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Globalstar, Inc. is an American telecommunications company that operates a satellite constellation in low Earth orbit (LEO) for satellite phone, low-speed data transmission and Earth observation. The Globalstar second-generation constellation consists of 25 satellites.[1]

Key Information

History

[edit]

The Globalstar project was launched in 1991 as a joint venture of Loral Corporation and Qualcomm. On March 24, 1994, the two sponsors announced the formation of Globalstar LP, a limited partnership established in the U.S., with financial participation from eight other companies, including Alcatel, AirTouch, Deutsche Aerospace, Hyundai, and Vodafone. At that time, the company predicted the system would launch in 1998, based on an investment of $1.8 billion.

Globalstar said in March 1994 that it expected to charge $0.65 per minute for cellular service, compared to $3 per minute from Iridium. By then it had a worldwide license from the World Administrative Radio Conference.[2] Globalstar received its US spectrum allocation from the FCC in January 1995, and continued to negotiate with other nations for rights to use the same radio frequencies in their countries.

The first satellites were launched in February 1998, but system deployment was delayed due to a launch failure in September 1998 that resulted in the loss of 12 satellites in a launch by the Russian Space Agency.

The first call on the original Globalstar system was placed on November 1, 1998, from Qualcomm chairman Irwin Jacobs in San Diego to Loral Space & Communications CEO and chairman Bernard Schwartz in New York City.

In October 1999, the system began "friendly user" trials with 44 of 48 planned satellites. In December 1999, the system began limited commercial service for 200 users with the full 48 satellites (no spares in orbit). In February 2000, it began full commercial service with its 48 satellites and 4 spares in North America, Europe, and Brazil. Another eight satellites were maintained as ground spares. Initial prices were $1.79/minute for satellite phone calls.

Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, Irwin Jacobs had his private jet re-classified as an experimental aircraft for the purpose of developing an aviation application of Globalstar. The experimental system not only provided voice and data services to the cockpit and passenger cabin, but also tied in with the aircraft's data bus and provided GPS location service. Ground monitoring of aircraft location, heading, speed, and mechanical parameters such as oil pressure and engine RPM were demonstrated. Video surveillance of the cockpit and cabin were also demonstrated. To work around Globalstar's low data rate, the experimental system used multiple user terminals (UTs) in parallel. Each UT could be configured for voice, or as a member of a bonded link group for internet access.[3]

On February 15, 2002, the predecessor company Globalstar (old Globalstar) and three of its subsidiaries filed voluntary petitions under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code.

In 2004, restructuring of the old Globalstar was completed. The first stage of the restructuring was completed on December 5, 2003, when Thermo Capital Partners LLC was deemed to obtain operational control of the business, as well as certain ownership rights and risks. Thermo Capital Partners became the principal owner.

Globalstar LLC was formed as a Delaware limited liability company in November 2003 and was converted into Globalstar, Inc., on March 17, 2006.

In 2007, Globalstar launched eight additional first-generation spare satellites into space to help compensate for the premature failure of their in-orbit satellites. Between 2010 and 2013, Globalstar launched 24 second-generation satellites in an effort to restore their system to full service.

Between 2010 and 2011, Globalstar moved its headquarters from Silicon Valley to Covington, Louisiana in part to take advantage of the state's tax breaks and low cost of living.[4]

In April 2018, Globalstar announced it would merge with FiberLight in a deal valued at $1.65 billion.[5] That deal was called off in August 2018 following a lawsuit from Globalstar's largest investor, Mudrick Capital Management.[6]

In March 2020, Globalstar announced that the Third Generation Partnership Project ("3GPP") had approved the 5G variant of Globalstar's Band 53, to become known as n53.[7]

On March 6, 2021, Globalstar announced to customers that the Sat-Fi2 (Satellite Wifi Hotspot) and Sat-Fi2 RAS (Remote Antenna Station) services would be discontinued as of March 12, 2021.

On September 7, 2022, Apple announced a cooperation with Globalstar Inc that "would allow iPhone 14 users to send emergency messages" via satellite, starting in the U.S. and Canada.[8] Apple would go on to release the feature on future iPhone models.

On October 29th 2024, Globalstar disclosed in an SEC filing that Apple had agreed to purchase a 20% stake in the company.[9][10]

Products and services

[edit]
The Ericsson R290 is a combined GSM and satellite phone using the Globalstar satellite network.

Globalstar is a provider of satellite and terrestrial connectivity services. Globalstar offers these services to commercial and recreational users in more than 120 countries around the world.

Globalstar's terrestrial spectrum, Band 53 and its 5G variant n53 offers carriers, cable companies and system integrators a versatile, fully licensed channel for private networks, while Globalstar's XCOMP technology offers capacity gains in dense wireless deployments.

The company's products include simplex and duplex satellite devices, data modems, and satellite airtime packages.

Many land-based and maritime industries make use of the various Globalstar products and services from remote areas beyond the reach of cellular and landline telephone services. However, many areas of the Earth's surface are left without service coverage, since a satellite requires being in range of an Earth station gateway.

Global customer segments include oil and gas, government, mining, forestry, commercial fishing, utilities, military, transportation, heavy construction, emergency preparedness, and business continuity as well as individual recreational users.

Globalstar data communication services are used for a variety of asset and personal tracking, data monitoring, and SCADA applications.

Satellite messengers

[edit]

In late 2007, Globalstar subsidiary SPOT LLC launched a handheld satellite messaging and tracking personal safety device known as the SPOT Satellite Messenger. SPOT X, a two-way satellite messenger with GPS location tracking, navigational capabilities, social media linking and direct communication options to emergency services, was launched in 2018.

Simplex data modems

[edit]
  • Globalstar STINGR
  • Globalstar STX2
  • Globalstar STX3
  • Globalstar ST100
  • Globalstar SmartOne C
  • Globalstar SmartOne Solar

Duplex data modems

[edit]
  • SPOT Trace
  • SPOT Gen4
  • SPOT X

Duplex voice/data modules

[edit]
  • Globalstar GSP-1620
  • Globalstar GSP-1720

Services

[edit]

Discontinued products and services

[edit]
  • Sat-Fi2 (satellite WiFi hotspot) and Sat-Fi2 RAS (remote antenna station)
  • 72 kbit/s packet switched Internet access (on 2nd-gen WCDMA network)
  • Globalstar GSP-1620
  • Globalstar GSP-1720

System architecture

[edit]

Gateways

[edit]

Globalstar satellites are simple "bent pipe" analog repeaters,[11] unlike Iridium.[12]

A network of ground gateway stations provides connectivity from the 40 satellites to the public switched telephone network and Internet. A satellite must have a Gateway station in view to provide service to any users. Twenty four Globalstar Gateways are located around the world, including seven in North America.[13] Globalstar Gateways are the largest cellular base station in the world with a design capacity for over 10,000 concurrent phone calls over a coverage area that is roughly 50% of the size of the US. Globalstar supports CDMA technology such as the rake receiver and soft handoffs, so a handset may be talking via two spot beams to two Gateways for path diversity.

