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Los Angeles International Airport
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Los Angeles International Airport[a] (IATA: LAX, ICAO: KLAX, FAA LID: LAX), commonly referred to by its IATA code LAX, is the primary international airport serving Los Angeles and its surrounding metropolitan area, in the U.S. state of California. LAX is located in the Westchester neighborhood of the city of Los Angeles, 18 miles (29 km; 16 nmi) southwest of downtown Los Angeles, with the commercial and residential areas of Westchester to the north, the city of El Segundo to the south, and the city of Inglewood to the east. LAX is the closest airport to the Westside and the South Bay.
Key Information
The airport is operated by Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA), a branch of the Los Angeles city government, that also operates the Van Nuys Airport for general aviation. The airport covers 3,500 acres (1,400 ha) of land and has four parallel runways.[4][7]
In 2023, LAX handled 75,050,875 passengers, making it the world's eleventh-busiest airport, according to the Airports Council International rankings.[8] In 2024, LAX served 76,587,980 passengers, a 2.04% increase from 2023. As the largest and busiest international airport on the West Coast of the United States, LAX is a major international gateway for the country, serving as a connection point for passengers traveling internationally (such as East and Southeast Asia, Australasia, Mexico, and Central America).
The airport holds the record for the world's busiest origin and destination airport,[9] because relative to other airports, many more travelers begin or end their trips in Los Angeles than use it as a connection. In 2019, LAWA reported approximately 88% of travelers at LAX were origination and destination passengers, and 12% were connecting.[10] It is also the only airport to rank among the top five U.S. airports for both passenger and cargo traffic.[11] LAX serves as a hub, focus city, or operating base for more passenger airlines than any other airport in the United States.
Although LAX is the busiest airport in the Greater Los Angeles area, several other airports serve the region including Burbank, John Wayne (Orange County), Long Beach, Ontario, and San Bernardino.
History
[edit]
In 1926, the Los Angeles City Council and the Chamber of Commerce recognized the need for the city to have its own airport to tap into the fledgling, but quickly growing, aviation industry. Several locations were considered, but the final choice was a 640-acre (1 sq mi; 259 ha) field in the southern part of Westchester. The location had been promoted by real estate agent William W. Mines, and Mines Field as it was known had already been selected to host the 1928 National Air Races. On August 13, 1928 the city leased the land and the newly formed Department of Airports began converting the fields, once used to grow wheat, barley, and lima beans, into dirt landing strips.[13]
The airport opened on October 1, 1928[14] and the first structure, Hangar No. 1, was erected in 1929. The building still stands at the airport, remaining in active use and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[15] Over the next year, the airport started to come together: the dirt runway was replaced with an all-weather surface and more hangars, a restaurant, and a control tower were built. On June 7, 1930, the facility was dedicated and renamed Los Angeles Municipal Airport.[13]

The airport was used by private pilots and flying schools, but the city’s vision was that Los Angeles would become the main passenger hub for the area. However, the airport failed to entice any carriers away from the established Burbank Airport or the Grand Central Airport in Glendale.[13]
World War II put a pause on any further development of the airport for passenger use. Before the United States entered the war, the aviation manufacturers located around the airport were busy providing aircraft for the Allied powers, while the flying schools found themselves in high demand. In January 1942, the military assumed control of the airport, stationing fighter planes there, and building naval gun batteries in the ocean dunes to the west.[13]
Meanwhile, airport managers published a master plan for the land and, in early 1943, convinced voters to back a $12.5 million bond for airport improvements. With a plan and funding in place, the airlines were finally convinced to make the move.
After the end of the War, four temporary terminals were quickly erected on the north side of the airport and, on December 9, 1946, American Airlines, Trans World Airlines (TWA), United Airlines, Southwest Airways, and Western Airlines began passenger operations at the airport, with Pan American Airways (Pan Am) joining the next month.[14][13] The airport was renamed Los Angeles International Airport in 1949.[16]
The temporary terminals remained in place for 15 years but quickly became inadequate, especially as air travel entered the "jet age" and other cities invested in modern facilities. Airport leaders once again convinced voters to back a $59 million bond on June 5, 1956.
The current layout of the passenger facilities was established in 1958 with a plan to build a series of terminals and parking facilities, arranged in the shape of the letter U, in the central portion of the property. The original plan called for the terminal buildings to be connected at the center of the property by a huge steel-and-glass dome. The dome was never built, but a smaller Theme Building, constructed in the central area, became a focal point for people coming to the airport.

The first of the new passenger buildings, Terminals 7 and 8, were opened for United Airlines on June 25, 1961, following opening festivities that lasted several days.[17][18] Terminals 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 opened later that same year.
There was a major expansion of the airport in the early 1980s, ahead of the 1984 Summer Olympic Games. In November 1983, a second-level roadway was added,[19] Terminal 1 opened in January 1984[20] and the Tom Bradley International Terminal opened in June 1984.[21] The original terminals also received expansions and updates in the 1980s.
Since 2008, the airport has been undergoing another major expansion. All of the terminals are being refurbished, and the Tom Bradley International Terminal was substantially rebuilt, with a West Gates satellite concourse added.[22] Outside of the terminal area, the LAX West Intermodal Transportation Facility with 4,300 parking spaces opened in 2021, replacing the former Lot C.[23] A new LAX/Metro Transit Center and a LAX Consolidated Rent-A-Car Facility (ConRAC) are being built. All will be connected to the terminal area by the LAX Automated People Mover.[24] Altogether, those projects are expected to cost $30 billion and bring LAX's total gates from 146 to 182.[25][26] Ultra low-cost carriers say project costs have made operations at LAX unsustainable under their low-fare model, with fees hitting around $50 per departing passenger. As a result, Allegiant Air is shutting its LAX crew base and cutting several routes.[27]
The "X" in LAX
[edit]Before the 1930s, US airports used a two-letter abbreviation and "LA" served as the designation for Los Angeles Airport.[28] With rapid growth in the aviation industry, in 1947, the identifiers were expanded to three letters, and "LA" received an extra letter to become "LAX". The "X" does not have any specific meaning.[29] "LAX" is also used for the Port of Los Angeles in San Pedro and by Amtrak for Union Station in Downtown Los Angeles.
Infrastructure
[edit]
Airfield
[edit]Runways 24R/06L and 24L/06R (designated the North Airfield Complex) are north of the airport terminals, while runways 25R/07L and 25L/07R (designated the South Airfield Complex) are south of the airport terminals.
| W | Length | Width | E |
|---|---|---|---|
| 06L → | 8,926 ft 2,721 m |
150 ft 46 m |
← 24R |
| 06R → | 10,885 ft 3,318 m |
150 ft 46 m |
← 24L |
| Terminal area | |||
| 07L → | 12,923 ft 3,939 m |
150 ft 46 m |
← 25R |
| 07R → | 11,095 ft 3,382 m |
200 ft 61 m |
← 25L |
LAX is located with the Pacific Ocean to the west and residential communities on all other sides. Since 1972, Los Angeles World Airports has adopted a "Preferential Runway Use Policy" to minimize noise levels in the communities closest to LAX.[30]
Typically, the loudest operations at an airport are from departing aircraft, with engines operating at high power, so during daytime hours (6:30am to midnight), LAX prefers to operate under the "Westerly Operations" air traffic pattern, named for the prevailing west winds. Under "Westerly Operations", departing aircraft take off to the west, over the ocean, and arriving aircraft approach from the east. To reduce noise to areas north and south of the airport, LAX prefers to use the "inboard" runways (06R/24L and 07L/25R) for departures, closest to the central terminal area and further from residential areas, and the "outboard" runways for arrivals. Historically, over 90% of flights have used the "inboard" departures and "outboard" arrivals scheme.[30]
During night-time hours, when there are fewer aircraft operations and residential areas tend to be more noise sensitive, additional changes are made to reduce noise. Between 10pm and 7am, air traffic controllers try to use the "outboard" runways as little as possible and, between midnight and 6:30am, the air traffic pattern shifts to "Over-Ocean Operations", under which departing aircraft continue to take off to the west, but arriving aircraft also approach from the west, over the ocean.[30]
There are times when the Over-Ocean and Westerly operations are not possible, particularly when the winds originate from the east, typically during inclement weather and when Santa Ana winds occur. In those cases, the airport shifts to the non-preferred "Easterly Operations" air traffic pattern, under which departing aircraft take off to the east, and arriving aircraft approach from the west.[30]
The South Airfield Complex tends to see more operations than the North, because there are a larger number of passenger gates and air cargo operations areas on the south side of the airport grounds.[30] In 2007, the southernmost runway (07R/25L) was moved 55 feet (17 m) to the south to accommodate a new central taxiway.[31][32] Runways in the North Airfield Complex are separated by 700 feet (210 m).[33] There were plans to increase the separation by 260 feet (79 m), which would have allowed a central taxiway between runways to have been built, but faced opposition from residents living north of LAX.[34] These plans were scrapped in 2016, in favor of lifting a gate cap at the airport and building a new park on the airport's north side.[35]
Terminals
[edit]
Theme Building
[edit]
The distinctive Theme Building in the Googie style was built in 1961 and resembles a flying saucer that has landed on its four legs. A restaurant with a sweeping view of the airport is suspended beneath two arches that form the legs. The Los Angeles City Council designated the building a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument in 1992. A $4 million renovation, with retro-futuristic interior and electric lighting designed by Walt Disney Imagineering, was completed before the Encounter Restaurant opened there in 1997 but is no longer in business.[38] Visitors are able to take the elevator up to the observation deck of the "Theme Building", which had previously been closed after the September 11, 2001 attacks for security reasons.[39] A memorial to the victims of the 9/11 attacks is located on the grounds, as three of the four hijacked planes were originally destined for LAX.[40] The Bob Hope USO expanded and relocated to the first floor of the Theme Building in 2018.[41]
Recent and future developments
[edit]LAWA currently has several plans to modernize LAX, at a cost of $30 billion.[26] These include terminal and runway improvements, which will "enhance the passenger experience, reduce overcrowding, and provide airport access to the latest class of very large passenger aircraft"; this will bring the number of LAX's total gates from 146 to 182.[25]
Completed improvements include:[42]
- Renovations of Terminal 1 (completed 2018),[43] Terminals 7 and 8 (completed 2019),[44] and Terminals 2 and 3 (completed 2023)[45][46]
- Terminal 1.5, a junction building connecting Terminals 1 and 2, with a bus gate to take passengers to boarding gates in the Tom Bradley International Terminal (completed 2021)[47]
- The Midfield Satellite Concourse (West Gates at Tom Bradley International Terminal) adding 15 gates (completed 2021)[48]
- Economy Parking facility, a 4,300-stall parking structure with passenger pick-up/drop-off areas, to later be connected to the terminal area by the APM (completed 2021)[49]
- Replacement Los Angeles Airport Police headquarters (completed 2021)[50]
- Terminal 4.5, a building connecting Terminals 4 and 5 to the LAX Automated People Mover and providing new landside space (completed 2022)[51]
- LAX Consolidated Rent-A-Car Facility, connected to the terminal area by the LAX Automated People Mover (completed 2024)[52]
- LAX/Metro Transit Center, a Metro Rail and bus station, connected to the terminal area by the APM (completed 2025)[53]
- Expansion of the Midfield Satellite Concourse adding 8 gates (completed 2025)[54][55]
Future improvements include:[42]
- Renovation of Terminal 6 (under construction, scheduled completion 2025)[56]
- LAX Automated People Mover (APM) (under construction, scheduled completion early 2026)[24]
- Renovation of Terminals 4 and 5 (under construction, scheduled completion 2028)[57]
- Roadway improvements to improve flow between Sepulveda Bl and the Central Terminal Area (under construction, scheduled completion 2030)[58]
- Construction of new Terminals 0 and 9 (in planning)[59]
Airlines and destinations
[edit]Passenger
[edit]Cargo
[edit]Traffic and statistics
[edit]

It is the world's eighth-busiest airport by passenger traffic and eleventh-busiest by cargo traffic,[293] serving over 87 million passengers and 2 million tons of freight and mail in 2018. It is the busiest airport in the state of California, and the fifth-busiest (2022) airport by passenger boardings in the United States. In terms of international passengers, the second busiest airport for international traffic in the United States, behind only JFK in New York City. The number of aircraft movements (landings and takeoffs) was 700,362 in 2017, the third most of any airport in the world.
