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A modern bidet that resembles a traditional washbasin type

A bidet (UK: /ˈbiːdeɪ/, US: /bɪˈdeɪ/ ⓘ) is a bowl or receptacle designed to be sat upon in order to wash a person's genitalia, perineum, inner buttocks, and anus. The modern variety has a plumbed-in water supply and a drainage opening, and is thus a plumbing fixture subject to local hygiene regulations. The bidet is designed to promote personal hygiene and is used after defecation, and before and after sexual intercourse. It can also be used to wash feet, with or without filling it up with water. Some people even use bidets to bathe babies or pets. In several European countries, a bidet is now required by law to be present in every bathroom containing a toilet bowl. It was originally located in the bedroom, near the chamber-pot and the marital bed, but in modern times is located near the toilet bowl in the bathroom. Fixtures that combine a toilet seat with a washing facility include the electronic bidet.

Opinions as to the necessity of the bidet vary widely over different nationalities and cultures. In cultures that use it habitually, such as parts of Western, Central and Southeastern Europe (especially Italy, Portugal, Spain, France and Turkey),[1] Eastern Asia and some Latin American countries such as Argentina, Uruguay or Paraguay, it is considered an indispensable tool in maintaining good personal hygiene. It is commonly used in North African countries, such as Egypt. It is rarely used in sub-Saharan Africa, Northwestern Europe, Australia, and North America.

Bidet is a French loanword meaning 'pony' due to the straddling position adopted in its usage.

Applications

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Bidets are primarily used to wash and clean the genitalia, perineum, inner buttocks, and anus. Some bidets have a vertical jet intended to give easy access for washing and rinsing the perineum and anal area. The traditional separate bidet is like a wash-basin which is used with running warm water with the help of specific soaps, and may then be used for many other purposes such as washing feet.[2][3]

Types

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Bidet shower

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Main article: Bidet shower
A Finnish bidet shower

A bidet shower (also known as "bidet spray", "bidet sprayer", or "health faucet") is a hand-held triggered nozzle, similar to that on a kitchen sink sprayer, that delivers a spray of water to assist in anal cleansing and cleaning the genitals after defecation and urination. In contrast to a bidet that is integrated with the toilet, a bidet shower has to be held by the hands, and cleaning does not take place automatically. Bidet showers are common in countries where water is considered essential for anal cleansing.

Drawbacks include the possibility of wetting a user's clothing if used carelessly. In addition, a user must be reasonably mobile and flexible to use a hand-held bidet shower.

Conventional or standalone bidet

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A 20th-century standalone bidet (foreground)

A bidet is a plumbing fixture that is installed as a separate unit in the bathroom besides toilet, shower and sink, which users have to straddle. Some bidets resemble a large hand basin, with taps and a stopper so they can be filled up; other designs have a nozzle that squirts a jet of water to aid in cleansing.

Integrated bidets and add-ons

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An add-on bidet

There are bidets that are an integrated part of the toilet. Having a nozzle (fixed or movable) that is designed to spray water at the anus, and often also (separately) the genitals. Some have separate nozzles, for anus and genitals. The nozzle is typically at the back of the toilet rim.

Attachments have also been, to provide this functionality to a toilet without integrated bidet, that either attaches to the rim, or replacing the seat, without needing to replace the whole toilet, or finding a toilet that has an integrated bidet.

These bidets (also called "Japanese toilets", "combined toilets", or in the case of add-on versions "bidet attachments" or "add-on bidets") are controlled either mechanically, by turning a valve, or electronically. Electronic bidets are controlled with waterproof electrical switches rather than a manual valve. There are models that have a heating element which blows warm air to dry the user after washing, that offer heated seats, wireless remote controls, illumination through built in night lights, or built in deodorizers and activated carbon filters to remove odours. Further refinements include adjustable water pressure, temperature compensation, and directional spray control.

An add-on bidet typically connects to the existing water supply of a toilet via the addition of a threaded tee pipe adapter, and requires no soldering or other plumbing work.[4] Electronic add-on bidets also require a GFCI protected grounded electrical outlet.

Usage and health

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Personal hygiene is improved and maintained more accurately and easily with the use of both toilet paper and a bidet as compared to the use of toilet paper alone. In some add-on bidets with vertical jets, little water is used and toilet paper may not be necessary.[5][6] Addressing hemorrhoids and genital health issues might also be facilitated by the use of bidet fixtures.[7]

Because of the large surface of the basin, after-use and routine disinfection of stand-alone bidets require thoroughness, or microbial contamination from one user to the next could take place. Bidet attachments are sometimes included on hospital toilets because of their utility in maintaining hygiene. Hospitals must consider the use of bidet properly and consider the clinical background of patients to prevent cross-infection.[8] Warm-water bidets may harbor dangerous microbes if not properly disinfected.[9]

Environmental aspects

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From an environmental standpoint, bidets can reduce the need for toilet paper.[4][10] Considering that an average person uses only 0.5 litre (1/8 US gallon) of water for cleansing by using a bidet, much less water is used than for manufacturing toilet paper. An article in Scientific American concluded that using a bidet is "much less stressful on the environment than using paper".[10] Scientific American has also reported that if the US switched to using bidets, 15 million trees could be saved every year.[11]

