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"Make America Great Again"
Sign used during Trump's 2016 and 2020 presidential campaigns
Sign used during Trump's 2024 presidential campaign

"Make America Great Again" (MAGA, US: /ˈmæɡə/)[1] is an American political slogan most recently popularized by Donald Trump during his presidential campaigns in 2016, 2020, and 2024. "MAGA" is also used to refer to Trump's ideology, political base, or to an individual or group of individuals from within that base. The slogan became a pop culture phenomenon, seeing widespread use and spawning numerous variants in the arts, entertainment and politics, being used by both supporters and opponents of Trump's presidency and as the name of the super PAC Make America Great Again Inc.[2]

Originally used by Ronald Reagan as a campaign slogan in his 1980 presidential campaign ("Let's Make America Great Again"), it has since been described as a loaded phrase. It has been described as a slogan representing American exceptionalism and promoting an idealistic or romanticized American past that excludes certain groups.[3] Multiple scholars, journalists, and commentators have called the slogan racist, regarding it as dog-whistle politics and coded language.[8]

History

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Ronald Reagan

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See also: Ronald Reagan 1980 presidential campaign
Ronald Reagan campaign poster

"Let's make America great again" was famously used in Ronald Reagan's 1980 presidential campaign. At the time, the United States was suffering from a worsening economy at home marked by stagflation. Using the country's economic distress as a springboard for his campaign, Reagan used the slogan to stir a sense of patriotism among the electorate.[9][10] During his acceptance speech at the 1980 Republican National Convention, Reagan said, "For those without job opportunities, we'll stimulate new opportunities, particularly in the inner cities where they live. For those who've abandoned hope, we'll restore hope and we'll welcome them into a great national crusade to make America great again."[11][12]

Bill Clinton

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See also: Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign

The phrase was used in speeches by Bill Clinton during his 1992 presidential campaign.[13] President Clinton also used the phrase in a radio commercial aired for wife Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential primary campaign.[14] During the 2016 electoral campaign, in which Hillary Clinton opposed Trump, he suggested that Trump's version, used as a campaign rallying cry, was a message to White Southerners that Trump was promising to "give you an economy you had 50 years ago, and ... move you back up on the social totem pole and other people down."[15]

Use by Donald Trump

[edit]
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In December 2011, following speculation that he would challenge sitting president Barack Obama in the 2012 United States presidential election, Trump released a statement in which he said he was unwilling to rule out running as a presidential candidate in the future, explaining "I must leave all of my options open because, above all else, we must make America great again."[16] In December 2011, he also published a book using as a subtitle the similar phrase "Making America #1 Again", which in a 2015 reissue was changed to "Make America Great Again!"[17] On January 1, 2012, a group of Trump supporters filed paperwork with the Texas secretary of state's office to create the "Make America Great Again Party", which would have allowed Trump to be that party's nominee if he had decided to become a third-party candidate in the presidential election.[18]

Trump began using the slogan formally on November 7, 2012, the day after Barack Obama won his re-election against Mitt Romney. Trump used the slogan in an August 2013 interview with Jonathan Karl.[19] By his own account, he first considered "We Will Make America Great", but did not feel like it had the right "ring" to it. "Make America Great" was his next slogan idea, but upon further reflection, he felt that it was a slight to America because it implied that America was never great. He eventually selected the phrase "Make America Great Again", later claiming that he was unaware of Reagan's use in 1980 until 2015, but noted that "he didn't trademark it."[20] On November 12, he signed an application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office requesting exclusive rights to use the slogan for political purposes. It was registered as a service mark on July 14, 2015, after Trump formally began his 2016 presidential campaign and demonstrated that he was using the slogan for the purpose stated on the application.[21][20][22]

"Vote To Make America Great Again" banner in California, 2016
MAGA placard

However, Trump did not trademark the phrase in commerce. On August 5, 2015, radio personality Bobby Bones took note of this and successfully filed a trademark for the phrase's use in commerce. Two days later Bones tweeted at Trump, offering the use of his slogan back in exchange for a $100,000 donation to the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. On October 29, Bones followed up the tweet with an image of a check from the Trump Organization. The amount on the check was undisclosed and Bones said that Trump could "have [his] slogan back".[23]

