Digital terrestrial television

Digital terrestrial television is transmitted using radio frequencies through terrestrial space in the same way as the former analog television systems, with the primary difference being the use of multiplex transmitters to allow reception of multiple services (TV, radio stations or data) on a single frequency (such as a UHF or VHF channel).

The amount of data that can be transmitted (and therefore the number of channels) is directly affected by channel capacity and the modulation method of the transmission.^[2]

North America and South Korea use the ATSC standard with 8VSB modulation, which has similar characteristics to the vestigial sideband modulation used for analog television. This provides considerably more immunity to interference, but it is not immune to multipath distortion, and also does not provide for single-frequency network operation (which is in any case not a requirement in the United States).^{[citation needed]}

The modulation method used in DVB-T is COFDM, with either 64 or 16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). In general, 64QAM is capable of transmitting at a greater bit rate, but it is more susceptible to interference. 16- and 64QAM constellations can be combined in a single multiplex, providing a controllable degradation for more important program streams. This is called hierarchical modulation. DVB-T (and even more so DVB-T2) is tolerant of multipath distortion and are designed to work in single-frequency networks.

Developments in video compression have resulted in improvements to the original discrete cosine transform (DCT) based H.262 MPEG-2 video coding format, which has been surpassed by H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and more recently H.265 HEVC. H.264 enables three high-definition television services to be coded into a 24 Mbit/s DVB-T European terrestrial transmission channel.^[2] DVB-T2 increases this channel capacity to typically 40 Mbit/s, allowing even more services.

Digital terrestrial television is received either via a digital set-top box (STB), TV gateway, or more commonly now, an integrated tuner in a television set, that operates on the signal received via a television antenna. These devices often include digital video recorder (DVR) functionality.^[3]

Due to frequency planning issues, an aerial capable of receiving different channel groups, like a wideband antenna, may be required if the digital signal multiplexes lie outside the reception capabilities of the originally installed aerial.^[4] Indoor aerials are more likely to be affected by these issues.^[5]

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Afghanistan officially launched digital transmissions in Kabul using DVB-T2/MPEG-4 on Sunday, 31 August 2014.^[6] Test transmissions began on four UHF channels at the start of June 2014. Transmitters were provided by GatesAir.

Bangladesh launched its first DTT service on 28 April 2016 using DVB-T2/MPEG-4 with GS Group as the service provider. The DTT service is branded as RealVU, and its launch was carried out in partnership with Beximco. GS Group acts as a supplier and integrator of its in-house hardware and software solutions for the operator in accordance with modern digital television standards RealVU provides more than 100 TV channels in both SD and HD.The digital TV set-top boxes developed by GS Group offer functions such as PVR, time-shifting, and an EPG.

India adopted the DVB-T system for digital television in July 1999.^[7] The first DVB-T transmission began on 26 January 2003 in the four major metropolitan cities by Doordarshan.^[8] Currently the terrestrial transmission is available in both digital and analog formats. Four high-power DVB-T transmitters were set up in the top 4 cities, which were later upgraded to DVB-T2 + MPEG-4 and DVB-H standards. An additional 190 high-power and 400 low-power DVB-T2 transmitters have been approved for Tier I, II, and III cities of the country by 2017. The Indian telecom regulator, TRAI, recommended that the I&B allow private broadcast companies to use the DTT technology in 2005.^[9] So far, the Indian I&B ministry only permits private broadcast companies to use satellite, cable, and IPTV-based systems. The government's broadcasting organisation Doordarshan started the free TV service over DVB-T2 to mobile phone users from 25 February onwards and extended it to cover 16 cities, including the four metros from 5 April 2016.^[10][11][12]

Israel started digital transmissions in MPEG-4 on Sunday, 2 August 2009, and analogue transmissions ended on 31 March 2011. Israel was the first nation in the Middle East and the first non-European nation to shut down its analogue TV distribution system. The new service which is operated by The Second Authority for Television and Radio in Israel currently offers 6 SD TV channels, 2 HD TV channels from IPBC - Israel Public Broadcasting Corporation (Kan 11 and Makan 33) and 30 national and regional (private) radio services.

According to government decisions, the system will expand to include two additional multiplexes that will carry new channels and HD versions of the existing channels. There was a proposal by the Ministry of Finance to run a tender in order to hand over the maintenance of the system to a private company that, in return, will receive an extended license and will be able to offer pay TV channels. In this matter, nothing has been decided upon until the end of 2012. Eventually, there were no further moves in this direction (updated in August 2023).

On 20 March 2013, it was announced that Thomson Broadcast had won a major contract with The Second Authority for Television and Radio for the extension of its nationwide DVB-T/DVB-T2 network. The Second Authority's order for new infrastructure includes two new multiplexes on thirty sites including three single-frequency areas. This major deal incorporates a three-year service agreement for the global transmission system.

Sixty-three high and medium-power transmitters from Thomson's GreenPower range have been ordered together with installation and commissioning services, in a deal that follows on from the company's earlier deployment of DVB-T multiplexes over thirty transmission and sixty-two repeater sites. Equipped with dualcast-ready digital exciters, the GreenPower range offers the ability to smoothly migrate from DVB-T to DVB-T2 and to easily offer additional HDTV content. Ranging from low- to high-power, the range covers all the power requirements of The Second Authority. Thomson will also deploy its user-friendly centralized Network Management System to control and monitor the overall transmission system from a single facility.

The deal includes a new service level agreement providing The Second Authority with a high level of local services to keep its currently operating DTV transmission equipment running 24/7, 365 days a year.

Japan completed its nationwide transition from analog to digital terrestrial television (DTT) on 24 July 2011, becoming the first Asian country to do so. The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIAC) and the DPA set specifications for "simplified DTT tuners" priced under 5,000 yen on 25 December 2007 to facilitate the transition and prevent the disposal of analog-only TV sets.^[14] MIAC estimated that up to 14 million traditional analog TV sets would remain in use after the complete transition.

On 20 December 2007, the Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association introduced the Dubbing 10 digital right management system for DTT broadcasting, allowing viewers to copy entire programs up to nine times, with one final transferable copy.^[15] The system launched on 4 July 2008 after negotiations with the Japanese Society for Rights of Authors, Composers and Publishers. By March 2008, the DPA reported 32.7 million ISDB-T-capable television sets in Japan, excluding mobile 1seg units, and MIAC reported that 43.7% of households owned DTT compatible receivers, up from 27.8% a year earlier. Full coverage was projected by April 2011.^[16]

On 3 September 2009, MIAC announced a tender to procure 5,000–8,000 simplified DTT tuners with remote controls for a city-wide analog-to-digital transition test in Suzu, Ishikawa to be delivered by the end of November.^[17] Based on this rehearsal, analog transmissions in Suzu and parts of Noto were suspended for 48 hours between noon on 22 January 2010 and noon on 24 January 2010. On 24 July 2010, at noon, analog broadcasts ended in Suzu and parts of Noto (about 8,800 homes) ahead of the national switchover scheduled for 24 July 2011; MIAC monitored the test to identify transition issues.

