal , or colobomas, resulting in partial to complete blindness. While management is supportive with environmental adaptations for visually impaired dogs, early screening via veterinary ophthalmologic exams is recommended to assess severity. Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) involves cartilage defects in the joints, particularly the shoulder, and is seen in young, rapidly growing Border Collies. Symptoms include forelimb lameness, joint effusion, and pain on palpation, usually appearing before 12 months of age. Surgical removal of cartilage flaps is the primary treatment, followed by restricted activity and rehabilitation to promote joint health. Overall management of these conditions emphasizes regular veterinary check-ups, maintaining ideal body weight to reduce joint stress, and balanced nutrition with controlled calcium and phosphorus levels during growth phases. Some conditions may overlap with genetic predispositions, but environmental factors like overexertion play a significant role.

Genetic Issues and Testing

Border Collies are prone to several hereditary genetic disorders, primarily autosomal recessive conditions that can be mitigated through targeted DNA testing and responsible breeding practices. These issues include neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), trapped neutrophil syndrome (TNS), and early adult-onset deafness (EAOD), each with specific molecular bases and available screening methods. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), also known as CLN5-related NCL, is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the CLN5 gene, leading to progressive neurological deterioration, seizures, vision loss, and death typically by 2-3 years of age. The causative c.934_935delAG mutation was identified in 2005, enabling DNA testing via PCR amplification from blood or buccal swabs, which became commercially available in the mid-2000s. Widespread adoption of testing has significantly reduced prevalence; as of 2021, the mutant allele frequency is around 3.5%, corresponding to an estimated carrier rate of approximately 7%, down from earlier estimates of 3-8% carrier rates in the 2000s and 2010s. Trapped neutrophil syndrome (TNS) is an immune deficiency disorder resulting from a in the , causing immature to accumulate in the and fail to enter circulation, which predisposes affected dogs to recurrent infections, stunted growth, and early mortality around 6-12 months. The was characterized in 2008, and simple DNA tests using cheek swabs or blood samples detect carriers with high accuracy. Carrier frequency in Border Collie populations is estimated at 10-12%, though regional variation exists (6-16% in studies from the , , , and ), making pre-breeding screening essential to avoid producing affected offspring. Many registries, including the (AKC), recommend TNS testing as part of breed-specific health panels, though it is not universally mandatory. Early adult-onset deafness (EAOD), an emerging concern in the , involves progressive bilateral typically manifesting between 1-5 years of age and is associated with pigmentation patterns influenced by the merle gene (M locus), though not exclusively double merle. Research from 2014 identified a complex inheritance pattern in Border Collies, with estimates around 0.23, prompting recommendations for brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) audiograms to assess hearing status, ideally repeated at 6-8 weeks and annually in breeding stock. Preliminary DNA markers for risk loci have been developed since 2016, with commercial tests available from labs like Paw Print Genetics, showing promise in identifying at-risk dogs, though BAER remains the gold standard for confirmation. To combat , which can exacerbate genetic disorders through reduced heterozygosity and increased homozygosity for deleterious alleles, Border Collie breeders have increasingly adopted strategies since 2020, prioritizing diverse sire lines to maintain while preserving working traits. Studies indicate that coefficients in the breed average 5-10%, with post-2020 efforts by organizations like the International Sheep Dog Society (ISDS) emphasizing pedigree analysis and diverse matings to mitigate risks like decreased and heightened disease susceptibility. Testing protocols for these conditions are recommended or required by major registries to support informed breeding. The ISDS and AKC mandate or strongly advise genetic screening for NCL and TNS prior to registration of progeny, often as part of bundled panels that include overlapping tests like collie eye anomaly (CEA). Commercial kits from providers such as VetGen and the UC Davis Veterinary Genetics Laboratory offer affordable options, with individual tests costing $50-100 USD and comprehensive panels around $200-300, typically processed in 1-2 weeks via mail-in samples.

Paw Care

Border Collies, due to their high activity levels and frequent exposure to varied terrain as working or active companion dogs, are susceptible to cracked paw pads. Common causes include dry weather, rough terrain from intense physical activity, and contact with hot pavement, which can lead to drying, cracking, or thermal injury to the pads. Prevention involves avoiding extreme temperatures by scheduling outdoor activities during cooler periods of the day, performing regular paw inspections after exercise, and trimming excess fur between the pads to reduce debris accumulation and potential irritation. Care recommendations include keeping paws clean and moisturized with dog-specific paw balms such as Musher's Secret or Snout Soother, applying natural moisturizers like coconut oil or Bag Balm, using protective boots on rough or hot surfaces to shield the pads, and consulting a veterinarian for severe cracks, signs of infection (such as redness, swelling, or discharge), or non-healing injuries.

Breed Standards

Conformation Standards

The conformation standards for the Border Collie emphasize a balanced, athletic build suited to its heritage, prioritizing functional proportions over exaggeration. According to the (AKC), the ideal Border Collie is a medium-sized with males measuring 19 to 22 inches at the and females 18 to 21 inches, featuring a body slightly longer than its height in a 10:9 , moderate , and a hard, working condition without coarseness or fragility. The (UKC) similarly describes a graceful, balanced outline with quality and endurance, faulting any coarseness or weediness that detracts from the breed's agile appearance. These standards highlight an alert, intelligent expression through moderately sized, oval eyes—typically brown, though blue is acceptable in merles—and medium-sized ears that are erect or semi-erect. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) standard provides detailed criteria for the head, body, and movement, describing a well-proportioned with a fairly skull equal in length to the foreface, a distinct stop, and a strong, tapering muzzle forming a moderate without fullness in the cheeks. The body is athletic and slightly longer than the height at the (ideal 53 cm for males, slightly less for females), with a deep, chest, well-sprung ribs, muscular loins, and a level topline that supports free, driving movement. Hindquarters are and muscular with well-turned stifles, while forequarters feature well-laid-back shoulders and parallel legs, ensuring effortless, tireless gait that is stealthy and fast without excess lift. Faults in these areas, such as a straight stifle or cow-hocked rear, are penalized based on their impact on function. Coat standards across registries stress natural textures for resistance, with two varieties permitted: a rough (moderately long, feathered with mane, breeching, and ) or smooth (shorter, denser) double , both featuring a weather-resistant topcoat and soft undercoat; excessive grooming or clipping is faulted. Colors vary widely—including black and white, red and white, blue merle, and —with tan points or white markings acceptable, but white must not predominate, and or extreme dilutions are disqualifying in the UKC. The AKC and FCI both underscore functional athleticism in judging, with general appearance often weighted heavily (around 30 points on a 100-point scale in show evaluations) to reward balance and type over aesthetic extremes. Registries like the AKC enforce these criteria in conformation events to preserve the breed's working heritage.