| Passenger volume | Aircraft movements | Freight (tons) |
Mail (tons) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 | 51,050,275 | 689,888 | 1,516,567 | 186,878 |
| 1995 | 53,909,223 | 732,639 | 1,567,248 | 193,747 |
| 1996 | 57,974,559 | 763,866 | 1,696,663 | 194,091 |
| 1997 | 60,142,588 | 781,492 | 1,852,487 | 212,410 |
| 1998 | 61,215,712 | 773,569 | 1,787,400 | 264,473 |
| 1999 | 64,279,571 | 779,150 | 1,884,526 | 253,695 |
| 2000 | 67,303,182 | 783,433 | 2,002,614 | 246,538 |
| 2001 | 61,606,204 | 738,433 | 1,779,065 | 162,629 |
| 2002 | 56,223,843 | 645,424 | 1,869,932 | 92,422 |
| 2003 | 54,982,838 | 622,378 | 1,924,883 | 97,193 |
| 2004 | 60,704,568 | 655,097 | 2,022,911 | 92,402 |
| 2005 | 61,489,398 | 650,629 | 2,048,817 | 88,371 |
| 2006 | 61,041,066 | 656,842 | 2,022,687 | 80,395 |
| 2007 | 62,438,583 | 680,954 | 2,010,820 | 66,707 |
| 2008 | 59,815,646 | 622,506 | 1,723,038 | 73,505 |
| 2009 | 56,520,843 | 544,833 | 1,599,782 | 64,073 |
| 2010 | 59,069,409 | 575,835 | 1,852,791 | 74,034 |
| 2011 | 61,862,052 | 603,912 | 1,789,204 | 80,442 |
| 2012 | 63,688,121 | 605,480 | 1,867,155 | 88,438 |
| 2013 | 66,667,619 | 614,917 | 1,848,764 | 77,286 |
| 2014 | 70,662,212 | 636,706 | 1,921,302 | 79,850 |
| 2015 | 74,936,256 | 655,564 | 2,047,197 | 94,299 |
| 2016 | 80,921,527 | 697,138 | 2,105,941 | 99,394 |
| 2017 | 84,557,968 | 700,362 | 2,279,878 | 109,596 |
| 2018 | 87,534,384 | 707,833 | 2,338,642 | 109,694 |
| 2019 | 88,068,013 | 691,257 | 2,182,711 | 130,536 |
| 2020 | 28,779,527 | 379,364 | 2,329,348 | 135,498 |
| 2021 | 48,007,284 | 506,769 | 2,851,941 | 124,732 |
| 2022 | 65,924,298 | 556,913 | 2,632,536 | 122,034 |
| 2023 | 75,050,851 | 575,097 | 2,288,726 | 79,422 |
| 2024 | 76,587,980 | 581,779 | 2,404,426 | 52,176 |
| Source: Los Angeles World Airports[294][295] | ||||
Top domestic destinations
[edit]
| Rank | Airport | Passengers | Carriers |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | New York–JFK, New York | 1,397,000 | American, Delta, JetBlue |
| 2 | San Francisco, California | 1,363,000 | Alaska, American, Delta, Frontier, Southwest, United |
| 3 | Las Vegas, Nevada | 1,336,000 | Alaska, Allegiant, American, Delta, Frontier, JSX, Southwest, Spirit, Sun Country, United |
| 4 | Honolulu, Hawaii | 1,202,000 | Alaska, American, Delta, Hawaiian, Southwest, United |
| 5 | Chicago–O'Hare, Illinois | 1,175,000 | American, Spirit, United |
| 6 | Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas | 1,142,000 | American, Delta, Frontier, Spirit |
| 7 | Newark, New Jersey | 1,036,000 | Alaska, JetBlue, Spirit, United |
| 8 | Seattle/Tacoma, Washington | 986,000 | Alaska, American, Delta, United |
| 9 | Denver, Colorado | 986,000 | American, Delta, Frontier, Southwest, United |
| 10 | Atlanta, Georgia | 971,000 | American, Delta, Frontier, Spirit |
Top international destinations
[edit]
| Rank | Airport | Passengers | Carriers |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1,621,742 | American, British Airways, United, Virgin Atlantic | |
| 2 | 1,165,048 | Air Premia, Asiana Airlines, Korean Air | |
| 3 | 1,119,528 | Aeroméxico, Alaska, Viva, Volaris | |
| 4 | 1,087,890 | China Airlines, EVA Air, Starlux Airlines | |
| 5 | 1,060,561 | All Nippon Airways, American, Delta, Japan Airlines, United | |
| 6 | 962,913 | Air Canada, American, Flair, United, WestJet | |
| 7 | 937,345 | Aeroméxico, American, Delta, Viva, Volaris | |
| 8 | 893,802 | Air France, Air Tahiti Nui, Delta, Norse Atlantic Airways | |
| 9 | 767,581 | Air Canada, Porter, WestJet | |
| 10 | 757,862 | All Nippon Airways, Japan Airlines, Singapore, United, Zipair |
Airline market share
[edit]| Rank | Airline | Passengers | Share |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Delta Air Lines | 9,418,246 | 18.97% |
| 2 | United Airlines | 7,862,828 | 15.84% |
| 3 | American Airlines | 7,603,630 | 15.32% |
| 4 | Southwest Airlines | 4,038,641 | 8.14% |
| 5 | Alaska Airlines | 3,398,017 | 6.85% |
| 6 | Spirit Airlines | 1,618,417 | 3.26% |
| 7 | JetBlue | 1,390,896 | 2.80% |
| 8 | Frontier Airlines | 1,151,990 | 2.32% |
| 9 | Air Canada | 732,037 | 1.49% |
| 10 | Volaris | 700,749 | 1.41% |
Ground transportation and access
[edit]
Transiting between terminals
[edit]In the secure area of the airport, tunnels or above-ground connectors link all the terminals except for the regional terminal.
LAX Shuttle route A operates in a counter-clockwise loop around the Central Terminal Area, providing frequent service for connecting passengers. However, connecting passengers who use these shuttles must leave and then later re-enter security.
LAX Shuttle routes
[edit]LAX operates several shuttle routes to connect passengers and employees around the airport area:[300]
Route A – Terminal Connector operates in a counter-clockwise loop around the Central Terminal Area, providing frequent service for connecting passengers. However, connecting passengers who use these shuttles must leave and then later re-enter security.
Route E – Economy Parking connects the Central Terminal Area and the West Intermodal Transportation Facility, the airport's economy parking garage.
Route M – Metro Connector connects the Central Terminal Area with the LAX/Metro Transit Center on the Metro C and K lines.
Route X – LAX Employee Lots connects the Central Terminal Area and the Employee Parking Lots. The route has three service patterns: the East Lot route only stops at Terminals 1, 2, 3, and B; the West Lot route only stops at Terminals 4, 5, 6, and 7; and the South Lot route stops at all terminals and also stops at the City Bus Center as Route C.
FlyAway Bus
[edit]
The FlyAway bus is a nonstop motorcoach/shuttle service run by LAWA, which provides scheduled service between LAX and Union Station in Downtown LA or the FlyAway terminal at the Van Nuys Airport in the San Fernando Valley.[301]
FlyAway buses stop at every LAX terminal in a counter-clockwise direction, starting at terminal 1. The service hours vary based on the line, with most leaving on or near the top of the hour. Buses use the regional system of high-occupancy vehicle lanes and high-occupancy toll lanes (Metro ExpressLanes) to expedite their trips.
Metro Rail and the LAX Automated People Mover
[edit]LAX Automated People Mover | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
LAX does not currently have a direct connection to the Los Angeles Metro Rail system. LAX Shuttle route M offers free connections between the Central Terminal Area and the LAX/Metro Transit Center on the C and K, about 1+1⁄2 miles (2.4 km) away.
The LAX Automated People Mover (APM), currently under construction by LAWA, is a 2+1⁄4-mile (3.6 km) rail line that will connect the terminal area with long- and short-term parking facilities, a connection to the Los Angeles Metro Rail and other transit at the LAX/Metro Transit Center, and a consolidated facility for all airport rental car agencies.[302][303]
The APM project is estimated to cost $5.5 billion and is scheduled to begin operation in 2026.[304][305][306][307]
Freeways and roads
[edit]
LAX's terminals are immediately west of the interchange between Century Boulevard and Sepulveda Boulevard (State Route 1). Interstate 405 can be reached to the east via Century Boulevard. Interstate 105 is to the south via Sepulveda Boulevard, through the Airport Tunnel that crosses under the airport runways.
Taxis, ride-share and private shuttles
[edit]Arriving passengers take a shuttle or walk to the LAXit waiting area east of Terminal 1 for taxi or ride-share pickups.[308][309][310] Taxi services are operated by nine city-authorized taxi companies and regulated by Authorized Taxicab Supervision Inc. (ATS).[311] ATS queues up taxis at the LAXit waiting area.
A number of private shuttle companies also offer limousine and bus services to LAX.[citation needed]
Walk in from the neighborhood
[edit]Unlike many major airports of comparable size, it is easy to walk onto the land side LAX grounds from the abutting neighborhoods including Westchester and the Lennox area of Inglewood. There are several hotels, notably the Hyatt Regency LAX, restaurants and other support services on Sepulveda Blvd that are short walk from the terminals, and adequate sidewalks are provided to allow pedestrians with luggage to easily walk to/from the terminals to the neighborhood.
Other facilities
[edit]
The airport has the administrative offices of Los Angeles World Airports.[312]
Continental Airlines once had its corporate headquarters on the airport property. At a 1962 press conference in the office of Mayor of Los Angeles Sam Yorty, Continental Airlines announced that it planned to move its headquarters to Los Angeles in July 1963.[313] In 1963 Continental Airlines headquarters moved to a two-story, $2.3 million building on the grounds of the airport.[314][315] The July 2009 Continental Magazine issue stated that the move "underlined Continental Airlines western and Pacific orientation".[316] On July 1, 1983 the airline's headquarters were relocated to the America Tower in the Neartown area of Houston.[317]
In addition to Continental Airlines, Western Airlines and Flying Tiger Line also had their headquarters at LAX.[318][319]
Flight Path Museum LAX
[edit]The Flight Path Museum LAX, formerly known as the Flight Path Learning Center,[320] is a museum located at 6661 Imperial Highway and was formerly known as the "West Imperial Terminal". This building used to house some charter flights. It sat empty for 10 years until it was re-opened as a learning center for LAX.
The center contains information on the history of aviation, several pictures of the airport, as well as aircraft scale models, flight attendant uniforms, and general airline memorabilia such as playing cards, china, magazines, signs, and a TWA gate information sign.
The museum's library contains an extensive collection of rare items such as aircraft manufacturer company newsletters/magazines, technical manuals for both military and civilian aircraft, industry magazines dating back to World War II and before, historic photographs and other invaluable references on aircraft operation and manufacturing.[321]
The museum has on display "The Spirit of Seventy-Six," a DC-3 that flew in commercial airline service, before serving as a corporate aircraft for Union 76 Oil Company for 32 years. The plane was built in the Douglas Aircraft Company plant in Santa Monica in January 1941, which was a major producer of both commercial and military aircraft.[322]
Accidents and incidents
[edit]
During its history there have been numerous incidents, but only the most notable are summarized below:[323]
1930s
[edit]- On January 23, 1939, the sole prototype Douglas 7B twin-engine attack bomber, designed and built as a company project, suffered a loss of the vertical fin and rudder during a demonstration flight over Mines Field, flat spun into the parking lot of North American Aviation, and burned. Another source states that the test pilot, in an attempt to impress the Gallic passenger, attempted a snap roll at low altitude with one engine feathered, resulting in a fatal spin.[324] Douglas test pilot Johnny Cable bailed out at 300 feet, his chute unfurled but did not have time to deploy, he was killed on impact, the flight engineer John Parks rode in the airframe and died, but 33-year-old French Air Force Capt. Paul Chemidlin, riding in the aft fuselage near the top turret, survived with a broken leg, severe back injuries, and a slight concussion. The presence of Chemidlin, a representative of a foreign purchasing mission, caused a furor in Congress by isolationists over neutrality and export laws. The type was developed as the Douglas DB-7.[325]
1940s
[edit]- On June 1, 1940, the first Douglas R3D-1 for the U.S. Navy, BuNo 1901, crashed at Mines Field, before delivery. The Navy later acquired the privately owned DC-5 prototype, from William E. Boeing as a replacement.[326]
- On November 20, 1940, the prototype NA-73X Mustang, NX19998,[327] first flown October 26, 1940, by test pilot Vance Breese, crashed.[328] According to P-51 designer Edgar Schmued, the NA-73 was lost because test pilot Paul Balfour refused, before a high-speed test run, to go through the takeoff and flight test procedure with Schmued while the aircraft was on the ground, claiming "one airplane was like another". After making two high speed passes over Mines Field, he forgot to put the fuel valve on "reserve" and during the third pass ran out of fuel. An emergency landing in a freshly plowed field caused the wheels to dig in, the aircraft flipped over, the airframe was not rebuilt, the second aircraft being used for subsequent testing.[329]
- On October 26, 1944, WASP pilot Gertrude Tompkins Silver of the 601st Ferrying Squadron, fifth Ferrying Group, Love Field, Dallas, Texas, departed Los Angeles Airport, in a North American P-51D Mustang, 44-15669,[330] at 1600 hrs PWT, headed for the East Coast. She took off into the wind, into an offshore fog bank, and was expected that night at Palm Springs. She never arrived. Owing to a paperwork foul-up, a search did not get under way for several days, and while the eventual search of land and sea was massive, it failed to find a trace of Silver or her plane. She is the only missing WASP pilot. She had married Sgt. Henry Silver one month before her disappearance.[331]
1960s
[edit]- On January 13, 1969, Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 933, a Douglas DC-8-62, crashed into Santa Monica Bay, approximately 6 nautical miles (11 km) west of LAX at 7:21 pm, local time. The aircraft was operating as flight SK933, nearing the completion of a flight from Seattle. Of nine crewmembers, three drowned, while 12 of the 36 passengers also drowned.