As of late 2025, Japan's digital terrestrial television (DTT) system is fully operational, providing nationwide coverage. Over-the-air broadcasts remain popular for reaching audiences, offering news, entertainment, and emergency information.^[18] Ultra High Definition (UHD) programming is also available over DTT, allowing viewers to access high-resolution content without internet streaming.^[19][20]

Digital television in Malaysia was first rolled out in January 2014.^[21][22] By June 2015, free digital television was provided by MYTV Broadcasting. In the first phase, there would be around 15 digital television stations nationwide with further stations will be added in the next phase.^[23] By November 2016, MYTV set top box also available for sale in electronics store nationwide. Malaysia government officiated the launching of digital television in the country on 6 June 2017 with an estimate of 4.2 million digital television decoders freely distributed to the country citizens, including recipients of the government aid of 1Malaysia People's Aid (BR1M).^[24][25]

The government has planned for a full shutdown of analogue television broadcasting by September 2019 with a full introduction of digital television will be available to public by October.^[26][27][28] Langkawi become the first area of analogue television switch off that were executed on 21 July at 02:30 (UTC+8).^[29] Further on 6 August, the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Ministry released a complete list of transition date on the remaining areas with central and southern West Malaysia to be commenced on 19 August, northern West Malaysia on 2 September, eastern coast West Malaysia on 17 September and entire East Malaysia on 30 September.^[30] The switch over in West Malaysia was fully completed on 16 October at 12:30 am (UTC+8),^[31] while the final switch over in East Malaysia was completed on 31 October also at 12:30 am (UTC+8) as scheduled.^{[32][33][34][35]}

The Maldives has chosen the Japanese-Brazilian standard ISDB-Tb.

The Philippines began its transition to digital terrestrial television (DTT) in 2010 when the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) announced the adoption of the Japanese ISDB-T International standard.^[36] The first fully operational digital TV channel was Channel 49, operated by the religious group Iglesia ni Cristo. In October 2012, DZCE-TV reopened its analog signal to relaunch as INC TV, transmitting digitally only during off-air hours of the analog broadcast. The state-owned People's Television Network (PTV) conducted its test transmission on UHF Channel 48.

On 11 February 2015, ABS-CBN launched ABS-CBN TV Plus, also known as the "Mahiwagang Blackbox."^[37] The digital TV box was initially distributed to viewers of ABS-CBN Channel 2, DZMM, and DZMM TeleRadyo. Digital television transition began on 28 February 2017, with DZOZ-TV of ZOE Broadcasting Network being the first station to permanently shut down analog terrestrial transmissions.^[38] The NTC initially aimed to complete the analog switch-off by 2023, but the deadline was extended to 2025 for Mega Manila and 2026 for other regions.^[39]

Other broadcasters also launched digital services. Solar Entertainment Corporation introduced Easy TV in May 2018, which ceased operations in September 2019.^[40] GMA Network launched the GMA Affordabox in October 2020 and introduced two sub-channels, Heart of Asia Channel and Hallypop.^[41] TV5 Network, Inc. launched Sulit TV in September 2021, featuring TV5, One Sports, and RPTV.^[42]

As of 2025, the NTC continues to oversee the transition from analog to digital terrestrial television, with ongoing efforts to complete the analog switch-off in Mega Manila and nationwide.^[43]

Singapore adopted the DVB-T2 standard in 2012, with monopoly Free-to-air broadcaster Mediacorp offering all seven of its services via DTT in 2013. Mediacorp ended analogue television service shortly after midnight on 2 January 2019.^[44][45][46]

Sri Lanka has chosen the Japanese-Brazilian standard ISDB-Tb.

In 2005, the Ministry of Information announced a plan to digitalize nationwide free-to-air television broadcasts led by MCOT. Trial broadcasts ran from December 2000 to May 2001 with 1,000 households in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area. According to the Deputy Minister of Information, the trial received very positive feedback^[47][48]

Information Minister Sontaya Kunplome said full digitization would complete by 2012 as part of a three-year restructuring plan. Once equipped with a Set-top box or iDTV set, each household could receive up to 19 channels with seven from MCOT and the remainder from private broadcasters such as Channel 3.^[47][48]

Thailand and the rest of ASEAN (excluding the Philippines) adopted DVB-T as their DTT standard, targeting complete analogue switch-off by 2015.^[49][50] At the 6th ASEAN Digital Broadcasting Meeting in June 2008, delegates agreed on common set-top-box details and established an ASEAN HD Centre for broadcaster training.^[51]

The final analogue service, Channel 3 HD, ceased transmission on 26 March 2020.^[52]

As of mid-2025, Thailand's digital terrestrial television platform is fully operational in all provinces, with over 98% of households receiving digital signals via set-top boxes or digital televisions.^[53] The Association of Digital Television Broadcasting urged the NBTC to expedite decisions on multiplex capacity and migration to DVB-T2 to accommodate 4K services and interactive features.^[54] In response, the NBTC convened a focus-group session in May 2025 to gather industry and consumer input before publishing the draft roadmap in the third quarter of 2025.^[55] Continued viewership growth has prompted DTT operators to offer additional services, ranging from enhanced emergency alert systems to expanded mobile streaming and broadcast datacasting, as they seek to stabilize revenues ahead of license auction discussions in 2028.^[56]

Australia uses DVB-T. The transition to digital television and the phaseout of analogue television was completed on 10 December 2013.

New Zealand uses DVB-T. The transition to digital television was completed on 1 December 2013, at 2 AM.

As of 2001, two countries had introduced DTT: Sweden and Spain. Their total TV viewership market shares were 2.3%, and 3.5% respectively.^[57]

The EU recommended in May 2005^[58] that its Member States cease all analogue television transmissions by 1 January 2012. Some EU member states decided to complete the transition as early as 2006 for Luxembourg and the Netherlands, and 2007 for Finland.^[59] Latvia stopped broadcasting analogue television from 1 June 2010. Poland completed the transition on 23 July 2013 and Bulgaria completed the transition on 30 September 2013. Malta switched on 1 November 2011. ASO was mostly completed in Europe in 2013 though small hilly underpopulated isolated terrain areas awaited DTT rollout beyond that date.^[60][61]

Many television viewers' equipment in Europe might experience interference and blocking because of 800 MHz broadband usage.