In the US, UK, and some other countries, wet wipes are heavily marketed as an upgrade from dry toilet paper. However, this product has been criticized for its adverse environmental impact, due to the non-biodegradable plastic fibers composing most versions. Although the wipes are promoted as "flushable", they absorb waste fats and agglomerate into massive "fatbergs" which can clog sewer systems and must be cleared at great expense.[12] Bidets are being marketed as cleaning better than toilet paper or wet wipes, with fewer negative environmental effects.[12]

Society and culture

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The bidet is common in Catholic countries and required by law in some.[13][14] It is also found in some traditionally Eastern Orthodox and Protestant countries such as Greece and Finland respectively, where bidet showers are common.[15]

In Islam, there are many strict rules concerning excretion; in particular, anal washing with water is required.[16][better source needed] Consequently, in Middle Eastern regions where Islam is the predominant religion, water for anal washing is provided in most toilets, usually in the form of a hand-held "bidet shower" or shattaf.

Prevalence

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A German bidet installed in the 1960s in its own dedicated space
An electronic bidet installed in a Tokyo public toilet

Bidets are becoming increasingly popular with the elderly and disabled. Combined toilet/bidet installations make self-care toileting possible for many people, affording greater independence. There are often special units with higher toilet seats allowing easier wheelchair transfer, and with some form of electronic remote control that benefits an individual with limited mobility or otherwise requiring assistance.

Bidets are common bathroom fixtures in the Arab world and in Catholic countries,[13] such as Italy (the installation of a bidet in a bathroom has been mandatory since 1975),[17] Spain (but in recent times new or renewed houses tend to have bathrooms without bidets, except the luxurious ones),[18] Portugal (installation is mandatory since 1975),[19] and France (present in 95% of households in 1990, but dropped to 42% in 2000).[20] They are also found in Southeastern European countries such as Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania, Greece and Turkey. They are very popular in some South American countries, particularly Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. Electronic bidet-integrated toilets, often with functions such as toilet seat warming, are commonly found in Japan, and are becoming more popular in other Asian countries.

In Northern Europe, bidets are rare, although in Finland, bidet showers are common.[15] Bidet showers are most commonly found in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East.

In 1980, the first "paperless toilet" was launched in Japan by manufacturer Toto,[21] a combination of toilet and bidet which also dries the user after washing. These combination toilet-bidets (washlet) with seat warmers, or attachable bidets are particularly popular in Japan and South Korea, and are found in approximately 76% of Japanese households as of 2015.[4] They are commonly found in hotels and some public facilities. These bidet-toilets, along with toilet seat and bidet units (to convert an existing toilet) are sold in many countries, including the United States.

Bidet seat conversions are much easier and lower cost to install than traditional bidets, and have disrupted the market for the older fixtures.[4]

After a slow start in the 1990s, electronic bidets are starting to become more available in the United States.[4] American distributors were directly influenced by their Japanese predecessors, as the founders of Brondell (established in 2003) have indicated.[22] The popularity of add-on bidet units is steadily increasing in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, in part because of their ability to treat hemorrhoids or urogenital infections.[23] In addition, shortages of toilet paper due to the coronavirus pandemic have led to an increased interest in bidets.[24]

Etymology

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Bidet is a French word for 'pony', and in Old French, bider meant 'to trot'. This etymology comes from the notion that one "rides" or straddles a bidet much like a pony is ridden.[12] The word bidet was used in 15th-century France to refer to the pet ponies that French royalty kept.[25]

History

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18th-century bidet in use, as depicted by Louis-Léopold Boilly

The bidet appears to have been an invention of French[26] furniture makers in the late 17th century, although no exact date or inventor is known.[12][27][28] The earliest written reference to the bidet is in 1710 in France[29] and latter in 1726 in Italy.[30] Although there are records of Maria Carolina of Austria, Queen of Naples and Sicily, requesting a bidet for her personal bathroom in the Royal Palace of Caserta in the second half of the 18th century, the bidet did not become widespread in Italy until after the Second World War.[14] The bidet is possibly associated with the chamber pot and the bourdaloue, the latter being a small, hand-held chamber pot.

Historical antecedents and early functions of the bidet are believed to include devices used for contraception.[31] Bidets are considered ineffective by today's standards of contraception, and their use for that function was quickly abandoned and forgotten following the advent of modern contraceptives such as the pill.[32]

By 1900, due to plumbing improvements, the bidet (and chamber pot) moved from the bedroom to the bathroom and became more convenient to fill and drain.

In 1928, in the United States, John Harvey Kellogg applied for a patent on an "anal douche".[33] While in Schiltach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, Hans Grohe released the first affordable hand shower.[34]

In 1965, the American Bidet Company featured an adjustable spray nozzle and warm water option, seeking to make the bidet a household item.[4][12] The fixture was expensive, and required floor space to install; it was eventually discontinued without a replacement model.

The early 1980s saw the introduction of the electronic bidet from Japan, with names such as Clean Sense, Galaxy, Infinity, Novita, and of non-electric attachments such as Gobidet. These devices have attachments that connect to existing toilet water supplies, and can be used in bathrooms lacking the space for a separate bidet and toilet.[12] Many models have additional features, such as instant-heating warm water, night lights, or a heated seat.