Following Trump's first election, the website of his presidential transition was established at greatagain.gov.[24] Trump said in 2017 and 2018 that the slogan of his 2020 reelection campaign would be "Keep America Great" and he sought to trademark it.[20][25] However, Trump's 2020 campaign continued to use the "Make America Great Again" slogan.[26] Trump's vice president, Mike Pence, used the phrase "make America great again, again" in his 2020 Republican National Convention speech, garnering ridicule for implying that Trump's first term had failed.[27][28] In late 2021, this phrase became the name of a pro-Trump Super-PAC, which was also mocked.[29] A 2020 executive order, titled "Promoting Beautiful Federal Civic Architecture", was nicknamed "Make Federal Buildings Beautiful Again" by proponents and the press.[30][31][32]

Less than a week after Trump left office, he spoke to advisors about possibly establishing a third party, which he suggested might be named either the "Patriot Party" or "Make America Great Again Party". In his first few days out of office, he also supported Arizona state party chairwoman Kelli Ward, who likewise called for the creation of a "MAGA Party". In late January 2021, the former president viewed the proposed MAGA Party as leverage to prevent Republican senators from voting to convict him during the Senate impeachment trial, and to field challengers to Republicans who voted for his impeachment in the House.[33][34] The phrase was used again as the official slogan of Trump's 2024 presidential campaign. On June 3, 2023, Trump called his supporters Magadonians, prompting mockery on social media.[35][36]

MAGA hat

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"Maga hat" redirects here; not to be confused with Magahat.
Trump with a "Keep America Great" hat in December 2019 and Elon Musk wearing a black MAGA hat at the 2025 Conservative Political Action Conference

During the 2016 campaign, Trump often used the slogan, especially by wearing MAGA hats emblazoned with the phrase in white letters, which soon became popular among his supporters.[37] The slogan was so important to the campaign that at one point it spent more on making the hats – sold for $25 each on its website – than on polling, consultants, or television commercials. Millions were sold, and Trump estimated that counterfeit versions outnumbered the real hat ten to one. "... but it was a slogan, and every time somebody buys one, that's an advertisement."[20] The hat's white-on-red design saw great success as a symbol of unity among Trump supporters.[38][39]

Trump in the Situation Room with a MAGA hat, June 2025

Some critics have compared its use to other politically charged symbols, such as the Confederate flag, while supporters view it as an expression of patriotism and political identity.[40][41] Due to its association with Trump and his policies, the hat has been a source of controversy. Some individuals view it as a divisive or provocative symbol, while others see it as an exercise of their political beliefs.[42][43]

In January 2019, it gained media attention during a highly publicized standoff between a group of high schoolers wearing the hat and Omaha tribe leader Nathan Phillips. The incident was initially perceived by some as racially charged; however, subsequent video footage led to a reassessment of the situation by multiple media outlets.[44][45] On December 29, 2022, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals in Vancouver, Washington, ruled that wearing a MAGA hat is considered protected speech under the First Amendment. A former teacher had worn a MAGA hat to class to school and described facing verbal harassment and retaliation from school employees.[46]

Use on social media sites

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See also: Social media use by Donald Trump

Donald Trump took the campaign slogan to social media (primarily to Twitter), using the hashtags #makeamericagreatagain and its acronym #maga. In response to criticism regarding his frequent and untraditional usage of social media, Trump defended himself by tweeting "My use of social media is not Presidential – it's MODERN DAY PRESIDENTIAL. Make America Great Again!" on July 1, 2017.[47]

In the first half of 2017, Trump posted his slogan on Twitter 33 times. In an article for Bloomberg News, Mark Whitehouse noted: "A regression analysis suggests the phrase adds (very roughly) 51,000 to a post's retweet-and-favorite count, which is important given that the average Trump tweet attracts a total of 107,000."[48] Trump attributed his victory (in part) to social media when he said, "I won the 2016 election with interviews, speeches, and social media."[49] According to RiteTag, the estimated hourly statistics for #maga on Twitter alone include: 1,304 unique tweets, 5,820,000 hashtag exposure, and 3,424 retweets with 14% of #maga tweets including images, 55% including links, and 51% including mentions.[50]

Accusations of racism

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See also: Racial views of Donald Trump
Further information: Racism in the United States and Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States

Regarding its use since 2015, the phrase "Make America Great Again" is considered a loaded phrase and "dog whistle". Marissa Melton, a Voice of America journalist, among others,[5][6] explained how it is a loaded phrase because it "doesn't just appeal to people who hear it as racist coded language, but also to those who have felt a loss of status as other groups have become more empowered."[4] As Sarah Churchwell explains, the slogan now resonates as "America First" did in the early 1940s, with the idea "that the true version of America is the America that looks like me, the American fantasy I imagine existed before it was diluted with other races and other people."[51]