Globalstar users are assigned telephone numbers on the North American Numbering Plan in North America or the appropriate telephone numbering plan for the country that the overseas gateway is located in, except for Brazil, where the official Globalstar country code (+8818) is used. The use of gateway ground stations provides customers with localized regional phone numbers for their satellite handsets. But service cannot be provided in remote areas (such as areas of the South Pacific and the polar regions) if there are no gateway stations to cover the area. As of May 2012, voice and full-duplex data services are currently non-functional over much of Africa, the South Asian subcontinent, and most mid-ocean regions due to the lack of nearby gateway earth stations.[14]

The Globalstar system uses the Qualcomm CDMA air interface; however, the Ericsson and Telit phones accept standard GSM SIM cards, while the Qualcomm GSP-1600/1700 phones do not have a SIM card interface, but use CDMA/IS-41 based authentication. Therefore, the Globalstar gateways need to support both the CDMA/IS-41 and the GSM standards.

Globalstar has roaming agreements with local cellular operators in some regions, enabling the use of a single phone number in satellite and cellular mode on multi-mode Globalstar handsets.[15] These cellular roaming agreements are not in place in North America. Because of improvements in cellular phones and networks and the limitations inherent to satellite phones, the newest Globalstar handset (released in 2006) does not include cellular connectivity as Globalstar does not expect subscribers to carry it as their only mobile phone.[16]

First generation satellites

[edit]

Globalstar orbits have an inclination of 52 degrees. Therefore, Globalstar does not cover polar areas, due to the lower orbital inclination.

Globalstar orbits have an orbital height of approximately 1400 km and latency is still relatively low (approximately 60ms).

A Globalstar satellite has two body-mounted, Earth-facing arrays. First-generation Globalstars weigh approximately 550 kg. However, the second-generation Globalstar design will gain significant mass.

In 2005, some of the satellites began to reach the limit of their operational lifetime of 7.5 years. In December 2005, Globalstar began to move some of its satellites into a graveyard orbit above LEO.[17]

First-generation satellite problems

[edit]

According to documents filed with the SEC on January 30, 2007, Globalstar's previously identified problems with its S-band amplifiers used on its satellites for two-way communications are occurring at a higher rate than expected, possibly eventually leading to reduced levels of two-way voice and duplex data service in 2008. The company's simplex data services used to support the asset tracking products as well as the SPOT Satellite Messenger are not affected by the S-band satellite issue mentioned above. Globalstar also launched eight ground spare satellites in 2007 to help reduce the impact of the issue.

In the filing, Globalstar made the following statements:

Based on data recently collected from satellite operations, the Company has concluded that the degradation of the amplifiers is now occurring at a rate that is faster than previously experienced and faster than the Company had previously anticipated.

Based on its most recent analysis, the Company now believes that, if the degradation of the S-band antenna amplifiers continues at the current rate or further accelerates, and if the Company is unsuccessful in developing additional technical solutions, the quality of two-way communications services will decline, and by some time in 2008 substantially all of the Company's currently in-orbit satellites will cease to be able to support two-way communications services.

[18]

Industry analysts speculate the problem is caused by radiation exposure the satellites receive when they pass through the South Atlantic Anomaly in their 876-mile (1414 km) altitude orbits.[19]

The S-band antenna amplifier degradation does not affect adversely the Company's one-way "Simplex" data transmission services, which utilize only the L-band uplink from a subscriber's "Simplex" terminal to the satellites.[18]

The Company is working on plans, including new products and services and pricing programs, and exploring the feasibility of accelerating procurement and launch of its second-generation satellite constellation, to attempt to reduce the effects of this problem upon its customers and operations. The Company will be able to forecast the duration of service coverage at any particular location in its service area and intends to make this information available without charge to its service providers, including its wholly owned operating subsidiaries, so that they may work with their subscribers to reduce the impact of the degradation in service quality in their respective service areas. The Company is also reviewing its business plan in light of these developments.[18]

The Company's liquidity remains strong. At December 31, 2006, in addition to its credit agreement, the Company had unrestricted cash on hand and undrawn amounts under the Thermo Funding Company irrevocable standby stock purchase agreement of approximately $195 million.[18]

Globalstar's interim solution to premature first-generation satellite problems

[edit]

In 2007, Globalstar launched eight spare satellites for its existing constellation with a view to reducing the gaps in its two-way voice and data services pending commercial availability of its second-generation satellite constellation. Globalstar continued to operate its failing satellite constellation to provide and support services on an intermittently-available until the second-generation Globalstar satellites became available for service.

Until the new second-generation Globalstar satellite constellation became operational, Globalstar offered its "Optimum Satellite Availability Tool" website, which subscribers could use to predict when one or more unaffected satellites would be overhead at a specific geographic location.

Second-generation satellites

[edit]

In December 2006, Globalstar announced that Alcatel Alenia Space, now Thales Alenia Space in its Cannes headquarters, has been awarded a €661 million contract for the second-generation constellation. The satellites were designed with a life expectancy of 15 years, significantly longer than the design life of Globalstar's first-generation constellation. The second- generation constellation will consist of 24 satellites.[1]

In addition, Globalstar announced on April 3, 2007, that it has signed a €9 million agreement with Thales Alenia Space to upgrade the Globalstar satellite constellation, including necessary hardware and software upgrades to Globalstar's satellite control network facilities.[20]

In August 2008, Thales Alenia Space began production assembly, integration, and testing of the second-generation flight model satellites, in its Rome factory, for launch as early as Q3 2009.[21]

In July 2009, Globalstar, Inc. announced that it has received complete financing for its second-generation satellite constellation and signed an amendment to the initial contract, specifying in particular, the adjusted conditions for production and the new satellite delivery timetable.[22]

The first six second-generation satellites were launched on October 19, 2010, from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.[23][24] The launch used a Soyuz-2 launch vehicle with a Fregat upper stage.[25] These second-generation satellites are expected to provide Globalstar customers with satellite voice and data services until at least 2025. Six more second-generation satellites were launched in July 2011[26] followed by another six satellites in December 2011.[27]

The launch of the second-generation constellation was completed on February 6, 2013, with the launch of the final six satellites using a Soyuz 2-1a launch vehicle.[28] The 24 second-generation spacecraft weighed approximately 700 kg (1,500 lb) each at launch, and are 3-axis stabilized.[29]

In February 2022, it was announced that Globalstar purchased 17 new satellites to continue its constellation built by MDA and Rocket Lab for $327 million. The satellites are expected to be launched by 2025.[30]

On June 19, 2022, a backup satellite for Globalstar was launched on a Falcon 9 rocket. This was the first Globalstar satellite to launch in over 9 years. Prior to the launch, Globalstar did not announce the mission, besides a vague quarterly report stating the satellite would launch.[31]

Business operations

[edit]

Corporate structure and financing

[edit]

Predecessor company – Globalstar LP. In February 1995, Globalstar Telecommunications Ltd. raised $200 million from its initial public offering in the NASDAQ market. The IPO price of $20 per share was equivalent to $5 per share after two stock splits. The stock price peaked at (post-split) $50 per share in January 2000, but institutional investors began predicting bankruptcy as early as June 2000. The stock price eventually fell below $1 per share, and the stock was delisted by NASDAQ in June 2001.

After the IPO, the publicly traded Globalstar Telecommunications (NASDAQ symbol GSTRF) owned part of system operator Globalstar LP. From that point on, the primary financing for Globalstar LP was vendor financing from its suppliers (including Loral and Qualcomm), supplemented by junk bonds.