See also

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Bidet

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
A bidet is a bathroom fixture, typically a low basin or a toilet attachment, designed to provide a stream of water for cleansing the external genitalia, perineum, and anal area following toilet use. Originating in France around the early 18th century, the term "bidet" derives from the French word meaning "small horse" or "pony," reflecting the straddling position adopted by users. Early models were simple porcelain basins filled manually or fitted with basic faucets, initially associated with aristocratic hygiene practices amid limited full-body bathing. Bidets exist in several forms, including standalone units installed adjacent to toilets, non-electric attachments that retrofit existing toilet seats with spray nozzles, and integrated electronic models featuring heated water, air drying, and deodorization functions. Standalone bidets, common in traditional European bathrooms, require separate plumbing connections, while attachments and seats offer easier retrofitting for households without dedicated fixtures. In regions like Japan, advanced "washlet" systems—electronic bidet toilet seats pioneered by Toto in the 1980s—have achieved widespread adoption, with over 80% of households equipped for water-based cleansing. Usage varies globally, with near-universal presence in (around 97% of bathrooms) and high rates in and , contrasted by lower adoption in where only about 12% of households currently feature them, though interest has surged post-2020 due to supply chain disruptions in . Bidets promote enhanced personal through direct water rinsing, which empirical studies indicate removes more residue than dry wiping alone, and reduce reliance on , yielding environmental benefits via lower and water usage in paper production. Historically, bidets faced cultural stigma in some Anglo-American contexts, linked erroneously to rather than , but modern variants emphasize practicality and health advantages without such connotations.

Types and Designs

Standalone Bidets

A standalone bidet is a separate installed adjacent to a , consisting of a low, oval-shaped basin typically made of white vitreous china (porcelain) and resembling a miniature . It sits at a height similar to a toilet and is equipped with a two-handle faucet, often in finishes such as bronze, for hot and cold water control, featuring three holes in the rear deck for mounting the widespread faucet (two for the valves and one for the spout), along with a central vertical for directed cleaning of the genitalia and anal region. Users typically the fixture or sit facing the faucet, activating the water jet manually to rinse after or prior to and following sexual activity. The design originated in around 1710, during an era of infrequent full-body bathing, serving as a targeted tool for the to cleanse intimate areas between weekly baths. The name "bidet" derives from the French term for "" or "small horse," alluding to the straddling posture required for use, akin to mounting a . Early models were simple basins, evolving by to include syringe-like attachments for pressurized water delivery, though modern standalone bidets feature mixer taps for temperature control and overflow drains for safety. Installation demands dedicated hot and cold lines, a drain connection, and sufficient floor space—typically 30 to 36 inches wide—often requiring wall modifications and professional to integrate with existing . Standalone bidets remain prevalent in , particularly and , where they are installed in over 90% of new homes in some regions, and in parts of the and ; however, lags, with only about 12% of households equipped with any bidet by 2022, largely due to space limitations in compact bathrooms and reliance on . Key advantages of standalone bidets include thorough water-based cleansing that reduces bacterial residue more effectively than dry wiping, as evidenced by studies showing up to 90% less fecal matter retention post-use compared to alone. Drawbacks encompass higher upfront costs—averaging $300 to $800 for the fixture plus $500 to $1,500 for installation—and the inconvenience of transferring between the and bidet, potentially increasing water usage by 1-2 gallons per session.

Handheld Bidet Showers

Handheld bidet showers, also known as bidet sprayers or shattafs, feature a detachable nozzle connected to a flexible hose that draws water from the toilet's supply line, enabling directed cleaning of the perineal area after defecation. These devices typically include a T-valve for controlling water flow and pressure, an ergonomic handle on the sprayer head, and a wall-mounted or toilet-attached holder for storage. Materials such as stainless steel are common for the nozzle and hose fittings to resist corrosion and bacterial buildup. Originating as adaptations of traditional bidet fixtures, handheld versions gained prominence in regions emphasizing water-based over dry wiping, including parts of the , , and , where cultural norms prioritize water for and sanitary . Their allows for precise targeting, with adjustable spray patterns often limited to a single jet but controllable in intensity to minimize splashing. Installation involves connecting a T-adapter to the toilet's fill , routing the hose, and securing the holder at a height of approximately 65-70 cm from the floor for ergonomic access. This process requires shutting off the , detaching the existing line, and reassembling, typically completable without professional plumbing in under 30 minutes. In operation, users activate the T-valve to release water through the handheld nozzle, directing it front-to-back while seated or standing to rinse residue effectively. Post-use, the valve must be closed to prevent drips, and the nozzle rinsed or wiped to avoid contamination. Maintenance entails periodic descaling in hard-water areas and inspection for leaks, with durable models lasting years under regular use. Compared to fixed bidets, handheld sprayers offer affordability—often under $50—and versatility for renters or space-constrained bathrooms, though they demand manual aiming, which can lead to uneven cleaning if pressure is mismanaged. Empirical observations note superior residue removal via water versus paper alone, aligning with basic principles of fluid dynamics for dislodging particulates.