As of 2018, DTT is the main TV reception for 27.7 percent of the EU27 countries. Croatia, Greece, Italy, and Spain all have DTT penetration over 50 percent of total TV reception.^[62]

Bulgaria launched a free-to-air platform in the Sofia region starting in November 2004. The standards chosen are DVB-T and MPEG4 AVC/H.264 compression format. DVB-T2 will not be used at this time. The Communications Regulatory Commission (CRC) has said that it received 6 bids for the licence to build and operate Bulgaria's two nationwide DTT networks. A second licence tender for the operation of 3 DTT multiplexes was open until 27 May 2009.^[63][64] Following the closing of this process, Hannu Pro, part of Silicon Group, and with Baltic Operations has secured the license to operate three DTT multiplexes in Bulgaria by the country's Communications Regulatory Commission (CRC) Bulgaria officially completed the transition to digital broadcasting on Monday, 30 September 2013.^[65]

Flanders has no free-to-air television, as Dutch-language public broadcaster VRT shut off its DVB-T service on 1 December 2018 citing minimal usage.^[66] VRT cited that only 1 percent of Flemish households made use of the terrestrial signal and that it was not worth the €1 million to upgrade to DVB-T2.^[67] After some outcry over the loss of terrestrial coverage, VRT's channels were added to TV Vlaanderen's subscription DVB-T2 package called Antenne TV alongside all major Dutch-language commercial channels.^[68]

French-language public broadcaster RTBF remains available in Brussels and Wallonia via DVB-T transmissions.

95 percent of Belgium is covered by cable, well above the EU28 average of 45.1 percent, which can explain the low terrestrial usage in the country.^[69]

DTT had its technical launch in Denmark in March 2006 after some years of public trials. The official launch was at midnight on 1 November 2009 when the analogue broadcasts shut down nationwide.

As of June 2020, five national multiplexes are available, broadcasting several channels in both SD and HD via DVB-T2, all using the MPEG-4 codec.

MUX 1 is Free-to-air and operated by I/S DIGI-TV, a joint-venture between DR and TV 2.

MUX 2, 3, 4, and 5 are operated by Boxer, and are for pay television only.

Finland launched DTT in 2001 and terminated analogue transmissions nationwide on 1 September 2007. Finland has successfully launched a mixture of pay and free-to-air DTT services. Digita operates the DTT and Mobile Terrestrial networks and rents capacity to broadcasters on its network on a neutral market basis. Digita is owned by TDF (France).^[70][71] The pay-DTT service provider Boxer has acquired a majority stake in the leading Finnish pay DTT operator PlusTV which offers several commercial channels for a subscription. It started in October 2006. Boxer already provides pay-DTT services in Sweden and Denmark.^[72]

Three nationwide multiplexes are granted to DNA and Anvia for DVB-T2 for high-definition and standard-definition channel (MPEG4).

France's Télévision Numérique Terrestre (TNT) offers 25 free national channels, one pay channel (Paris Première), and up to four local free channels. Free-to-view satellite services began simulcasting the TNT lineup launched in June 2007.^[73] By December 2008, DTT penetration was projected to reach 89% of Metropolitan France.^[74] The nationwide transition from analogue to digital television began in early 2010 and was completed by late 2011, with the final analogue switch-off taking place on 30 November 2011.^[75][76][77]

Since 12 December 2012, TNT has included a mix of free and pay high definition channels using the MPEG-4 format. While most HD services continue to be broadcast via DVB-T, France began transitioning to DVB-T2 in January 2024 to enable Ultra HD and future service enhancements.^[78]

Germany launched a free-to-air platform region-by-region, starting in Berlin in November 2002. The analogue broadcasts were planned to cease soon after digital transmissions were started. Berlin became completely digital on 4 August 2003, with other regions completing between then and 2008. Digital switchover has been completed throughout Germany as of 2 December 2008, and services are now available to 100% of the population following the update of infill for the remaining 10% of transmitters by Media Broadcast, who set up broadcast antennas at 79 transmission sites and installed 283 new transmitter stations. More services are to be launched on DTT and some pay DTT channels are or have been launched in various areas, such as Stuttgart and soon Leipzig.^[79]

The Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT) began pilot digital terrestrial television (DTT) transmissions in January 2006 under the brand ERT Digital, offering the channels Prisma+, Cine+, Sport+ and retransmission of Cyprus' RIK Sat in selected areas including Athens, Thessaloniki and parts of Thessaly.^[80] By 2011, ERT operated two multiplexes: one carrying Vouli Tileorasi, Prisma+, CineSport+, with the second mux using DVB-T2 and carrying ERT1, ERT2 Sport, ERT3, plus the then new high definition service ERT HD using MPEG-4. ERT HD began its initial full HD transmissions in April 2011.^[81][82]

Commercial broadcasters implemented the transition through the consortium Digea, which began commercial digital transmissions in September 2009 from the Xylokastro transmitter and progressively activated services in Thessaloniki, Athens and other regions through 2011–2013. Regional broadcasters organized under Digital Union also launched DTT services from 2010 onwards, providing additional regional and local channels in Thessaloniki, Crete, Patras and other areas.^[83][84][85]

Analog broadcasts in Athens were discontinued in August 2011 and by the full completion of the analog sign-off process in February 2015, Greece operated well over 150 digital transmitter sites and achieved national population coverage in excess of 90% through its combined public and privately operated multiplexes.^[86][87]

As of 2025, Greece's digital terrestrial television remains popular, with Digea continuing to manage the majority of over the air stations and infrastructure. Along with the ERT broadcasting it's highly viewed multiplexes, offering national and regional programming throughout the country.^[88][89][90]

Experimental DTT broadcast has started in December 2008. The program of Duna Televízió was broadcast during the trials. Originally, analog television was planned to be shut down on 1 January 2012, but this deadline was first pushed out to 2014 and then brought forward to 2013. Analogue broadcast was terminated at 12:30 pm, on 31 July 2013 in the central part of Hungary, and in October 2013 in the rest of the country. M1, M2, Duna TV, Duna World, RTL Klub, TV2 and Euronews are available as free-view. M1, M2, and Duna TV are also available in HD.