After a total debt and equity investment of $4.3 billion, on February 15, 2002, Globalstar Telecommunications filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, listing assets of $570 million and liabilities of $3.3 billion. The assets were later bought for $43 million by Thermo Capital Partners LLC.

Globalstar LLC and Globalstar, Inc. When the new Globalstar emerged from bankruptcy in April 2004, it was owned by Thermo Capital Partners (81.25%) and the original creditors of Globalstar L.P. (18.75%). Globalstar LLC was incorporated in April 2006 to become Globalstar, Inc.

Globalstar, Inc. completed an IPO in November 2006. The stock currently trades on the Nasdaq under the symbol GSAT.

SPOT LLC

[edit]

In August 2007, Globalstar announced the introduction of the SPOT Satellite Messenger product, to be marketed through its latest subsidiary SPOT, Inc., later named SPOT LLC. The SPOT Messenger is manufactured by Globalstar partner Axonn LLC and combines the company's simplex data technology with a Nemerix GPS chipset. SPOT is intended to leverage Globalstar's still adequate L-Band uplink, which is used by simplex modems. The product was launched in early November 2007. Subsequent launches included the SPOT Trace, SPOT X with Bluetooth and Gen4.

Collaboration with Apple, Inc.

[edit]

Globalstar provides the infrastructure for the Emergency SOS via satellite functionality[32] announced in 2022 for all versions of the iPhone 14[33] series and newer. Globalstar reserves 85% of its network capacity for the service, and previous to the announcement of the service, Globalstar invested in expanding its infrastructure, including "material upgrades to Globalstar’s ground network to enhance redundancy and coverage" and "construction of 10 new gateways around the world".[34] In February 2023, Globalstar announced it would be repaying a $150 million debt under a 2019 agreement to EchoStar, which could have prevented the Apple partnership.[35]

Employees

[edit]

The first five employees of Globalstar were transferred from the founding companies in 1991. Although few figures were publicly disclosed, the company apparently reached a peak of about 350 employees until layoffs in March 2001. However, this figure was misleading, as most of the development, operations, and sales employees were employed by the company's strategic partners.[citation needed]

The company then appointed satellite telecommunications veteran Olof Lundberg to lead a turnaround at the company to serve as chairman and CEO. After beginning his career with Swedish Telecom, Lundberg had been founding Director General (later CEO) of Inmarsat from 1979 to 1995. He served as founding CEO and later CEO and chairman of ICO Global Communications from 1995 to 1999.

Lundberg resigned from the company (then in bankruptcy) on June 30, 2003.

Paul E. Jacobs was named CEO of Globalstar on Aug. 29, 2023, replacing David Kagan.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Globalstar

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Globalstar, Inc. is an American telecommunications company specializing in satellite-based voice, data, and (IoT) connectivity services, operating a () satellite constellation to provide global coverage in areas without terrestrial cellular networks. Founded in 1991 and headquartered in , the company was authorized by the (FCC) in 1995 to launch its satellite system, with commercial mobile satellite services (MSS) commencing in 2000 following the deployment of its first-generation satellites between 1998 and 2000. The company's LEO constellation, currently consisting of 24 satellites in a Walker configuration (eight orbital planes with three satellites each), delivers bent-pipe architecture services through 28 ground stations across 18 countries, enabling reliable communication for industries such as maritime, energy, government, and emergency response. Globalstar's portfolio includes satellite phones, the SPOT family of personal tracking and messaging devices introduced in 2007, asset tracking solutions, and emerging private LTE/5G networks utilizing its Band 53 spectrum (2483.5–2495 MHz). With operations spanning over 120 countries and approximately 400 employees across 15 nations, Globalstar emphasizes seamless, secure connectivity for remote and challenging environments. As of the third quarter of 2025, Globalstar reported record quarterly of $73.8 million, driven by growth in service revenues (up 6% year-to-date) and equipment sales (up 21%), while reaffirming its full-year outlook of $260–$285 million in . The company is expanding its constellation with 17 new second-generation satellites under construction by MDA Space, though the first launch has been delayed to 2026, and it holds valuable spectrum assets including L-band (8.725 MHz), S-band (16.5 MHz), and C-band (339 MHz) for enhanced direct-to-device capabilities.

History

Founding and Early Development

Globalstar originated as a project initiated in 1991 between and Incorporated, aimed at developing a global mobile satellite telephony network to provide voice and data communications in regions beyond the reach of traditional cellular infrastructure. The initiative sought to leverage a constellation of low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellites to deliver low-latency, high-quality services to underserved rural, maritime, and remote areas worldwide, complementing existing terrestrial networks rather than competing directly with them. This emphasized portability and global coverage, targeting mobile professionals, emergency responders, and industries like shipping and that required reliable connectivity in areas lacking ground-based towers. In 1993, Globalstar selected Qualcomm's code-division multiple access (CDMA) technology as the core of its air interface, enabling efficient spectrum use and seamless integration with terrestrial cellular systems through dynamic signal selection from multiple satellites. This choice was pivotal, as CDMA allowed for higher capacity and better performance in the challenging satellite environment compared to alternative multiple-access methods. By 1994, the project formalized as Globalstar L.P., a Delaware limited partnership, with Loral and Qualcomm as lead sponsors committing significant capital to system design and construction. A key regulatory milestone came in 1995 when the U.S. (FCC) granted Globalstar authorization to operate in the L-band spectrum (1610-1626.5 MHz uplink and 2483.5-2500 MHz downlink), essential for its mobile satellite services. To achieve comprehensive global coverage, Globalstar formed strategic international partnerships, including with AirTouch Communications and Group, which provided expertise in regional service distribution and helped secure additional spectrum rights abroad. These alliances were crucial for planning a seamless, interoperable network across diverse geographies.

Launches and Initial Operations

The deployment of Globalstar's first-generation satellite constellation began with the inaugural launch on February 14, 1998, when a Boeing Delta II rocket lifted off from Cape Canaveral Air Station, Florida, successfully placing the initial four satellites into low Earth orbit. Subsequent launches utilized a mix of Delta II, Soyuz, and Zenit rockets from sites in the United States and Russia, progressively building the network despite a notable failure in September 1998 that lost 12 satellites. By November 1999, the operational constellation of 48 satellites was complete following a Soyuz launch, with four additional spares deployed in early 2000 via another Delta II mission on February 8, enabling full global coverage for voice and data services. Parallel to satellite deployments, Globalstar constructed its ground infrastructure, including key gateway stations essential for routing signals between satellites and terrestrial networks. The primary U.S. gateway was established in , serving as a central hub for operations, while additional gateways were built in locations such as , and , , . Internationally, construction extended to sites in , , and to support regional coverage, with potential expansions identified in , , , and to facilitate worldwide connectivity. Commercial services commenced in limited form in December 1999 for an initial 200 users, transitioning to full operations by February 2000 across , , and , with the 48-satellite constellation and spares in place. The system targeted users in remote and underserved regions, including maritime vessels for ship-to-shore communications, for in-flight connectivity, and land mobile applications such as , , and emergency services where terrestrial networks were unavailable. Early projections anticipated rapid subscriber growth, with estimates of 500,000 to 700,000 users by the end of and up to 3 million within three years, driven by demand in isolated areas lacking cellular . Initial focused on these remote sectors, achieving early adoption among niche users like offshore workers and rural enterprises, though actual uptake began modestly at around 21,000 subscribers by mid- as partnerships with distributors .