Toilet-Mounted Attachments and Integrated Systems

Toilet-mounted bidet attachments consist of compact sprayer units installed beneath an existing , connecting directly to the cold line for posterior and anterior cleansing via adjustable nozzles. Basic non-electric models provide only cold water, which can be a drawback for user comfort, while electric or upgraded models that connect to hot water lines or use heating reservoirs offer warm water options. These non-electric devices typically feature a single or dual-nozzle system with manual controls for water pressure and direction, offering a low-cost upgrade without requiring electrical outlets or replacement. Installation involves basic adjustments, typically taking 10 to 30 minutes for DIY installation, and models like the Brondell SimpleSpa or Bio Bidet Essential Bidet Attachment emphasize simplicity and compatibility with most elongated or round toilets. In contrast, integrated bidet systems encompass electric bidet seats that fully replace the standard , incorporating advanced features such as heated reservoirs, adjustable temperature and pressure, air dryers, heated seats, and self-cleaning nozzles to minimize bacterial buildup. Pioneered by TOTO with the launch of the WASHLET G model in June 1980 in , these systems marked the introduction of functionality, initially combining warm- washing, drying, and seat warming for enhanced user comfort. Contemporary examples include the TOTO Washlet S5, offering remote-controlled oscillation sprays and deodorizers, and the Bio Bidet BB-550, which provides similar premium options at varying price points. Fully integrated bidet toilets extend this design by embedding bidet mechanisms directly into the fixture, eliminating visible hoses or attachments for a seamless aesthetic, as seen in TOTO's Washlet+ combinations pairing specialized T40 seats with compatible Drake or Aquia toilets since the early . These systems often include auto-open lids, night lights, and premist functions to reduce waste adhesion, with models like the TOTO Neorest series adding flush controls and ewater+ for nozzle . Adoption of these attachments and systems accelerated during the 2020 toilet paper shortages, driving a surge in sales and normalizing bidet use beyond traditional markets like , where TOTO has sold over 60 million Washlet units worldwide as of 2022. North American bidet revenues are projected to reach $552.54 million by 2029, reflecting a of 12.11% from 2023 onward, attributed to hygiene preferences and retrofit ease over standalone fixtures.

Advanced Electronic and Smart Bidets

Advanced electronic bidets integrate motorized nozzles for posterior and feminine cleansing with warm water, often mounted on existing toilets as seat attachments or fully integrated units. These systems emerged prominently in Japan during the late 20th century, with TOTO launching the WASHLET G, its first luxury electronic bidet seat, in June 1980. By January 2022, TOTO had sold over 60 million units worldwide, establishing electronic bidets as a standard hygiene feature in Japanese households. Core technologies include electronic controls for adjustable water temperature, pressure, and or pulsation for enhanced efficacy. Heated seats maintain user comfort at selectable temperatures, while warm air dryers reduce reliance on . Additional features encompass self- nozzles with retractable designs, deodorizing fans, and night lights for visibility. Market leaders such as TOTO, LIXIL, and Kohler dominate production, incorporating integrated circuits for precise thermal regulation and energy efficiency. Smart bidets extend functionality through connectivity, enabling app-based customization of wash profiles, water usage monitoring, and remote activation via or . Models like the Bio Bidet BB-1200 allow users to save personalized settings for temperature and pressure through iOS or Android applications. Voice control integration, as in Kohler's PureWash E930, supports hands-free operation via built-in microphones responsive to commands. Sensors detect user presence for automatic lid opening, flushing, and nozzle extension, with some units employing AI-like algorithms to adjust based on usage patterns. These advancements, while convenient, require electrical outlets and may increase installation complexity compared to non-electronic models.

Operation and Maintenance

Usage Procedures

Users typically employ bidets immediately after toilet use to rinse the anal and genital areas with , often reducing the need for extensive . Initial preparation involves a light wipe with to remove bulk residue, followed by positioning over the bidet fixture. Water flow is then activated via knobs, levers, or controls, with adjustments for (if hot water is plumbed) and to ensure comfort and effective cleaning; cold suffices in many basic models. Rinsing proceeds by directing the stream front-to-back, particularly for females to minimize risk, for approximately 30-60 seconds until clean. For standalone bidets, common in , users straddle the porcelain basin adjacent to the , facing either the faucet controls or away, and hover or sit on the rim while turning the hot and cold valves to mix water temperature. The central jet or faucet is aimed manually toward the perineal area; some models feature adjustable nozzles. After rinsing, excess water is patted dry with or a dedicated , avoiding rubbing to prevent . Handheld bidet sprayers, also known as health faucets or shattafs, are mounted near the and operated by grasping the hose-attached , opening a shut-off if present, and squeezing the trigger to control spray. Users remain seated or hover over the , directing the 1-2 inches from the skin for targeted washing, adjusting pressure to avoid splashing. Post-use, the sprayer is rinsed by spraying into the and docked; follows with or air. Toilet-mounted attachments and bidet seats integrate cleansing functions directly onto the existing . For non-electric attachments, a side or rear activates via a dial or knob connected to the , with users remaining seated while the fixed or adjustable spray cleans the area. Electronic models, such as those with remote controls, extend a self-cleaning beneath the user upon (e.g., "" or "bidet" function), allowing customization of water temperature (typically 35-40°C), , and or pulsating modes for thorough coverage. Nozzles retract and self-rinse afterward; drying may involve built-in warm air blowers lasting 1-3 minutes or manual patting. Advanced electronic bidets often include deodorizers, heated seats, and auto-open lids, with usage initiated by proximity sensors or remotes specifying front or rear wash patterns. Procedures emphasize starting with lower for initial users to acclimate, and post-rinse protocols to prevent moisture-related issues. Across types, protocols advise against unless specified, as plain suffices for most, and regular nozzle cleaning to maintain .