On both of the 2013 shutoff dates, all analog channels ceased normal programming at 12:30 pm and showed a silent ASO information screen that had a phone number to call for help. It was kept on for a few days, after which the analog transmitters were permanently shut down.

In Ireland, DTT has been somewhat problematic. Responsibility for DTT, based on plans of Raidió Teilifís Éireann, was divided between two government Departments with differing views on its running. This delayed the project, took away its momentum, and the economic situation deteriorated so that the opportunity to launch in good conditions was lost. When legislation finally arrived after two years to enable DTT to proceed, a private sector model was envisaged similar to the UK. A company trading as "It's TV" was the sole applicant for a digital terrestrial television license under the provisions of the Irish Broadcasting Act 2001. The "It's TV" proposed a triple play deployment with Broadband, TV, and Digital Radio services, but the on-air return channel (DVB-RCT system) for "interactive" use, while tens of Mbps per mast, would per user only have been 300 to 2400bit/s at peak times; they never got approval to run an Internet service. RTÉ was to have a minority stake in its network and sell its majority share. However, legislative delays and economic changes made it financially difficult for RTÉ to get a good price for the network stake. "It's TV" plans raise the necessary funding failed due to the lack of approval for the Internet aspect and infeasible Internet access model. Other DTT deployments in operation around that time also went bust, most particularly in the UK, Spain, and Portugal. "It's TV" failed to get its license conditions varied or to get a time extension for securing funding. Its license was either never awarded (as they could not demonstrate a viable business plan & funding) or was eventually withdrawn for non-performance.

Under subsequent legislation in May 2007, RTÉ, the spectrum regulator (ComReg), and the broadcasting regulator BCI (now BAI), were mandated to invite applications during 2008 under the Broadcasting (Amendment) Act 2007. RTÉ and the BCI received licenses from ComReg for the spectrum to establish DTT. The BAI advertised and invited multiplex submissions by 2 May 2008. RTÉ Networks was required to broadcast in digital terrestrial TV (aerial TV) and received an automatic license through the RTÉ Authority. It expanded and upgraded its transmission network to digital terrestrial during 2009 which culminated in 98% coverage by 31 December 2011 with analog switchover beginning in Summer 2012 in concert with Northern Ireland, under the MOU signed with the UK and Irish Governments.^[91]

It also planned on making this network available to the commercial multiplex winner for rental of capacity once negotiations had concluded, rental agreed and a security bond received.^[92] It was testing the BAI multiplexes from November 2009 across the network, which is publicly receivable with the correct DTT receivers. 1 Mux (a group of broadcast channels) would have provided the services of the public service broadcaster and have had 98% population coverage by 31 December 2011. The other three multiplexes would have had between 90% and 92% population coverage. Following Analogue Switchover one additional PSB mux and one or more commercial muxes was made available for DTT, mobile television, broadband, and other services.

The BCI (now BAI) received three conditional applications to operate the three muxes which were presented to the public on 12 May 2008. It decided in principle to allocate the license to Boxer DTT Ltd, a consortium made up of the Swedish pay-DTT operator Boxer and the media group Communicorp at its board meeting on 21 July 2008.^[93]

On 20 April 2009, the BCI revealed that Boxer had withdrawn their license, and it was instead given to the runner-up applicant OneVision.^[94] At the end of April 2010 the negotiations with Onevision ended and they also decided to return the license. On 29 April 2010, the contract was offered to the only remaining applicant, Easy TV.^[95][96] The Easy TV consortium informed the BAI on 12 May 2010 that it was declining their offer to pursue negotiations regarding the Commercial DTT Multiplex Licence.^[97]

A Houses of the Oireachtas Channel (reportedly shelved in December 2008) and the Irish Film Channel (whose status is unclear though a company was formed to provide the channel)^[98] were enabled for establishment as public service broadcasters on Irish DTT.^[99][100]

The Broadcasting Authority of Ireland replaced the Broadcasting Complaints Commission, the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland, and the RTÉ Authority. The BAI includes Awards and Advisory Committees under statutory instrument 389 that gave effect to the provisions of the Broadcasting Act 2009. This legislation dissolved the BCI, vesting it and new responsibilities, assets, and liabilities in a new Broadcasting Authority of Ireland on 1 October 2009.^[101] This Act also dealt with analogue switchover.

A DTT Information Campaign was announced by the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources, to launch in March 2009 ahead of the September 2009 launch of Irish DTT.^[102][103] The Information Campaign was undertaken by the BAI, with the support of the department.

On 30 October 2010, FTA DTT, which is known as Saorview, was launched^[104] following a direction from the Minister for Communications, Energy & Natural Resources, to RTÉ and the signing of the RTÉ (National Television Multiplex) Order 2010 (S.I. No. 85 of 2010) on 26 February 2010.^[105] The rollout of FTA Saorview DTT then proceeded, and a commercial DTT competition was deferred.^[106]

On 1 July 2010, RTÉ announced that Mary Curtis, RTÉ's deputy head of TV programming, would take on the role of Director of Digital Switchover (DSO).^[107]

In May 2011, RTÉ launched Saorview, which was officially opened by Minister Rabbitte.^[108]

On 14 October 2011, Minister Rabbitte announced that analogue terrestrial television broadcasts would be switched off on 24 October 2012. This date was chosen in consultation with the UK on its Northern Ireland analogue switchover date so that both jurisdictions on the island would switch over at roughly the same time. This was done to make it straightforward for citizens on both sides of the border,^[109] referring citizens to both Saorview's website^[110] and the Department's Digital Switchover Website.^[111]

On 24 October 2012, all analogue television transmission in Ireland ended, leaving Saorview as the primary source of broadcast television in Ireland.

The switch-off of the analogue terrestrial network progressed region–by–region. It started on Wednesday, 15 October 2008, and was completed on Wednesday, 4 July 2012. The selected broadcasting standard is DVB-T with MPEG2 video for SD and H.264 video for HD, audio is usually MPEG1. The whole frequency spectrum has been allocated with SFN in mind. Along with the original analog free-to-air channels that switched to digital, a few new pay-per-view platforms came around with the advent of DTT. Worth mentioning is the addition of an experimental free-to-air HD 1080i channel from RAI, which is set to broadcast important sport events like the Olympic Games or the FIFA World Cup.

