Hubbry Logo
Goat farmingGoat farmingMain
Open search
Goat farming
Community hub
Goat farming
logo
8 pages, 0 posts
0 subscribers
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Be the first to start a discussion here.
Goat farming
Goat farming
Goat farming
View on Wikipedia
from Wikipedia

Domesticated goats in Africa
The Boer goat, a widely-farmed meat-breed

Goat farming involves the raising and breeding of domestic goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) as a branch of animal husbandry. People farm goats principally for their meat, milk, fiber and skins.

Goat farming can be very suited to production alongside other livestock (such as sheep and cattle) on low-quality grazing land. Goats efficiently convert sub-quality grazing matter that is less desirable for other livestock into quality lean meat. Furthermore, goats can be farmed with a relatively small area of pasture and with limited resources.[1]

Pasture

[edit]
Goats are remarkably agile and will climb trees to browse.

As with other herbivores, the number of animals that a goat farmer can raise and sustain is dependent on the quality of the pasture. However, since goats will eat vegetation that most other domesticated livestock decline, they will subsist even on very poor land. Therefore, goat herds remain an important asset in regions with sparse and low quality vegetation. However, goats also show preference to certain browse and grasses, such as Multiflora Rose, Briar, Ironweed, Ragweed, Spiny Amaranth, and Pigweed among others. They are less fond of grasses such as Tall Fescue, Bermuda Grass, Orchard Grass, and Crab Grass.[2]

Worldwide goat population statistics

[edit]

As of 2022, India is the largest producer of goat's milk. In 2024, the United States of America was the largest importer of goat's milk, and in the same year, New Zealand was the top exporter.

World goat production: Selected regions and countries, 2008
Country/Region Total animals (millions) Goat milk (MT) Goat meat (million MT)
World ----- 15.2 4.8
Africa 294.5 3.2 1.1
Nigeria 53.8 N/A 0.26
Sudan 43.1 1.47 0.19
Asia 511.3 8.89 3.4
Afghanistan 6.38 0.11 0.04
Pakistan 60.00 N/A N/A
Iran 16.00 N/A N/A
India 125.7 4.0 0.48
Bangladesh 56.4 2.16 0.21
China 149.37 0.26 1.83
Saudi Arabia 2.2 0.076 0.024
Americas 37.3 0.54 0.15
Mexico 8.8 0.16 0.04
USA 3.1 N/A 0.022
Europe 17.86 2.59 0.012
UK 0.09 N/A N/A
France 1.2 0.58 0.007
Oceania 3.42 0.0004 0.018

In the US

[edit]

Meat goats are farmed in all US states, although most meat goat production occurs in the Southeast. Texas is the primary producer of meat goats, representing 38% of US production.[1]

Male goats are generally not required for the dairy-goat industry and are usually slaughtered for meat soon after birth. In the UK, approximately 30,000 billy goats from the dairy industry are slaughtered each year.[3]

[edit]
  • Goat farm
    Goat farm
  • Goat milking
    Goat milking
  • Pen for goats
    Pen for goats
  • Goat farming in Uganda
    Goat farming in Uganda
  • Goatskin parchment on wooden frame
    Goatskin parchment on wooden frame

See also

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]

References

[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Goat farming

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
Goat farming is the practice of raising and breeding domestic (Capra aegagrus hircus), a versatile small primarily for , , hides, , and fiber production, integrated into diverse agricultural systems from smallholder farms to commercial operations worldwide. These adaptable animals thrive in varied environments, including arid and marginal lands unsuitable for larger , making goat farming a low-input option that utilizes local feed resources like browse and forbs. As one of the earliest domesticated animals, dating back approximately 10,000 years, goats have played a central role in human societies for sustenance and economic activity. Globally, the goat population stands at approximately 1.1 billion heads as of 2024, with significant growth reflecting their importance in and poverty alleviation, particularly in developing regions where over 1 billion people depend on value chains for livelihoods. accounts for the largest share, hosting about 60% of the world's goats, followed by at around 30%, while production is concentrated in countries like , , and for and . In these areas, goat farming supports rural households by providing high-quality protein through and , which is nutritionally dense and often more digestible than cow milk for certain populations, while also generating income from sales of live animals, products, and byproducts. The sector's expansion, with global goat production reaching about 19 million tons in 2022, underscores its role in addressing and empowering women, who frequently manage goat herds in subsistence systems. Goat farming systems vary by purpose and region: meat production dominates in extensive setups, yielding lean, low-fat chevon or mutton prized for its flavor; dairy operations focus on breeds like and Alpine for high-yield used in cheese and ; and fiber farming, such as with Angora goats for , supports industries in specialized areas. In the United States, the industry comprises about 2.5 million goats across approximately 119,000 operations as of 2025, with meat goats forming the majority (about 79%) and showing steady growth due to demand for ethnic markets and niche products. Farmers employ , supplemental feeding, and health management to optimize productivity, as goats' habits enhance land utilization and control invasive weeds when integrated with other like . Despite its benefits, goat farming faces challenges such as disease management, feed scarcity during dry seasons, and , yet its resilience and multipurpose outputs position it as a sustainable pathway for in resource-limited settings. Ongoing research emphasizes improved breeds, nutritional strategies, and climate-adaptive practices to boost efficiency and reduce environmental impacts like .

Overview and History

Definition and Importance

Goat farming refers to the and management of the domestic (Capra hircus) primarily for the production of , milk, fiber, hides, and other byproducts such as skins and . This practice involves , health management, and environmental adaptation to optimize productivity while ensuring . Goat farming holds significant importance in providing affordable sources of animal protein, particularly in developing countries where it supports for rural populations. It empowers smallholder farmers by requiring minimal land and capital investment, enabling economic resilience and poverty alleviation through the sale of goats and their products. Additionally, goats contribute to due to their ability to thrive on marginal lands unsuitable for other , efficiently converting low-quality forages and crop residues into valuable outputs with low environmental footprint. In terms of environmental benefits, goat plays a key role in conservation by preventing vegetation overgrowth, promoting native diversity, and aiding in the rehabilitation of degraded lands through selective browsing that mimics natural ecological processes. This targeted helps control and maintains balance without the need for chemical interventions. Beyond primary products, goat farming offers multifunctional advantages, including the use of goat manure as a nutrient-rich that enhances and structure while reducing reliance on synthetic inputs. Goats also serve as effective agents for natural , clearing undesirable plants in pastures and farmlands, which supports integrated practices.