Financial Challenges and Restructuring

Globalstar faced severe financial difficulties in the early 2000s, culminating in a Chapter 11 filing on February 15, 2002. The company reported liabilities of approximately $3.4 billion, largely stemming from the substantial costs of constructing its first-generation satellite network and gateways, combined with lower-than-expected subscriber adoption for satellite voice and data services. This crisis was exacerbated by intense market competition, particularly from , which had itself declared in 1999, leading to a contraction in the nascent satellite communications sector. The restructuring process concluded in April 2004, when Thermo Capital Partners, an investment firm led by Jay Monroe, acquired control of the reorganized entity by purchasing 81.25% of its equity for $43 million. This infusion enabled Globalstar to emerge from with a significantly reduced load and retention of core assets, including its FCC-allocated spectrum rights in the L-band, while certain non-essential assets were liquidated to satisfy creditors. The new ownership structure positioned Thermo as the majority stakeholder, with the remaining 18.75% equity reserved for distribution to pre-bankruptcy creditors, marking a pivotal shift toward long-term operational stability. In 2006, Globalstar pursued diversification through a spectrum leasing arrangement with OpenRange Communications, a rural provider, allowing OpenRange to utilize portions of Globalstar's ancillary terrestrial component (ATC) authority for deployment in underserved areas. This partnership, approved by the FCC, aimed to generate additional revenue from underutilized while supporting rural connectivity initiatives, though it later faced regulatory hurdles. By 2010, ongoing financial pressures from satellite maintenance and expansion costs contributed to compliance issues, culminating in the company's delisting from the exchange in December 2012 due to its share price remaining below $1 for an extended period; trading subsequently shifted to over-the-counter (OTC) markets. Thermo Capital Partners provided ongoing financial support for the deployment and completion of Globalstar's second-generation , with total investments exceeding $600 million by 2014.

Recent Developments

In 2020, the Third Generation Partnership Project () approved Globalstar's Band 53, designated as n53, enabling integration with networks for satellite-based services. Globalstar discontinued its Sat-Fi2 maritime broadband services in March 2021, shifting focus to other product lines amid strategic realignment. In 2022, the company launched a backup satellite, FM15, via SpaceX Falcon 9 from Cape Canaveral to enhance constellation reliability. Later that year, Globalstar secured a $327 million contract with MDA Space to manufacture 17 new satellites, aimed at replenishing and extending the life of its existing fleet. As of November 2025, delivery and the first launch of these 17 satellites have been delayed to mid-2026 due to supply chain issues. Additionally, in September 2022, Globalstar partnered with Apple to provide satellite connectivity for the Emergency SOS feature on iPhone 14 models, marking a significant entry into consumer emergency services. In 2023, Globalstar repaid $150 million in debt to , fulfilling obligations under prior financing agreements and strengthening its . By November 2024, Apple acquired a 20% equity stake in Globalstar for $400 million and committed $1.1 billion in additional funding, totaling a $1.5 billion investment to support the development and deployment of the company's third-generation (C-3) . Throughout 2025, Globalstar expanded its ground infrastructure to prepare for enhanced service capacity, installing eight new six-meter C-3 tracking antennas at four sites across in November. Earlier expansions included new facilities in Bihoro, ; , ; and , contributing to a global network upgrade of up to 90 antennas. The company reported a record quarterly revenue of $73.8 million in Q3 2025, driven by growth in commercial IoT and wholesale services. Amid these advancements, rumors emerged in October 2025 of a potential company sale, with early discussions reportedly involving and valuing Globalstar at over $10 billion, though the company has not commented on the speculation.

System Architecture

Ground Infrastructure

Globalstar's ground infrastructure consists of a network of gateways that serve as critical hubs for processing signals from its , particularly handling the conversion and routing of L-band uplink and S-band downlink communications received via C-band feeder links from the satellites. These gateways perform essential functions such as signal , routing voice and data traffic, and interfacing with terrestrial networks to ensure seamless connectivity for users worldwide. The primary gateway in the United States is located in , which has served as the company's headquarters and central operations hub since its establishment in the during the initial development of the satellite system. To achieve global coverage, Globalstar operates international gateways in locations including Aussaguel, ; locations in ; and other sites across multiple continents. As of November 2025, the network includes over 35 ground stations equipped with specialized antenna systems designed to track and communicate with satellites. These antennas, typically large parabolic dishes, enable precise and signal acquisition as satellites pass overhead, facilitating continuous feeder link connections in the C-band spectrum for reliable data transfer. The gateway network's design emphasizes and diversity, allowing automatic switching to alternative paths in case of or link failures to maintain service continuity. In 2025, Globalstar significantly expanded its ground infrastructure to support the deployment of its third-generation (C-3) constellation, announcing the addition of up to 90 new tracking antennas at 35 s worldwide across at least 25 countries and territories. This includes the installation of eight new six-meter C-3 tracking antennas at four separate sites in to enhance regional coverage and capacity; expansions at the Bihoro ground station in with additional gateway infrastructure; new antennas in , ; and the first of these antennas installed at the site, marking the start of broader U.S. enhancements. These upgrades aim to improve network resilience, increase tracking for the denser C-3 array, and accommodate higher throughput demands. The gateways integrate with modern terrestrial infrastructure through an interconnected that leverages optic connections for high-speed backhaul and IP-based protocols for efficient , enabling compatibility with (IMS) standards and cloud-based processing. This integration supports the seamless delivery of voice, IoT, and broadband services by satellite-derived traffic over existing and IP networks, reducing latency and enhancing for enterprise and consumer applications.

First-Generation Constellation

The first-generation constellation of Globalstar comprised 48 active (LEO) satellites deployed between 1998 and 2000, designed to provide global mobile satellite voice and data services. These satellites orbited at an altitude of 1,414 kilometers in eight orbital planes inclined at 52 degrees, ensuring visibility over latitudes from 70° north to 70° south, which covered approximately 70% of Earth's surface. The constellation included four additional on-orbit spares to maintain operational . Each satellite utilized a bent-pipe architecture, relaying signals directly from user terminals to ground-based gateways without onboard , which simplified the design and reduced complexity. For user communications, the satellites employed phased-array antennas generating 16 spot beams per satellite, with 8 S-band beams specifically handling downlink user links in the 2.4835–2.500 GHz range, while uplink signals operated in L-band. (CDMA) was implemented for multiple access, enabling efficient spectrum sharing and supporting features like soft handoffs between beams and satellites. The satellites were primarily launched using Delta II rockets from , with additional launches on Soyuz vehicles from , completing the full deployment of 52 satellites (48 active plus spares) by early 2000. The total program cost for the constellation exceeded $2.5 billion, encompassing satellite manufacturing, launches, and ground infrastructure. Each satellite was engineered for a planned operational lifespan of 7.5 years and included a system for maintenance and station-keeping to sustain the constellation's configuration. Commercial service rollout began in 1999 following initial launches, marking the operational start of the network.