Cleaning and Hygiene Protocols

Regular maintenance of bidet nozzles and surfaces is essential to prevent bacterial buildup, with manufacturers recommending wiping the nozzle with a soft cloth and mild, non-abrasive cleaner after each use or activation of self-cleaning functions where available. For non-electric attachments, manual cleaning involves retracting the nozzle and scrubbing with a vinegar-soaked toothbrush monthly to remove residues, followed by rinsing under running water. Harsh chemicals such as bleach or alcohol-based solutions should be avoided, as they can degrade plastic components and seals, potentially leading to leaks or reduced efficacy; instead, neutral dish soap diluted in water suffices for most surfaces. Hygiene protocols during use emphasize pre-rinsing with to remove solid waste, minimizing spray and ensuring flow targets only the intended area without direct contact to the skin, which could transfer pathogens if the device is unclean. In shared or settings, empirical studies indicate elevated risks of nosocomial infections from warm- bidets if nozzles harbor microorganisms, necessitating disinfection cycles and avoidance of shared use without intermediate ; low total viable counts (≤1 CFU/mL) in spray correlate with proper chlorination and regular tank flushing in tank-type models. For electric bidets with UV sterilization, activating this feature post-use kills up to 99% of surface , though evidence from rehabilitation settings shows it enhances user satisfaction only when combined with manual wiping of controls.
  • Nozzle Sanitization: Press self-clean buttons daily; for manual types, soak in a 1:1 vinegar-water solution for 10 minutes weekly.
  • Seat and Exterior: Damp cloth with multipurpose spray (e.g., free of ) weekly; dry thoroughly to prevent mold.
  • Water Supply: Flush lines monthly with diluted bleach (1:10 ratio) if manufacturer-approved, to reduce in pipes.
Failure to adhere to these protocols can amplify hygiene drawbacks, such as increased anal pruritus from residue-laden sprays or dissemination in poorly maintained units, underscoring the causal link between maintenance frequency and microbial load.

Health and Hygiene Effects

Evidence-Based Benefits

Bidets provide more effective removal of fecal residue compared to alone, as water-based cleansing mechanically dislodges and rinses away contaminants that dry wiping often smears or leaves behind. This hygienic advantage is supported by a 2021 study demonstrating that bidet use significantly reduces microbial on hands after , with the number of adhering microbes on gloved fingers dropping markedly (p < 0.00001 via ) relative to use. Similarly, a 2022 investigation found that individuals using bidets had substantially fewer microbes on their hands post-toileting than those relying on wiping, underscoring reduced cross- risk. In populations prone to constipation, bidet use has shown efficacy in symptom alleviation. A 2020 randomized controlled trial among pregnant women reported that bidet application before defecation decreased constipation severity scores and improved quality-of-life metrics related to bowel habits, attributing benefits to the stimulating water flow on the anal region. For perianal dermatoses such as eczema or psoriasis, bidets mitigate pruritus and irritation by substituting gentle water streams for abrasive paper, which can exacerbate skin barrier disruption. Regarding hemorrhoids, a 2022 systematic review of habitual bidet use concluded it does not elevate incidence or symptom risk and is non-inferior to sitz baths in managing post-hemorrhoidectomy pain, per one included randomized trial. Among individuals with mobility impairments, bidets enhance toileting and overall . A 2017 study in rehabilitation patients found electric bidet use improved quality-of-life scores by facilitating cleaner, self-managed without physical strain. A feasibility further indicated automated bidets lessen caregiver physical assistance needs for perineal care in functionally impaired adults, promoting and reducing dependency. These outcomes stem from bidets' non-abrasive, accessible design, though broader clinical remain limited. Additionally, bidets—including handheld bidet showers and toilet-mounted attachments—are recommended in some institutional patient education materials and are commonly discussed as beneficial in heart surgery recovery communities for aiding perineal hygiene during recovery from open heart surgery. These devices allow gentle water-based cleaning without requiring reaching behind the back, twisting, or straining—motions restricted by sternal precautions, commonly referred to as "Keep Your Move in the Tube," to protect the healing sternum. This reduces strain, discomfort, and risk of complications, particularly amid prevalent post-operative constipation. For instance, UW Medicine guidelines suggest a bidet as an option for more thorough cleaning while adhering to these precautions, and hospitals such as Liv Hospital list bidets or handheld showerheads among recommended hygiene supplies post-surgery. However, no major medical guidelines explicitly endorse or prohibit bidet use in this context, and patients should consult their surgeon or cardiologist for personalized advice.