Historical Development

Goats were first domesticated approximately 10,500 years ago in the , particularly in the and regions, descending from the wild (Capra aegagrus) primarily for their meat, milk, and hides. Archaeological evidence, including remains from sites like in , indicates that these early managed herds were genetically distinct from wild populations by circa 8200 cal BC. Through the migration of farmers, domesticated goats rapidly spread from their origin in Southwest to , , and further into , becoming integral to early agricultural societies. Genetic and archaeological data from sites across the Mediterranean Basin and beyond reveal divergent pathways of dispersal, with goats appearing in European contexts by about 7000 years ago and reaching East by 4500 years ago. This expansion facilitated their role in and systems, supported by evidence of selective slaughter patterns in faunal assemblages that suggest managed herds. In the Greco-Roman era, goats were valued for breeding programs and milk production, as detailed in classical texts like Varro's Rerum Rusticarum, which recommended herd management practices for dairy output. This importance persisted through the medieval and periods in , where goats contributed to household economies via milk, meat, and fiber, often integrated into diverse farming landscapes. However, goat farming encountered a significant turning point in 18th-century with the implementation of enclosure acts, which privatized common lands and restricted traditional grazing, leading to a decline in small-scale goat keeping. European colonizers introduced goats to the Americas in the 16th century, with Spanish explorers bringing hardy stock to support expeditions and settlements. In what is now the , goats arrived in the early 1600s, primarily for homestead use among early colonists seeking versatile for , , and brush control.

Breeds and Selection

Common Goat Breeds

Goat breeds are selectively developed for specific production purposes, including , , , and dual or miniature uses, with characteristics tailored to environmental adaptability and output efficiency. Farmers choose breeds based on their farm goals, such as or product yield.

Meat Breeds

Meat goat breeds are prized for rapid growth, muscular builds, and high carcass yields, making them suitable for commercial production. The , originating from , features a white body with a brown head and neck, exhibiting fast growth rates and a lean, heavily muscled carcass that can reach weights over 200 pounds in males. The Kiko breed, developed in and introduced to the in the , is known for its hardiness, parasite resistance, and efficient feed conversion, with does often producing twins or triplets in rugged conditions. Spanish goats, historically the dominant meat type in the and adaptable to arid, browse-heavy environments, serve as a dual-purpose breed with moderate frame size and strong ability, though they have largely been crossbred with for improved meat traits.

Dairy Breeds

Dairy breeds emphasize high milk volume and quality, often with efficient periods supporting cheese and fluid production. The Nubian, tracing origins to northeastern and bred with British goats in the , is distinguished by its large, pendulous ears and Roman nose, producing with high butterfat content (around 4-5%) ideal for creamy products, while tolerating hot climates. Alpine goats, derived from the , have a medium build with varied colorful markings and straight to slightly dished faces, offering good volume (around 2,000 pounds per 305-day ) with balanced and protein for versatile dairy uses. The Saanen, from Switzerland's Saanen Valley, is the most prolific producer among common breeds, with a white coat, erect ears, and straight profile, yielding over 2,000 pounds of annually in optimal conditions, though it requires cooler climates.

Fiber Breeds

Fiber breeds are valued for their specialized coats that produce high-quality or cashmere, often in addition to modest meat yields. The , originating from the Ankara region of Turkey, has a lustrous, curly fleece that yields —a silky fiber 12-15 cm long used in textiles—with annual production of 8-11 pounds (4-5.5 pounds per shearing, twice yearly) per animal under proper management. Cashmere goats, such as the Australian Cashmere Goat developed from feral herds in and , feature a fine, soft undercoat (cashmere) separated from coarser guard hairs, providing 3-6 ounces of premium fiber per year for luxury fabrics, with breeding focused on down quality and density.

Dual-Purpose or Miniature Breeds

Dual-purpose and miniature breeds offer versatility for small-scale farms, combining or meat production with pet suitability in compact forms. The Nigerian Dwarf, imported from and refined in the United States for , is a small breed (under 24 inches tall) with proportionate features and varied coat colors, producing with exceptionally high (6-10%) suitable for cheese despite lower volumes. The Pygmy goat, also from (originally Dwarf), has a stocky, cobby build reaching 16-23 inches in height, used for , meat, and companionship due to its docile nature and hardiness in confined spaces.

Selecting Goats for Farming

Selecting goats for farming begins with aligning the choice of animals to the farm's primary objectives, such as production, milking, or harvesting, as different purposes demand specialized traits like rapid growth in meat breeds or high milk yield in dairy types. Climate adaptability is crucial, with goats suited to local conditions—such as heat-tolerant breeds for arid regions or hardy ones for temperate zones—reducing stress and improving performance through gradual environmental acclimation. influences ease of handling, favoring calm, manageable animals that exhibit alertness and activity without excessive aggression. Disease resistance, particularly to parasites like worms, enhances herd longevity and lowers veterinary costs, often assessed via estimated breeding values (EBVs) showing lower fecal egg counts. Evaluation methods emphasize of physical conformation to ensure structural soundness and potential, including straight legs for mobility, a level back and deep body for muscling, and alert eyes with a shiny indicating . Age selection typically favors goats between 6 and 12 months for beginners, as they offer better adaptability, longer productive life, and post- growth data for assessment, with re-evaluation at 6-8 months for development. Pedigree review verifies genetic quality, incorporating performance records of ancestors for traits like weaning weight and to predict herd improvement. Goats should be sourced from reputable breeders or programs like those using the National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP) for verified , auctions for variety, or markets with health certifications to minimize risks. Upon arrival, new additions require in isolation for at least 30 days to monitor for diseases, preventing introduction of pathogens like viruses that may not show immediate symptoms and protecting the existing herd. For , a starting of 5-10 does and 1 buck is recommended to balance manageability with , sourcing from multiple origins to avoid while allowing initial breeding without overwhelming resources.