Luxembourg launched DTT services in April 2006. The national service was launched in June 2006. On 1 September 2006, Luxembourg became the first European country to transition completely to DTT. Luxe TV, a niche theme based station, soon began broadcasting on the Luxembourg DTT platform, transmitted from the Dudelange transmitter. The aim was to reach audiences in some parts of Germany as well as in Luxembourg.^[112][113]

The Netherlands launched its DTT service on 23 April 2003, and terminated analogue transmissions nationwide on 11 December 2006. KPN owns Digitenne, which provides a mix of FTA public channels and paid DTT services.^[114] KPN started to switch its digital terrestrial television platform Digitenne to the DVB-T2 HEVC standard in October 2018,^[115] this transition completed on 9 July 2019.^[116]

DTT launch in Poland was scheduled for Autumn 2009. Regulatory disagreements delayed its tender and approach until resolved, and the multiplexes available for DTT were reduced to 3, and the 2nd was licensed in the Autumn of 2009. The reduction from 5 to 3 enabled mobile TV and broadband to get more spectrum allocation. Muxes 2 and 3 therefore, had limited coverage until ASO. Polsat, TVN, TV4, and TV Puls have officially applied to reserve space on the country's first multiplex set to start in September. Wirtualne Media is given as the source of the story. The public broadcaster's three main channels, TVP1, TVP2, and TVP Info, had already been allocated capacity on the multiplex.

Poland ended its television broadcast in analogue on 23 July 2013. A mobile TV license has also been awarded in Poland to Info TV FM to use DVB-H standard.^[117]

Portugal launched its DTT service on 29 April 2009, available to around 20% of the Portuguese population, and Portugal Telecom expected to reach 80% of the population by the end of 2009. Airplus TV Portugal, which was set up to compete for a licence to manage Portugal's pay-TV DTT multiplexes, dissolved as it did not get the license, and a Portuguese court ruled not to suspend the process for the awarding of a licence to Portugal Telecom, based on a complaint submitted by Airplus TV Portugal. After Airplus TV Portugal was dissolved, Portugal Telecom informed that it will not honour the pay-TV DTT multiplexes licence obligations. ANACOM, the Portuguese communications authority, accepted. Portugal thus has only one active multiplexer.^[118]

In Romania, broadcasting regulations have been amended so that DTT service providers have only a single licence rather than the two previously required by the National Audiovisual Council (CNA). DTT services were launched in December 2009 using the MPEG-4 (H.264 AVC) compression format^[119] following the Ministry of Communications publication of a strategic plan for the transition to digital broadcasting. According to Media Express, it envisaged a maximum of five national UHF multiplexes, a national VHF multiplex, and a multiplex allocated to regional and local services, all in accordance with the ITU Geneva Conference RRC-06 reports BroadbandTVNews.

The Ministry of Communications (MCSI) estimated that 49% of Romania's 7.5 million households got TV from cable and 27% from DTH services in Romania, while terrestrial TV was used by 18% of the TV households. 6% are reported as not able to receive TV transmissions. Subsidies were offered for those below a certain income to assist switchover for them.^[120] Switchover was scheduled for January 2012.^[121]

Romkatel, the local representative of Kathrein, has since been awarded the commercial Romanian DTT services license. ZF reported that Romkatel has signed a 12-month contract worth €710,420, having beaten off a challenge from France's TDF. The tender was organised by Romania's National Society for Radiocommunications (SNR).^[122] Meanwhile, the National Audiovisual Council, in charge of the public service broadcasting sector has awarded digital licences to the public channels TVR1 and TVR2.

According to Media Express, this followed a short debate at the National Audiovisual Council (CNA) about whether to also award licences to the nine remaining public channels, one of which transmits in HD, and five are regional.

The National Authority in Communications (ANCOM) will most probably award the transmission network contract for this to the national transmission company Radiocommunicatii.^[123]

In June 2013, the Romanian Government issued a strategy to shift from analogue terrestrial to digital terrestrial. According to the Strategy, one of the five planned digital terrestrial multiplexes will be de facto granted to Radiocom, the state company involved in terrestrial carrying the public television signals, way before a selection for the muxes operators will be organized by ANCOM, selection with the deadline of 17 June 2015. The government is describing the Radiocom multiplex with the terms "pilot project" and "experiment". The minimum technical requirements for this project are: broadcast standard DVB-T2, ensuring the coverage of up to 40% of the population until 1 July 2014, and 70% of the population up to 17 June 2015, and the possibility of using the broadcasting premises that belongs to Radiocom.^[124]

On 17 June 2015, Romania shut down analog broadcasting and started broadcasting with DVB-T2 technology, but with very low coverage, and a very reduced number of broadcasts available. Because of low coverage, Romania stopped broadcasting TVR 1 in analog format on VHF on 31 December 2015. However, since the analog shut down, many people who were receiving TV on terrestrial changed to a cable or DTH provider. On 31 December 2016, Romania successfully switched to DVB-T2. After 2016, the channels received on DVB-T2 continued getting lower and lower after people switched to cable or satellite, since DVB-T was delayed a lot of times before. Kanal D left the terrestrial platform on 2 July 2015, and Antena 3 as well. Only Antena 1 was the only Antena Group channel to be available on terrestrial, but only until around 2010. However, people still use terrestrial TV for foreign channels. Although many TV sellers are marking their TV as being compatible with digital terrestrial television in Romania, by highlighting this feature with a sticker on the TV, buyers are mainly interested in whether the TV has DVB-C or DVB-C, however, TV sets without DVB-T2 continue to be sold with only DVB-T/C and sometimes S2, as cable and satellite compatibility presents most of the interest.

As of 2022, only TVR channels still broadcast in DVB-T, as every other channel in Romania has switched to DVB-C or DVB-S.

In Spain, most multiplexes closed after the failure of Quiero TV, the country's original pay DTT platform. DTT was relaunched on 30 November 2005, with 20 free-to-air national TV services as well as numerous regional and local services. Nearly 11 million DTT receivers had been sold as of July 2008. Positive approval for pay DTT services has reportedly been given by Spain's Ministry of Industry in a surprise move on 17 June by the Advisory Council on Telecommunications and the Information Society (Catsi). IT will now be included in a Royal Decree. Several leading Spanish media players, including Sogecable, Telefónica, Ono, Orange, and Vodafone have apparently criticised that, as according to Prisa, Sogecable's owner, "it caps a series of policy changes that benefit only a few audiovisual operators, those of terrestrial TV, to the detriment of satellite operators, cable and DSL." There may be appeals lodged against the government's decision.^[125]