- On January 18, 1969, United Airlines Flight 266, a Boeing 727-100 bearing the registration number N7434U, crashed into Santa Monica Bay approximately 11.3 miles (18.2 km) west of LAX at 6:21 pm local time. The aircraft was destroyed, resulting in the death of all 32 passengers and six crew members aboard.
1970s
[edit]- On the evening of June 6, 1971, Hughes Airwest Flight 706, a Douglas DC-9 jetliner that had departed LAX on a flight to Salt Lake City, Utah, was struck nine minutes after takeoff by a U.S. Marine Corps McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II fighter jet over the San Gabriel Mountains. The midair collision killed all 44 passengers and five crew members aboard the DC-9 airliner and one of two crewmen aboard the military jet.
- On August 4, 1971, Continental Airlines Flight 712, a Boeing 707, collided in midair with a Cessna 150 over Compton. Although the Cessna was destroyed upon landing, there were no fatalities.[332]
- On August 6, 1974, a bomb exploded near the Pan Am ticketing area at Terminal 2; three people were killed and 35 were injured.[333]
- On March 1, 1978, two tires burst in succession on a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 on Continental Airlines Flight 603 during its takeoff roll at LAX and the plane, bound for Honolulu, veered off the runway. A third tire burst and the DC-10's left landing gear collapsed, causing a fuel tank to rupture. Following the aborted takeoff, spilled fuel ignited and enveloped the center portion of the aircraft in flames. During the ensuing emergency evacuation, a husband and wife died when they exited the passenger cabin onto the wing and dropped down directly into the flames. Two additional passengers died of their injuries approximately three months after the accident; 74 others aboard the plane were injured, as were 11 firemen battling the fire.
- On the evening of March 10, 1979, Swift Aire Flight 235, a twin-engine Aerospatiale Nord 262A-33 turboprop en route to Santa Maria, was forced to ditch in Santa Monica Bay after experiencing engine problems upon takeoff from LAX. The pilot, co-pilot, and a female passenger drowned when they were unable to exit the aircraft after the ditching. The female flight attendant and the three remaining passengers—two men and a pregnant woman—survived and were rescued by several pleasure boats and other watercraft in the vicinity.
1980s
[edit]- In January 1985, a woman was found dead in a suitcase that was lying on the baggage carousel for a while. The suitcase had arrived on a Lufthansa flight. The woman was later discovered to have been an Iranian citizen who had recently married another Iranian with UGreen card status. She had been denied a US visa in West Germany and therefore decided to enter the US in this way.[334]
- On August 31, 1986, Aeroméxico Flight 498, a DC-9 en route from Mexico City, Mexico, to Los Angeles, began its descent into LAX when a Piper Cherokee collided with the DC-9's left horizontal stabilizer over Cerritos, causing the DC-9 to crash into a residential neighborhood. All 67 people on the two aircraft were killed, in addition to 15 people on the ground. 5 homes were destroyed and an additional 7 were damaged by the crash and resulting fire. The Piper went down in a nearby schoolyard and caused no further injuries on the ground. As a result of this incident, the FAA required all commercial aircraft to be equipped with Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS).
1990s
[edit]- On February 1, 1991, USAir Flight 1493 (arriving from Columbus, Ohio), a Boeing 737-300, landing on runway 24L at LAX, collided on touchdown with SkyWest Airlines Flight 5569, a Fairchild Metroliner, preparing to depart to Palmdale. The collision was caused by a controller who told the SkyWest plane to wait on the runway for takeoff, then later gave the USAir plane clearance to land on the same runway, forgetting that the SkyWest plane was there. The collision killed all 12 occupants of the SkyWest plane and 23 of the 89 people aboard the USAir 737.[335][336]
2000s
[edit]- Al-Qaeda attempted to bomb LAX on New Year's Eve 1999/2000. The bomber, Algerian Ahmed Ressam, was captured in Port Angeles, Washington, the U.S. port of entry, with a cache of explosives that could have produced a blast 40 times greater than that of a car bomb hidden in the trunk of the rented car in which he had traveled from Canada.[337][338] He had planned to leave one or two suitcases filled with explosives in an LAX passenger waiting area.[339][340] He was initially sentenced to 22 years in prison, but in February 2010 an appellate court ordered that his sentence be extended.[341]
- On January 31, 2000, Alaska Airlines Flight 261, attempted to land at LAX after experiencing problems with its tail-mounted horizontal stabilizer. Before the plane could divert to Los Angeles, it suddenly plummeted into the Pacific Ocean approximately 2.7 miles (4.3 km) north of Anacapa Island of the California coast, killing all 88 people aboard.[342]
- During the September 11 attacks, American Airlines Flight 11, United Airlines Flight 175 and American Airlines Flight 77 were destined for LAX and they were hijacked mid-flight by Al-Qaeda terrorists. Flight 11 and Flight 175 deliberately crashed into the Twin Towers of World Trade Center and Flight 77 deliberately crashed into The Pentagon.
- In the 2002 Los Angeles International Airport shooting of July 4, 2002, Hesham Mohamed Hadayet killed two Israelis at the ticket counter of El Al Airlines at LAX. Although the gunman was not linked to any terrorist group, the man was upset at U.S. support for Israel, and therefore was motivated by political disagreement. This led the FBI to classify this shooting as a terrorist act,[343] one of the first on U.S. soil since the September 11 attacks.
- On September 21, 2005, JetBlue Flight 292, an Airbus A320 discovered a problem with its landing gear as it took off from Bob Hope Airport in Burbank. It flew in circles for three hours to burn off fuel, then landed safely at Los Angeles International Airport on runway 25L, balancing on its back wheels as it rolled down the center of the runway. Passengers were able to watch their own coverage live from the satellite broadcast on JetBlue in-flight TV seat displays of their plane as it made an emergency landing with the front landing gear visibly becoming damaged. Because JetBlue did not serve LAX at the time, the aircraft was evaluated and repaired at a Continental Airlines hangar.[344][345]
- On 19 December 2005, Air India flight 136, a Boeing 747-400M (registered as VT-AIM) flying from Los Angeles to Delhi via Frankfurt, suffered a tire blowout after take-off.[346] The plane dumped fuel and returned to Los Angeles after conducting an emergency landing. There were no injuries among 267 passengers and crew, however a woman passenger was hospitalized after fainting on landing.[347]
- On June 2, 2006, an American Airlines Boeing 767 was about to complete a flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City when the plane's pilots noted that the number 1 engine lagged the number 2 one by 2 percent. The plane landed safely and passengers disembarked, but when maintenance personnel retarded its throttle to idle, the number one engine, which had been put to maximum power, suffered an uncontained rupture of the high pressure turbine stage 1 disk, causing the engine to explode.[348] There were no injuries among the three people on board the aircraft at the time (all of them maintenance workers), but the airplane was written off.
- On July 29, 2006, after America West Express Flight 6008, a Canadair Regional Jet operated by Mesa Airlines from Phoenix, Arizona, landed on runway 25L, controllers instructed the pilot to leave the runway on a taxiway known as "Mike" and stop short of runway 25R. Even though the pilot read back the instructions correctly, he accidentally taxied onto 25R and into the path of a departing SkyWest Airlines Embraer EMB-120 operating United Express Flight 6037 to Monterey. They cleared each other by 50 feet (15 m) and nobody was hurt.[349]
- On August 16, 2007, a runway incursion occurred between WestJet Flight 900 and Northwest Airlines Flight 180 on runways 24R and 24L, respectively, with the aircraft coming within 37 feet (11 m) of each other. The planes were carrying a combined total of 296 people, none of whom were injured. The NTSB concluded that the incursion was the result of controller error.[350] In September 2007, FAA Administrator Marion Blakey stressed the need for LAX to increase lateral separation between its pair of north runways in order to preserve the safety and efficiency of the airport.[351]
2010s
[edit]- On October 13 and 14, 2013, two incidents of dry ice bomb explosions occurred at the airport. The first dry ice bomb exploded at 7:00 p.m. in an employee restroom in Terminal 2, with no injuries. Terminal 2 was briefly shut down as a result. On the next day at 8:30 p.m., a dry ice bomb exploded on the ramp area near the Tom Bradley International Terminal, also without injuries. Two other plastic bottles containing dry ice were found at the scene during the second explosion. On October 15, a 28-year-old airport employee was arrested in connection with the explosions and was booked on charges of possession of an explosive or destructive device near an aircraft.[352][353][354] On October 18, a 41-year-old airport employee was arrested in connection with the second explosion, and was booked on suspicion of possessing a destructive device near an aircraft.[355] Authorities believe that the incidents were not linked to terrorism.[352] Both men subsequently pleaded no contest and were each sentenced to three years' probation. The airport workers had removed dry ice from a cargo hold into which a dog was to be loaded, because of fears that the dry ice could harm the animal.[356]
- In the 2013 Los Angeles International Airport shooting of November 1, 2013, at around 9:31 a.m. PDT, a lone gunman entered Terminal 3 and opened fire with a semi-automatic rifle, killing a Transportation Security Administration (TSA) officer and wounding three other people. The gunman was later apprehended and taken into custody. Until the situation was clarified and under control, a few terminals at the airport were evacuated, all inbound flights were diverted and all outbound flights were grounded until the airport began returning to normal operation at around 2:30 p.m.[357][358]
- On August 28, 2016, there was a false report of shots fired throughout the airport, causing a temporary lock down and about 3 hours of flight delays.[359]
- On May 20, 2017, Aeroméxico Flight 642, a Boeing 737-800, collided with a utility truck on a taxiway near Runway 25R, injuring 8 people, two of them seriously.[360]
- On July 25, 2018, jetblast from a Dash 8 caused some dollies to crash into a United 737.[361]
- On November 21, 2019, Philippine Airlines Flight 113, operated by a Boeing 777-300ER suffered an engine compressor stall shortly after take off from the airport's Runway 25R, forcing the flight to return. The flight made a successful emergency landing just 13 minutes after departure. There were 342 passengers and 18 crew on board the flight, with no injuries reported.[362]
2020s
[edit]- On August 19, 2020, FedEx Express Flight 1026, a Boeing 767, made an emergency landing when its left main landing gear failed to extend. One of the pilots was injured while leaving the aircraft.[363]
- On July 8, 2024, a Boeing 757-200 of United Airlines, registration N14107, was in the initial climb out of runway 25R bound for Denver when one of the main wheels detached. The aircraft continued to Denver and landed safely with no casualties.[364]
- On July 18, 2025, a Boeing 767-400ER under the registration: N836MH that was serving Delta Air Lines Flight 446, returned back to LAX after suffering an engine fire that caused the flight to be delayed 6 hours.[365][366]
Aircraft spotting
[edit]The "Imperial Hill" area of El Segundo is a prime location for aircraft spotting, especially for takeoffs. Part of the Imperial Hill area has been set aside as a city park, Clutter's Park.
Another popular spotting location sits under the final approach for runways 24 L&R on a lawn next to the Westchester In-N-Out Burger on Sepulveda Boulevard. This is one of the few remaining locations in Southern California from which spotters may watch such a wide variety of low-flying commercial airliners from directly underneath a flight path.
Another aircraft spotting location is at a small park in the take-off pattern that normally goes out over the Pacific. The park is on the east side of the street Vista Del Mar, from which it takes its name, Vista Del Mar Park.
Space Shuttle Endeavour
[edit]At 12:51 p.m. on Friday, September 21, 2012, a Shuttle Carrier Aircraft carrying the Space Shuttle Endeavour landed at LAX on runway 25L.[367] An estimated 10,000 people saw the shuttle land. Interstate 105 was backed up for miles at a standstill. Imperial Highway was shut down for spectators. It was quickly taken off the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, a modified Boeing 747, and was moved to a United Airlines hangar. The shuttle spent about a month in the hangar while it was prepared to be transported to the California Science Center.
In popular culture
[edit]Numerous films and television shows have been set or filmed partially at LAX, at least partly due to the airport's proximity to Hollywood studios and Los Angeles. Film shoots at the Los Angeles airports, including LAX, produced $590 million for the Los Angeles region from 2002 to 2005.[368]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Commonly referred to as LAX with each letter pronounced individually.
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- ^ Leovy, Jill (December 20, 2005). "Jet Returns to LAX for Emergency Landing". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ "Narrow escape for AI flight in LA". The Times of India. December 21, 2005.
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- ^ a b Alsup, Dave (October 16, 2013). "Police: Arrest made in Los Angeles airport dry ice explosion". CNN. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
- ^ Abdollah, Tami (October 16, 2013). "AP Newsbreak: Arrest in LA airport ice explosions". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
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- ^ Abdollah, Tami (October 18, 2013). "Official: 2nd LAX worker also set off dry ice bomb". Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2013.