Infrastructure and Management

Housing and Facilities

Goat housing must provide protection from adverse weather, predators, and ensure adequate for movement and rest to maintain and productivity. Basic shelters include ventilated barns or open sheds that allow for good airflow to prevent respiratory issues, with recommendations for 10-15 square feet of floor space per adult goat in bedded areas plus additional exercise space to accommodate lying and standing comfortably. Elevated platforms or slatted floors are often incorporated in designs to keep goats dry and reduce contact with damp bedding, minimizing hoof and joint problems. Fencing is essential for containing , who are agile climbers and , while deterring predators such as coyotes or dogs. Sturdy woven wire , typically 4 feet high with small openings at the bottom to prevent crawling underneath, is widely recommended for its durability and visibility. Electric serves as an effective alternative or supplement, delivering a mild shock to train to respect boundaries and exclude threats, often combined with woven wire for added security. Specialized facilities enhance management efficiency in goat operations. For , milking parlors feature elevated platforms with stanchions for secure restraint during milking, often designed as single-row or parallel systems to streamline and labor, accommodating 10-20 goats per session depending on size. Kidding pens, typically 4 by 5 feet in isolated areas within the barn, provide a quiet, draft-free space for does and newborns to bond and reduce stress during the first few days post-birth. Handling chutes, with solid sides to minimize distractions and adjustable widths for safe restraint, facilitate vaccinations, trimming, and health checks without injury to animals or handlers. Climate influences housing adaptations to optimize goat comfort, as they thrive in temperatures between 55-70°F but are susceptible to heat stress above 80°F or cold winds below 40°F. In cold regions, windbreaks such as solid walls or dense on the north and west sides of shelters protect against chilling drafts, while in hot climates, shaded areas with misters or fans and constant access to cool, prevent and panting. These facilities often integrate with systems for rotational access, promoting natural behaviors while maintaining .

Pasture and Land Management

Effective pasture establishment in goat farming begins with selecting forages that align with goats' browsing habits, which favor a mix of grasses, , and forbs over strict like . Drought-resistant such as (Medicago sativa) are highly suitable due to their high yield, palatability, and ability to withstand dry conditions, making them a primary choice for intensive systems. Similarly, clovers like red clover (Trifolium pratense) and white clover (Trifolium repens) serve as cool-season perennial options that enhance and extend the grazing season when mixed with grasses. These selections promote year-round production by incorporating both warm-season and cool-season , ensuring nutritional diversity while accommodating goats' preference for browsing shrubs and weeds alongside grasses. Rotational grazing systems are essential for optimizing land use in goat farming, involving the division of pastures into multiple paddocks using temporary electric fencing to facilitate controlled herd movement. Typically, land is segmented into 8 to 12 paddocks, with goats moved every 1 to 5 days to prevent and allow regrowth during rest periods of 45 to 65 days or longer in temperate climates. This practice boosts production by up to 20% through improved plant recovery and efficiency, while leaving at least 4 inches of residual height minimizes soil disturbance. Additionally, frequent rotations disrupt parasite life cycles by reducing exposure to infective larvae, as rest periods enable larval die-off from and UV exposure, thereby lowering gastrointestinal loads in the herd. Land requirements for goat pastures vary based on forage quality, climate, and management intensity, but sustainable stocking rates generally support 4 to 8 per acre in improved pastures under rotational systems. In high-quality settings like alfalfa-dominated fields, rates can reach 10 to 15 per acre, whereas native or lower-quality ranges may limit support to 2 to 4 per acre to avoid degradation. During winter or dry seasons when growth halts, supplemental hay is necessary to meet nutritional needs, as pastures alone cannot sustain the herd year-round without overexploitation. Sustainability in goat pasture management relies on practices like regular soil testing to maintain optimal of 6.0 to 7.0 for legume-based pastures, ensuring vigorous growth and preventing deficiencies that could reduce . Reseeding or overseeding worn areas with adapted revitalizes productivity, particularly in rotational systems where selective may thin desirable . Targeted further enhances by deploying goats to control invasive , such as or multiflora rose, through their browsing of leaves, shoots, and bark up to 6 feet high, reducing and competitive advantages without chemical interventions. This approach not only preserves native vegetation but also improves overall pasture health by limiting fire fuels and promoting .

Nutrition and Feeding

Nutritional Requirements

Goats require energy, protein, minerals, vitamins, and water to meet their physiological needs for growth, maintenance, reproduction, and production, with requirements varying by age, sex, breed, body size, climate, and production goals such as meat or dairy. Requirements are based on National Research Council (NRC) guidelines from 2007, with adjustments for local conditions. These nutrients are typically supplied through forages, concentrates, and supplements, ensuring a balanced diet to optimize health and productivity. Energy, primarily from carbohydrates in forages and grains, supports basic metabolic functions, while fats contribute to and are particularly important for production in lactating does. generally consume 2.5-3% of their body weight in daily, though this can range from 2-4% depending on quality and physiological demands. Protein needs are met through crude protein sources, with growing kids requiring 14-18% in the diet to support rapid tissue development and . Stage-specific requirements adjust for increased demands; lactating does, especially dairy breeds, require diets with 12-17% crude protein to sustain milk synthesis (with concentrates often 14-20% CP), compared to 7-10% for in dry does. Late-gestation does also require elevated protein at 12-14% to prepare for . Minerals are critical for skeletal integrity and metabolic processes, with a calcium-to-phosphorus of 2:1 recommended to prevent deficiencies and support . The requirement is 10 ppm, with tolerating up to 80 ppm or higher; levels should be monitored, particularly in mixed flocks with sheep, which are more sensitive to excess ( at ~20 ppm in sheep). , essential for muscle function and protection, is needed at approximately 0.2 ppm (range 0.1-0.3 ppm), with higher supplementation in deficient soils. Vitamins, including fat-soluble A, D, and E, must be provided via diet or supplements, as they support vision, mineralization, and immune response, while rumen microbes synthesize . Water is vital for , , and nutrient transport, with adult goats requiring 1-2 gallons per day under normal conditions, increasing to 3 gallons or more during , heat stress, or high-protein feeding.