In Sweden, DTT was launched in 1999 solely as a paid service. As of 2007, there are 38 channels in 5 MUXs. 11 of those are free-to-air channels from a number of different broadcasters. Switch-off of the analogue TV service started on 19 September 2005 and finished on 29 October 2007. Boxer began the deployment of MPEG-4 receivers to new subscribers. Over the next six years, from 2008, Sweden will gradually migrate from MPEG-2 visual coding to using MPEG-4, H.264. The Swedish Radio and TV Authority (RTVV) recently announced eight new national channels that will broadcast in the MPEG-4 format. From 1 April 2008, Boxer is also responsible for approving devices to use on the network; it will no longer accept MPEG-2 receivers for test and approval. Set Top Boxes must be backward compatible so that they can decode both MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 coded transmissions.^[126]

Switzerland introduced DTT in 2007. Switzerland later became the first country to eliminate broadcast terrestrial television entirely when public broadcaster SRG SSR, which runs the country's only terrestrial channels, shut down its DVB-T transmitter network in June 2019. SRG SSR estimated that less than two percent of households relied on its DVB-T network, the large majority of which used it only for reception on secondary devices, making continued operation not economically viable.^[127] Its programing will remain on IPTV services, cable, and free-to-air satellite.^[128] SRG SSR recommended consumers to switch to satellite.^[62] As the satellite signals are free but encrypted to restrict reception to Swiss residents, there is now one privately owned DVB-T transmitter on Hoher Kasten in Appenzell to feed the channels of SRF to cable systems in Vorarlberg, Austria.^[129]

DTT was successfully launched in November 2009. It uses MPEG-2 for 4K UHD and MPEG-4 for HD. The service was launched by ONE, and the platform is called BoomTV. It offers 42 channels, including all national networks, and it is available to 95% of the population.^[130]

Digital terrestrial television in the Russian Federation was inaugurated in the summer of 2009 with a primary multiplex dedicated to public service and educational broadcasters. Over the years this initial offering was augmented by the addition of national commercial stations.^[131]

On 19 March 2012, the country completed its migration from DVB-T to DVB-T2, increasing transmission capacity and paving the way for a second multiplex, which started operation in December of that year with a broader mix of local and regional services.^[132][133]

In 2014, the digital footprint was extended through the deployment of two additional multiplexes in newly equipped rural areas across the country. A third multiplex commenced service in the Moscow capital region on 15 January 2015, offering time shifted satellite feeds in addition to existing OTA channels to address urban viewing patterns.^[134]

By late 2018, the Ministry of Digital Development launched a four-phase analogue shutdown, starting regional switchovers and concluding nationwide by October 2019. The first region completed its digital transition on 3 December 2018, and transmitters were turned off on 14 October 2019. Some legacy broadcasts remained briefly for transition.^{[135][136][137]}

In October 2020, the second multiplex's configuration was overhauled, launching new networks to better reflect evolving demographics.^[138]

DTT was trialed in Turkey in 2006 using DVB-T, but the public rollout did not occur; only the analogue transmission was switched off in favour of HD satellite broadcast. In 2011, preparations were made for the introduction of DTT, with channel licenses later allocated. However, in 2014, the allocations were voided by the Supreme Court, citing irregularities in awarding the licenses. The uncertainty led to reluctance of broadcasters to invest in a DTT network, particularly with satellite TV having a dominant penetration.^[139] The DTT project was revived in 2016 with the construction of a multi-purpose 100 m transmitter in Çanakkale^[140] DVB-T2 test broadcasts commenced with the opening of Çamlıca Tower. Broadcasting license only given to state owned TRT in Marmara region.^[141][142]

The United Kingdom (1998), Sweden (1999), and Spain (2000) were the first to launch DTT with platforms heavily reliant on pay television. All platforms experienced many starter problems, in particular the British and Spanish platforms, which failed financially (mainly due to their encryption being compromised). Nevertheless, Boxer, the Swedish pay platform which started in October 1999, proved to be very successful.

DTT in the United Kingdom was launched in November 1998 as a primarily subscription service branded as ONdigital, a joint venture between Granada Television and Carlton Communications, with only a few channels being available free to air. ONdigital soon ran into financial difficulties with subscriber numbers below expectations, and in order to attempt to reverse their fortunes, it was decided that the ITV and ONdigital brands should align, and the service was rebranded ITV Digital in 2001. Despite an expensive advertising campaign, ITV Digital struggled to attract sufficient new subscribers and in 2002 closed the service. After the commercial failure of the Pay TV proposition, it was relaunched as the free-to-air Freeview platform in 2002. Top Up TV, a lite pay DTT service, became available in 2004 when Inview launched the first DTT (Freeview) EPG service.^[143]

On 30 March 2005, the older analogue signals began to be phased out on a region-by-region basis (a process known as the Digital switchover, or DSO), beginning with a technical trial at the Ferryside television relay station. The first full transmitter to switch to digital-only transmission was the Whitehaven transmitter in Cumbria, which completed its transition on Wednesday 17 October 2007. The switchover to digital-only broadcasting was completed on 24 October 2012 when the transmitters in Northern Ireland turned off their analogue broadcasts (which coincided with the transition in the Republic of Ireland).

The additional transmission frequencies freed up by the shutdown of analogue signals have (among other things, such as the introduction of 4G mobile internet) allowed for the creation of a single DVB-T2 multiplex used to carry high-definition programming.^[144][145] There are also plans to use one frequency to launch local television services.

On 14 December 2011, national public broadcaster ZNS-TV announced it would be upgrading to ATSC digital television with mobile DTV capabilities, in line with its neighbours, the United States and Puerto Rico.^[146]

Bermuda has plans to convert its three broadcast stations to ATSC digital terrestrial television in the future.

In Canada, analogue switch-off was mandated by regulatory authorities for all provincial capital cities and all multi-station markets. Analogue would continue in single-station markets and remote areas. With an exception, analogue switch-off in the mandated areas took place on 31 August 2011. The CBC was granted an exception in many smaller multi-station markets due to the cost of conversion otherwise, the CBC services would have gone dark in many such markets. Most network stations are already broadcasting high-definition digital signals in Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal, Calgary, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Regina, and Vancouver. Most networks had been concerned about the August 2011 deadline, as not all parts of the country were equipped to receive DTTV by the scheduled date.

In Mexico, the digital transition is completed. Digital signals are available in all cities, thus providing national coverage. Analog transmissions were turned off based on population size. Tijuana was the first city to turn off analog signals, and the nationwide turn-off was completed on 31 December 2015.^[147] On 27 October 2016, Mexico relocated all of its channels. This made Azteca 13 (now Azteca Uno) on virtual channel 1.1 nationwide, Canal de Las Estrellas (now Las Estrellas) on virtual channel 2.1, and Imagen Television on virtual channel 3.1. Border cities were not affected due to signal issues across the United States. For example, in the Tijuana-San Diego area, channel 2.1's signal comes from KCBS-TV, a CBS owned-and-operated station in Los Angeles, and can affect television users in portions of San Diego County. Thus, Las Estrellas is on virtual channel 19.1.