- ^ Serna, Joseph (February 21, 2014). "LAX dry ice bomb suspects get probation for disruptive blasts". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
- ^ Pamer, Melissa (November 1, 2013). "Lone Shooter in Custody After TSA Officers Shot, 1 Killed, at LAX". KTLA TV. Archived from the original on November 1, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
- ^ "Passengers evacuated from terminal at Los Angeles International Airport after reports of gunshots". Fox News. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
- ^ Helsel, Phil; Blankstein, Andrew (August 29, 2016). "False Reports of Gunfire Cause Chaos at Los Angeles Airport". NBC News. Los Angeles. Archived from the original on August 29, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
- ^ "Aeromexico plane collides with utility truck at LAX, injuring 8". BNO News. May 20, 2017. Archived from the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
- ^ "VIDEO: Dash 8's Prop Wash Blows Baggage Dolly into United 737 at LAX". August 14, 2018. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
- ^ "Philippine Airlines plane makes emergency landing in Los Angeles airport due to engine problem". Cnnphilippines.com. November 22, 2019. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.
- ^ Sanchez, Ray; Mossburg, Cheri (August 19, 2020). "FedEx cargo jet makes predawn emergency landing in Los Angeles". CNN. Los Angeles: Warner Bros. Discovery. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2022.
- ^ "Incident: United B752 at Los Angeles on Jul 8th 2024, dropped main wheel on departure". The Aviation Herald.
- ^ Hussain, Zoe (July 20, 2025). "Delta Boeing 767 engine bursts into flames after takeoff from LAX airport: video". New York Post. Retrieved July 20, 2025.
- ^ "DL446 (DAL446) Delta Air Lines Flight Tracking and History 18-Jul-2025 (KLAX-KATL)". FlightAware. Retrieved July 19, 2025.
- ^ "Space Shuttle Endeavour Comes Home to Los Angeles". Dryden Flight Research Center. September 21, 2012. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
- ^ Tony Barboza (January 22, 2007). "L.A. airports fly high with film shoots". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
Further reading
[edit]- Bullock, Freddy. LAX: Los Angeles International Airport (1998)
- Schoneberger, William A., Ethel Pattison, and Lee Nichols. Los Angeles International Airport (Arcadia Publishing, 2009.)
External links
[edit]- Official website

- FAA Airport Diagram (PDF), effective October 2, 2025
- Resources for this airport:
- AirNav airport information for KLAX
- ASN accident history for LAX
- FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker
- NOAA/NWS weather observations: current, past three days
- SkyVector aeronautical chart for KLAX
- FAA current LAX delay information
Los Angeles International Airport
View on GrokipediaHistory
Origins as Mines Field and early commercial operations (1920s–1930s)
The origins of Los Angeles International Airport trace to the mid-1920s, when Los Angeles city officials sought a site for a municipal airfield amid surging public interest in aviation, catalyzed by Charles Lindbergh's solo transatlantic flight in May 1927.[5] The selected location, comprising 640 acres from the former Bennett Rancho in the Rancho Centinela area, was offered in July 1927 by real estate agent William W. Mines, representing the Martin Aircraft Company interests; the field retained his name despite initial private development intentions.[6] On July 25, 1928, the Los Angeles City Council designated Mines Field as the airport site, leading to a lease execution that enabled operations to commence on October 1, 1928, under the formal name Los Angeles Municipal Airport.[2] [6] Early infrastructure was rudimentary, consisting of packed-earth airstrips used by pioneer aviators for informal landings and takeoffs.[6] The first permanent structure, Hangar No. 1, was completed in June 1929 to support growing aircraft storage and maintenance needs.[2] Before its official dedication on June 7, 1930—attended by aviation notables and marking the facility's transition to municipal control—Mines Field hosted the 1928 National Air Races in early September, drawing crowds and demonstrating its viability for organized aviation events despite lacking paved runways or extensive facilities.[2] [7] In the 1930s, Mines Field evolved from sporadic private and exhibition use toward nascent commercial operations, competing directly with established private fields like Glendale's Grand Central Air Terminal for passenger and cargo traffic.[5] Flight schools, such as Curtiss-Wright Flying Service, and various operators provided training, charter services, and early air mail transport, with biplanes and monoplanes routinely accessing the unpaved runways.[8] Although scheduled passenger airline service remained limited—primarily handled by competitors until later postwar expansion—the field saw increasing use by airlines like American Airways for regional routes, laying groundwork for broader commercial viability amid aviation's technological advances, including improved aircraft reliability and federal airway developments.[5] [9] By the decade's end, annual operations exceeded basic recreational levels, reflecting Los Angeles' booming population and economic ties to emerging air transport networks.[10]World War II military use and postwar civilian expansion (1940s–1950s)
Following the United States' entry into World War II in December 1941, Mines Field—then known as Los Angeles Municipal Airport—was appropriated by the U.S. military for strategic operations. The U.S. Army Air Forces designated it a key delivery airfield for aircraft manufactured by nearby North American Aviation, including AT-6 trainers, P-51 Mustangs, and B-25 bombers, facilitating rapid ferrying to combat theaters.[11] The Army Air Corps and Navy conducted training and maintenance activities, with $12.5 million invested in runway lengthening, hangar expansions, and support buildings to bolster Allied aircraft production amid wartime priorities.[12] Civilian passenger services were severely restricted or suspended, as the facility shifted to military dominance, including oversight by defense contractors in the surrounding industrial zone.[13] Military control persisted until the war's conclusion in 1945, after which the airfield reverted to civilian authority. Commercial operations resumed on October 9, 1946, coinciding with Los Angeles' postwar population surge to 1.9 million by 1950, fueled by economic recovery and migration.[12] Initial infrastructure included temporary tent terminals for airlines like Pan American, TWA, United, and American, which were supplanted by permanent structures by 1948; concurrent developments encompassed new runways (notably the primary 07/25, later redesignated 25R), hangars, a control tower, and maintenance facilities, completing a prewar master plan delayed by hostilities.[5] These enhancements addressed surging demand, as annual enplanements climbed amid the aviation boom. The 1950s marked accelerated civilian expansion to accommodate prop-to-jet transitions, with runway extensions prepared for emerging airliners like the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8, which demanded greater lengths for safe operations.[12] In 1949, the Los Angeles City Council formalized the name as Los Angeles International Airport, reflecting its evolving global aspirations. A 1944 two-stage master plan guided further growth, prioritizing intermediate terminals and airfield capacity to handle projected traffic, positioning the site as a foundational West Coast hub despite capacity strains from rapid urbanization.[14]Jet age infrastructure buildup and the origin of "LAX" (1960s–1970s)
The advent of commercial jet aircraft in the late 1950s necessitated significant infrastructure upgrades at Los Angeles International Airport to handle increased passenger volumes and larger planes. In 1958, architects William Pereira and Charles Luckman were tasked with redesigning the facility for the jet age, resulting in a master plan that emphasized modular satellite terminals connected to central ticketing areas via underground passages.[15] This redesign addressed the limitations of the postwar "intermediate" terminals, which were ill-suited for jet operations due to their proximity to runways and inadequate capacity.[16] On June 25, 1961, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson dedicated the new Jet Age satellite terminals, comprising six modular concourses west of Sepulveda Boulevard, linked by subterranean tunnels for pedestrian and later automated transit.[17] [2] The initial phase included openings for Trans World Airlines (Terminal 3) and American Airlines (Terminal 4) in 1961, followed by the International Terminal 2 and United Airlines' concourse in 1962, marking a shift to pier-like satellites extending into the airfield for efficient jet gate access.[18] At the heart of this development stood the Theme Building, constructed between 1960 and 1961 at a cost of $2.2 million, featuring a futuristic Googie-style design with intersecting arches supporting a restaurant and observation deck 80 feet above ground, symbolizing the era's optimism for air travel.[19] [20] Airfield enhancements paralleled terminal expansions, with the airport operating three parallel east-west runways through the 1960s to support growing jet traffic. In June 1970, the fourth parallel runway (6L/24R) opened north of the existing northern strip, increasing capacity amid rising demand from wide-body jets entering service.[14] [16] These westward expansions, however, sparked community tensions over noise and land acquisition, as residential areas were displaced to accommodate the extended layout.[21] The designation "LAX" as the airport's code and informal shorthand originated from the transition of U.S. airport identifiers from two-letter to three-letter formats in the 1930s, expanding "LA" for Los Angeles with an arbitrary "X" suffix to meet standardization needs amid aviation growth.[12] [22] This code, lacking specific etymological significance for the "X," became synonymous with the facility during the jet era's boom, as passenger enplanements surged from under 5 million in 1960 to over 15 million by 1970, cementing LAX's role as a primary West Coast gateway.[23]Deregulation era challenges and incremental modernizations (1980s–2000s)
Following the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, Los Angeles International Airport experienced a surge in passenger traffic and airline operations, with over 120 carriers serving the facility in the ensuing decade using more than 30 aircraft types, exacerbating existing capacity constraints and leading to frequent delays and overcrowding.[24] This growth stemmed from increased competition and route proliferation, but LAX's infrastructure, designed for earlier jet-age volumes, struggled with peak-hour bottlenecks, particularly in ground access and terminal processing. By the early 1980s, airport managers implemented measures to manage inbound vehicle traffic more efficiently, including dedicated lanes and signage upgrades, to mitigate chaos from rising enplanements that approached 30 million annually by mid-decade.[25] To address international demand, which intensified post-deregulation amid expanding Pacific Rim routes, the Tom Bradley International Terminal opened on June 11, 1984, providing 13 gates and dedicated customs facilities timed to accommodate visitors for the XXIII Olympiad that July.[2] Concurrently, Terminal 1 debuted in January 1984 with expanded domestic capacity, and a second-level roadway system was added in November 1983 to streamline curbside access across the horseshoe layout, reducing ground-level congestion incrementally without major airfield reconfiguration.[2] These upgrades handled immediate pressures but proved insufficient for long-term growth; by 1990, international arrivals faced average processing delays exceeding two hours at LAX—worse than peers like JFK or San Francisco—due to outdated baggage and immigration infrastructure.[26] Runway safety enhancements formed another pillar of modernization, with early 1980s programs incorporating grooving, lighting upgrades, and planning for extensions like Runway 24R to improve wet-weather performance and departure spacing amid rising jet movements nearing 600,000 yearly.[27] Community opposition, however, mounted in the 1990s over noise from concentrated flight paths and surface traffic spillover, stalling broader expansions and prompting mayoral proposals in the early 2000s to prioritize security checkpoints and off-site check-in over new runways or terminals.[28] By the decade's end, annual passengers topped 60 million, underscoring persistent undercapacity despite these targeted interventions, which deferred comprehensive overhaul to later eras.[2]Post-9/11 security shifts and 21st-century overhaul initiatives (2010s–present)
Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) transitioned to federally managed security under the newly formed Transportation Security Administration (TSA), which assumed responsibility for passenger and baggage screening from private contractors starting November 19, 2001.[29] Initial measures included limiting passengers to one carry-on bag and one checked bag, requiring photo ID for boarding, and prohibiting items like box cutters and knives longer than 4 inches, with these restrictions heightened during holidays such as Thanksgiving 2001.[30] By 2002, LAX complied with congressional mandates for 100% checked baggage screening, installing explosive detection systems airport-wide.[31] Subsequent enhancements integrated advanced technologies, including full-body imaging scanners, in-line baggage screening for all flights, vehicle barriers at terminals, random armed patrols, and K-9 explosive detection units, as reviewed by Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa in January 2010.[32] In 2012, LAX upgraded its closed-circuit television (CCTV) network and access control systems to improve perimeter monitoring and employee badging, replacing outdated analog equipment with digital IP-based surveillance covering over 100 miles of cabling.[33] A 2011 independent panel appointed by the mayor affirmed overall security progress since 2001 but identified persistent vulnerabilities in areas like perimeter fencing and insider threats, prompting further investments in law enforcement coordination.[34] Parallel to these security evolutions, LAX initiated a comprehensive overhaul through the LAX Modernization Program (LAXMP), launched in 2009 with an initial $14 billion scope to expand capacity amid rising international traffic, culminating in the $1.9 billion Tom Bradley International Terminal (TBIT) renovation completed September 2013, which added 780,000 square feet including 18 gates and biometric-enabled gates.[35] The program evolved into the broader Transforming LAX initiative under a $30 billion Capital Improvement Program (CIP), approved in phases through the 2010s and 2020s, encompassing 41 major projects to modernize terminals, reduce landside congestion, and integrate security with efficiency upgrades like expanded TSA checkpoints.[36] Key 21st-century components include the Midfield Satellite Concourse (MSC), with the North concourse opening January 2022 to serve 15 gates primarily for domestic flights from Delta Air Lines, adding 200,000 square feet of flexible space connected via an underground tunnel to TBIT.[37] The Automated People Mover (APM), a 2.5-mile driverless rail system budgeted at $2.3 billion but overrun by $880 million, links terminals, parking, the Consolidated Rent-A-Car Facility (ConRAC), and Metro Transit Center; originally slated for 2023, testing began in 2024 with full operations delayed to summer 2026 ahead of the 2028 Olympics.[38][39] ConRAC, completed in 2023, consolidates rental car operations into a 1.8 million-square-foot facility with 19,000 parking spaces, eliminating 3,200 daily shuttle trips and incorporating enhanced vehicle screening protocols.[40] Ongoing efforts target Olympic readiness, including Terminal 6 modernization (initiated 2023, with gate overhauls and lounge expansions) and Terminal 4 renovations adding secure boarding areas, alongside security-specific integrations like facial recognition deployment across checkpoints starting March 2022 and touchless ID verification introduced January 2021.[41][42] Terminal 5 closure began October 2025 for full reconstruction, shifting airlines like Spirit and JetBlue to adjacent facilities during a multi-year rebuild to include modernized screening lanes.[43] These initiatives have generated over 121,000 construction jobs since 2009 while addressing chronic bottlenecks, though delays and cost escalations, such as APM's, highlight execution challenges in a high-traffic environment handling 88 million passengers in 2024.[44][45]Geography and airfield