Working Standards

The International Sheep Dog Society (ISDS) has organized annual sheepdog trials since 1906, with the International Sheepdog Trial serving as the premier event to evaluate working abilities, held every year except during the World Wars and the 2001 outbreak. These trials test a dog's , control, and partnership with the handler through a standardized course designed to simulate practical tasks. The course typically involves five sheep and emphasizes the Border Collie's characteristic "eye"—an intense, hypnotic stare used to gather and direct livestock without physical contact—while handlers issue commands primarily via whistle for precision at distance. Scoring in ISDS trials totals a maximum of 100 points, distributed across key phases: (20 points), lift (10 points), fetch (20 points), drive (30 points), (10 points), and (10 points). The requires the dog to circle 3-5 sheep at distances of 400-800 yards in a balanced arc, approaching quietly to avoid startling the flock; faults such as uneven flanking, excessive barking, or gripping ( the sheep) deduct points, prioritizing smooth control over speed. In the subsequent lift and fetch, the dog lifts the sheep off their initial position and brings them steadily to the handler, followed by the drive phase where the pair navigates the sheep through designated and panels over varied terrain, testing directional accuracy and responsiveness. The trial concludes with shedding—separating specific sheep—and penning, where all sheep must enter an enclosure without escape, rewarding composure under pressure. Qualifying standards for ISDS registry eligibility emphasize proven working merit, often demonstrated through competitive trial performance, with dogs achieving strong scores in national qualifiers advancing to the International; a solid overall score reflects the breed's reliance on intuitive commands like "come bye" (clockwise flank) and "away" (counterclockwise), delivered via distinctive whistle tones for clarity in windy or noisy conditions. In the United States, the United States Border Collie Handlers Association (USBCHA) adopts similar rules but adapts them for regional variations, including dedicated cattle trials that incorporate the same phases while accounting for livestock's more assertive behavior, such as shorter outruns and allowances for firmer control to manage cattle's resistance. Post-1950s, sheepdog trials evolved to incorporate more dynamic elements, such as tighter driving panels and cross-drives requiring enhanced and adaptability, reflecting advancements in practices and handler techniques while maintaining the core focus on instinctive prowess. These standards build on the Border Collie's conformation as a baseline for athletic build, ensuring physical traits support functional performance in trials.

Registries

United Kingdom and International

The International Sheep Dog Society (ISDS), founded in 1906 by shepherds from and , serves as the primary working registry for Border Collies, emphasizing their capabilities through an annual Stud Book that has been published since 1949. This registry maintains records of over 300,000 Border Collie entries, focusing exclusively on dogs proven in sheepdog trials that simulate practical livestock management tasks, such as outruns, fetches, and drives, without any provisions for conformation showing. The ISDS's approach prioritizes functional working lines, registering dogs based on demonstrated ability rather than appearance, and it supports international sheepdog trials to promote breed improvement. In contrast, (KC) in the officially recognized the Border Collie as a distinct breed in 1976, establishing it as a conformation registry to facilitate show competitions while maintaining separation from the ISDS to safeguard the integrity of working strains. This recognition arose amid debates within the ISDS leadership about collaboration with show-oriented bodies, ultimately leading to parallel registries that allow breeders to choose between working or exhibition-focused pedigrees. The KC's standards emphasize balanced athleticism and versatility, and its registration process is accessible to breeders who submit health and pedigree documentation, enabling litters to be recorded without mandatory performance. On the international stage, the (FCI) provisionally recognized the Border Collie in 1977, granting full status with a published in 1987 and updated in 2009, classifying it in Group 1 ( and Cattle Dogs, Section 1: ). This standard aligns with the KC's conformation guidelines and groups the Border Collie with other collie-type breeds, facilitating global show participation while acknowledging its working heritage. ISDS membership, required for and certain registrations like the Register on Merit program for unpedigreed working dogs, is open to individuals but ties benefits such as pup registration to active involvement in qualified events. In the , the ISDS has advanced digital tools, including the MyISDS platform for online entries and pedigree searches, enhancing accessibility for members, though formal cross-recognition with the KC remains limited to case-by-case conversions for working dogs seeking conformation status.

United States and North America

In , the (AKC) formally recognized the Border Collie in 1995, placing it in the Herding Group with a primary emphasis on conformation standards for shows and breeding. This recognition marked a shift toward standardized appearance alongside functionality, though the breed's working heritage remained influential. AKC registrations reflect steady popularity among pet owners and competitors as of 2023. The United States Border Collie Handlers Association (USBCHA), founded in 1979, serves as the leading organization for preserving and promoting the working abilities of Border Collies through sheepdog and cattledog trials. Unlike conformation-focused registries, the USBCHA sanctions open trials across North America, culminating in annual National Finals that attract over 150 qualifiers in the open class to compete for national championships and prizes exceeding $30,000. These events prioritize instinctive herding skills over pedigree, drawing handlers from the US and Canada. The Canadian Kennel Club (CKC) recognized the Border Collie in 1995, aligning closely with the AKC model but incorporating a stronger focus on titles through its trial programs. Owners can earn designations like by demonstrating stock work in CKC-sanctioned events, complementing conformation shows. Key differences among these registries highlight tensions between working and show lines: the AKC historically permitted limited crossbreeding during the breed's early development to refine traits, closing its registry in 1995, while the USBCHA emphasizes open, merit-based trials without strict pedigree requirements. Early Border Collie imports to were heavily influenced by International Sheep Dog Society (ISDS) stock from the . Since 2020, both the AKC and associated clubs have increased requirements for , particularly for frequently used sires and health screenings, to address and conditions like collie eye anomaly.

Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania

In and , registries for Border Collies emphasize the breed's role in industries, particularly sheep across vast and challenging terrains, with a strong distinction between working and conformation lines. The Australian Working Border Collie Registry (AWBCR), incorporated in but with roots tracing back to informal recording efforts in the , maintains a stud book dedicated to working Border Collies, focusing on pedigrees that preserve abilities without influence from show breeding. This registry supports breeders and owners in documenting dogs used in management, ensuring genetic integrity for practical farm work. Complementing this, the National Sheep Dog Trial Association (NSDTA), with historical roots in state-based trials dating to the late , organizes competitive events that highlight working prowess; national championships have been held annually since , drawing competitors from across states to demonstrate skills in sheep handling under timed conditions. In , the New Zealand Sheep Dog Trial Association (NZSDTA), established in 1910 as the national governing body, coordinates activities across 157 affiliated clubs, hosting over 150 trials each year that prioritize mountain herding and endurance in rugged landscapes. These events, which began informally in the 1860s, test dogs on challenging courses involving steep terrain and large flocks, reflecting the breed's adaptation to New Zealand's diverse topography. The NZSDTA promotes the welfare and development of working sheepdogs, primarily Border Collies, through standardized rules and annual national championships that foster skills essential for high-country farming. On the conformation side, the Australian National Kennel Council (ANKC), the peak body for pedigree dogs, adopted a national breed standard for the Border Collie in 1963, recognizing it within the working dog group while maintaining separation from trial-focused organizations. This allows registration of show lines distinct from working registries like the AWBCR. Unique to the region, Border Collies here are selectively bred for stamina in drought-prone and arid Australian landscapes, where endurance under heat and limited water is critical for mustering over expansive properties. Australia and New Zealand also lead in exporting semen from elite working sires, facilitating global dissemination of genetics suited to intensive pastoral operations. In the 2020s, initiatives like the NSDTA's scholarship program support emerging triallers, ensuring the continuation of these traditions amid evolving agricultural demands.

Other Regions

In Africa, the Kennel Union of Southern Africa (KUSA), formerly the South African Kennel Union, maintains a registry for Border Collies, with the breed initially placed on a working register before full recognition as a breed in the late 1980s following alignment with international standards. Border Collies were first imported to around the turn of the in the wake of the Boer War, establishing a foundation for their use in livestock herding on arid sheep farms such as those in the region. The South African Sheepdog Association (SASDA), established in 1960, serves as the primary body for working Border Collies, organizing active sheepdog trials that emphasize practical herding skills despite the breed's relatively small population in the country. In Turkey, the Turkish Cynological Federation (TCF), the national member of the (FCI), recognizes the Border Collie under FCI standards, supporting emerging show classifications for the breed. The Border Collie Derneği, founded in 2007, oversees registrations for working lines, facilitating the breed's integration into practices in Anatolian pastoral areas where sheep and management predominates. Across non-UK Europe, FCI-affiliated national kennel clubs support specialized working groups for Border Collies; for instance, the Swedish Kennel Club (SKK) collaborates with breed-specific associations like the Swedish Border Collie Club to promote trials, while placing significant emphasis on competitions, as evidenced by Sweden's hosting of the FCI Agility World Championship in 2025. In the , the Border Collie Club Nederland (BCCN), recognized by the Dutch Kennel Club (Raad van Beheer), organizes international working events such as the Continental Sheepdog Championship and participates in FCI trials, balancing preservation with performance sports. Border Collie registrations in have shown growth trends since the 2010s, driven by rising pet ownership; in , for example, the breed's popularity as a companion has increased alongside the broader expansion of the pet industry, with the (JKC) maintaining official pedigrees under FCI guidelines. However, challenges persist, including strict import restrictions in many Asian and African countries classified as high-risk for dog , which limit new bloodlines and require extensive documentation and periods. Additionally, cultural variations in —such as differences in livestock types (e.g., versus sheep) and traditional methods that favor loose-eyed driving over the Border Collie's intense eye-stalking—necessitate behavioral adaptations for effective integration in these regions.

Working and Companion Roles

Herding and Livestock Work

Border Collies excel in livestock through a combination of instinctive behaviors and trained responses, primarily using an intense known as the "eye" to control and direct animals without physical contact. This hypnotic stare, a hereditary trait, allows the dog to establish authority and guide sheep by positioning itself strategically, often crouching low to signal readiness while avoiding overrunning the flock. Key techniques include , where the dog executes a wide, pear-shaped arc—typically to the 10 or 11 o'clock position relative to the handler—to gather and collect scattered sheep from a distance; , in which the dog maneuvers the flock in a straight line toward pens or gates behind the handler; and singling out, or shedding, where the dog separates specific individuals from the group under verbal direction to isolate them for inspection or treatment. These actions are directed via , such as flanking movements to circle the stock, and voice or commands, with skilled s responding to up to 60 distinct cues for precise control. In modern farming, Border Collies remain essential on hill farms, where they navigate rugged to gather sheep from remote hillsides, often working in challenging to prevent losses during lambing or shearing seasons. In , they are deployed on vast stations to manage large flocks, with each dog contributing to the handling of 2,001–5,000 sheep annually across tasks like mustering and drafting, supporting properties with median flocks of 2,001–5,000 sheep typically supported by three dogs. On ranches, Border Collies assist in sheep and over expansive ranges, enhancing mobility in areas where limits human access alone. Their innate , rooted in a high-energy , drives this adaptability to practical farm demands. Training for herding begins with early pup exposure to build confidence, starting around 8 weeks with low-stress interactions like small groups of or calm sheep to awaken natural instincts without overwhelming the young . Progression advances to formal sessions at 6–12 months, teaching basic voice commands such as "come bye" for left flanking or "away to me" for right circling, followed by signals for distance work—short, sharp tones for speed and longer ones for steady pacing—as the dog matures toward full capability around 2 years. Advanced commands integrate gathering, , and shedding in real scenarios, with ongoing refinement through on-farm experience to ensure reliable performance in varied conditions. Economically, Border Collies significantly reduce labor costs by performing tasks equivalent to multiple workers, thereby minimizing the need for additional hired help on sheep farms. In , the lifetime value of a working dog's labor is estimated at AU$40,000 over 10 years, yielding a 5.2-fold through improved efficiency in husbandry tasks that would otherwise require extensive manual effort. This cost-effectiveness is particularly vital in labor-scarce regions, where dogs handle intensive workloads—up to 5 days a week for 4–6 hours daily—while incurring minimal upkeep expenses compared to human wages. Beyond traditional sheep and , Border Collies adapt to non-standard in innovative settings, such as like or chickens into enclosures using gentler eye and flanking techniques to avoid to lighter animals. In northern regions like , they have been applied to , leveraging their gathering and driving skills in snowy, open terrains akin to , though often alongside local breeds for specialized tasks. These adaptations highlight the breed's versatility in diverse agricultural contexts.