Risks, Drawbacks, and Empirical Criticisms

Studies have identified bacterial contamination in bidet nozzles as a significant risk, particularly in shared or environments, where pathogens such as and have been detected in warm-water outlets, potentially facilitating cross-infection. A 2017 survey of 292 bidet toilets in a Japanese university found that 254 were contaminated with S. aureus, underscoring inadequate protocols as a causal factor in microbial buildup. In healthcare settings, this contamination elevates nosocomial infection risks, with excessive bidet use linked to anal pruritus, incontinence, and fecal bacteria dissemination via aerosolized spray. For female users, habitual bidet employment correlates with disrupted vaginal microflora, increasing bacterial vaginitis incidence; one analysis reported altered flora in up to 43% of regular users, attributed to water depriving beneficial Lactobacillus or introducing fecal opportunists. Improper nozzle positioning or pressure can propel contaminants into the urethra or vagina, heightening urinary tract infection probabilities from E. coli. Empirical data further indicate that unmaintained bidets foster pathogen persistence, as self-cleaning mechanisms fail to eliminate entrenched biofilms without manual intervention. Overuse precipitates mechanical injuries, including , anal fissures, and thermal burns from unregulated water heaters, with case reports documenting such outcomes tied to prolonged high-pressure exposure. Maintenance drawbacks compound these issues: nozzles demand frequent disinfection to avert bacterial reservoirs, yet user —evident in institutional studies—results in higher microbial loads than comparable dry-wipe methods if lapses occur. Accessibility limitations for elderly or mobility-impaired individuals pose additional barriers, as standing or maneuvering to bidets exceeds the simplicity of , potentially exacerbating fall risks. Criticisms of bidet superiority over toilet paper hinge on inconsistent fecal residue removal; while water solubilizes matter more effectively in controlled tests, real-world contamination risks undermine net hygiene gains without rigorous protocols, as evidenced by hand-microbe reductions in bidet users being offset by nozzle-related exposures. Economic and infrastructural drawbacks include elevated upfront costs (often $300–$1,000 for attachments) and plumbing retrofits, though basic attachments can typically be installed via DIY in 10–30 minutes. Basic models often provide only cold water, requiring an upgrade for warm water functionality. There may also be a minor increase in the water bill due to additional usage, though empirical data shows this is negligible (e.g., less than 1% of household water use). Alongside potential water wastage from inefficient sprays, rendering bidets less practical in low-resource or transient settings.

Environmental Considerations

Water and Energy Usage

Bidets utilize for post-defecation cleansing, with non-electric models typically consuming approximately 0.47 liters (1/8 ) per use at standard and duration settings. Electric bidet attachments and integrated systems may employ slightly higher volumes, ranging from 0.5 to 1 liter per use, particularly when features like oscillating sprays or extended washes are activated. For an average user with five daily visits, this equates to roughly 2.35 to 5 liters of additional household consumption per day, drawn from municipal supplies or on-site sources without inherent purification demands beyond standard . Non-electric bidets, such as standalone fixtures or handheld sprayers, require no supplemental beyond the user's manual operation. Electric variants, however, draw power for functions including instantaneous , seat warming, deodorizers, and air dryers, with operational demands typically at 500-600 watts during active cycles. Standby mode dominates consumption, leading to daily totals of 0.5 to 1.5 kWh for models with continuous heating elements, though usage varies by feature activation and insulation efficiency. For a of four, average consumption may reach 0.92 kWh per day, translating to annual costs of $50-100 at typical U.S. rates, assuming moderate feature use. Instant-heating designs mitigate draw by avoiding tank storage losses, potentially halving standby power relative to reservoir-based systems. Operational water and inputs for bidets are incremental compared to baseline toilet flushing (1.6 gallons per flush in modern low-flow models), but they introduce no mechanical beyond standard . In regions with abundant freshwater, the added load remains marginal—equivalent to less than 1% of average daily water use in developed nations—but escalates in arid areas or with inefficient . Electric bidets' profile aligns with low-draw appliances like LED nightlights in standby, though frequent air drying or high-temperature settings can elevate totals toward those of small refrigerators. Empirical measurements from manufacturers indicate that disabling unused features, such as seat heaters during off-hours, can reduce annual by 20-40%.

Comparative Lifecycle Analysis

Lifecycle assessments (LCAs) of bidets compared to typically encompass cradle-to-grave impacts, including extraction, , distribution, use-phase consumption, and end-of-life disposal or . These analyses quantify effects across categories such as , water depletion, , and resource use, often using methodologies aligned with ISO 14040 standards. For bidets, impacts vary by type: non-electric standalone or attachment models incur primarily burdens from plastics, metals, and ceramics, while electronic washlets add electronics and ongoing energy for heating and pumping; LCAs highlight pulp production from wood or recycled fibers, involving , chemical bleaching, and high energy for drying. In manufacturing and materials, toilet paper production dominates resource intensity; globally, it consumes approximately 27,000 trees daily alone for virgin pulp, contributing to habitat loss and decline, with each roll requiring about 37 gallons (140 liters) of for pulping and processing. Bidet fixtures, by contrast, rely on finite materials but produce no ongoing consumables beyond installation, with a single unit's embodied offset within months of replacing toilet paper use. Electronic bidets' production emissions, including rare earths for , are higher upfront—estimated at 10-20 kg CO2-equivalent per unit—but remain lower over a 10-15 year lifespan when substituting . Use-phase comparisons favor bidets in most scenarios. Toilet paper demands continuous virgin or recycled fiber input, with an average annual per-person consumption of 50-100 rolls in high-use regions, embedding 1,800-3,700 gallons of and significant for and production. Bidet use averages 0.03-0.13 gallons (0.1-0.5 liters) per cleaning cycle, totaling under 10 gallons annually per user, far below the embedded in equivalent ; even heated models add 0.1-0.5 kWh daily , but grid-dependent emissions are mitigated by reduced . Disposal impacts are minimal for bidets, as they generate no solid waste beyond occasional parts replacement, whereas contributes to or overload, with only 20-30% recycled globally. Empirical LCAs consistently demonstrate bidets' superiority. A 2025 study modeling U.S. household scenarios found bidet use reduces overall environmental impacts by 50-80% across , human toxicity, and freshwater ecotoxicity categories compared to , driven by averted production; this holds even for electric models assuming average U.S. grid efficiency. An innovative multifunctional system LCA reported 20-40% lower than conventional toilet-plus-bidet setups without substitution, emphasizing use-phase optimization. However, outcomes depend on variables like water sourcing (e.g., increases bidet impacts) and sustainability (recycled content lowers TP burdens by 30-50%), underscoring that simple, non-heated bidets yield the clearest gains in resource-scarce contexts.
Impact CategoryToilet Paper (Annual per User)Bidet (Annual per User, Electric)Key Driver for Bidet Advantage
Water Depletion1,800-3,700 gallons (embedded)5-10 gallons (direct use)Avoided pulping water
GHG Emissions10-20 kg CO2-eq (production/transport)5-15 kg CO2-eq (energy + manufacturing amortization)Reduced fiber extraction
Land Use0.1-0.2 m² (forest equivalent)Negligible post-installNo ongoing deforestation
EutrophicationHigh (bleaching chemicals)Low (minimal detergents)Paper processing effluents
Data derived from normalized U.S. averages; actuals vary by region and habits.