Site location, surrounding communities, and layout
Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) is positioned at coordinates 33°56′33″N 118°24′29″W in the Westchester neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, with the airfield elevation at 128 feet (39 m) above mean sea level.[46] The site spans approximately 3,900 acres adjacent to the Pacific Ocean, oriented parallel to the coastline to facilitate prevailing wind patterns for aircraft operations. The airport borders several communities, including Westchester and Playa del Rey to the west and south within Los Angeles city limits, El Segundo to the north in Los Angeles County, and Inglewood, Lennox, and Hawthorne to the east and southeast. These adjacent areas experience direct impacts from airport noise and traffic, with land use plans incorporating buffers such as the North Airfield Area to mitigate encroachment on residential zones. The overall layout centers on a complex of four parallel runways aligned northwest-southeast at approximately 070°/250° magnetic azimuth: 6L/24R (8,926 ft × 150 ft), 6R/24L (10,885 ft × 150 ft), 7R/25L (11,095 ft × 200 ft), and 7L/25R (12,923 ft × 150 ft).[46] Passenger terminals form a distinctive U-shaped or horseshoe configuration encircling the airfield's southern and eastern perimeters, with Tom Bradley International Terminal on the south side and domestic terminals curving northward, connected by a central roadway system.[47] This design, established in the mid-20th century, positions most gates landside-facing to streamline road access but constrains intra-terminal movement and expansion due to the enclosed geometry.[47]Runway configuration, taxiways, and operational capacity constraints
Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) operates four parallel runways oriented east-west, divided into north and south airfield complexes separated by the terminal area. The north complex includes runways 06L/24R and 06R/24L, each measuring 10,885 feet long by 150 feet wide with grooved concrete surfaces.[48] The south complex features runways 07L/25R (12,923 feet long by 150 feet wide) and 07R/25L (approximately 12,923 feet effective length, with a displaced threshold reducing landing distance to 11,259 feet on runway 25L).[49][46] These runways support predominantly west-flow operations, with arrivals typically on 24R and 25L, and departures on 24L and 25R during normal conditions; east-flow configurations reverse this when winds dictate.[50] The taxiway system comprises an extensive network of parallel and connector taxiways, including high-speed options like Taxiways A, B, and C for efficient movement between runways and terminals. However, the layout is constrained by the central terminal horseshoe and underlying infrastructure, resulting in frequent crossings and holding positions that can bottleneck flows, particularly during peak hours or construction. Recent enhancements, such as the 2,300-foot Taxiway D extension creating dual parallel paths, aim to mitigate congestion by improving access to the south runways.[51] Pilot deviations have notably increased at certain north complex taxiways, prompting FAA advisories on adherence to routes like the north path via Taxiways C or B to N.[52] Operational capacity at LAX is limited by runway spacing and environmental factors, with the north complex's 1,040-foot centerline separation restricting operations to dependent parallel approaches due to wake turbulence risks, while the south complex's wider 1,317-foot spacing permits limited independent operations for certain aircraft categories. In marginal weather conditions, such as frequent morning fog from the marine layer, capacity drops to 147-153 operations per hour, comprising about 92% of annual hours, often forcing single-runway use or reduced spacing. Overall airfield throughput peaks at around 160 operations per hour in optimal configurations, but demand exceeding this leads to chronic delays, exacerbated by non-compliant runway-to-taxiway separations falling short of FAA's 500-foot standard for safety object-free zones.[53][3]Infrastructure
Passenger terminals and concourses
Los Angeles International Airport operates nine passenger terminals arranged in a U-shaped configuration around the airfield, comprising Terminals 1 through 8 for primarily domestic operations and the Tom Bradley International Terminal (TBIT, designated as Terminal B) for international flights. This layout features a two-level, curved roadway system with departures on the upper level and arrivals on the lower, enabling efficient curbside access while terminals connect airside via walking paths between adjacent facilities and shuttle services for non-adjacent ones.[54][55][56] Each terminal includes check-in counters, security screening, baggage claim areas, and concourses extending from central buildings to accommodate gates for aircraft boarding. Concourses vary in design, with linear piers or finger-like extensions housing multiple gates equipped for jet bridges, some supporting wide-body aircraft for international routes. Ongoing modernization efforts, including expansions under the LAX Modernization Program, have enhanced concourse capacities, added concessions, and improved passenger flow, such as the integration of Terminals 2 and 3 into a unified Delta Air Lines complex.[54][57][58] For passengers arriving on international flights and connecting to domestic flights, the process requires clearing U.S. immigration and customs at LAX, as there is no preclearance for most incoming international flights. Passengers deplane and proceed to immigration (passport control) in the Tom Bradley International Terminal (TBIT) or applicable area, collect checked baggage from the carousel (even if tagged to final destination), proceed through U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) inspection declaring items and submitting declarations, re-check baggage at the designated transfer desk if through-checked, transfer to the domestic terminal via complimentary shuttle bus, walking paths, or pedestrian tunnels, and clear TSA security screening for the domestic flight. A connection time of at least 2-3 hours is recommended due to potential lines and processing times. Expedited options like Mobile Passport Control, Global Entry, or select airline programs may speed up the process. A CBP pilot program for International Remote Baggage Screening, launched in 2025, allows some passengers on specific routes (e.g., American Airlines from Sydney) to skip claiming and re-checking bags, though this is not standard for all flights.[59][60][61] Terminal 1 serves low-cost carriers including Southwest Airlines and Allegiant Air, with gates numbered 1 through 14 in a compact concourse; certain international passengers check in here but transfer via bus to TBIT for departures.[62][54] Terminal 2 functions as an extension of Terminal 3, primarily for Delta connections, with gates 20 through 28 now accessible via Terminal 3's facilities; WestJet maintains check-in counters here.[63] Terminal 3 hosts Delta Air Lines as its primary operator, featuring a renovated concourse completed in recent years with 11 gates, expanded hold rooms, and forthcoming retail additions; Aeroméxico and Virgin Atlantic passengers check in here for both domestic and international segments.[64][54] Terminal 4 accommodates American Airlines, with gates 40 to 49 along its concourse; a new south concourse addition provides extra space for passenger lounges, concessions, restrooms, and a dedicated bus gate for regional flights.[65][58] Terminal 5, adjacent to Terminal 4, also primarily serves American Airlines with gates 50 to 59; it shares operational resources for efficient transfers.[66] Terminal 6 operates airlines such as Alaska Airlines, Hawaiian Airlines, and Air Canada, utilizing gates in the 60s within a straightforward concourse design.[67] Terminal 7 is dominated by United Airlines, with gates in the 70s and pedestrian shortcuts linking to Terminals 5, 6, and 8 on both levels for seamless connections.[68] Terminal 8 supports United Airlines and select others, featuring gates in the 80s and direct walkway access to Terminal 7.[54] The Tom Bradley International Terminal centers on a spacious Great Hall for ticketing and security, branching into multiple concourses: North and South Concourses with gates 130 to 159 and 200 series, and West Concourses extending to 15 additional gates numbered 201 through 221; it handles arrivals from global carriers with dedicated customs facilities and connects landside to Terminals 4 through 8.[69][57]Iconic structures like the Theme Building
The Theme Building, completed in 1961 as part of Los Angeles International Airport's terminal core modernization, exemplifies Googie architecture—a futuristic style characterized by sweeping curves, bold geometries, and Space Age motifs influenced by the era's jet travel optimism.[19] Designed primarily by the firm Pereira & Luckman, with contributions from architect Paul R. Williams, the structure consists of two intersecting parabolic arches of reinforced concrete clad in white stucco, supporting a central pod that originally housed a restaurant and observation deck.[70] Rising 80 feet at its arches' peak, it was intended as a central hub connecting terminals via underground tunnels, symbolizing the airport's vision of streamlined passenger flow amid post-war aviation expansion.[19] Recognized as Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument No. 259 in 1993, the building's design prioritized aesthetics over pure utility, featuring an exterior mosaic screen for shade and ventilation in Southern California's climate, though its remote positioning from security checkpoints limited practical use.[71] The restaurant operated until 2013, when structural deterioration and low patronage—exacerbated by post-9/11 security restrictions closing the observation deck—prompted indefinite closure.[19] As of 2025, the unoccupied structure shows signs of decay, with no firm redevelopment plans amid LAX's ongoing $30 billion modernization, raising concerns over preservation of this Jet Age relic.[72] Another notable structure is the airport's air traffic control tower, erected in 1996 at a cost of $29 million and standing 277 feet tall to oversee the complex's eight runways and high-volume operations.[73] Replacing earlier towers dating back to World War II-era facilities, it incorporates advanced radar and communication systems essential for managing over 1,500 daily flights, though its utilitarian design contrasts the Theme Building's ornamental flair.[74] These elements collectively define LAX's architectural identity, blending mid-20th-century futurism with functional infrastructure demands.[75]Support facilities including cargo and maintenance areas
The cargo facilities at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) are concentrated north of the passenger terminals, including the B-1 Cargo Area and central airfield zones between the north runways. These encompass 27 on-airport warehouses totaling 2.9 million square feet of space, supporting approximately 1,000 daily cargo flights.[76] On-airport cargo development spans 2.1 million square feet across 194 acres, augmented by an additional 4 million square feet of nearby facilities for handling, storage, and distribution.[77] Federal Express leads in volume, managing 11.75% of total freight, with Polar Air Cargo and Atlas Air as key followers; allied services like trucking and forwarding enhance efficiency as a Pacific Rim gateway.[78] In 2022, Los Angeles World Airports advanced a consolidation project to upgrade these capabilities after delays, aiming to bolster economic throughput.[79] Aircraft maintenance areas are distributed across western and eastern airfield sectors, with the West Aircraft Maintenance Area (WAMA) occupying 84 acres in the southwest for line and heavy checks on roughly 68 developed acres.[80] United Airlines maintains dual-site operations, including a modernized East Aircraft Maintenance and Ground Support Equipment complex opened in November 2021, featuring hangars, parts warehouses, engine shops, and capacity for 500 personnel to replace older infrastructure.[81] [82] Independent providers support broader needs; FEAM Aero expanded its LAX line maintenance in 2022 across global bases, while F&E Aircraft Maintenance delivers FAA Part 145-certified repairs, preventive work, and component overhauls.[83] [84] These facilities handle routine inspections, repairs, and ground equipment servicing amid high-traffic demands, with LAWA's Maintenance Services Division overseeing airfield integrity.[3]Operations
Airlines, destinations, and cargo handling
Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) is served by more than 90 passenger airlines, making it a key gateway for both domestic and international travel.[85] American Airlines operates a major hub at LAX with a focus on transpacific routes, handling approximately 15% of all flights from the airport as of 2025.[86] [87] Delta Air Lines maintains a significant domestic hub, while United Airlines runs a secondary West Coast hub, together accounting for the largest market shares among legacy carriers.[86] [88] Southwest Airlines operates a large base, emphasizing low-cost domestic service, and low-cost competitors like Spirit Airlines and Frontier Airlines provide additional capacity on short-haul routes.[86] [89] Nonstop passenger destinations from LAX total over 180 worldwide, spanning more than 70 countries across six continents, with heavy emphasis on North America, Asia, and Europe.[90] [91] Domestic routes connect to approximately 100 U.S. cities, including high-frequency services to New York, Chicago, Dallas, and Seattle, while international flights reach major hubs like Tokyo, London, Sydney, and Mexico City.[90] [92] In 2023, Delta led with 19.23% market share by seats, followed by American at 15.80% and United at 14.03%, reflecting concentrated operations by these carriers on key routes.[93]| Top Airlines by Passenger Volume (2025 Data) | Market Share (%) | Passengers |
|---|---|---|
| Delta Air Lines | ~19 | High-volume domestic/international |
| American Airlines | ~16 | Transpacific focus |
| United Airlines | ~14 | West Coast secondary hub |
| Southwest Airlines | ~8 | Low-cost domestic base |
| Alaska Airlines | ~7 | Regional West Coast |
Passenger traffic statistics and market shares
In 2019, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) recorded its peak annual passenger traffic of 88,068,013, driven by strong domestic and international demand amid expanding global connectivity and regional economic growth.[96] Traffic plummeted in 2020 to levels reflecting global shutdowns, with partial recovery evident by 2022 at 65,924,298 passengers as travel restrictions eased and vaccination campaigns progressed.[94] By 2023, LAX handled 75,050,875 passengers, followed by 76,587,980 in 2024—a modest 2.04% year-over-year increase—indicating stalled full rebound from the 2019 peak, attributable to persistent capacity bottlenecks including fixed runway configurations and terminal overcrowding that limit slot availability and aircraft turnaround efficiency.[94] Domestic traffic constituted the majority, with international volumes recovering more slowly due to geopolitical factors and supply chain disruptions in aviation, though LAX retained its position as the busiest U.S. origin-and-destination airport for international passengers.[97]| Year | Total Passengers |