Feeding Strategies

Goats exhibit a natural preference for on shrubs, leaves, and woody plants rather than grasses, which influences feeding strategies that prioritize diverse forages to mimic their behavior and optimize intake. High-quality hay, such as for dairy goats, provides essential roughage, while from immature forages serves as a preserved option during . Concentrates, including grain mixes with 14-16% protein, are supplemented at 0.5-1 lb per day for growing, pregnant, or lactating goats to boost energy and protein without exceeding capacity. Effective ration balancing ensures 70-80% of the diet consists of forage, with 20-30% from supplements, tailored to production stage and body condition to prevent deficiencies or excesses. In confined systems, total mixed rations combine forages and concentrates to promote uniform intake and rumen health, fed in smaller, frequent meals once or twice daily to avoid acidosis. Free-choice mineral blocks formulated for goats supply trace elements like calcium and phosphorus in a 2:1 ratio, reducing the need for individual dosing. Seasonal adjustments align feeding with availability, emphasizing intensive on high-quality browse during summer to meet needs efficiently. In winter, stored hay or replaces fresh , with intake limited to 1-3% of body weight in to maintain condition without waste. Overfeeding is avoided through portion control and monitoring to prevent bloat, particularly on lush . Cost-saving measures focus on home-grown forages, such as harvesting hay at immature stages for higher nutrient density, which can comprise the bulk of the diet and lower reliance on purchased feeds. of concentrates directly from mills and using blocks instead of custom mixes further minimize expenses, often reducing feed costs that account for over 60% of production. Grouping by nutritional needs—such as separating lactating does—allows targeted supplementation, optimizing resource use across the herd.

Reproduction and Herd Management

Breeding Practices

Breeding practices in goat farming aim to optimize reproduction rates, herd genetics, and production efficiency through controlled and selection strategies. Common mating systems include hand-mating, where individual does are presented to a selected buck under to ensure accurate breeding records and prevent overbreeding, and pasture-mating (also known as pen breeding), in which bucks are introduced to groups of does in a confined area for natural . Most goat breeds are seasonal breeders, with the primary breeding period occurring in the fall to achieve spring kidding, aligning with optimal nutritional conditions for and kid growth. Effective buck management is essential for successful breeding outcomes. A typical ratio is one mature buck per 20 to 30 does, though yearling bucks may service 15 to 20 does to avoid exhaustion and maintain fertility. Bucks should undergo , often via , to assess , concentration, and morphology before the breeding season, ensuring only fertile males are used. Genetic improvement in goat herds relies on techniques such as (AI), which allows breeders to introduce superior traits like higher milk yield or growth rates from elite sires without maintaining multiple bucks. Comprehensive record-keeping of pedigree, performance data, and estimated breeding values (EBVs) supports selection decisions and accelerates herd progress. For dairy goat operations, estrus synchronization enhances breeding efficiency by coordinating mating across the herd. Hormonal protocols using prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) induce luteolysis to reset estrous cycles, often combined with progestogens or (GnRH) for precise timing, facilitating group or natural service.

Kidding and Neonatal Care

The period for goats typically lasts 145 to 155 days, varying slightly by breed and individual health factors. As kidding approaches, does exhibit signs of impending labor, including restlessness, pawing at bedding, nesting behavior, and udder filling with , which becomes engorged and firm. These indicators signal the onset of the first stage of labor, which can last 12 to 24 hours and involves without visible progress. The second stage of labor, marked by contractions and expulsion, usually completes within 30 to for uncomplicated births, with the water bag rupturing and kids presenting nose and front feet first. Assisted is necessary if no progress occurs after 30 minutes of active straining following water bag rupture, or in cases of malpresentation such as backward positioning, one leg folded back, or head turned aside. Intervention requires clean lubrication, gentle repositioning during contractions, and veterinary consultation for complex dystocia to avoid injury to the doe or kids. Immediately after birth, kids must be dried briskly with clean towels to remove amniotic fluids and stimulate breathing, as the doe may not always perform this adequately. If kids appear chilled (body below 99°F or 37.2°C), they should be warmed using a heat lamp or placed in a warming until their reaches the normal range of 101.5°F to 103.5°F (38.6°C to 39.7°C). The should be trimmed to about 3 inches and dipped in 7% iodine to prevent . Colostrum intake is critical for neonatal survival, providing essential immunoglobulins for , vitamins, and energy to combat early infections. Newborn kids should consume at least 10% of their body weight in within the first 24 hours, ideally starting within the first 1 to 2 hours when absorption efficiency is highest, via or bottle-feeding warmed to 102°F (38.9°C). For a 10-pound (4.5 kg) kid, this equates to approximately 16 ounces (480 mL), which can be sourced from the doe or supplemented with frozen doe if needed. Weaning typically occurs at 8 to 12 weeks of age, once kids reach 2.5 to 3 times their and consume at least 1% of their body weight in solid feed daily to ensure development. A gradual approach, such as reducing access over several days while increasing hay and concentrate availability from 7 to 14 days old, minimizes stress and prevents issues like digestive upset or poor growth. Routine procedures like and dehorning (disbudding) are often performed on male kids or horned breeds during early neonatal care to promote safety in the herd. methods include the elastrator band, applied to kids under 1 week old to restrict blood flow to the testicles, or the emasculatome, which crushes the without incision; both require tetanus vaccination to mitigate risks. Disbudding involves restraining the kid and applying a hot iron to the horn buds for 5 to 10 seconds (up to 15 seconds maximum) to cauterize the tissue, ideally before 10 days of age to prevent horn growth and reduce injury potential; pain relief with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as is recommended pre- and post-procedure to minimize stress and welfare concerns.