Second-Generation Constellation

The second-generation constellation of Globalstar represents an incremental upgrade to the company's (LEO) satellite network, designed to enhance capacity, reliability, and service longevity following the limitations of the first-generation system. Comprising 24 satellites, the constellation was deployed through four dedicated launches from the in between December 2010 and February 2013, with each mission carrying six spacecraft into a 1,414 km circular orbit at 52 degrees inclination. These satellites, manufactured by , each weigh approximately 700 kg and generate up to 2.4 kW of power, enabling a projected operational life of 15 years—double that of their predecessors. A key technological advancement in the second-generation satellites is the incorporation of digital phased-array antennas, which support flexible across 16 S-band spot beams per . This allows for dynamic adjustment of coverage patterns to optimize signal strength and capacity in targeted regions, improving overall network efficiency when integrated with contemporaneous upgrades to Globalstar's ground gateway stations. The S-band enhancements facilitate higher throughput, supporting voice communications at up to 9.6 kbps and low-speed services, including short transmission and basic positioning, while maintaining compatibility with existing user terminals. These improvements, combined with reduced and simplified , contributed to a total program cost of approximately $1.3 billion, encompassing production, ground modifications, and launch services. The orbital configuration, consisting of 24 satellites in 52° inclined orbits (a Walker constellation), provides coverage between approximately 70 degrees north and south latitudes, with partial extension toward polar regions compared to prior limitations, though full polar access remains constrained due to the lack of inter-satellite linking. However, coverage is limited and non-continuous, particularly for direct-to-device messaging services such as Apple's Emergency SOS via satellite. Significant coverage gaps exist over large oceanic regions, including the mid-Atlantic ocean, where no satellite is visible for extended periods due to the constellation's design and limited number of satellites. This results in messaging being unavailable in remote open ocean areas far from land or coastal regions, with better coverage generally available near populated land masses and coastal areas. As of November 2025, 24 second-generation satellites remain operational, forming the primary backbone for Globalstar's mobile satellite services including voice, messaging, and IoT connectivity. To extend this constellation beyond its projected end-of-life around 2028, Globalstar contracted MDA Space in 2022 for 17 replacement satellites valued at $327 million, with launches originally planned for 2025 but delayed to mid-2026 due to issues; the first eight will launch on a under a 2023 agreement, followed by nine more under a July 2025 agreement. This refresh will enhance capacity and support direct-to-device services. This constellation continues to underpin the company's revenue-generating operations, supporting over 120 countries while paving the way for future spectrum expansions.

Third-Generation Constellation

In November 2024, Globalstar announced a $1.5 billion investment in its third-generation satellite system, known as C-3, aimed at deploying a new low Earth orbit (LEO) constellation to enhance mobile satellite services. This initiative builds on the company's existing L/S/C-band operations by introducing advanced capabilities for higher throughput and seamless integration with terrestrial networks. The C-3 system is designed to operate at an altitude of approximately 1,414 km with a 52° inclination, maintaining compatibility with Globalstar's current infrastructure while enabling expanded direct-to-device connectivity. In February 2025, Globalstar signed a $1.1 billion contract with MDA Space to manufacture more than 50 satellites for the C-3 constellation, with Apple funding approximately $750 million of the costs to support enhanced emergency services. The constellation will include 48 operational satellites plus up to six in-orbit spares, providing increased redundancy and global coverage compared to prior generations. Launches for the full C-3 are planned starting late 2026 or later via rockets. Key features include higher effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) transmit technology, dynamic for optimized signal direction, and more robust ground signal strength to support higher data rates for mobile users. The C-3 system emphasizes integration through Globalstar's licensed Band n53 (2483.5-2495 MHz), a 11.5 MHz TDD mid-band spectrum that enables private networks and direct satellite-to-device services with throughputs up to 250 Mbps downlink. This allows for expanded support of services like Apple's Emergency SOS, extending reliable connectivity in remote areas where cellular coverage is unavailable. To achieve enhanced global coverage, particularly in Central and , Globalstar is expanding its ground infrastructure with eight new six-meter C-3 tracking antennas at four sites in , part of a broader deployment of approximately 90 antennas across 35 stations worldwide. Complementing the C-3 program, Globalstar announced in September 2025 plans to activate its HIBLEO-XL-1 satellite system filing with the (ITU), incorporating additional satellites, orbital shells, and frequency bands beyond L/S/C to further bolster mobile satellite services. This expansion positions C-3 as a revolutionary upgrade, focusing on 5G-enabled direct-to-phone capabilities and enterprise IoT, in contrast to the capacity-focused enhancements of the second-generation constellation.

Products and Services

Satellite Messengers and Tracking Devices

Globalstar's SPOT series consists of portable satellite messengers designed for one-way communications and GPS-based over the company's network, providing connectivity in remote areas beyond cellular reach. Introduced in 2007, these devices allow users to transmit distress signals, pre-programmed check-in messages, and location updates directly to responders, contacts, or monitoring platforms via or text. The series emphasizes simplicity and reliability for personal safety, with no need for two-way interaction, making it suitable for low-bandwidth applications in challenging environments. The , the latest iteration in the lineup, exemplifies these capabilities with enhanced GPS accuracy, customizable tracking intervals ranging from 2.5 to 60 minutes, and rugged, weather-resistant construction for extreme conditions. It integrates with the dedicated on and Android devices, enabling real-time viewing of location data, message history, and progress maps for shared monitoring. Commonly deployed in activities like , , and remote fieldwork, the Gen4 supports lone worker by alerting supervisors to predefined check-ins or movements, while its compact design facilitates attachment to gear or vehicles. Battery life reaches up to 13 days in continuous SOS transmission under clear sky conditions, or approximately 7 days for active 10-minute tracking intervals, powered by four AAA batteries for optimal endurance. Technically, SPOT devices leverage Globalstar's architecture, a one-way transmission system optimized for low-data IoT use cases, where small packets—typically including GPS coordinates, timestamps, and status flags—are sent at rates supporting efficient, intermittent updates without requiring acknowledgments. This protocol minimizes power draw and enables global coverage via the low-Earth orbit constellation, with transmissions handled through ground gateways for delivery to end users. The design prioritizes brevity and reliability, confining messages to essential information for applications like alerts and basic . Market adoption of the SPOT series has grown steadily since 2007, driven by its affordability and role in personal and professional safety solutions, contributing to Globalstar's satellite IoT subscriber base that exceeded 500,000 units as of recent estimates. Users subscribe to tiered annual plans, starting with basic options for unlimited SOS and check-in messages at $11.95 per month (12-month term), progressing to advanced tiers with unlimited custom messaging and extreme tracking for $29.95 monthly, accommodating needs from occasional recreational use to continuous monitoring. These plans ensure ongoing access to the network, with flex options available for seasonal deployment.