As a Family Pet

Border Collies are affectionate companions that form strong bonds with their , often displaying and eagerness to please in home environments. They thrive in active households where family members engage in outdoor activities, making them suitable for owners who can provide ample physical and mental engagement. Their low grooming needs are straightforward, requiring only weekly brushing to manage their double coat and control shedding, which is more frequent during seasonal changes. Despite their appealing traits, Border Collies present challenges as family pets due to their high energy levels and working heritage. They demand at least one to two hours of vigorous daily exercise, such as running, , or structured play, to prevent boredom and destructive behaviors. Their innate may lead to nipping at the heels of children or attempting to chase moving objects like , which can pose risks in households with young kids or near ; they are generally better suited to families with older, calmer children. Additionally, their deep attachment to owners can result in separation anxiety if left alone for extended periods, manifesting as excessive barking or chewing. To succeed as family pets, Border Collies require proactive care focused on mental and social development. Early socialization starting around 8 weeks of age is essential, involving positive exposures to various people, animals, and environments to build confidence and reduce shyness or reactivity. Providing mental stimulation through puzzle toys, treat-dispensing games, or obedience challenges helps satisfy their intelligence and prevents frustration. For housing, they ideally need a securely fenced yard or regular access to open fields for off-leash running, though apartment living is feasible for dedicated owners who commit to multiple daily outings and enrichment routines to meet their needs. Since 2020, Border Collie popularity as companion dogs has remained steady, ranking 31st among AKC-registered breeds in 2024, reflecting increased interest in active, intelligent pets amid rising awareness of their versatility beyond farm work. However, mismatched energy levels contribute to higher surrender rates for high-drive breeds like the Border Collie, often linked to unmet exercise demands.

Training and Activities

Training Methods

Border Collies respond exceptionally well to positive reinforcement training methods, which leverage their high intelligence to foster quick learning and strong handler bonds. This approach involves rewarding desired behaviors immediately with treats, praise, or toys to encourage repetition, avoiding punishment that could undermine their sensitive nature. Clicker training, a subset of positive reinforcement, uses a distinct clicking sound to mark the exact moment a behavior occurs, followed by a reward, making it particularly effective for teaching basic obedience commands such as sit, stay, and recall. For instance, during recall training, the clicker signals the dog's movement toward the handler, reinforcing the action and building reliability over short, frequent sessions. Training progresses through distinct developmental stages tailored to the Border Collie's growth and cognitive maturation. In the puppy basics phase, from 8 to 16 weeks, focus on foundational skills like , , and initial to build confidence and impulse control in low-distraction environments. The adolescent proofing stage, spanning 6 to 18 months, involves reinforcing these basics while introducing moderate challenges to solidify behaviors amid growing and levels. Advanced , beginning around 2 years of age, refines complex skills and prepares the for specialized roles, emphasizing consistency to harness their rapid progress driven by innate . For herding-specific initiation, early exposure to between 6 and 12 months allows the Border Collie to awaken and channel its instincts under controlled conditions, starting in enclosed areas like round pens to prevent overwhelm. Key directional commands include "come-bye" to circle clockwise from the handler's perspective and "away" to move counterclockwise, taught progressively with verbal cues and to guide the dog without confusion. Tools such as long lines provide safety during initial sessions by allowing controlled freedom, while whistles deliver clear, long-distance signals for commands like "get up" (two short blasts) or "lie down" (one long blast), essential for precise communication in open fields. Common challenges in Border Collie training include preventing overstimulation from their intense focus and drive, which can lead to fixation or erratic responses if not managed. Techniques like desensitization help by gradually introducing distractions—starting with mild ones like a distant and building to higher levels such as moving objects—while pairing them with high-value rewards to maintain engagement and teach ignore cues like "leave it" or "watch me." With consistent practice, a Border Collie can typically become trial-ready in 1 to 2 years, depending on the handler's dedication and the dog's maturity.