Health and Disease Prevention

Common Diseases and Parasites

Goat farming faces significant challenges from various diseases and parasites that can impact herd health and productivity. Among the most prevalent are internal and external parasites, bacterial and viral infections, nutritional deficiencies leading to metabolic disorders, and zoonotic diseases transmissible to humans. These conditions often manifest with specific symptoms related to their pathogenesis, and while treatments vary, early detection is crucial for managing outbreaks in goats of all ages. Parasites commonly affect goats through gastrointestinal infestations. , known as the barber pole worm, is a blood-feeding that causes severe due to its attachment to the abomasal mucosa, leading to blood loss and hypoproteinemia. Symptoms include bottle jaw ( under the jaw), , , and pale mucous membranes, with FAMACHA scoring used to assess severity by comparing color to a standardized . Treatment involves s such as or , administered based on fecal egg counts to target heavy infestations; however, widespread anthelmintic resistance, particularly to macrocyclic lactones like , has been reported globally in goat populations as of 2024, necessitating efficacy testing via fecal egg count reduction tests before routine use. Coccidiosis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus, primarily affects young kids under six months, damaging intestinal epithelial cells and resulting in . Key symptoms are watery or bloody , , , and , often appearing after two to three weeks of age. Basic treatment includes supportive care with fluids and sulfa drugs like to interrupt the parasite's lifecycle. Bacterial and viral infections pose chronic risks to goat herds. Caseous lymphadenitis (CL), caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, leads to formation in nodes and internal organs through bacterial entry via wounds or . Symptoms include visible subcutaneous on the head, neck, or limbs, , and occasionally or in advanced cases. Treatment focuses on lancing and draining under sterile conditions, followed by therapy such as penicillin, though the is often chronic. Footrot, a polymicrobial involving and Dichelobacter nodosus, thrives in wet environments and causes interdigital inflammation. Goats exhibit lameness, swelling between the toes, foul-smelling discharge, and separation, with severe cases leading to underfoot . It responds to supplementation alongside foot trimming and topical antibiotics like oxytetracycline. Enterotoxemia (overeating disease), caused by types C and D, is a major cause of sudden death in unvaccinated kids and adults, often triggered by dietary changes leading to rapid production in the intestines. Symptoms include acute , , convulsions, and neurological signs like staggering; treatment involves administration, , and supportive fluids, but prevention through is essential due to high mortality. Caprine (CAE), a retroviral caused by the caprine - virus, targets the joints, lungs, and udders after transmission via or milk. In adults, it manifests as progressive with swollen knees, lameness, and ; kids may show with neurological signs. There is no cure, but management includes anti-inflammatory drugs like for pain relief and of positive animals based on serological testing. Nutritional and metabolic disorders arise from dietary imbalances, particularly in high-demand periods. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM), often linked to (vitamin B1) deficiency from excessive grain feeding or ruminal changes, disrupts function due to impaired glucose . Symptoms include staggering, head pressing, blindness, convulsions, and , progressing rapidly in affected goats. Treatment requires immediate intravenous thiamine administration (5-10 mg/kg) to reverse neurological damage if caught early. Pregnancy toxemia, also known as , occurs in late gestation when fetal energy demands exceed maternal intake, leading to and ketonemia from fat mobilization. Does show depression, anorexia, grinding teeth, weakness, and recumbency, with ketotic breath odor in severe cases. Basic intervention involves oral or intravenous glucose drenches ( at 100 ml daily) and supportive feeding to stabilize blood sugar. Zoonotic diseases highlight risks to handlers in goat operations. Q fever, caused by the bacterium shed in birth tissues and milk, induces reproductive failures in goats through placental infection. Herds experience storms, stillbirths, and , with goats showing fever, lethargy, and ; human exposure causes flu-like symptoms. Treatment in goats uses long-term antibiotics like tetracyclines, though focus is on isolating affected animals. Recent outbreaks in the United States, including in 2024-2025, underscore the need for during kidding seasons. Sore mouth, or contagious ecthyma, results from orf virus infection entering through skin abrasions around the mouth. It produces scabby lesions, erosions, and pustules on lips, gums, and teats, causing pain, salivation, and reduced feed intake, typically resolving in 3-4 weeks. Supportive treatment includes soft feeds, antiseptic ointments, and wound care to prevent secondary bacterial infections.

Preventive Health Measures

Preventive health measures in goat farming emphasize proactive strategies to minimize disease introduction and spread, ensuring herd vitality and productivity. These protocols integrate vaccination, parasite management, biosecurity practices, and routine maintenance, tailored to regional risks and herd dynamics. Implementing them requires collaboration with veterinarians to customize schedules based on local epidemiology and farm conditions. Vaccination forms a cornerstone of preventive care, targeting key clostridial diseases that can rapidly affect young goats. The clostridial vaccine, often labeled as CD&T (covering Clostridium perfringens types C and D, plus tetanus), is administered to kids at 6 to 8 weeks of age, followed by a booster 3 to 4 weeks later; annual boosters are recommended for adults to sustain immunity. In regions endemic for rabies, such as parts of the United States, goats should receive an annual inactivated rabies vaccine to mitigate zoonotic risks, particularly for high-value or exhibition animals. These schedules help prevent enterotoxemia and tetanus, which are major causes of mortality in unvaccinated herds. Parasite control focuses on integrated methods to curb gastrointestinal nematodes, especially , without fostering resistance. Rotational grazing allows pastures to rest for 4 to 6 weeks, enabling infective larvae to die off while improving quality and reducing parasite loads. Regular fecal egg counts (FECs) monitor infestation levels, with counts above 500-1,000 eggs per gram indicating the need for intervention; these quantitative assessments guide targeted selective treatment (TST), where only clinically affected animals are dewormed based on indicators like FAMACHA scores. This approach preserves refugia—untreated parasites—to slow resistance development, promoting sustainable herd health. Given the high prevalence of resistance reported in 2024 studies across goat farms, farmers should conduct periodic fecal egg count reduction tests to evaluate dewormer efficacy and consider combination therapies or alternative classes like monepantel where available. Biosecurity protocols limit entry and transmission on the farm. New or returning goats must undergo for at least 30 days in an isolated, downwind area, with daily monitoring for illness and veterinary testing before integration into the main herd. Footbaths containing disinfectants, such as diluted , should be placed at entry points to production areas, requiring all visitors and personnel to use them or disposable boot covers to prevent tracking contaminants. Visitor restrictions, including limiting access to essential personnel and requiring clean clothing or farm-specific gear, further reduce external risks from other operations. Routine care encompasses regular physical maintenance and monitoring to detect issues early. Hoof trimming every 6 to 8 weeks prevents overgrowth, lameness, and secondary infections, with the pared flat to match the natural angle for optimal weight distribution. Deworming decisions leverage the FAMACHA system, which scores color on a 1-5 scale to identify anemic goats (scores 3-5) for treatment, minimizing unnecessary drug use. Annual veterinary examinations, including herd-wide assessments for body condition, , and emerging threats, enable tailored preventive plans and early detection of subclinical issues.