Data Transmission Devices

Globalstar offers a range of transmission devices designed for reliable one- and two-way communications in remote and challenging environments, enabling automated and monitoring without dependence on terrestrial networks. These modems support transmission for cost-effective, low-power one-way bursts and duplex capabilities for bidirectional IP-based exchanges, catering to enterprise needs in industries requiring persistent connectivity. The devices leverage Globalstar's constellation for low-latency, global coverage in areas beyond cellular reach. Simplex modems, such as the STX3, provide low-power, one-way data transmission ideal for resource-constrained applications like supervisory control and data acquisition () and remote metering. The STX3 is a compact, surface-mountable module measuring 1.13 x 0.81 x 0.162 inches and weighing 0.14 ounces, with an range of -40°C to +85°C and voltage of 3.0 to 5.0 volts, enabling integration into battery-operated devices for extended field deployment. It transmits small data packets—up to 144 bytes per message—over the Globalstar simplex network at an effective rate of approximately 100 bits per second, supporting high-reliability delivery through multiple redundant transmissions. Duplex modems facilitate two-way IP data transfer for more interactive remote applications, exemplified by the legacy GSP-1720 module and newer models like the RM200M. The GSP-1720 supports full-duplex data rates of up to 9.6 kbps, allowing direct or connectivity for real-time exchanges in sectors such as and gas monitoring and . The RM200M, a modern ruggedized module, builds on this with low-power architecture and for simplified integration, maintaining similar data throughput while enhancing battery life through efficient packet handling. These modems are deployed for bidirectional , enabling command-response cycles in dynamic environments. Hardware specifications emphasize compactness and versatility, with modules like the STX3 and RM200M featuring integrated GPS receivers for location-aware data transmission, allowing precise of telemetry packets in tracking applications. Both and duplex units support hybrid cellular-satellite operation through compatibility with non-terrestrial network (NTN) standards, including Band n53 for integration, which enables seamless between networks for enhanced reliability in mixed-coverage scenarios. This design facilitates easy embedding into custom devices, with antenna options for omnidirectional transmission without precise satellite pointing. Key applications include , where simplex modems transmit sensor data from remote weather stations or pipelines, and , utilizing duplex capabilities for real-time vehicle diagnostics and routing updates. In oil and gas operations, these devices enable systems to report pressure metrics or equipment status, while firms use them for container tracking across oceans or deserts. models are primarily based on airtime usage, with simplex services offered via monthly subscriptions (e.g., $44 for 100 messages) and overages at approximately $0.30 per message, while duplex plans are tiered based on data volume and typically start above $30 monthly for enterprise use.

Voice and Integrated Modules

Globalstar's duplex voice solutions include legacy handheld satellite phones for reliable voice communication in remote areas lacking terrestrial coverage, as well as modern integrated modules and devices like the SPOT X for two-way voice. The SPOT X, part of the SPOT series, provides satellite-based voice calls, messaging, and tracking in a rugged handheld form factor suitable for outdoor and professional use. The GSP-1600 tri-mode phone, developed by , supports satellite, CDMA digital cellular, and AMPS analog modes, enabling users to make and receive clear digital voice calls at rates around 4 kbps using the AMBE vocoder for superior quality without tunnel-like echoes. It also facilitates short message service () and emergency dialing directly to services like 911. However, Globalstar no longer sells new units of the GSP-1600 or GSP-1700, providing support only for existing devices. Similarly, the GSP-1700 mobile offers CDMA-based crystal-clear voice with integrated GPS for location services and supports alongside features. Both legacy devices operate at data speeds up to 9.6 kbps for supplementary transmission needs. Due to Globalstar's bent-pipe architecture—where satellites relay signals without onboard processing—and its constellation inclined at 52 degrees, these phones exhibit coverage gaps in equatorial regions, limiting service between approximately 70 degrees north and south latitudes. For integrated applications, the GSP-1720 satellite data and voice module provides embeddable hardware for custom devices, supporting full duplex two-way voice and data communications to enable tracking, monitoring, and in specialized equipment. This module allows developers to incorporate voice capabilities into products like systems or remote sensors, maintaining compatibility with Globalstar's network for seamless operation. These voice solutions target remote workers, field personnel, and emergency responders who require dependable connectivity in off-grid environments, often integrating with push-to-talk applications for group coordination. Older models, such as the R190 dual-mode /GSM phone, have been discontinued but represented early efforts in combining cellular and voice for global use.

IoT and Enterprise Solutions

Globalstar's Realm Enablement Suite serves as a comprehensive, cloud-based IoT platform designed for enterprise asset tracking, monitoring, and analytics, enabling businesses to deploy and manage satellite-connected devices efficiently. This low-code application development environment includes a for real-time visualization, geofencing capabilities to define virtual boundaries for alerts, and tools for by analyzing device data trends. The suite supports integration with edge hardware, providing unified APIs for seamless data flow from satellite-connected sensors to cloud-based processing, and it accommodates thousands of devices simultaneously for scalable operations. In enterprise applications, the platform facilitates industrial IoT deployments across sectors such as , , and . For pipeline integrity in the oil and , it enables real-time monitoring of leaks, pressure anomalies, and potential tampering through connected sensors along extensive networks, enhancing safety and compliance in remote areas. In , the platform supports sensor networks for tracking , health, and movement, optimizing resource use and enabling early alerts for issues like or environmental stress. Mining operations benefit from equipment tracking and personnel monitoring via low-power devices, improving and safety in off-grid sites by providing visibility into vehicle locations and environmental conditions. The platform integrates with third-party analytics services to process IoT data, including partnerships for enhanced connectivity, while incorporating robust security measures such as and protocols to protect transmitted data across the network. This ensures secure handling of sensitive operational information in mission-critical environments. Realm's design supports both and duplex data transmission, allowing for one-way reporting or as needed, and it scales to manage growing deployments, with Globalstar reporting average commercial IoT subscribers reaching 543,000 in the third quarter of 2025—a 6% year-over-year increase that contributed to a 4% rise in IoT service revenue for the first nine months of the year.

Consumer and Subscription Services

Globalstar provides a range of subscription services tailored for personal communication, including tracking, messaging, and voice connectivity through its SPOT devices and satellite phones. These services are designed for outdoor enthusiasts, travelers, and individuals in remote areas, offering flexible plans that emphasize reliability and ease of access. Subscriptions are available on monthly or annual terms, with activation fees typically around $29.95, and all plans include global coverage across most landmasses except the extreme polar regions. For SPOT satellite messengers and trackers, service tiers start with basic options focused on location sharing and emergency alerts. The Basic plan, priced at $11.95 per month or $143.40 annually (12-month commitment), provides unlimited SOS, help, check-in, and predefined messages alongside basic tracking intervals of 5, 10, 30, or 60 minutes, suitable for simple asset monitoring or personal safety. Higher tiers cater to users needing more frequent updates or messaging; the Advanced plan at $19.95 monthly ($239.40 annually) adds 100 custom messages (with overage at 25 cents each) and finer tracking options, while the Unlimited plan at $29.95 monthly ($359.40 annually) offers unrestricted custom messaging and tracking as frequent as every 2.5 minutes. Flex plans without long-term commitments are available at a premium, starting at $14.95 monthly for Basic, allowing seasonal or occasional use. These plans support devices like SPOT Gen4, SPOT X, and SPOT Trace, with optional add-ons such as extreme tracking for $4.95 monthly or data management tools at $5 monthly. Voice and data airtime plans for consumer phones, such as the legacy GSP-1700 and GSP-1600 models, include prepaid minute bundles or unlimited options starting above $50 monthly to accommodate varying usage needs. Entry-level plans like 40 provide 40 minutes for $39.99 monthly, scaling to 150 with 150 minutes for $99.99 monthly (overage at 99 cents per minute), while unlimited voice plans such as Unlimited cost $199.99 monthly and include free . Annual alternatives, like Galaxy 1800 at $1,200 yearly (1,800 minutes), offer cost savings for consistent users, with all plans supporting inbound and global roaming in covered areas. Prepaid options enable short-term access without contracts, though monthly subscriptions auto-renew and incur early termination fees equivalent to remaining balance. transmission is integrated into these plans for , but higher volumes may require supplemental bundles. In 2025, Globalstar enhanced its consumer offerings through deeper integration with Apple's ecosystem, with free Emergency SOS via access on and later models extended as of November 2025, and developing new features like -powered Maps navigation and photo sharing in Messages, potentially expanding the user base by millions via devices. These updates leverage Globalstar's infrastructure upgrades, financed in part by Apple, to improve off-grid connectivity without additional consumer costs initially. Customer support for these services includes dedicated mobile apps for SPOT devices (e.g., for message management and tracking), an online portal for account oversight and plan changes, and a network of authorized dealers for device and . Subscriptions auto-renew to ensure continuous service, with average subscribers reaching 220,609 in Q3 2025, reflecting steady consumer adoption despite noted churn in voice segments.