Competitive Sports

Border Collies are renowned for their exceptional performance in competitive events sanctioned by the (AKC), where they frequently dominate due to their speed, precision, and athleticism. In standard courses, top Border Collies have recorded times under 30 seconds, as demonstrated by the 2025 AKC Premier Cup winner in the 16-inch class, a Border Collie named Zula, who completed the course in 30.296 seconds. At the Westminster Kennel Club's Masters Championship, Border Collies like Vanish have set benchmarks with runs as fast as 26.49 seconds in the 16-inch division, showcasing the breed's ability to navigate complex obstacle sequences at high speeds. In obedience competitions, Border Collies excel particularly in advanced utility classes, achieving some of the highest scores through their focus and trainability. For instance, at the 2024 AKC Obedience Classic, a Border Collie named Surge won the utility class with a near-perfect performance, highlighting the breed's reliability in exercises requiring heeling, retrieves, and signals. At the 2024 Westminster Masters Obedience Championship, Border Collie Zayne earned a score of 199 out of 200 in the utility class, underscoring their consistency in high-stakes trials. Additionally, Border Collies have gained prominence in canine freestyle, or heelwork to music, where they perform synchronized routines to music, blending obedience with creative movement; notable examples include international champions like Rhythm, a Border Collie who competed in the 2025 Crufts Heelwork to Music Freestyle, and Yuki, who placed highly at the 2022 Dog Dancing World Championship. Border Collies also thrive in team-based relay sports like and events, where their explosive speed and coordination contribute to dominant performances. In , a involving four dogs jumping hurdles, triggering a box to release a ball, and returning over 102 feet, Border Collie-led teams hold world records, such as the North American Flyball Association's (NAFA) regular class mark of 14.433 seconds set by Border Patrol in 2016, equating to an average per-dog speed exceeding 20 miles per hour. The breed frequently tops NAFA pointed dog lists, with multiple Border Collies in the top 20 for lifetime points. In competitions, such as the AKC Disc Dog Challenge, Border Collies like Pete, who won the freestyle division in 2023, and Stardust, who placed third in 2024, have excelled in freestyle divisions through intricate catching routines and distance throws, emphasizing their aerial and focus. Beyond traditional herding, Border Collies compete in structured non-International Sheep Dog Society (ISDS) trials, such as those organized by the Australian Shepherd Club of America (ASCA), where they are scored on efficiency in controlling livestock through designated courses. ASCA trials evaluate dogs on criteria like stock control, pace, and minimal disturbance, requiring qualifying scores of at least 69% for started level and 70% for open or advanced to earn titles, with Border Collies often excelling due to their instinctive gathering and driving abilities. The popularity of Border Collies in these competitive sports has surged in the , particularly in urban environments where and other activities provide outlets for their high energy. In the United States Dog Agility Association (USDAA) rankings, Border Collies consistently rank first among breeds for titles like Agility Dog Champion Bronze, with over 700 earners as of recent standings, reflecting their adaptability to venue-based competitions.

Notable Border Collies

Famous Working Dogs

One of the most influential early Border Collies in working lines was Old Hemp, a late 19th-century dog owned by Adam Telfer, who is widely regarded as the progenitor of the modern breed due to his exceptional instincts and extensive use in breeding. In the late , (ABCA 3455), born in 1983 and owned by Tommy Wilson, emerged as a standout in American sheepdog trials, earning the 1989 Purina Field Trial Herding Championship and siring numerous trial winners, including the 1992 USBCHA Nursery Champion and the 1993 USBCHA Open Champion Molly. His progeny and descendants dominated the U.S. trial scene for over a decade, shaping working bloodlines that emphasized precision and stamina in management. Tweed, handled by Alasdair MacRae, achieved back-to-back victories at the Border Collie Handlers Association (USBCHA) National Sheepdog Finals in 2021 and 2022, demonstrating superior control in open trials with challenging sheep. These wins highlighted Tweed's ability to execute complex outruns and drives, contributing to the breed's reputation for adaptability in competitive environments across . More recently, Jock, handled by Dewi Jenkins, secured the 2022 International Sheep Dog Society (ISDS) Supreme Championship, excelling in precision over varied terrains during the international trials. Known for his genetic health and prowess, Jock has been used in breeding programs to propagate traits like keen eye and strong gathering instinct. Beverly Lambert's Annie won the 2024 USBCHA National Sheepdog Finals Open Championship, while Alasdair MacRae's Moss claimed the title in 2025, further influencing working bloodlines with their demonstrated stamina and control. These notable working Border Collies have significantly influenced breeding practices, with their lines prioritizing aptitude and introducing that enhance agricultural efficiency in . For instance, champions like and Jock have sired dogs that maintain the breed's core working standards, ensuring sustained impact on global operations. In trials, outruns often exceed 500 meters, testing a dog's and strategic positioning in real-world scenarios.

Dogs in Media and Entertainment

Border Collies have appeared in various films and television programs, often highlighting their intelligence and abilities in narrative contexts. In the 1995 Australian family film Babe, directed by Chris Noonan, Border Collies such as Fly and Rex play key roles in demonstrating sheep on a , where the protagonist pig learns to mimic their techniques to become a . The movie's portrayal of these dogs contributed to heightened public interest in herding breeds, sparking curiosity about their working skills among urban audiences. On television, Border Collies have featured in segments that showcase their trainability and energy. The series included episodes with Border Collies addressing behavioral challenges, such as one dog fixated on running water, illustrating their high-drive personalities in real-life training scenarios. More recently, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's documentary series Muster Dogs (Season 2, 2024) follows the training of Border Collie puppies for mustering, emphasizing their adaptability in competitive and working environments. Although iconic shows like popularized breeds in general, Border Collies have carved a niche in modern programming focused on canine cognition and performance. One of the most renowned Border Collies in media is Chaser, a dog trained in the 2010s by psychologist to recognize over 1,022 proper nouns for toys, demonstrating vocabulary comprehension comparable to a young child. Chaser's feats were documented in the NOVA special The Smartest Dog in the World (2011), which explored her language learning through play-based methods and featured demonstrations of her fetching specific items on command. This exposure underscored the breed's exceptional intelligence, enabling roles that blend entertainment with educational insights into canine capabilities. In the 2020s, Border Collies have gained prominence in viral online content, particularly videos on platforms like , where their speed and precision in navigating obstacle courses have captivated millions. Videos of dogs like P!nk, a champion competitor, showcase flawless runs through tunnels, jumps, and weaves, often amassing views in the tens of millions and highlighting the breed's athleticism. These clips, frequently shared during events like the Westminster Championships, have popularized home training tips and sports among pet owners. For example, Vanish, handled by Lisa Klarner, won the 2025 Westminster Masters in the 16-inch division with a time of 26.49 seconds, generating widespread viral attention. Border Collies also appear in advertisements, particularly those promoting farm life and equipment, where their herding prowess symbolizes efficiency and tradition. For instance, promotional videos for agricultural tools often depict the dogs working alongside tractors to move , reinforcing the breed's association with rural productivity in marketing campaigns by brands like , though specific ad placements vary by region. Their quick learning and energetic demeanor make them ideal for such visuals that appeal to both farmers and general audiences. Media portrayals have notably influenced Border Collie popularity and adoptions. A 2014 study in analyzed how films featuring specific breeds lead to sustained increases in demand, with examples like (2002), which included a Border Collie, correlating to a detectable uptick in registrations for up to a decade post-release. Similarly, Babe's success contributed to broader interest in dogs, indirectly boosting shelter inquiries and adoptions for the breed by drawing attention to their versatility beyond farms. This intelligence-driven appeal in has helped position Border Collies as desirable companions, though it also underscores the need for adopters to match their high energy levels.