Cultural Adoption and Perceptions

Regional Prevalence and Usage Rates

Bidet prevalence varies significantly by region, with southern Europe and parts of Asia exhibiting the highest adoption rates, often exceeding 70% of households, while North America and northern Europe remain below 15%. In Italy, standalone ceramic bidets are nearly ubiquitous, mandated by building regulations since 1975 requiring their installation in all new residential bathrooms alongside toilets, contributing to estimates of 70-97% household penetration depending on the survey methodology and date. A 1995 French survey reported 97% usage frequency in Italy, though more recent analyses suggest around 76% active daily use in some metrics. France follows with approximately 40% of households equipped, primarily floor-mounted models, while Portugal reports 92% usage in the same dated survey. Northern European countries like the UK and Germany show minimal prevalence, often under 10%, attributed to cultural preferences for toilet paper and limited plumbing adaptations. In , electronic bidets integrated into toilets—known as washlets in —dominate, with over 80% of households in featuring them as of 2025, driven by Toto's innovations since the 1980s and cultural emphasis on . reports around 45% adoption of similar smart toilet systems, while bidet showers (handheld sprayers) are common in and Muslim-majority countries like those in the , where Islamic hygiene practices favor water cleansing, leading to near-universal use in private and public facilities. In contrast, the has low penetration at about 12% regular access as of 2023, concentrated in states like (1.64% statewide but higher in urban areas), with growth spurred by the 2020 toilet paper shortages but still limited by space constraints and unfamiliarity.
Region/CountryEstimated Household Adoption/Usage RateNotes/Source Year
70-97%Mandated; varies by survey (1995-2025)
80%+Primarily electronic washlets (2025)
40%Classic models (2025)
45%Smart toilets (2025)
12%Increasing but low base (2023)
Middle Eastern and some South American countries also show high rates, often tied to religious customs, though precise quantitative data remains sparse outside manufacturer reports and anecdotal surveys. Overall, global disparities reflect historical, regulatory, and cultural factors rather than inherent superiority, with adoption correlating more closely with water access and tradition than empirical hygiene outcomes. Cultural resistance to bidets in Western countries, particularly the , stems from entrenched preferences for , which became the dominant hygiene method following aggressive marketing by paper manufacturers in the early and remains deeply ingrained in daily routines. Historical associations, including post-World War II perceptions linking bidets to brothels in , further stigmatized the fixture among American GIs, fostering misconceptions of indecency that persisted despite lacking empirical basis in modern usage. These factors, combined with limited exposure—bidets are absent from most public restrooms—perpetuate low awareness, with surveys indicating many view them as unnecessary luxuries rather than hygiene alternatives supported by water's superior cleansing efficacy over dry wiping. Practical obstacles exacerbate adoption hurdles, including high retrofitting costs for standalone bidets, which can exceed $1,000 including modifications, and spatial constraints in compact American bathrooms averaging under 50 square feet, ill-suited for additional fixtures without . codes in older homes often lack provisions for bidet water lines or electrical outlets needed for heated or pressurized models, deterring installation; non-electric attachments mitigate this but still require basic cold-water connections. about effectiveness, such as fears of incomplete or maintenance issues like nozzle clogging, arises from unfamiliarity, though empirical tests show bidets reduce residual more effectively than alone when used properly. Adoption accelerated during the 2020 amid shortages, with U.S. bidet sales surging up to 400% in spring 2020 as consumers sought hygienic alternatives, prompting companies like Tushy to report 10-fold weekly increases. This momentum continued, with North American bidet toilet seat markets growing at a 12.11% CAGR from 2023 to 2030, driven by heightened awareness, environmental concerns over paper waste, and aging populations favoring ease-of-use features. By 2024, global bidet market value reached approximately $30 billion, projected to hit $52 billion by 2034 at a 5.6% CAGR, reflecting sustained 20-30% annual U.S. sales growth through 2023, fueled by affordable attachments and online normalization via . Despite this, penetration remains below 5% in U.S. households, indicating barriers persist amid rising accessibility.