In the United States, on 12 June 2009, all full-power U.S. television broadcasts became exclusively digital under the Digital Television and Public Safety Act of 2005.^[148][149] Since 1 March 2007, new television sets that receive signals over the air, including portable televisions, must include ATSC digital tuners.^[150] From early 2008 until spring 2009, consumers could request two free coupons from the FCC to help offset the cost of set‐top DTV converters.^[151] Prior to 12 June 2009, most U.S. broadcasters were transmitting in both analog and digital formats; a few were digital only. Most U.S. stations were not permitted to shut down their analog transmissions prior to 16 February 2009 unless doing so was required in order to complete work on a station's permanent digital facilities.^[152] Some television stations were also authorized to operate "nightlight" analog signals, which consisted solely of brief, repeated announcements advising viewers still using analog reception on how to transition to digital. A limited number of stations additionally aired short news and weather updates alongside the aforementioned PSAs, under a program known as "enhanced nightlight" service. Both services ended by the June 2009 deadline.^[153][154] By the end of 2009, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) finished auctioning channels 52–59 for other communications services, completing the reallocation of broadcast channels 52–69 that began in the late 1990s.⁣^[155]

Low-power and Class A stations were not included in the 2009 changeover due to technical and financial challenges and were eventually required to transition or sign off by 13 July 2021, with extensions granted for some areas outside the contiguous US.^[156]

Following the completion of the digital television transition, the Federal Communications Commission initiated the 2016 United States wireless spectrum auction or "repack" to reallocate channels 38–51 for new cellular broadband services. This process concluded around 2020, involving reallocating broadcast spectrum and requiring many television stations to modify their transmission facilities.^[157]

Simultaneously, the FCC authorized the voluntary adoption of ATSC 3.0, also known as NextGen TV, a new broadcast standard offering enhanced features such as 4K/ HDR, improved urban reception, and advanced emergency alerting capabilities. Because ATSC 3 is not backward compatible with legacy ATSC 1 equipment, the FCC's rules require broadcasters that begin NextGen transmissions to maintain a simulcast of their primary programming in ATSC 1 on either their own facility or via a channel sharing arrangement with other stations in a DMA (known as a "lighthouse") for the duration of the transition period.^[158][159]

As of fall 2025, the National Association of Broadcasters has filed a petition with the FCC proposing a two-phase mandatory ATSC 3 transition, by February 2028 for the top 55 Nielsen markets and by February 2030 for all others.^[160][161] The proposal has drawn widespread criticism over NextGenTV's inclusion of DRM features that critics argue could severely limit device compatibility and adoption.^{[162][163][164]}

Costa Rica chose Japanese-Brazilian standard ISDB-T as 7th country on 25 May 2010,^[165] and started trial transmissions by Channel 13 from Irazú Volcano on 19 March 2012.^[166]

Cuba announced on 19 March 2013 that it is "prepared" to perform a digital television test using the Chinese DTMB system.^{[citation needed]}

The Dominican Republic chose ATSC standards for DTT on 10 August 2010.^[167]

El Salvador has chosen the Japanese-Brazilian standard ISDB-Tb in 2017. The Digital Switchover began on 21 December 2018, and by 1 December 2024, it will be completed.^[168]

Guatemala has chosen the Japanese-Brazilian standard ISDB-Tb.

Honduras has chosen the Japanese-Brazilian standard ISDB-Tb.

Jamaica chose ATSC standards for DTT in December 2021.^[169]

Nicaragua has chosen the Japanese-Brazilian standard ISDB-Tb.

Panama chose the European DVB-T standard on 12 May 2009.^[170]

Trinidad and Tobago chose ATSC standards for DTT on 18 January 2023.^[171]

Argentine President Cristina Fernández signed on 28 August 2009 an agreement to adopt the ISDB-Tb system, joining Brazil, which has already implemented the standard in its big cities.^[172] On air service started from 28 April 2010.^[173]

On 5 July 2010, the Bolivian chancellor signed an agreement with the Japanese ambassador to Bolivia, choosing the Japanese system with the Brazilian modifications ISDB-T (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting Terrestrial).^[174][175]

Brazil's transition to digital television started in June 2006 when regulators selected ISDB-Tb (also known as SBTVD), a modified form of Japan's ISDB-T system. Services launched in São Paulo on 2 December 2007 and within two years had extended to major cities across all five regions. By mid-September 2009, viewers in more than forty metro areas could receive digital broadcasts. The DTV signals reached full national coverage by 2013. The country completed its analogue shutdown in November 2023. In August 2025, regulators approved a standard based on the American ATSC 3.0, branded as DTV+, which began test broadcasts in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, with full deployment starting by mid-2026.^[176]

On 14 September 2009, President Michelle Bachelet announced that the government had finally decided on a digital television standard. Chile adopted the ISDB-T Japanese standard (with the custom modifications made by Brazil). Simulcasting began in 2010, with a projected analog switch-off in 2017.^[177]

Colombia has chosen the European DVB-T standard on 28 August 2008. However, in 2012, Colombia adopted DVB-T2 as the national standard for terrestrial television, replacing DVB-T, the previously selected standard for digital TV.

On 28 December 2010, private networks Caracol TV and RCN TV officially started digital broadcasts^[178] for Bogotá, Medellín and surrounding areas on channels 14 and 15 UHF,^[179] respectively. State-run Señal Colombia and Canal Institucional had started testing digital broadcasts earlier in 2010.^[178]

The current coverage of DVB-T2 can be consulted on the website of the organization "Tdt para Todos" which is the entity responsible for facilitating its adoption.^[180]

Ecuador chose Japanese-Brazilian standard ISDB-T as 6th country on 26 March 2010.^{[181][182][183]}

Paraguay chose Japanese-Brazilian standard ISDB-T on 1 June 2010.^[184][185]

As of August 2025, the Guyana Learning Channel is broadcasting a multiplex in the ATSC standard. On 19 March 2025, it launched a campaign for the delivery of digital receivers to households that only receive analog signals.^[186] In early 2025, the National Communications Network began digital terrestrial broadcasts of its channels, NCN HD and NCN Sports in 1080p using the ATSC standard.^[187] CTV19 also officially launched its digital feed on 4 August 2025.^[188]

On 23 April 2009, Peru chose the Brazilian variant of the Japanese digital television standard ISDB-T. The Peruvian government signed an agreement with its Japanese counterpart in order for the latter to fund the implementation of the DTT platform in the country. The first network to be launched on digital terrestrial television was TV Perú on 30 March 2010, using the ISDB-Tb standard.^{[189][190][191]} Currently, all the major stations in Lima are broadcasting on DTT in high-definition. ATV was the first television channel in the country to do digital test broadcasts on 19 June 2007 using either ATSC, DVB-T, and ISDB-T in order to see which of them was better. Eventually, ATV chose ISDB-Tb and officially started broadcasting in HD; its first live TV show to be aired in high definition was Magaly TV on 30 August 2010. Frecuencia Latina also began broadcasting on DTT on 14 September 2010 with a match of the Peru women's national volleyball team in the 2010 FIVB Women's Volleyball World Championship. Shortly after these events, América Televisión started broadcasting on DTT.