Research

Behavioral and Intelligence Studies

Border Collies are frequently ranked at the top of canine intelligence assessments, particularly in working and obedience intelligence. In a seminal 1994 study by psychologist Stanley Coren, Border Collies were rated number one among 110 breeds evaluated, based on surveys of 199 obedience trial judges assessing traits such as understanding new commands (typically in fewer than five repetitions) and obedience compliance rates exceeding 95% of the time. This ranking underscores their exceptional ability to learn and execute complex tasks, distinguishing them from other breeds in adaptive intelligence for practical roles. Research on individual Border Collies has further illuminated their cognitive capabilities. A notable case is Chaser, a Border Collie trained by psychologist , who demonstrated comprehension of over 1,000 proper- object names through intensive training over three years, retaining this knowledge long-term. In controlled experiments, Chaser also exhibited inferential reasoning by exclusion, identifying novel objects by process of elimination when presented with familiar items. Extending this, a 2013 study showed Chaser's ability to understand sentences with prepositional objects, verbs, and direct objects, such as fetching a specific to another location, indicating rudimentary syntactic processing and verb comprehension beyond simple recognition. Neuroimaging studies in the late 2010s have provided insights into the neural underpinnings of Border Collie , particularly related to . A 2019 structural MRI analysis of 62 dogs across 33 breeds revealed that herding breeds like the Border Collie exhibit relatively larger volumes in regions associated with , executive function, and movement planning, suggesting breed-specific adaptations that enhance coordinated behavioral control during tasks like . While functional MRI (fMRI) applications in awake dogs have advanced, with studies showing activation in analogous frontal areas during reward-based learning and social observation, direct fMRI during simulated remains limited but points to heightened engagement in these networks for instinctive . Studies on herding instincts highlight a strong genetic component to behaviors like the characteristic "eye"—an intense technique used to influence movement. Genetic analyses of data from over 3,000 Border Collies estimated heritabilities for key traits, such as balance and , ranging from 0.01 to 0.056, indicating low to moderate genetic influence alongside environmental factors in shaping these innate responses. These findings emphasize the breed's evolutionary selection for adaptive behaviors, validated through rather than twin studies, which are rare in canines due to litter-based pedigrees. A 2025 genomic study further identified key variants associated with skills in Border Collies, reinforcing the genetic basis of these behaviors. Insights from Border Collie behavioral research have informed broader applications, including bio-inspired models for in simulating animal decision-making. For instance, Chaser's learning mechanisms have been referenced in developing AI systems for associative learning and in robotic agents mimicking strategies, drawing on canine cognition to improve multi-agent coordination algorithms.

Genetic and Health Research

Research on the genetics of Border Collies has advanced significantly since the early , with key mappings of hereditary diseases providing foundational insights into breed-specific vulnerabilities. (NCL), a fatal neurodegenerative disorder, was linked to a homozygous (c.616C>T, p.Q206X) in the CLN5 gene through genome sequencing of affected Border Collies, as reported in a 2005 study that identified the variant in 4 and confirmed its role in lysosomal dysfunction leading to neuronal storage accumulation. Similarly, trapped neutrophil syndrome (TNS), an autosomal recessive immunodeficiency causing chronic infections due to impaired release, was mapped to a 3.6 kb deletion in the VPS13B gene via whole-genome sequencing in 2011, establishing it as a canine model for human and highlighting its prevalence in certain Border Collie lines. These early genomic efforts from 2005 to 2011 enabled targeted breeding exclusions and , reducing incidence rates in subsequent generations. Post-2020 studies have emphasized disease and polygenic traits, particularly through foundation-led initiatives. The Border Collie Foundation supported research into early adult-onset (EAOD), a progressive typically manifesting between 2 and 5 years of age, with key efforts from 2016 to 2018 identifying the causal gene and variant, leading to test available by 2019; this built on a 2012 GWAS confirming a heritable component with estimated up to 10% in some working lines, though exact genetic loci were mapped earlier. In parallel, a 2022 multi-breed GWAS using whole-genome sequencing data identified multiple novel loci associated with , a common orthopedic issue in Border Collies, revealing polygenic inheritance involving genes related to skeletal development and inflammation. This approach supported resistance breeding by estimating at 0.2-0.4 in herding breeds like the Border Collie. Breeding practices in Border Collies have been scrutinized for their impact on genetic health, with inbreeding analyses revealing quantifiable risks. A 2021 genomic evaluation of over 500 Border Collies calculated an average genomic inbreeding coefficient (F_ROH) of 0.052, indicating moderate homozygosity that correlates with reduced heterozygosity and heightened susceptibility to recessive disorders; simulations showed that sustained linebreeding over five generations could elevate disease risk by up to 20-30% through loss of genetic diversity, particularly when excluding carriers of NCL and TNS. This study advocated for outcrossing strategies to maintain effective population size above 100, as narrower pedigrees in show lines exhibited 1.5 times higher inbreeding than working populations. Complementing this, a 2020 analysis of long-term selection data demonstrated that while hip dysplasia scores improved via phenotypic selection, inbreeding depression masked gains, with inbred litters showing 15-25% higher odds of moderate-to-severe dysplasia. Looking ahead, genetic research in Border Collies intersects with broader veterinary advancements, including potential applications of for , a polygenic disorder affecting 4-5% of the . While no breed-specific trials exist as of 2025, GWAS in epileptic Border Collies have identified candidate loci on chromosomes 3 and 37, prompting discussions on CRISPR-based corrections modeled from and murine epilepsies; these overlap briefly with behavioral studies, where shared variants influence both thresholds and herding . Ethical considerations surrounding such interventions, including off-target effects and welfare implications for companion animals, have sparked debate in veterinary literature, with 2022 analyses arguing that could mitigate hereditary suffering but requires stringent oversight to avoid exacerbating bottlenecks. Ongoing trials in related canine models emphasize equitable access and long-term health monitoring to balance with responsible breeding.