Social Stigmas and Controversies

In the , bidets encountered significant in the early , often linked to perceptions of French decadence and immorality. This view intensified during , when American soldiers primarily associated bidets with brothels in liberated European cities, embedding a of and that persisted postwar. Early misconceptions also tied bidets to failed contraception practices, with some believing the devices were used for vaginal douching to prevent , further associating them with illicit sexuality and women's . A notable controversy arose in 1900 when the Ritz Hotel in New York removed bidets from its bathrooms following public protests over their perceived indecency. English-speaking cultures, including the U.S. and U.K., inherited anti-bidet sentiment from broader rejection of French hygiene innovations, viewing them as unnecessary luxuries amid conservative attitudes toward bodily functions. The toilet paper industry's aggressive marketing campaigns in the mid-20th century reinforced this by promoting paper as the hygienic standard, marginalizing water-based alternatives as foreign or indulgent. Cultural taboos in Anglo-Saxon societies have compounded these stigmas, fostering reluctance to discuss or adopt anal cleansing with due to prudishness about hygiene and associations with or ostentation. In contrast to regions like or where bidets integrate seamlessly into norms, Western hesitancy reflects entrenched habits favoring dry wiping, with only recently eroding conversational barriers around the topic. Modern controversies remain limited, though residual myths—such as bidets being unsanitary or exclusively feminine—persist in public discourse, often unsubstantiated by empirical studies.

Historical Development

European Origins

The bidet emerged in during the late , though no specific inventor is documented and the precise date of invention remains unknown. The earliest written reference to the device appears in French records from , describing it as a low basin used for intimate washing amid infrequent full-body bathing, which typically occurred only once weekly due to limited access to heated water and plumbing. Attributed to French furniture makers adapting existing basin designs, early bidets resembled portable pony-like stands or simple bowls filled manually with water, positioned in bedrooms for private use by the and as a hygienic alternative to wiping alone. The name "bidet" derives from the Old French term for "pony" or "little horse" (bidet), reflecting the user's required straddling posture over the basin, akin to mounting a small equine. These devices gained traction among French elites for post-coital or post-defecation cleansing, emphasizing lower-body hygiene in an era prioritizing visible cleanliness for social status over comprehensive sanitation. By the early 18th century, bidets had proliferated in aristocratic households and reportedly entered brothels, where they served practical and contraceptive purposes through douching, though efficacy claims lacked empirical support and reflected period misconceptions about fluid dynamics and fertility. Spread across Europe followed French influence, with records of adoption in by 1726 and gradual integration into other continental bathrooms during the 18th and 19th centuries as porcelain manufacturing advanced and indoor emerged. Standalone models persisted until the mid-19th century, when fixed installations alongside toilets became feasible in wealthier homes, marking a shift from luxury novelty to utilitarian fixture amid rising hygiene standards post-Enlightenment. Despite this, bidet prevalence remained uneven, concentrated in where cultural norms favored water-based cleaning over dry methods predominant in northern regions.

Global Spread and Modernization

By the mid-20th century, bidets had disseminated beyond to regions including the , , and , facilitated by post-World War II economic recovery and cultural exchanges in hygiene practices. In the , handheld bidet sprays known as shattafs became standard for post-defecation cleansing, integrated into toilet fixtures for efficient water use. South American countries like adopted standalone bidets, reflecting European colonial influences, while prevalence rates vary, with surveys indicating high usage in urban areas. Japan marked a pivotal advancement in bidet modernization during this era. In the early , imported models like the Wash Air Seat targeted and elderly users, but widespread adoption followed Toto's development of the Washlet in , which incorporated heated water sprays, adjustable nozzles, warmed seats, and air dryers for enhanced user comfort and . This innovation addressed Japan's aging population and cultural emphasis on cleanliness, leading to 80% household penetration by 2020. Electronic bidet seats proliferated globally thereafter, evolving with features like deodorizers, night lights, and remote controls, driven by Toto and competitors. In the United States, where bidet use historically lagged due to cultural reliance on , adoption surged during the pandemic-induced shortages, with annual sales growth exceeding 20% through 2023, fueled by and awareness. The global bidets market, valued at $28.62 billion in 2024, reflects this trajectory, projected to reach $38.8 billion by 2029 amid rising demand for water-efficient alternatives. Usage statistics underscore regional disparities: a 1995 French survey reported 97% prevalence in , 92% in , and 42% in , compared to lower rates in prior to recent trends. Modern variants, including non-electric attachments, have lowered entry barriers, promoting broader internationalization while conserving resources relative to paper-based methods.

Terminology

Etymology and Linguistic Evolution

The term bidet derives from French, where it originally signified a small horse or pony, stemming from the Old French verb bider, meaning "to trot." This equine connotation arose because early users of the fixture straddled its low basin in a posture resembling that of riding a pony. The application of bidet to a bathing vessel dates to the 1620s in French texts describing portable stands for personal hygiene, marking a semantic shift from literal animal to a functional object evoking similar motion. By 1752, the word entered English lexicon unchanged, retaining its French spelling and pronunciation to denote the same sanitary device. Linguistically, it spread with minimal evolution across Romance languages—such as Italian, where bidet directly denotes the fixture—while in Germanic and other tongues, descriptive neologisms like German Hochsitz-WC (high-seat toilet) or Japanese washlet (a branded electronic variant) emerged alongside the imported term, reflecting functional adaptation rather than phonetic alteration. This persistence underscores the term's specificity to the device's form and use, avoiding broader assimilation into native vocabularies for anal cleansing apparatuses.

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