Suriname is currently transitioning from analogue NTSC broadcasts to digital ATSC and DVB-T broadcasts. Channel ATV started with ATSC broadcasts in the Paramaribo area in June 2014, which was followed by ATSC broadcasts from stations in Brokopondo, Wageningen, and Albina. The stations in Brokopondo, Wageningen, and Albina broadcast both the channels of ATV (i.e., ATV and TV2) and STVS, while the station in Paramaribo currently only broadcasts the ATV channels.^[192] The Telecommunication Authority of Suriname was originally aiming at a full digital transition by June 2015,^[192][193] but this was criticized by broadcasters as being unfeasible.^[194] However, the ITU has documented both DVB-T and ATSC are in use.^[195]

Uruguay chose the European DVB-T standard in August 2007,^[196] however disproved it and decided to adopt ISDB-T on 27 December 2010 to follow neighbouring countries.^{[197][198][199]}

In Venezuela, tests are being performed with full deployment to start 2008–2009. DTT will coexist with analogue standard television for some time until full deployment of the system on a nationwide level is accomplished. 30 September 2009, decided to employ the Japanese ISDB-T system under cooperation with Japan, and officially agreed with Japan in early October 2009.^[200][201]

On 6 October 2009, Venezuela officially adopted ISDB-T with Brazilian modifications. Transition from analog to digital is expected to take place in the next 10 years.^{[citation needed][needs update]}

In March 2012, Venezuela signed a $50M agreement to purchase 300,000 decoders from Argentina to implement TDT in Caracas and later this year in some of the most important cities, but only in the Government-controlled TV Stations. NTSC and TDT will coexist. The Government hopes to reach TDT the whole country's population in 2 years.^[202]

As of 2019, due to the Venezuelan crisis, the digital television transition is paralysed and DTT development has been frozen.

The majority of countries in Africa have adopted the DVB-T2 standard, including Algeria, Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.^[203][204]

Angola has chosen the Japanese-Brazilian standard ISDB-Tb.

Botswana has chosen the Japanese-Brazilian standard ISDB-Tb.

In March 2015, Inview Technology (a UK DTV consultancy based in Cheshire with local operations in Nigeria) was appointed by the NBC, Nigeria's government‐run broadcast regulator, to manage the country's transition from analogue to digital transmission.^[205] Under this agreement, Inview supplied a conditional access system, electronic programme guide (EPG), video on-demand, and broadcasting applications and audience measurement via terrestrial and satellite networks. Only manufacturers licensed in Nigeria could obtain the Inview software, a measure intended to protect consumers and domestic producers from unauthorized imports^[206]

Later in 2015, Inview Nigeria and the NBC launched FreeTV, a free-to-air service modelled on Freeview UK. FreeTV carried up to 30 channels of Nigerian and international stations across various genres and general entertainment. To promote uptake, the required set-top box was subsidised to a retail price of ₦1,500 (approximately $7.50 USD) and a ₦1,000 (approximately $5 USD) annual digital access fee was imposed on all digital receivers, including those used by pay-TV providers. Revenue from spectrum sales, estimated at approximately US $1 billion, was earmarked to cover infrastructure costs and ensure that the digital switchover programme remained self-financing.

As of October 2025, NBC reports that digital terrestrial coverage for FreeTV extends to 75 percent of Nigeria's population across 18 states, with full nationwide analogue switch-off scheduled for December 2026.^[207][208]

On 14 January 2011, the South African Department of Communications and Digital Technologies chose the European standard DVB-T2 as the digital television standard in South Africa, following the trend in this direction of several African nations.^[209]

On 5 September 2011, MultiChoice partnered with M-Net and the Community Service Network (CSN) to launch GOtv South Africa as a terrestrial pay TV service for analogue subscribers.^[210]

Platco Digital's OpenView HD and the eMedia Investments group introduced a free-to-air satellite decoder set-top box, sold for a one-off purchase fee, carrying e.tv and SABC via direct-to-home satellite. The terrestrial network later completed its digital migration on 1 October 2015.^[211][212] Eligible households may obtain a free, government subsidised set-top box at their local post office branch to receive digital terrestrial television services.^[213]

Under the two-step plan all analogue broadcasting above 694 MHz was switched off on 31 July 2023 and the period of simultaneous analogue and digital transmissions for services below that frequency ended on 31 December 2024.^[214] Smaller provinces made the transition first, while Gauteng, the Western Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape (together home to more than half of South Africa's population) remained on analogue until the final shutdown in late March 2025, delaying the switch to digital only transmission in the country's most populous regions.^[215]

Tunisia's Office of National Broadcasting (ONT) began digitizing its terrestrial TV network in two main phases.

The first phase, launched in 2001 at Boukornine, tested DVB-T transmissions with MPEG-2 compression to cover Greater Tunis. Trials confirmed sharper video and better spectrum use (four to six channels per multiplex instead of one analogue channel). During this period ONT drew up a national frequency plan and ratified the 2006 ITU Geneva conference recommendations, which set a 2015 analogue transition target.^[216][217]

The second phase comprised two projects. The first upgraded studio-to-transmitter links across 41 sites and completed in 2009. The second delivered 17 DVB-T transmitters nationwide under a Thomson Grass Valley contract in 2009–2010.^[218] Since completing its analogue switch-off in June 2015, Tunisia has operated a fully digitised terrestrial television network covering over 90% of households.^[219]

• Common Interface (CI)
• Conditional-access module (CAM)
• Digital television transition
• Interactive television standards
• List of digital television deployments by country
• Multiplex
• 1seg
• USB stick
• WiB (digital terrestrial television)