References

  1. https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/border-collie/
  2. https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/breed-standards/pastoral/border-collie/
  3. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/dog-breeds/border-collie-history-the-herding-dogs-development-through-time/
  4. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/lifestyle/fun-facts-border-collie/
  5. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/news/westminster-masters-agility-2025/
  6. https://images.akc.org/pdf/breeds/standards/Border_Collie.pdf
  7. https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/breed-standards/[pastoral](/page/Pastoral)/border-collie/
  8. https://www.ukcdogs.com/border-collie
  9. http://www.fci.be/nomenclature/Standards/297g01-en.pdf
  10. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/dog-breeding/merle-in-dogs/
  11. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/dog-breeds/smartest-dog-breeds/
  12. https://www.rover.com/blog/train-herding-dog/
  13. https://www.dogster.com/dog-health-care/how-much-exercise-does-a-border-collie-need
  14. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/training/bored-dogs-how-to-recognize-doggy-boredom-and-help/
  15. https://www.timeforpaws.co.uk/blogs/articles/border-collie
  16. http://www.bordercolliemuseum.org/BCHistory/OriginOfCollie.html
  17. http://www.rigelbordercollies.com/BC_Info.html
  18. https://colliepoint.com/border-collie-history/
  19. https://www.trupanion.com/pet-blog/article/border-collie
  20. https://mobilitydog.org/blog-about-mobility-service-dogs-and-their-ada-handlers/2023/2/21/how-to-breed-the-smartest-dog-in-the-world
  21. http://www.bordercollies.nl/the-border-collie/the-ancestors/
  22. http://www.palado.demon.nl/bcdb/article1/WSN1c.htm
  23. https://sheepdog-training.com/where-did-the-border-collie-come-from/
  24. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1350733/John-Richardson.html
  25. https://nationalpurebreddogday.com/international-sheep-dog-society/
  26. https://www.sciquest.org.nz/search/results-2/downloadfulltext/166049
  27. https://www.anz.com.au/bluenotes/2025/august/working-dogs-agri-whitehead-muling-economy/
  28. http://www.bordercolliemuseum.org/BCHistoryAmerica/BC_HistoryAmerica.html
  29. https://pir.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/16263/sa_quanantine_1872-1929_bon_web.pdf
  30. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/border-collie
  31. https://www.petmd.com/dog/breeds/border-collie
  32. https://www.rvc.ac.uk/vetcompass/news/new-rvc-research-helps-owners-better-understand-the-remaining-life-expectancy-of-dogs
  33. https://cgejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40575-018-0066-8
  34. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-10341-6
  35. https://dogwellnet.com/applications/core/interface/file/attachment.php?id=5302
  36. https://www.dogster.com/dog-health-care/border-collie-lifespan-how-long-do-they-live
  37. https://fruitvillevet.com/client-resources/breed-info/border-collie/
  38. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/veterinary-science/articles/10.3389/fvets.2020.00388/full
  39. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9989186/
  40. https://animals.howstuffworks.com/pets/border-collie-vs-australian-shepherd.htm
  41. https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/musculoskeletal/c_dg_hip_dysplasia
  42. https://americanbordercollie.org/bc-information/heath-and-genetics/
  43. https://www.bva.co.uk/media/4906/elbow-breed-specific-statistics-2022.pdf
  44. https://www.ufaw.org.uk/dogs/border-collie-idiopathic-epilepsy
  45. https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/neurological/epilepsy-dogs
  46. https://bordercolliefoundation.org/health-and-education/genetic-diseases/
  47. https://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/eyes/c_dg_collie_eye_anomaly
  48. https://thompsonsbordercollies.com/health-issues/osteochondritis-dissecans-ocd/
  49. https://vgl.ucdavis.edu/breed/border-collie
  50. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S088875430500159X
  51. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-85262-x
  52. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3417203/
  53. https://vgl.ucdavis.edu/test/tns-border-collie
  54. https://animalgenetics.com/dog-tests/canine-disorder-tests/56-tns/
  55. https://www.akc.org/breeder-programs/dna/dna-resource-center/akc-dna-health/breed-specific-dna-testing-recommendations/
  56. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4574391/
  57. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275483490_An_analysis_of_the_inheritance_pattern_of_an_adult-onset_hearing_loss_in_Border_Collie_dogs
  58. https://bordercolliefoundation.org/general-news/the-current-state-of-testing-for-early-adult-onset-deafness-eaod/
  59. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7601391/
  60. https://vgl.ucdavis.edu/panel/border-collie-health-panel
  61. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/paw-care-for-dogs/
  62. https://www.petmd.com/dog/general-health/dog-paw-care
  63. https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/paw-pad-injuries-in-dogs
  64. https://www.isds.org.uk/
  65. https://www.isds.org.uk/major-trials-events/about-isds-trials/
  66. https://sheepdog-training.com/sheepdog-training-31-sheepdog-trials/
  67. https://www.isds.org.uk/download/clientfiles/files/Rules%20For%20Trials%20(2024).pdf
  68. https://www.isds.org.uk/major-trials-events/rules-for-trials/
  69. https://www.isds.org.uk/breeding-registration/registration-on-merit/
  70. https://sheepdog-training.com/traditional-sheepdog-commands-for-farmer-and-shepherd/
  71. https://usbcha.com/resources/judging-guidelines-part-1/
  72. https://usbcha.com/cattledogs/upcoming-cattledog-trials/
  73. https://www.isdssheepdogarchive.org.uk/international-1950-1959.html
  74. https://www.canadianbordercollies.org/cbca-isds
  75. https://www.isds.org.uk/breeding-registration/
  76. https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/search/breeds-a-to-z/breeds/pastoral/border-collie/
  77. https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/search/find-a-puppy/
  78. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6562970/
  79. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bS3GPOv69Mo
  80. https://forum.champdogs.co.uk/topic_show.pl?tid=149700
  81. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/news/most-popular-dog-breeds-2023/
  82. https://givefreely.com/charity-directory/nonprofit/ein-460406923/