Discontinued Offerings

Globalstar discontinued its Sat-Fi2 maritime broadband service in March 2021, citing insufficient commercial traffic to justify continued operation and support within the company's evolving satellite and ground network infrastructure. The service, launched in 2018 as an upgrade to the original Sat-Fi for providing connectivity via to up to eight devices on vessels, faced low adoption rates exacerbated by high maintenance costs and from more advanced maritime communication alternatives. Effective March 12, 2021, Globalstar ceased billing, sales, service provision, and for Sat-Fi2 and its associated Remote Antenna Station (RAS) variant, leading the company to write off unused and defective units later that year. Following the post-2010 network upgrades and shift toward IoT-centric applications, Globalstar retired several older handset models, including the R290 dual-mode satellite phone and the company's own GSP-1600 and GSP-1700 variants, due to technological and incompatibility with modern efficiencies. Globalstar no longer sells new units of these phones but continues to support existing devices. These devices, prominent in the early for voice and basic data, were phased out as Globalstar transitioned from simplex-only (one-way data transmission) offerings to tri-mode capabilities that integrated satellite, cellular (), and analog (AMPS) modes for enhanced versatility and reliability. The retirement impacted legacy users in remote operations, prompting migrations to current duplex modems like the RM200M or IoT-focused trackers, which offered improved battery life and data rates aligned with the company's strategic pivot to asset tracking and machine-to-machine communications. In the early 2000s, amid financial pressures culminating in , Globalstar abandoned initial trials for expanded services that aimed to deliver higher-speed beyond basic mobile-originated messaging. Launched in December 2000 as part of efforts to diversify from voice , these trials sought to enable packet transmission for enterprise applications but were curtailed after the company's February 2002 Chapter 11 filing, which prioritized core operations over resource-intensive development. The post-bankruptcy refocused Globalstar on low-earth voice and , effectively shelving ambitions until later generations of the constellation.

Business Operations

Corporate Structure and Ownership

Globalstar, Inc. is incorporated in the state of , having been formed as a in November 2003 and converted to a on March 17, 2006. The company's headquarters are located in . As of 2025, serves as Chief Executive Officer, a position he has held since August 2023, while James (Jay) Monroe III acts as Executive Chairman of the Board. Globalstar is publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol . In late 2024, acquired a 20% equity stake in Globalstar Licensee LLC, a owning the expanded satellite network assets, through a $400 million investment as part of a broader $1.5 billion funding agreement to expand satellite connectivity services. Institutional investors, including entities affiliated with the Thermo Companies—controlled by Executive Chairman III—hold significant ownership, making Thermo the principal stockholder. The company operates through several wholly owned subsidiaries, including SPOT LLC, a Colorado-based entity focused on consumer satellite tracking and messaging products. Globalstar conducts its international operations via affiliates and subsidiaries that manage mobile satellite services and infrastructure outside the , such as Globalstar Licensee LLC for spectrum-related activities. Globalstar's governance structure includes a board of seven directors, divided into three classes with staggered three-year terms, as stipulated in its bylaws. Following its restructuring and emergence from the predecessor entity's proceedings—through which it acquired the assets of the original Globalstar—the company has maintained compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, including requirements for internal controls, oversight, and corporate ethics standards.

Financing and Financial Performance

Globalstar has managed its debt obligations through strategic refinancings and repayments. In early 2023, the company completed the repayment of approximately $150 million in outstanding obligations to under a 2019 facility agreement, utilizing proceeds from new financing arrangements including support from Apple. As of September 30, 2025, Globalstar's total long-term debt stood at $418.7 million, reflecting stable principal levels compared to $417.5 million at the end of 2024, with ongoing management focused on liquidity for constellation expansions. The company's revenue is derived primarily from wholesale capacity services—accounting for a significant portion, such as partnerships with Apple for satellite-enabled features—commercial IoT solutions, and direct services to consumers and enterprises. In the third quarter of 2025, reached a record $73.8 million, a 2% increase year-over-year, driven by growth in wholesale services and IoT equipment sales; service revenue, which includes wholesale and IoT, comprised $69.6 million of the total. Adjusted EBITDA for the quarter was $37.6 million, yielding a 51% margin despite investments in . Looking ahead, Globalstar reaffirmed its full-year 2025 guidance of $260 million to $285 million in total revenue and an adjusted EBITDA margin of approximately 50%, supported by sustained demand in wholesale and IoT segments. For its third-generation (C-3) constellation, the company announced a $1.5 billion investment in November 2024 to deploy 48 new satellites and expand ground infrastructure, funded through a combination of debt, equity, and partner commitments including up to $1.5 billion from Apple. On the , Globalstar (NYSE: ) maintained a of approximately $6.0 billion as of early November 2025, reflecting investor optimism around its growth trajectory in satellite IoT and partnerships. The company does not currently pay dividends, instead directing cash flows toward capital expenditures for network enhancements and the C-3 program.