Products and Marketing

Primary Products from Goats

Goat farming yields several primary products, with , , and fiber being the most significant commercial outputs, alongside secondary items like hides and . These products vary in yield and quality based on breed, management, and environmental factors, contributing to the versatility of goat production systems worldwide. , known as chevon for mature animals or cabrito for young kids, is a lean protein source prized for its low fat content. Boer goats, a popular meat breed, achieve a high dressing percentage of 50-57%, meaning the carcass represents over half of the live weight, which supports efficient meat production. Tenderness is enhanced when goats are slaughtered young, typically at 6-9 months or 48-60 pounds live weight, as cabrito from these animals exhibits superior compared to chevon from older goats. Global demand for goat meat is driven by its suitability for and kosher markets, where it serves as a preferred option due to religious dietary laws permitting goat consumption. Goat milk is another key product, particularly from dairy breeds like , Alpine, and Nubian, with average yields of 1-2 gallons per doe per day during peak . Annual production typically ranges from 1,200-2,600 pounds per doe over a 284-305 day period. The milk's quality is notable for its content of 3.5-6%, higher than that of cow milk, which contributes to its rich flavor and suitability for specialized uses such as chèvre cheese production or soap making. Fiber production focuses on specialized breeds, with Angora goats yielding , a lustrous long fiber sheared annually or biannually at 4-6 pounds per doe per shear. Mohair's quality depends on fiber diameter and length, with finer clips from well-nourished animals commanding higher value. Cashmere, harvested from the undercoat of breeds like the or Australian cashmere goat, produces 0.5-1 pound of fine down per animal annually, valued for its softness and insulation properties. Additional products include hides, which are tanned into durable goatskin known for its supple texture and strength, suitable for gloves, bags, and . Goat manure serves as an , with a content of 0.7-1%, making it richer in this nutrient than cow manure and effective for improving when applied at rates supporting crop needs.

Processing and Market Strategies

Goat meat processing typically involves slaughtering animals at 6 to 9 months of age, when they weigh 48 to 60 pounds, to produce chevon, which is leaner but less tender than lamb due to higher content. After slaughter, carcasses are often aged for 7 to 10 days to enhance tenderness by allowing enzymatic breakdown of proteins, as aging beyond six days significantly improves texture in . Common cuts include loin chops, shoulder chops, and legs, which are fabricated from the dressed carcass to meet consumer preferences for or . Dairy processing begins with pasteurization of goat milk to ensure safety, commonly using the vat method at 145°F for 30 minutes to eliminate pathogens while preserving quality for further use. For cheesemaking, pasteurized milk is warmed, inoculated with starter cultures if needed, and coagulated by adding , which typically forms a firm in 30 to depending on temperature and milk composition. The curds are then cut, stirred, drained, and pressed or molded to produce varieties like chèvre or , emphasizing the unique tangy flavor of . Fiber processing from goats, particularly Angora breeds for , starts with shearing twice yearly—usually in February and August—when the fleece reaches about 4 inches in length to maintain animal health and quality. The shorn fleece is sorted by and style, then scoured in and water baths to remove , dirt, and impurities, yielding clean, lustrous fibers suitable for spinning into used in apparel and . This cleaning process is essential for accurate grading and prevents defects in the final products. Marketing strategies for goat products emphasize direct-to-consumer channels to build relationships and capture higher margins, such as on-farm sales, farmers' markets, and programs where producers offer fresh meat, cheeses, and value-added items like soaps. Ethnic markets, including festivals tied to cultural holidays like or , target communities such as , Muslim, and groups who prefer specific sizes and processing for goat meat, often yielding premium prices. Online platforms and enable broader reach for artisanal cheeses, with producers using websites and to highlight unique flavors and shipping options, while sustainable branding—focusing on grass-fed, eco-friendly practices—appeals to health-conscious consumers seeking lean, environmentally beneficial products.

Economic and Global Perspectives

Economic Viability of Goat Farming

The economic viability of goat farming hinges on initial investments and ongoing management, particularly for small-scale operations with 30-50 does. Startup costs typically include acquiring breeding stock at $100-300 per and infrastructure such as and , estimated at $5,000-10,000 for basic setups on limited acreage. These expenses can vary by region and scale, with fixed costs for and facilities representing a significant barrier for new entrants, often amortized over several years to improve returns. Operating expenses constitute the bulk of annual outlays, with feed accounting for 40-50% of total costs in goat enterprises, followed by veterinary care at 10-15% and labor at around 15-20%. For a 50-doe , total operating costs may reach 9,800−9,800-15,300 annually, or $196-306 per doe, encompassing hay, supplements, minerals, and fees. In operations, feed costs can comprise 50-60% of production expenses, pushing total cash expenses to about $946 per doe. after costs often ranges from $35-100 per doe in meat systems, with farms achieving higher returns of $300-400 per doe under efficient management. Key profit drivers include goats' efficient feed conversion, requiring 4.5-5.5 pounds of high-quality or feed to produce 1 pound of body weight gain, which supports low-input systems on marginal lands. This efficiency, combined with rapid reproduction rates, enables returns above operating costs when kid crops exceed 150%. Niche markets for organic or grass-fed and further enhance profitability by commanding premium prices, often 20-50% above conventional rates, though these require and direct-to-consumer strategies. Revenue from primary products like and directly influences overall margins in these specialized segments. Economic risks in goat farming stem from market volatility, where seasonal price fluctuations can reduce revenues by 20-30% during low-demand periods, and disease outbreaks, such as peste des petits ruminants, which cause morbidity rates of 75-87% and mortality up to 59%, slashing yields and increasing veterinary costs. Effective and diversified sales can mitigate these, but unmanaged parasites or predators may elevate losses, underscoring the need for robust health programs.

Global Production and Statistics

The global goat population is estimated at approximately 1.1 billion heads as of 2023, with projections indicating growth to around 1.13 billion by 2025, reflecting steady expansion in response to increasing demand for goat products in developing regions. accounts for approximately 58% of this population, where smallholder farming systems dominate and goats serve as a key asset for rural livelihoods. accounts for around 36% of the total, with significant numbers in sub-Saharan countries, while the , , and make up the remaining share. The leading goat-producing countries are predominantly in and , underscoring the species' importance in tropical and subtropical . maintains the largest inventory at about 154 million heads as of 2023, followed closely by with 129 million. and each hold around 89 million and 85 million heads, respectively. has approximately 54 million. These nations together represent over half of the world's goats, with production focused on in most cases but varying by local needs.
CountryGoat Population (millions, approx. 2023)
154
129
89
85
54
Global production trends show an annual growth rate of approximately 1.5-2% in goat populations over the past decade, driven by rising protein needs in low-income countries and the animal's adaptability to marginal lands. Meat output reached about 4.6 million metric tons in 2023, primarily from culled animals in mixed systems, while milk production hovered around 21 million metric tons as of 2023, supporting both household consumption and commercial processing. Regionally, goats play distinct roles: in Africa, they are vital for subsistence meat production among pastoral and smallholder communities, providing a reliable protein source in arid environments. In the Middle East, emphasis is placed on dairy for fresh milk and traditional yogurt, leveraging breeds suited to hot climates. Europe, by contrast, focuses on niche dairy operations yielding specialty cheeses like chèvre, often in intensive or semi-intensive setups.