  83. https://www.usbcha-sheepdogfinals.com/
  84. https://usbcha.com/
  85. https://www.ckc.ca/en/Choosing-a-Dog/Choosing-a-Breed/Herding-Dogs/Border-Collie-England
  86. https://www.ckc.ca/en/Events/Top-Dogs/Top-Dogs-2023/2023-Top-Herding-Dogs
  87. https://www.akc.org/register/information/open-registration/
  88. https://www.akc.org/breeder-programs/dna/dna-resource-center/conditional-registration/
  89. https://vgl.ucdavis.edu/canine-genetic-diversity/border-collie
  90. https://issuu.com/awsdm/docs/issuu_version/s/22932572
  91. https://nationalsheepdogtrials.org.au/history/
  92. https://www.nzsheepdogs.co.nz/
  93. https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/dogs-sheep-dog-trials
  94. https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/CU0505/S00228/championship-time-for-sheep-dogs.htm
  95. https://www.bccnsw.com/orgin-of-the-breed.asp
  96. http://www.wkc.org.au/Historical-Trials/History-of-Sheepdog-Trials.php
  97. https://www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity-trade/cats-dogs/how-to-import/step-by-step-guides/canine-semen-approved-countries
  98. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-06-13/sheepdog-trials-welcome-young-women-in-male-dominated-sport/105348994
  99. https://venronbordercollies.weebly.com/a-brief-history.html
  100. https://www.sasda.za.net/a-bit-of-history
  101. https://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/297g01-en.pdf
  102. https://bccn.nl/
  103. https://www.statista.com/topics/8280/pet-industry-in-japan/
  104. https://inspection.canada.ca/en/animal-health/terrestrial-animals/diseases/reportable/rabies/countries-high-risk-dog
  105. https://boards.bordercollie.org/topic/32087-difference-in-herding-styles-between-border-collies-aussies-kelpies-koolies-and-other-herders/
  106. https://extension.unh.edu/sites/default/files/migrated_unmanaged_files/Resource003580_Rep5121.pdf
  107. https://americanbordercollie.org/bc-information/
  108. https://www.thebordercollie.co.uk/collections/whistle-command-sounds-and-how-to-use-a-sheepdog-whistle
  109. https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=spwawel
  110. https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2020-07-28/working-dogs-save-farmers-thousands-trainer-says/12448974
  111. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/health/dog-myths-debunked-exercise-in-backyard/
  112. https://wagwalking.com/behavior/why-do-border-collies-chase-cars
  113. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/training/puppy-socialization/
  114. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/news/most-popular-dog-breeds-2024/
  115. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/training/clicker-training-your-dog-mark-and-reward/
  116. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/training/puppy-training-timeline-teaching-good-behavior-before-its-too-late/
  117. https://billingsfarm.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/BFM_Training-A-Herding-Dog.pdf
  118. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/training/training-dogs-to-ignore-distractions/
  119. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/sports/akc-agility-premier-cup-winners-2025/
  120. https://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/results-masters-agility/
  121. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/sports/obedience-classic-winners-2024/
  122. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/news/2024-westminster-masters-obedience-championship-winner/
  123. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ooDG6Br3btU
  124. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TtjY_YgZEzo
  125. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/sports/flyball-101-how-to-compete-in-flyball-for-dogs/
  126. https://u-fli.com/statistics/top-20s/
  127. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/sports/2023-disc-dog-challenge-winners/
  128. https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/sports/2024-disc-dog-challenge-winners/
  129. http://easyherding.com/Stories/janepart11.htm
  130. https://asca.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/stockdogrules.pdf
  131. https://www.usdaa.com/awards/breed-statistics-by-title-details.cfm?tc=CHB
  132. https://www.bordercolliemuseum.org/AuldHemp/AULDHEMP.html
  133. https://americanbordercollie.org/roy-abc-3455/
  134. https://usbcha.com/sheepdogs/sheepdog-finals-archive/sheepdog-open-champions/
  135. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B3vLSyBlYNA
  136. https://usbcha.com/sheepdogs/sheepdog-finals-archive/2024-sheepdog-finals-scores/
  137. https://www.facebook.com/nationalsheepdogfinals/posts/good-morning-from-the-semis/1098635339145578/
  138. https://www.bordercollie.org/health/breeding/genetics/
  139. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6x1zChzTPNs
  140. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0112431/
  141. https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/babe-1995
  142. https://boards.bordercollie.org/topic/27146-dog-whisperer/
  143. https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2024/jan/14/muster-dogs-abc-season-2-border-collies
  144. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2011/01/11/132839704/good-dog-border-collie-learns-more-than-1-000-words
  145. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/video/chaser-smartest-dog/
  146. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0106565
  147. https://acerbialberto.com/files/2014_plos_a.pdf
  148. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21145379/
  149. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6764193/
  150. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5813826/
  151. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27488613/
  152. https://phys.org/news/2025-05-genetic-analysis-reveals-key-variants.html
  153. https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/59729/artificial-intelligence-in-animal-behaviour-veterinary-behaviour-and-neurology/magazine
  154. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16033706/
  155. https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2164-12-258
  156. https://bordercolliefoundation.org/health-and-education/deafness-research/
  157. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9755188/
  158. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/10/1743
  159. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9133619/
  160. https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/vetr.1800
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.