Key Partnerships and Collaborations

Globalstar's most significant partnership is with Apple, which began in 2022 when the company was selected to provide connectivity for the Emergency SOS via feature on and later models, allowing users to message emergency services in areas without cellular or coverage. This collaboration was supported by Apple's $450 million investment from its Advanced Manufacturing Fund to enable the service's rollout in the and , later expanding to . In 2024, Apple deepened the alliance with a $1.5 billion commitment, including $1.1 billion in funding for infrastructure upgrades and a $400 million investment for a 20% equity stake in Globalstar Licensee LLC, a owning the expanded constellation, facilitating direct-to-device connectivity for billions of users worldwide. Globalstar has collaborated with Technologies on chipset integration and development, including the inclusion of Globalstar's Band n53 spectrum in Qualcomm's Snapdragon X65 in 2021 to support global connectivity. This partnership expanded in 2023 through a strategic agreement to deliver private networks and services, leveraging Qualcomm's chipsets for enhanced IoT and enterprise applications on Globalstar's spectrum. In February 2025, Globalstar signed a $1.1 billion with MDA Space to manufacture over 50 next-generation low-Earth orbit satellites for its C-3 constellation, incorporating advanced MDA AURORA software-defined digital payloads to boost capacity and support direct-to-device services. Earlier financing partnerships include a 2019 refinancing deal led by , providing Globalstar with $199 million in debt funding to stabilize operations and invest in S-band spectrum assets, which was later refinanced and partially repaid by 2023. Through its SPOT LLC subsidiary, acquired in 2009, Globalstar has formed alliances with outdoor equipment brands to integrate satellite tracking into consumer devices, enhancing asset monitoring for activities like and via the Globalstar network. In 2025, Globalstar advanced its C-3 constellation preparations with expansions in , installing eight new six-meter tracking antennas at four ground stations to improve global coverage and support partnerships with local telecom operators for integration. As of November 2025, reports indicate Globalstar is exploring a potential sale, with early discussions involving amid interest in its spectrum assets for direct-to-device satellite services.

Workforce and Global Operations

Globalstar employs approximately 400 people as of 2025, with the majority concentrated in the United States for engineering, sales, and administrative functions, particularly at its headquarters in Covington, Louisiana, and additional offices in Milpitas and San Diego, California. International employees, numbering in the dozens across 15 countries including Brazil, France, Ireland, and Japan, primarily handle gateway operations and regional support. This distributed structure supports the company's focus on satellite communications expertise, with roles spanning software development, network engineering, and customer service. The company's global operations encompass service coverage in over 120 countries, enabled by 24 ground gateways distributed across to ensure seamless satellite connectivity for voice, data, and IoT applications. These facilities, including seven in , form the backbone of Globalstar's low-Earth orbit network, with ongoing expansions for the C-3 constellation adding up to 90 new tracking antennas at approximately 35 sites worldwide. Distribution occurs through an extensive international network of value-added resellers and partners, such as Global Telesat Communications in Europe, which alone sold over 10,800 devices in 2024. Manufacturing of satellite-enabled devices and components is outsourced to specialized partners, including long-standing collaborations with for gateway infrastructure and modem technologies. Globalstar fosters a corporate culture centered on in satellite technology, with teams comprising multidisciplinary experts who prioritize secure and accessible connectivity solutions. Employee emphasizes specialized skills in mobile satellite systems and IoT integration, supporting the company's mission-driven environment. Diversity efforts are reflected in the workforce composition, contributing to inclusive practices across and operations roles. In the competitive niche of the , Globalstar encounters challenges in talent retention, as high demand for specialized engineers leads to turnover rates approaching 60% within three years for professionals in the sector. To address this, the company has utilized credits in 2025 to stabilize its workforce amid expansions. For the C-3 project, Globalstar is actively hiring for and technical positions to oversee the global ground infrastructure build-out, with open roles in systems integration and listed on its careers portal.

Regulatory and Environmental Considerations

Regulatory Approvals and Challenges

Globalstar's regulatory framework in the United States began with the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) allocation of spectrum in the L-band (1610-1618.725 MHz for uplink) and S-band (2483.5-2500 MHz for downlink) for mobile satellite services in January 1995, enabling the company's initial low-Earth orbit constellation deployment. In 2020, the FCC supported the Third Generation Partnership Project's () approval of Globalstar's Band 53 (2483.5-2495 MHz) as a New Radio band, designated n53, facilitating integration with terrestrial networks for enhanced capabilities. More recently, in August 2024, the FCC extended Globalstar's HIBLEO-4 license for 15 years and authorized the deployment of up to 26 replacement satellites for its second-generation constellation, incorporating orbital debris mitigation measures in coordination with NASA's standards to limit post-mission risks. In June 2025, the FCC approved Globalstar's C-3 third-generation constellation despite objections from competitors. On the international front, Globalstar benefits from global spectrum allocations coordinated through the (ITU), including filings for its HIBLEO-series systems that secure rights across multiple bands for worldwide mobile satellite operations. In the , regulatory approvals from bodies like the and national authorities have enabled the establishment and expansion of gateway facilities, such as the 2025 upgrades in , supporting low-latency connectivity for future constellations without significant delays. Globalstar has faced notable regulatory challenges, including a 2024 dispute between the U.S. and over harmful interference to its HIBLEO-4 satellites from Chinese ground stations, prompting FCC investigations and diplomatic coordination to resolve spectrum conflicts in the region. In March 2025, lobbied the FCC to deny approvals for Globalstar's C-3 direct-to-device services, arguing that the proposed use of 1.6 GHz and 2.4 GHz bands would exacerbate congestion and interfere with existing operations. Regarding compliance, Globalstar submits annual environmental assessments to the FCC for satellite launches and operations, adhering to requirements under the to evaluate potential impacts on and , with no major fines or penalties imposed as of 2025.

Environmental Impact and Sustainability

Globalstar has prioritized orbital as part of its satellite operations to minimize long-term environmental risks in (LEO). The company's first-generation constellation, consisting of satellites launched between 1998 and 2007, experienced end-of-life deorbiting primarily through atmospheric drag, with many units completing disposal in the in compliance with regulatory standards. For its second-generation replacement and planned C-3 systems, Globalstar adheres to () and guidelines, incorporating designs that ensure post-mission deorbiting within five years of mission completion, limiting the risk of collisions and proliferation; the HIBLEO-4 filing proposes enhanced reliability in disposal mechanisms, including propulsion systems for controlled reentry. Satellite launches for Globalstar's constellation have environmental implications due to from launch vehicles. Historical deployments utilized Delta II and Soyuz s, which emit significant CO2—estimated at thousands of metric tons per launch based on general rocket profiles—contributing to the overall of space activities. To address this, Globalstar has pursued carbon offset partnerships; in 2023, it collaborated with Trees4Travel to calculate and offset travel-related emissions using projects, with similar initiatives extended to support 2025 network expansions through infrastructure sharing that reduces redundant deployments. In daily operations, Globalstar integrates sustainable practices to lower its . Ground gateways and remote infrastructure incorporate solutions, such as in devices like the GSatSolar and SmartOne Solar, which enable energy-efficient monitoring without reliance on grid power, thereby reducing overall energy consumption in off-grid environments. Furthermore, Globalstar's IoT applications support efforts; for instance, Koerr Inc. deploys SmartOne C monitors to track oil and gas pipelines in real-time, enabling early detection of leaks and preventing oil spills that could harm ecosystems. Similarly, researchers use SPOT Trace devices for oceanographic studies, tracking plastic debris to inform cleanup and policy measures. Globalstar's LEO architecture inherently limits certain environmental impacts compared to geostationary (GEO) systems, as its 24-satellite constellation produces minimal —satellites are visible briefly during passes, unlike the persistent visibility of higher-altitude GEO craft—aligning with broader industry efforts to preserve quality. The company continues sustainability initiatives, including 2025 partnerships for biodegradable IoT hardware in marine monitoring, such as YottaOcean's drifting buoys that minimize after deployment. These efforts reflect Globalstar's commitment to balancing connectivity with ecological responsibility, though the firm has not yet published a dedicated net-zero emissions target.

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