Goat Farming in the United States

Goat farming in the United States maintains a significant presence within the sector, with a total of approximately 2.51 million goats and kids as of January 1, 2025, reflecting a 1 percent increase from the previous year. The majority of these animals, about 1.98 million head or roughly 79 percent, are raised for and other purposes, while goats number 430,000 head (17 percent), and angora goats for production total 102,000 head (4 percent). This distribution underscores the dominance of production, driven by domestic consumption patterns, though operations have seen a 4 percent uptick in . Regional concentration is pronounced in the southern and midwestern states, where leads as the top producer with over 805,000 , including 720,000 , 22,000 , and 63,000 angora . Other key states include with around 86,000 (primarily ), Georgia with 59,000 , and with notable herds of 38,000. Growth in smaller-scale operations, such as hobby farms, has paralleled expansions in ethnic markets, particularly among immigrant communities seeking for cultural and religious observances. The industry has expanded notably since the , fueled by rising demand from diverse populations, which has boosted numbers from under 1 million in 1990 to the current level. Innovative value-added practices, like sessions and experiences on and farms, have further diversified , with over half of surveyed operations allowing interactions such as feeding. Despite these advances, U.S. goat farmers face challenges including regulatory hurdles for on-farm slaughter and processing, where federal inspection requirements limit direct-to-consumer sales unless facilities comply with strict humane handling and sanitation standards under the Federal Meat Inspection Act. Competition from imports exacerbates market pressures, as domestic production meets only 30-40 percent of U.S. goat meat demand, with imports—primarily from Australia and New Zealand—filling the gap and totaling around $139 million in value in 2024. To counter these issues, the USDA provides targeted support through programs like microloans for beginning and small-scale farmers (up to $35,000 with simplified applications), conservation initiatives via the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) for sustainable grazing, and livestock indemnity payments for losses. These resources have aided operations in states like Texas and Oklahoma, where drought insurance and market development grants promote resilience.