|---|---|
| 2019 | 88,068,013 |
| 2022 | 65,924,298 |
| 2023 | 75,050,875 |
| 2024 | 76,587,980 |
| Top Airlines (Jan-Jun 2024) | Passenger Share (%) |
|---|---|
| Delta Air Lines | 19.3 |
| American Airlines | 15.8 |
| United Airlines | 15.4 |
| Southwest Airlines | ~11 |
| Alaska Airlines | ~8 |
Air traffic control and daily operational rhythms
Air traffic control at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) is managed by the Federal Aviation Administration's Airport Traffic Control Tower (ATCT), which oversees ground movements, runway departures, and arrivals within approximately five miles of the airport, and the Southern California Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON), which sequences inbound and outbound aircraft beyond the tower's jurisdiction using radar surveillance.[102] [50] Upon takeoff, the ATCT hands off control to the TRACON, which coordinates with the Los Angeles Air Route Traffic Control Center for en route transitions.[103] The airport's airfield supports peak throughput rates of 167 to 176 aircraft operations per hour under visual meteorological conditions, dropping to 133 to 143 operations per hour in instrument conditions due to reduced visibility and spacing requirements.[53] These limits arise from the parallel north-south runways' close spacing (approximately 1,150 feet apart for the inner pair), necessitating wake turbulence separation and precise vectoring to maintain safety amid high-density traffic.[53] In 2023, LAX recorded 575,097 commercial operations, averaging about 1,575 flights daily, with controllers employing tools like ASDE-X surface radar to prevent runway incursions.[95] [104] Daily operations follow rhythmic patterns driven by airline schedules, with peak departure volumes from 6:30 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. for eastbound transcontinental flights, midday surges from 11:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. for connections and leisure routes, and evening peaks from 6:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. or later for westbound arrivals.[105] [106] These periods strain capacity, often resulting in airborne holds or ground delays as TRACON meters arrivals to match runway availability, while overnight hours see reduced passenger flights but sustained cargo and maintenance activity, enabling 24/7 operations without curfew restrictions.[107] Between 10:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m., controllers prioritize outboard runways to disperse noise over less populated areas, though full capacity persists for essential traffic.Ground transportation and access
Inter-terminal transit and shuttle systems
Free shuttle buses operate on the landside (public area) of Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), providing counterclockwise loop service between all nine terminals every 10 minutes.[56][108] These buses pick up passengers at designated stops marked by pink "LAX Shuttle" signs on the lower/arrivals level curbside in front of each terminal, facilitating transfers for arriving passengers without checked baggage, those changing airlines without airside access, or individuals meeting flights.[56][109] The service accommodates up to 40 passengers per bus and includes routes such as the Inter-terminal Connector, which prioritizes efficiency amid high traffic volumes exceeding 80 million annual passengers pre-pandemic.[110] Real-time tracking is available via the LAX Shuttle Tracker app or website, allowing users to monitor arrivals and avoid delays common during peak hours.[110] Airside shuttle services supplement walking connections for specific intra-airport transfers, particularly for passengers remaining within the secure area. Frequent courtesy buses connect Terminals 4 and 5 to the American Eagle remote terminal at the airport's northeast corner, serving regional flights and reducing reliance on longer walking paths.[56] These airside shuttles operate under airline coordination, with frequencies adjusted to flight schedules, and are accessible only to ticketed passengers post-security. An ADA-accessible shuttle route also exists for passengers requiring mobility assistance, integrating with the broader inter-terminal network.[110] While terminals like 4, 5, 6, and the Tom Bradley International Terminal (TBIT) feature connected airside walkways spanning up to 1 mile, shuttles address capacity constraints and time pressures for distant transfers, such as from Terminal 1 to Terminal 7.[108] The existing shuttle systems face operational challenges from curbside congestion and variable dwell times, prompting infrastructure upgrades. The LAX Automated People Mover (APM), a 2.5-mile driverless rail system under construction since 2020, is designed to replace much of the bus-based inter-terminal transit upon its projected opening in 2027, connecting all terminals, parking facilities, and the LAX/Metro Transit Center with 8-minute end-to-end travel times.[40] Funded by a $5.5 billion airport improvement program, the APM aims to reduce bus emissions and traffic by handling up to 84,000 daily riders, though delays from supply chain issues have pushed back initial timelines.[40] Until operational, shuttle buses remain the dominant mode, with data indicating average transfer times of 15-30 minutes depending on terminal spacing and load factors.[108]Public transit integrations including Metro Rail and people mover
The LAX/Metro Transit Center, opened on June 6, 2025, serves as the primary rail connection point for Los Angeles Metro Rail to Los Angeles International Airport, integrating the C Line and K Line at a single interchange station approximately one mile from the airport's central terminal area.[111][112] Passengers access airport terminals via the free Metro Connector Shuttle, which operates from the transit center to all terminals, replacing the prior Aviation/LAX station and providing connections to 14 bus routes alongside rail services.[109][113] This setup facilitates transfers from southbound Metro Rail routes, with the C Line extending westward from central Los Angeles and the K Line providing north-south service from the Expo Line corridor.[112] The LAX Automated People Mover (APM), a 2.5-mile elevated driverless train loop under construction since 2018, is designed to directly link the LAX/Metro Transit Center to terminals 1 through 8, the Tom Bradley International Terminal, parking structures, economy lots, and the central utility plant, thereby eliminating reliance on shuttle buses for rail-to-terminal transfers once operational.[38] The system features nine four-car trains, each accommodating up to 200 passengers with luggage, operating on a dedicated guideway to reduce road congestion and emissions.[114] Originally scheduled for 2023, the project has faced repeated delays due to construction challenges and contractual disputes, with the latest projections targeting final testing and opening in summer 2026.[39][115] Upon APM activation, it will enable seamless, cashless integration with Metro Rail fares, supporting an estimated shift of one-third of airport travelers from roadways to transit and enhancing connectivity for regional bus lines like Metro's 102, 111, 117, 120, and 232 routes that terminate at the transit center.[112][116] The $2 billion project, managed by Los Angeles World Airports, has exceeded its initial $1.2 billion budget by nearly $880 million amid supply chain issues and labor shortages, though it remains a key component of broader airport modernization efforts.[38][117]Road access, parking, and ride-sharing dynamics
Primary road access to Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) is provided via Sepulveda Boulevard from the north, connecting directly to the San Diego Freeway (Interstate 405), and Century Boulevard from the east, linking to the Glenn M. Anderson Freeway (Interstate 105).[109] These routes converge into the airport's Central Terminal Area (CTA) via a looped "horseshoe" roadway system, which has historically contributed to severe congestion due to merging inbound and outbound traffic flows.[47] As of August 2025, Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA) opened new roadways including 98th Street spanning from La Cienega Boulevard to Sepulveda Boulevard and Jetway Boulevard extending north from the CTA, aimed at separating airport-bound vehicles from local traffic to reduce bottlenecks.[118] Further expansions, including over four miles of new roadways and connections eastward to Jetway Boulevard, northward to 96th Street, and westward to Sepulveda Boulevard, began construction in 2025 to enhance direct access and pedestrian features ahead of the 2028 Summer Olympics, though critics argue the $1.5 billion project may exacerbate short-term disruptions without fully resolving underlying capacity limits.[119][120] LAX offers extensive on-site parking across multiple facilities, with the CTA garages providing over 7,000 stalls for short-term and premium access near terminals, featuring rates of $9 for the first hour, $7 per additional half-hour, and a $60 daily maximum (or $70 for premium lots P1 and P7).[121][122] Economy parking lots accommodate over 4,000 vehicles at a flat rate of approximately $12 per day, serving longer stays with shuttle service to terminals, while Van Nuys FlyAway parking supports bus patrons at similar economy rates.[121][123] Valet options in select CTA garages cap at $75 daily, with pre-booking available to secure spots amid frequent high demand, particularly during peak travel periods.[124] Overall, these facilities handle millions of vehicles annually but often reach capacity, prompting LAWA to encourage off-peak usage and alternative transport to mitigate spillover congestion onto surrounding highways.[121] Ride-sharing services like Uber and Lyft operate under strict LAWA regulations to manage terminal curbside crowding, permitting drop-offs directly at the Departures level of terminals but requiring pick-ups via the off-site LAX-it facility reached by shuttle from Arrivals.[109][125] Authorized providers, including Lyft, Uber, and Opoli, must adhere to designated staging areas for drivers, with the LAX-it system—implemented to alleviate post-arrival congestion—transporting passengers via frequent shuttles (every 5 minutes, 15-minute travel time) to a centralized lot where rides are dispatched.[126][127] Personal vehicles retain curbside access for both pick-up and drop-off, but ride-share bans at terminals since 2018 have shifted dynamics toward greater reliance on the LAX-it queue, which processes thousands daily but can extend wait times during surges, contributing to ongoing debates over efficiency versus traffic relief.[125][128]Economic and social impacts
Direct and indirect job creation and regional economic output
Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) directly employs approximately 59,350 workers in on-airport operations, including airline staff, concessions, maintenance, and administrative roles, based on 2014 activity levels analyzed by the Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation (LAEDC).[129] These direct positions encompass core aviation functions such as ground handling, security screening, and cargo processing, contributing to immediate operational needs without regional supply chain dependencies. Subsequent indirect employment arises from supplier and vendor activities supporting airport functions, totaling 42,190 jobs in the study, while induced effects from employee spending generate an additional 41,440 positions, though these figures represent baseline operational impacts excluding broader visitor expenditures.[129] Aggregating direct, indirect, and induced effects from passenger traffic, cargo handling, and construction, LAX sustains 620,610 total jobs across Southern California (encompassing Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, and Ventura counties).[130] This figure, derived from input-output modeling using IMPLAN software and incorporating multipliers for inter-industry linkages and household consumption, reflects the airport's role as a hub for tourism and logistics, where each direct job leverages regional economic multipliers estimated at around 10:1 when including nonlocal visitor spending.[129] The LAEDC's analysis, commissioned by Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA), relies on verifiable data from LAWA financials and U.S. Census employment statistics, though as a promotional entity, it emphasizes positive contributions without accounting for potential externalities like displacement in competing sectors.[130] Post-2014 passenger growth and infrastructure investments, such as the LAX modernization program, have likely amplified these totals, with LAWA continuing to reference the 620,600-job benchmark in 2022 amid traffic recovery to near-pre-pandemic levels.[131] In terms of regional economic output, LAX operations generate $126.6 billion in annual business revenues, encompassing direct aviation services, procurement, and downstream expenditures.[130] This output translates to $37.3 billion in labor income across supported roles, bolstering household earnings and local consumption in a six-county area where aviation-related activity accounts for a significant share of gross regional product.[130] Value-added contributions, akin to GDP impacts, stem from these revenues net of intermediate inputs, with the LAEDC model attributing causal chains from airport throughput—such as 67 million annual passengers in 2014—to amplified trade and hospitality sectors, though updated validations post-COVID disruptions remain limited.[129] Capital improvements, including terminal expansions, add further output through construction phases, estimated at $20.3 billion in the study period, underscoring LAX's function as an engine for fixed-asset investment in infrastructure-dependent industries.[132]Tourism facilitation and trade contributions
Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) functions as a critical gateway for tourism to Southern California, accommodating a majority of the region's inbound air travelers, including leisure visitors drawn to attractions such as Hollywood, beaches, and national parks. In 2024, LAX processed 76.59 million passengers, reflecting a 2.04% increase from 2023 levels, with a substantial share comprising origin-and-destination (O&D) traffic that directly supports local visitation.[94] The airport's international operations, primarily through the Tom Bradley International Terminal, enable access for overseas tourists, contributing to Los Angeles County's 49.1 million visitors in 2023, which generated over $40 billion in local business sales and $290 million in transient occupancy tax revenue.[133][134] California's broader travel sector, heavily reliant on air arrivals at hubs like LAX, recorded $157.3 billion in spending that year, underscoring the airport's role in sustaining tourism-driven economic activity amid uneven post-pandemic recovery.[135] LAX facilitates trade through its air cargo facilities, specializing in high-value, time-sensitive shipments such as electronics, pharmaceuticals, and perishables that complement sea ports for expedited global commerce. In 2022, the value of goods traded via LAX reached $153.13 billion, a 9.93% rise from the prior year, benefiting five Southern California counties through enhanced supply chain efficiency.[136][137] This cargo throughput supports regional exports and imports, generating economic output tied to overseas flights; for instance, earlier analyses linked such operations to $82.1 billion in total output, with freight exports comprising a key component.[138] While sea ports dominate bulk volume, LAX's air trade niche drives premium economic contributions by enabling rapid market access for perishable and high-tech sectors.[139]Community disruptions including noise and traffic externalities