References

  1. https://www.fao.org/livestock-systems/global-distributions/goats/en/
  2. https://www.fao.org/4/i0524e/i0524e.pdf
  3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6668863/
  4. https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/journals/pastoralism-research-policy-and-practice/articles/10.3389/past.2024.13988/full
  5. https://www.fao.org/newsroom/detail/livestock-contribute-to-global-food-security-fao-report/en
  6. https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/goat-population-by-country
  7. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/14/24/3717
  8. https://esmis.nal.usda.gov/sites/default/release-files/000000018/zk51xc07n/9593wq66x/shep0125.pdf
  9. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2022/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_US/st99_1_028_029.pdf
  10. https://www.fao.org/4/ah221e/AH221E13.htm
  11. https://tuspubs.tuskegee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1146&context=pawj
  12. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092144881200123X
  13. https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/17/1/13
  14. https://pastoralismjournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13570-023-00288-2
  15. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03206-y
  16. https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2100901118
  17. https://gsejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12711-018-0422-x
  18. https://livestockconservancy.org/2022/10/11/a-brief-history-of-goat-domestication/
  19. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222094707_Origin_and_Spread_of_Goat_Pastoralism
  20. https://www.medievalists.net/2014/05/role-goat-english-medieval-husbandry-economy/
  21. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921448805002154
  22. https://spanishgoatsllc.com/history/
  23. https://tuspubs.tuskegee.edu/pawj/vol6/iss2/7/
  24. https://extension.psu.edu/meat-goat-production
  25. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3460741/
  26. https://fieldreport.caes.uga.edu/publications/B1168/meat-goat-production-in-georgia/
  27. https://extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/as/as-590-w.pdf
  28. https://cals.cornell.edu/nys-4-h-animal-science-programs/livestock/goats/goat-fact-sheets/dairy-goat-breeds
  29. https://breeds.okstate.edu/goats/anglo-nubian-goats.html
  30. https://ucanr.edu/sites/default/files/2017-02/256503.pdf
  31. https://extension.usu.edu/utah/4h/animals/livestock/GoatBreeds.pdf
  32. https://afs.mgcafe.uky.edu/extension/4-h-youth/livestock/goat-discovery/breeds
  33. https://extension.msstate.edu/sites/default/files/2025-08/P4120_web.pdf
  34. https://breeds.okstate.edu/goats/angora-goats.html
  35. https://breeds.okstate.edu/goats/australian-goats.html
  36. https://breeds.okstate.edu/goats/nigerian-dwarf-goats.html
  37. https://extension.purdue.edu/county/decatur/_docs/mini-4-h-goats.pdf
  38. https://breeds.okstate.edu/goats/pygmy-goats.html
  39. https://www.mla.com.au/globalassets/mla-corporate/generic/extension-training-and-tools/gig_module-5_web.pdf
  40. https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/meat-goat-production/site-files/docs/chapter-3-meat-goat-selection.pdf
  41. https://extension.psu.edu/buck-selection-principles-for-meat-goats
  42. https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/animals-urban/criteria-to-select-goat-breeding-stock/
  43. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/goat09_is_biosecurity.pdf
  44. https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/14
  45. https://www.umass.edu/agriculture-food-environment/crops-dairy-livestock-equine/fact-sheets/housing-working-facilites-for-goats
  46. https://pubs.nmsu.edu/_d/D703/index.html
  47. https://ucanr.edu/sites/default/files/2020-12/341669.pdf
  48. https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/meat-goat-production/site-files/docs/chapter-11-fencing.pdf
  49. https://extension.psu.edu/designing-an-efficient-handling-system-for-sheep-and-goats
  50. https://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/livestock/html/b1-75.html
  51. https://blogs.cornell.edu/smallruminantdairy/facilities/
  52. https://pubs.nmsu.edu/_d/D703.pdf
  53. https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/pdf/sheep-and-goat-production-for-sm/2021-07-13/AG_sible_071221.pdf
  54. https://www.ams.usda.gov/sites/default/files/media/GuideForOrganicLivestockProducers.pdf
  55. https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/sheep-goats/housing-facilities-for-dairy-goats/
  56. https://www.canr.msu.edu/resources/grasses_and_legumes_for_intensive_grazing_in_michigan_e2307
  57. https://extension.psu.edu/extending-the-grazing-season-with-plant-diversity/
  58. https://tuspubs.tuskegee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1166&context=pawj
  59. https://tuspubs.tuskegee.edu/context/pawj/article/1165/viewcontent/Grazing_System_and_Management_for_Goat_Production.pdf
  60. https://extension.psu.edu/prevent-parasites-through-grazing-management/
  61. https://etd.auburn.edu/bitstream/handle/10415/373/HOPKINS_CARLA_48.pdf?sequence=1
  62. https://site.extension.uga.edu/seminoleag/2022/05/goats-for-the-mini-farm/
  63. https://njaes.rutgers.edu/e364/
  64. https://extension.oregonstate.edu/crop-production/pastures-forages/revitalizing-your-pastures-primer-overseeding-pastures-western
  65. https://web.mit.edu/nature/projects_12/pdfs/GoatsPresentation_2.pdf
  66. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11637/nutrient-requirements-of-small-ruminants-sheep-goats-cervids-and
  67. https://ucanr.edu/sites/default/files/2020-12/341659.pdf
  68. https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/meat-goat-production/site-files/docs/chapter-5-goat-nutrition.pdf
  69. https://extension.psu.edu/dairy-goat-production/
  70. https://smallruminants.ces.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Forage-Needs-for-Goats-and-Sheep.pdf
  71. https://vetmed.tennessee.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/UTCVM_LACS-FeedingGoats.pdf
  72. https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/nutrition-and-feeding/
  73. https://cals.cornell.edu/nys-4-h-animal-science-programs/livestock/goats/goat-educational-resources/keeping-feed-costs-down
  74. https://www.uaex.uada.edu/farm-ranch/animals-forages/sheep-goats/nutrition.aspx
  75. https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/sheep-goats/reproductive-management-dairy-goats-and-sheep/
  76. https://smallruminants.ces.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Bestmanagementpracticesfordairygoatfarmers.pdf
  77. https://extension.missouri.edu/publications/g2611
  78. https://www.kysu.edu/academics/college-ahnr/school-of-anr/co-op/publications-goat-management-breeding-season-pdf.php
  79. https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/as/as-599-w.pdf
  80. https://u.osu.edu/sheep/2020/07/07/breeding-soundness-examination-of-the-ram-and-buck/
  81. https://agsci.oregonstate.edu/sites/agscid7/files/d704.pdf
  82. https://pubs.nmsu.edu/_d/D704/index.html
  83. https://smallruminants.ces.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Goat-AI-ET.pdf
  84. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10633591/
  85. https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/as-1025
  86. https://extension.psu.edu/courses/meat-goat/reproduction/breeding-and-kidding-management/kidding-management
  87. https://extension.psu.edu/courses/meat-goat/reproduction/breeding-and-kidding-management/second-stage-of-labor
  88. https://www.kysu.edu/academics/college-ahnr/school-of-anr/co-op/publications-goat-management-kidding-season.php
  89. https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/lambing-and-kidding-cheat-sheet-for-beginning-small-ruminant-producers
  90. https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/nutrition-of-newborn-kids
  91. https://u.osu.edu/sheep/2022/03/01/weaning-management-for-goat-kids/
  92. https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/sheep-goats/herd-health-management-dairy-goats-and-sheep/
  93. https://bovine-ojs-tamu.tdl.org/aabp/article/view/7135
  94. https://extension.msstate.edu/publications/methods-for-disbudding-goat-kids
  95. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12298476/
  96. https://blog.cheshirehorse.com/2025/01/08/recognizing-and-treating-common-goat-ailments/
  97. https://agrilifetoday.tamu.edu/2025/02/18/managing-q-fever-outbreaks-this-spring/
  98. https://veterinaryworld.org/Vol.18/August-2025/28.pdf
  99. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10453609/
  100. https://extension.psu.edu/meat-goat-production/
  101. https://extension.umn.edu/community-research/halal-minnesota-goat-meat-marketing-case-study
  102. https://www.provisioneronline.com/articles/118452-goat-meat-gains-traction-in-the-us
  103. https://extension.psu.edu/dairy-goat-production
  104. https://ucanr.edu/program/uc-anr-small-farms-network/angora-goats-small-scale-agriculture-alternative
  105. https://breeds.okstate.edu/goats/cashmere-goats.html
  106. https://repository.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1029&context=gradschool_theses
  107. https://extension.psu.edu/home-cheesemaking
  108. https://www.sare.org/wp-content/uploads/MMGP-Manual-FINAL.pdf
  109. https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/meat-goat-production/site-files/docs/chapter-1-so-you-want-to-be-a-goat-rancher.pdf
  110. https://extension.missouri.edu/media/wysiwyg/Extensiondata/Pub/pdf/agguides/agecon/g00691.pdf
  111. https://extension.okstate.edu/programs/farm-management-and-finance/budgets/sample-budgets/site-files/docs/2024-sample-budgets-a/meat-goats-2.1-24-a.pdf
  112. https://www.extension.iastate.edu/dairyteam/files/documents/Model%20Dairy%20Goat%20Analysis%20Pub%202024.pdf
  113. https://garfield.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2024/04/Copy-of-Livestock-101-Market-Goats.pdf
  114. https://www.ansc.purdue.edu/goat/factsheet/economics.htm
  115. https://agrisk.umn.edu/Conferences/Presentation/meat_goat_markets_seasonality_volatility_and_
  116. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9790723/
  117. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0889157524000073
  118. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/Ag_Overview/stateOverview.php?state=GEORGIA
  119. https://www.fdrsinc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/JFDR_49.1_11_Ibrahim.pdf
  120. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/goat2019-reference-agritourism-practices-goat-ops.pdf
  121. https://nationalaglawcenter.org/state-compilations/meatprocessing/
  122. https://agrilifetoday.tamu.edu/2025/03/11/texas-sheep-and-goat-prices-rise-as-supply-tightens/
  123. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/goat-meat/reporter/usa
  124. https://www.usda.gov/farming-and-ranching/resources-small-and-mid-sized-farmers/programs-and-support-small-and-mid-sized-farmers
  125. https://www.farmers.gov/your-business/livestock
  126. https://sayedzahurahmed.com/goat-farming-in-usa/
Add your contribution
Related Hubs
User Avatar
No comments yet.