Aircraft operations at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) generate substantial noise externalities for adjacent communities, including Westchester, Playa del Rey, Inglewood, and El Segundo, where flight paths routinely traverse residential zones. Westerly departures and arrivals, which constitute the majority of daily movements, expose these areas to single-event noise levels exceeding 85 decibels (dB) at ground level, surpassing thresholds for significant annoyance and sleep disturbance as defined by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) guidelines.[140][141] Implementation of FAA's NextGen satellite-based navigation in the 2010s concentrated flight tracks, reducing dispersion over broader areas but intensifying exposure in specific corridors, such as southern approaches over Culver City and northeastern overflights above Monterey Park, prompting resident reports of heightened low-altitude flyovers.[142][143] These changes have correlated with elevated noise complaints, though data aggregation is complicated by automated submissions from a limited number of persistent complainants, which LAWA investigations indicate inflate totals without proportionally reflecting widespread impact.[144] Community responses include the LAX/Community Noise Roundtable, established in September 2000 to facilitate dialogue between residents, airlines, and regulators on mitigation, yet disputes persist over path equity and enforcement.[145] Local governments, such as Hermosa Beach and Manhattan Beach, maintain dedicated reporting hotlines—(424) 646-6473—yielding thousands of annual logs, often tied to peak evening and early morning operations when ambient noise is lowest, amplifying perceived disruption.[146][147] Empirical studies link such chronic exposure to reduced property values, with econometric analyses estimating 1-2% depreciation per 10 dB increase in average noise, imposing uncompensated costs on homeowners equivalent to billions regionally when scaled to LAX's 1,800+ daily flights.[148] Traffic externalities from LAX compound these issues, as the airport's 80 million-plus annual passengers (pre-pandemic peaks) drive peak-hour vehicle volumes exceeding 100,000 trips on encircling arterials like Sepulveda Boulevard and Lincoln Boulevard, exacerbating regional congestion in an already strained Los Angeles network.[149] In August 2024, airport entry traffic during peaks stood 18% below 2019 levels but still generated level-of-service failures at key intersections, delaying non-airport commuters by 20-30% during rush hours and fragmenting neighborhood access.[149][150] Cargo operations, peaking between 8 a.m. and 6 p.m., further burden local roads with heavy truck traffic, contributing to pavement wear and safety risks without full internalization of maintenance costs to operators.[136] Ride-sharing surges post-2010s amplified this, with transportation network companies accounting for up to 20% of curbside demand, prolonging queues and spillover onto surface streets.[151] These patterns disrupt daily routines in proximate enclaves, elevating accident rates and emissions exposure, though quantified social costs—estimated in delay equivalents at $50-100 per vehicle-hour—remain debated due to modeling assumptions favoring airport throughput over peripheral burdens.[152]Environmental considerations
Aircraft noise pollution sources, measurements, and health effects
Aircraft noise at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) primarily originates from departing and arriving flights, which dominate the acoustic environment due to the airport's high volume of operations, as well as auxiliary ground activities such as taxiing, engine run-ups, and auxiliary power unit usage.[153] Engine run-ups, a significant contributor during maintenance, are restricted between 11 p.m. and 6 a.m. to mitigate nighttime impacts.[153] The Federal Aviation Administration's NextGen satellite-based navigation has altered flight paths, concentrating overflights over certain communities and exacerbating localized noise exposure.[142] Noise levels are measured using metrics such as the Community Noise Equivalent Level (CNEL), a California-specific 24-hour average that penalizes nighttime noise, and the federal Day-Night Average Sound Level (DNL), with the FAA designating areas above 65 DNL as significantly impacted.[154] Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA) operates multiple permanent noise monitoring terminals (NMTs) around LAX, providing real-time data via systems like WebTrak, which tracks flights and correlates them with acoustic readings.[155] Single-event overflight noise in adjacent residential zones often exceeds 85 dB, though average exposure contours vary; for instance, during the 2020 pandemic, flight reductions of 43.9–56.2% correlated with 3.0–5.4 dBA drops in noise levels at monitoring sites.[140][156] LAWA's ongoing Part 150 Noise Exposure Map (NEM) updates delineate current and projected contours, identifying land uses within high-exposure zones for compatibility planning.[157] Health effects from chronic aircraft noise exposure near LAX include primarily non-auditory outcomes such as sleep disturbance, heightened annoyance, and stress, with epidemiological evidence suggesting associations with cardiovascular conditions like hypertension and ischemic heart disease at sustained levels above 50 dB(A) nocturnally.[158][159] Studies, including the Hypertension and Exposure to Noise near Airports (HYENA) project, indicate elevated hypertension prevalence in airport vicinities, though causality remains debated due to confounding factors like socioeconomic status and co-pollutants.[160] LAWA's assessments acknowledge potential physiological impacts, including elevated blood pressure from repeated high-decibel events, but emphasize that single exposures below 120 dB do not typically cause hearing loss in communities.[140] Interactions with traffic-related air pollution may amplify risks, such as preterm birth, though direct LAX-specific causal links require further longitudinal data beyond correlative findings.[161]Air emissions, water usage, and sustainability initiatives
Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) contributes to regional air emissions primarily through ground support equipment (GSE), vehicles, and auxiliary power units, with aircraft operations adding ultrafine particles and other pollutants in proximity. In 2022, the fleet average hydrocarbon plus nitrogen oxides (HC + NOx) emission factor for commercial GSE at LAX was 1.16 grams per brake horsepower-hour (g/bhp-hr), below the 2017 Airport Quality Improvement Memorandum threshold, reflecting fleet upgrades. Scope 1 and 2 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from airport operations decreased 38.7% from 2013 levels to 86,641 metric tons of CO₂ equivalent (MT CO₂e) in 2023. Studies indicate LAX as a major local source of particle number concentrations exceeding 71,000 particles per cubic centimeter within 3 kilometers, surpassing typical freeway levels.[162][163][164] LAX consumed 453 million gallons of water in 2023, with potable water use per passenger dropping 12% year-over-year to 5.7 gallons, driven by efficiency measures and reclaimed water integration. Overall water consumption declined nearly 1 million gallons between 2011 and 2018, with reclaimed water comprising 6% of total use during that period and rising to irrigate 56% of landscaped areas by 2023. Reclaimed water usage reached 27 million gallons in recent years, a 39% increase from 2019 levels, primarily for irrigation.[163][165][166] Sustainability efforts at LAX are guided by the 2019 "Boldly Moving to Zero" Sustainability Action Plan, targeting carbon neutrality by 2045 across seven categories including air quality and water. The airport achieved Airport Carbon Accreditation Level 4 (Transformation) in 2025, one of six U.S. commercial airports at this level, emphasizing emissions mapping and reduction planning. Key initiatives include mandating alternative fuels for heavy-duty vehicles, updating GSE emissions policies, and supporting sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) uptake, with 8.8 million gallons used in 2023—a 22% increase from 2022. Electrification advanced with 1,182 EV charging stations enabling 55,808 sessions that avoided 755,727 pounds of GHG emissions, alongside a 50% zero-emissions shuttle bus fleet exceeding 2023 targets. Water conservation features expanded reclaimed sources and efficiency retrofits, while broader programs promote employee alternative commuting and passenger carbon offsets via the Good Traveler initiative.[167][168][163][169]Regulatory compliance, mitigation efforts, and ongoing disputes
Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA), the operator of LAX, maintains compliance with federal regulations under the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), including National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requirements for environmental impact assessments on projects like runway modifications and air traffic procedures.[170] Annual inspections of airport tenant sites ensure adherence to stormwater regulations, with operations reviewed for deficiencies and corrective actions mandated.[171] LAWA also conducts regulatory activities to meet air quality standards, such as those for ozone emissions, amid stricter EPA rules adopted in 2015 that impose burdens on aviation hubs.[172] Noise mitigation efforts include a 2006 Stipulated Settlement Agreement allocating $266 million over 10 years to communities like Inglewood, Los Angeles County, El Segundo, and the Airport/Community Roundtable Steering Committee (ARSAC) for accelerated soundproofing, landscaping, and barriers such as earth berms and concrete walls surrounding LAX.[173] In 2025, LAWA committed nearly $23 million in FAA grants to install noise mitigation measures at 400 residences, equating to approximately $57,000 per home, addressing persistent complaints from overflights.[174] For air emissions and water usage, LAWA's "Boldly Moving to Zero" initiative targets zero carbon emissions and non-renewable energy by 2045, including a phase-out of single-use plastic water bottles by mid-2023 that eliminated nearly 4.7 million bottles annually, alongside increased reclaimed water usage via a 30-year memorandum of understanding.[175][163] Ongoing disputes center on FAA-approved flight path changes, such as RNAV arrivals implemented without full NEPA environmental reviews or public input, leading to a 2021 federal appeals court ruling that the FAA violated environmental laws by failing to assess noise and other impacts.[176] The City of Los Angeles sued the FAA in 2019, arguing inadequate consideration of concentrated overflights' effects on communities like Culver City and Playa Vista, with petitions seeking mandated impact studies.[177][178] In April 2024, Culver City's council voted to pursue litigation over persistent LAX overflights exacerbating noise pollution.[179] Earlier challenges to the LAX Master Plan's environmental impact statements were resolved via settlements, but community groups continue to contest expansions for insufficient mitigation of health effects from emissions and noise.[173][180]Safety record and security
Major accidents and incidents by decade
1940sOn January 2, 1944, a U.S. Army Air Forces Douglas C-49J (43-1982) was involved in a collision at Los Angeles Airport, resulting in three fatalities.[181] Other incidents included non-fatal events, such as a November 25, 1948, TWA Lockheed L-049 Constellation ground incident and a December 24, 1946, United Airlines Douglas DC-4 mishap.[181] 1950s
A June 29, 1953, crash of Western Air Lines Douglas DC-3A (N15569) resulted in one fatality during operations near the airport.[181] Earlier, a February 10, 1950, U.S. Air Force Douglas C-47D (43-48457) struck a fence and crashed without fatalities.[181] 1960s
Los Angeles Airways experienced two fatal helicopter crashes involving Sikorsky S-61L models. On May 22, 1968, Flight 841 (N303Y) disintegrated in flight near Paramount while en route to LAX from Disneyland, killing all 23 aboard due to a main rotor blade detachment from a fatigue crack. On August 14, 1968, Flight 417 (N300Y) crashed shortly after takeoff from LAX at Compton, killing 21 due to another rotor system failure.[182][183] 1970s
On March 1, 1978, Continental Airlines Flight 603, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10 (N68045), suffered multiple tire failures during takeoff from runway 24L, leading the crew to abort late; the aircraft overran the runway, veered into a ditch, and caught fire, killing two passengers and injuring 28 others amid disputed crew decision-making on continuing acceleration.[184] A March 10, 1979, Swift Aire Nord 262A-33 (N418SA) crash near LAX killed three.[181] 1980s
No fatal aviation accidents occurred directly at LAX, though the August 31, 1986, mid-air collision between Aeromexico Flight 498 (DC-9) approaching LAX and a Piper PA-28 over Cerritos, 10 miles southeast, killed 82 due to pilot error and inadequate see-and-avoid procedures.[181] 1990s
The February 1, 1991, runway collision on 24L between USAir Flight 1493 (Boeing 737-3B7, N388US) landing and SkyWest Airlines Flight 5569 (Fairchild SA227-AC Metro III, N683AV) awaiting takeoff killed 34 (22 on USAir, 12 on SkyWest), attributed to air traffic controller miscommunication and lack of ground radar alerts at the time.[181] 2000s
No fatal aviation accidents were recorded, but LAX experienced multiple runway incursions, including close calls like an August 19, 2005, incident where two aircraft came within 100 feet, contributing to the airport's high incursion rate of 6-10 annually, often linked to complex traffic patterns and controller workload.[185][186] 2010s
Aviation incidents remained non-fatal, with ongoing runway safety concerns. On November 1, 2013, a security breach occurred when gunman Paul Anthony Ciancia entered Terminal 3, shot and killed TSA officer Gerardo Hernandez, and wounded five others before being subdued; the attack targeted TSA personnel, prompting evacuations and heightened security protocols.[187][188] 2020s
No major fatal aviation accidents or significant security incidents have been reported as of October 2025, though minor incursions continue under FAA monitoring.[181][189]
Security breaches, insider threats, and post-9/11 enhancements
Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) has experienced multiple security breaches, including unauthorized access attempts and smuggling incidents. A CBS2 investigation revealed 126 security breaches at LAX between 2008 and 2014, involving failures such as passengers evading checkpoints or breaching secure areas, which prompted delays in at least 14 flights in one documented case where an individual bypassed proper screening.[190][191] In December 2024, Transportation Security Administration (TSA) officers discovered 82 fireworks, three knives, two replica firearms, and pepper spray in a single passenger's carry-on luggage during routine screening, highlighting vulnerabilities in prohibited item detection despite layered checks.[192] Perimeter defenses have intercepted intrusions, as bollards installed for vehicle ramming prevention halted an SUV and van crashing into the airport boundary in January 2019.[193] Insider threats from airport employees have involved exploitation of access credentials for illicit activities, particularly drug smuggling. In April 2016, two former baggage handlers at LAX were arrested for federal drug charges after allegedly using their badges to bypass security and load cocaine onto aircraft bound for the East Coast.[194] A similar incident occurred in February 2017, when another ex-employee faced charges for the same tactic in a conspiracy to traffic narcotics.[195] LAX's high passenger volume—exceeding 80 million annually—has positioned it as a primary U.S. entry point for narcotics, with law enforcement sources describing it as the world's leading drug smuggling gateway due to limited screening capacity amid traffic demands.[196] To counter such risks, LAX police enforce a zero-tolerance policy, including random searches of employees at any time, as part of broader insider threat mitigation efforts targeting badge misuse and vulnerability exploitation.[197] A 2020 Government Accountability Office report underscored ongoing aviation-wide concerns, noting that workers with access privileges could harm operations, though LAX-specific data emphasized credential-based smuggling over ideological threats.[198] Following the September 11, 2001, attacks, LAX implemented substantial enhancements funded by over $1.6 billion in investments, including upgraded closed-circuit television systems, biometric access controls, and automated badging to restrict unauthorized entry.[199][33] Baggage screening advanced with truck-sized explosives detection machines integrated into automated conveyance systems by 2007, aiming to process checked luggage without manual intervention, though the project faced delays and cost overruns exceeding initial estimates.[200] Temporary Security Screening Checkpoints were introduced, such as the Southside facility opened in May 2014, to bolster TSA throughput and adapt to post-9/11 protocols like mandatory ID verification and liquid restrictions, which replaced pre-2001 lax measures allowing 4-inch knives and unchecked gate access.[201] Officials in 2011 affirmed these layered measures—encompassing federal air marshals, explosive detection dogs, and behavioral screening—had rendered LAX significantly safer, reducing vulnerabilities exploited by the 9/11 hijackers.[202]Airport police operations and perimeter defenses
The Los Angeles Airport Police Department (LAAPD), operating under Los Angeles World Airports, maintains law enforcement and security for Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) and Van Nuys Airport, employing over 1,100 sworn officers and support staff.[203] Its Patrol Services Section delivers continuous 24-hour coverage through overlapping shifts, serving as the primary responder to criminal incidents, traffic enforcement, and public safety threats within airport boundaries.[204] Specialized operations include K-9 units for explosives and narcotics detection, integrated into routine patrols and incident response protocols.[205] A $216 million, 160,000-square-foot headquarters facility, opened in December 2021 near LAX, centralizes command operations, featuring briefing rooms, classrooms, a gymnasium, fleet maintenance bays, and an indoor firing range to support training and readiness.[205] Officers undergo recruitment screening including background checks, physical fitness tests, and compliance with California Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST) requirements, with entry-level candidates needing U.S. high school equivalency and no felony convictions.[206] A youth cadet program, spanning 15 weeks at LAPD's Ahmanson Recruit Training Center, provides introductory academics, physical conditioning, and leadership drills to prepare participants for potential LAAPD service.[207] LAX's perimeter defenses rely on chain-link fencing reinforced by concrete barriers sunk 4 feet underground and extending several feet above ground, designed to deter vehicular and pedestrian breaches into the Air Operations Area (AOA).[208] Clearance zones mandate 5 feet on the airside and 10 feet on the public side to facilitate monitoring and response.[209] Post-9/11 upgrades have incorporated high-definition surveillance cameras, motion sensors, and analytics for real-time threat detection, though a 2016 assessment by the Los Angeles Airport Peace Officers Association highlighted the absence of a dedicated perimeter intrusion detection system (PIDS) with real-time video feeds, potentially limiting rapid breach responses.[210][211] Renovation projects, such as those along Imperial Highway and Aviation Boulevard completed in recent years, have strengthened fencing segments while maintaining operational continuity.[209] In 2015, LAX officials announced plans to pilot advanced fiber-optic or sensor-based detection technologies to address over 260 reported national perimeter breaches at major airports, though implementation status remains tied to federal and local funding priorities.[212] A 2004 RAND Corporation analysis recommended a double-fence configuration with integrated motion detection to enhance intruder deterrence and operational response efficacy.[213]Controversies and criticisms
Expansion delays, cost overruns, and project mismanagement
The $30 billion Capital Improvement Program (CIP) at Los Angeles International Airport, overseen by Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA), encompasses terminal rebuilds, airfield enhancements, and landside access improvements, but has faced persistent delays and cost escalations across multiple phases.[36] A prominent case is the Automated People Mover (APM) project within the $5.5 billion Landside Access Modernization Program, intended to connect terminals, parking, and the Consolidated Rental Car Facility via a 2.25-mile driverless train system.[38] Originally contracted in 2018 for $1.949 billion with a mid-2023 operational target, the APM has incurred $880 million in overruns, elevating total costs to $2.848 billion, with completion now projected for January 2026 after a 2.5-year delay driven by contractor slowdowns and disputed change orders.[214] The Los Angeles County Civil Grand Jury's 2024-2025 report attributes these issues to contract deficiencies, including conflicting design specifications (e.g., bridge versus seismic code requirements) and inadequate dispute resolution mechanisms, which enabled the contractor consortium LINXS to file 209 relief event claims and secure a $550 million global settlement via Change Order #98.[214] LINXS exploited these gaps by ignoring approved submittals and leveraging delays, while LAWA's responses were hampered by political pressures from public commitments and Olympic deadlines, though no fraud or corruption was identified.[38][214] LAWA's Enterprise Fund structure, which funds projects through airport revenues and bonds without direct City Council approval for change orders, has shielded operations from broader oversight, exacerbating accountability gaps despite competent core management.[214] In July 2024, LAWA commissioners approved an additional $400 million to resolve ongoing legal claims with LINXS, following a June 2024 City Council allocation of $200 million in contingencies for disputes.[215][216] The Grand Jury recommended reforms such as MLB-style arbitration for disputes, stricter RFP design criteria, enhanced contractor due diligence, and potential fund transfers to the City for greater transparency, underscoring systemic flaws in project governance that risk recurring in the CIP's remaining phases like Terminal 1 and 5 rebuilds.[214] Parallel challenges appear in related efforts, such as the $1.5 billion LAX Roadways Improvement Project under the Airfield and Terminal Modernization Program (ATMP), where critics anticipate further delays from construction disruptions and integration with the overdue APM, though specific overruns remain unquantified as of late 2025.[120] These patterns reflect causal factors including optimistic initial scoping, insufficient contingency planning, and protracted negotiations, prioritizing expediency over robust enforcement in a high-stakes environment.[214]Labor disputes, union actions, and worker compensation issues
Service workers at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), including baggage handlers, custodians, mechanics, and concession staff, have engaged in multiple labor actions primarily driven by demands for higher wages amid rising living costs in the region. Unions such as SEIU Local 721, SEIU United Service Workers West (USWW), UNITE HERE Local 11, and Teamsters Local 986 represent thousands of these employees, who often cite stagnant pay rates failing to match inflation and the high cost of housing in Los Angeles.[217][218][219] Early disputes included a 1999 walkout by approximately 50 security screeners and baggage handlers protesting lack of union recognition and demanding better conditions, which briefly disrupted operations but ended without immediate concessions.[220] In October 2018, LAX workers joined a global day of action organized by unions, protesting inside and outside Terminal 4 for improved wages and union rights, highlighting chronic underpayment in airport concessions and services.[221] More recently, in December 2021, nearly 70 lounge workers affiliated with UNITE HERE Local 11 voted overwhelmingly to authorize a strike, arguing their wages had not kept pace with inflation, though no walkout materialized immediately.[217] City-operated roles faced heightened tensions in August 2023, when over 11,000 Los Angeles municipal employees, including LAX custodians, heavy-duty mechanics, and engineers represented by SEIU Local 721, staged a 24-hour strike alleging unfair labor practices such as stalled contract negotiations and inadequate compensation adjustments for cost-of-living increases.[222][223] Workers reported understaffing forcing extended hours and burnout, exacerbating disputes over pay equity.[218] In February 2024, SEIU-USWW members handling baggage and plane cleaning struck without a contract since November 2023, joining broader Southern California actions for wage hikes.[224] Ongoing compensation battles center on minimum wage ordinances tailored to LAX and nearby hospitality, with the current Living Wage Ordinance (LWO) setting rates at $19.28 per hour (or $25.23 without health benefits) as of late 2024, alongside a Hospitality Worker Minimum Ordinance (HWMO) at $20.32 per hour.[225] Unions have pushed for escalations to $25 per hour by 2026 and $30 by 2028 in preparation for the 2028 Olympics, leading to rallies like the November 2024 SEIU-USWW action involving 100 ground service workers demanding immediate raises.[226][227] These efforts succeeded in passing an "Olympic wage" ordinance in 2025 despite opposition from airlines and business groups, who argued hikes would raise operational costs and fares; however, a referendum to block it failed to qualify.[228][229] Contract impasses persist, as seen in September 2025 when Teamsters Local 986 members at Menzies Aviation rejected a final offer for the second time, positioning for a potential strike over unresolved terms.[230] Tensions also include allegations of union coercion, with some LAX foodservice workers claiming harassment and intimidation by UNITE HERE Local 11 agents to join or remain in the union, prompting National Right to Work Foundation involvement.[231][232] These disputes reflect broader causal pressures: high regional living expenses outpacing wage growth, coupled with airport expansion demands increasing workload without proportional pay, though critics from industry sources contend union demands risk job losses via subcontracting or automation.[233]Congestion complaints, policy-induced backups, and user dissatisfaction
Passengers and local residents have frequently complained about severe ground transportation congestion at LAX, particularly along the Central Terminal Area's horseshoe-shaped roadway, where traffic backups routinely extend for miles during peak hours due to high volumes of private vehicles dropping off or picking up travelers.[234][47] This configuration, a legacy of the airport's mid-20th-century design, exacerbates bottlenecks as multiple terminals converge on limited access points, leading to average delays of 30-60 minutes for arrivals and departures even outside rush hours.[47][235] Policy decisions contributing to these backups include the absence of congestion pricing for private vehicles on the airport's inner roadways, which incentivizes high occupancy of single-occupant cars over public transit or rideshares, unlike measures implemented at airports such as JFK or Heathrow.[236] Local and federal regulations prioritizing environmental reviews and community consultations have also delayed infrastructure upgrades, such as the Landside Access Modernization Program's planned relocation of iconic entry pylons to accommodate over four miles of new roadways aimed at redistributing traffic flows.[237][238] Additionally, FAA-mandated air traffic control staffing minima, strained by federal budget constraints and equipment vulnerabilities, have periodically caused ground stops and cascading delays, as seen in an October 13, 2025, outage that halted departures nationwide from LAX.[239][240] User dissatisfaction metrics reflect these issues, with LAX ranking 15th out of 20 mega-airports in the 2025 J.D. Power North America Airport Satisfaction Study, scoring below average in terminal accessibility and ground transportation efficiency despite a 10-point overall satisfaction increase from prior years driven by food and retail improvements.[241][242] Surveys highlight specific grievances including inadequate parking availability amid surging passenger volumes—over 75 million enplanements in 2023—and prolonged security and customs queues exacerbated by the airport's outdated layout.[95][243] Independent analyses have labeled LAX the worst U.S. airport for international travelers based on wait times and amenities scarcity, underscoring persistent operational strains from underinvestment in capacity relative to demand.[244]Future developments
Capital improvement program milestones including terminal rebuilds
The Los Angeles International Airport Capital Improvement Program (CIP), also known as the LAX Modernization Program, commenced in 2009 with an initial $14 billion allocation to upgrade aging infrastructure, enhance passenger amenities, and expand capacity amid growing traffic volumes.[44] By 2025, the program's scope had expanded to approximately $30 billion, incorporating additional projects like airfield improvements and landside access enhancements, reflecting incremental approvals and cost escalations driven by regulatory requirements and supply chain factors.[36] Terminal rebuilds and renovations form a core component, addressing structural deficiencies from mid-20th-century constructions and accommodating modern security, boarding, and baggage handling standards. Major terminal milestones include the reconstruction of the Tom Bradley International Terminal (TBIT), where Phase 1 opened in fall 2013 with new gates and concourses at a cost of $1.9 billion, followed by Phase 2 completion in 2015 integrating advanced passenger processing systems.[44] Terminal 5 underwent a $250 million renovation in 2016, focusing on security upgrades and passenger flow, though this interim work preceded a full demolition and rebuild announced in 2025, with phased closure starting October 28, 2025, to prepare for a redesigned structure by 2028.[44] [245]| Terminal/Project | Key Milestone | Cost | Status/Completion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tom Bradley International Terminal | New construction and phases | $1.9 billion | Completed 2013-2015[44] |
| Terminal 5 Renovation | Security and amenity upgrades | $250 million | Completed 2016; full rebuild initiated 2025[44] [245] |
| Terminals 2 & 3 Modernization (Delta Sky Way) | Post-security connector, gate expansions | $2.3 billion | Ongoing; 2019-2029[246] |
| Terminals 7 & 8 Renovation | Facility upgrades | $573 million | Completed spring 2018[44] |
| Terminal 1 Renovation | Passenger service enhancements | $515.8 million | Completed late 2018[44] |
| Midfield Satellite Concourse (North & South) | New gates and concourse | $1.6 billion (Phase I) | North: 2021; South opened October 21, 2025[44] [245] |
| Terminal Cores Project | Seven new vertical cores for access | $490 million | Ongoing as of 2023[247] |