Writing opinion for the Los Angeles Times, Robin Abcarian wrote that "[w]earing a 'Make America Great Again' hat is not necessarily an overt expression of racism. But if you wear one, it's a pretty good indication that you share, admire or appreciate President Trump's racist views about Mexicans, Muslims and border walls."[6] The Detroit Free Press and the Los Angeles Times reported how several of their readers rejected this characterization and did not believe the slogan or MAGA hats are evidence of racism, seeing them more in patriotic or American nationalist terms.[52][53] Los Angeles Times columnist Nicholas Goldberg described MAGA as both one of the worst campaign slogans ever and "a fabulous campaign slogan", writing: "It was vague enough to appeal to optimists generally, while leaving plenty of room for bitter and resentful voters to conclude that we were finally going back to the days when they ran the world."[54] Actor Bryan Cranston said of the slogan: "So just ask yourself from, from an African American experience, when was it ever great in America for the African American? When was it great? If you're making it great again, it's not including them."[55]

A 2018 study that used text mining and semantic network analytics of Twitter text and hashtags networks found that the "#MakeAmericaGreatAgain" and "#MAGA" hashtags were commonly used by white supremacist and white nationalist users, and had been used as "an organizing discursive space" for far-right extremists globally.[56]

Derivative slogans

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"Make America Great Again" has been the subject of many parodies, jokes, instances of praise, references, and criticisms which base themselves on the four-word slogan.[57]

Derivatives used by Trump

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"Keep America Great" has been the most popular derivative of "Make America Great Again", with Trump's 2020 presidential campaign adopting it as the official slogan, though often used alongside "Make America Great Again".[58][59] Upon Trump announcing his candidacy for president in the 2024 election, commentators described his use of the tagline "Make America Great and Glorious Again" ("MAGAGA"). The term has come to be a humorous descriptor for Trump's re-election bid, and many outlets have commented on the humor that "MAGAGA" provides, usually on the word "gag" being part of the acronym.[60][61][62]

At the 2024 Republican National Convention, some people wore clothing with the slogan "Make American Great Again Again".[citation needed] In October 2024, Trump promised former third-party candidate Robert F. Kennedy Jr. control of public health using the phrase "Make America Healthy Again".[63][64] In November 2024, after Governor Gavin Newsom pledged to convene California lawmakers to secure California's progressive policies against the incoming Trump administration, Trump made "Make California Great Again" go viral on social media.[65][66]

During a joint press conference with Philippine president Bongbong Marcos at the White House in July 2025, Trump voiced support for the Philippines' independent foreign policy and said, "I think he (Marcos) has to do what's right for his country. I've always said, you know, make the Philippines great again. Do whatever you need to do."[67][68]

Make Iran Great Again

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The slogan, Make Iran Great Again, was coined by U.S. President Donald Trump which characterizes the Islamic regime as damaging Iran and advocates for its replacement to help Iran become a stronger nation.[69][70] This slogan was also used by the Iranian opposition group Restart.[71]

Anti-Trump derivatives, parodies, and other derivatives

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Two women wear "Make Donald Drumpf Again" hats during the 2017 Women's March.

The phrase has been parodied in political statements, such as "Make America Mexico Again", a critique of Trump's immigration policies regarding the US–Mexico border and a reference to Mexico's loss of 55% of its territory to the US with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.[72][73] The derivative "MAGAt" ("MAGAts"), is a derogatory term used for operatives for and supporters of U.S. President Donald Trump, named for his borrowed use of the slogan "Make America Great Again" (MAGA); also appearing without the caps as "magat", "magats"; the term is a homophone of "maggot". Although maggot is not a term used in entomology,[74][75] in many non-technical texts, the term is used for insect larvae in general, and specifically refers to fly larva that develop in and consume cadavers and garbage, and that may spread microbial infections.

Adult film star Stormy Daniels, who allegedly had an affair with President Trump, took part in a "Make America Horny Again" strip club tour. The tour followed Trump's initial 2016 campaign trail and part of the revenue was donated to Planned Parenthood.[76] John Oliver spoofed the slogan on his show Last Week Tonight with John Oliver in a segment dedicated to Trump, urging viewers to "Make Donald Drumpf Again", in reference to the original ancestral name of the Trump family.[77][78] The segment broke HBO viewership records, garnering 85 million views.[78]

In 2017, after the certification of the election of Trump by Congress, then-Vice-president Joe Biden was heard saying "God Save the Queen", leading to History Today claiming it would get "Make America Great Britain Again".[79] Later in the year, comedian Jimmy Kimmel repeated the phrase to suggest limiting presidential power.[80] A 2018 essay about the Barack Obama birtherism conspiracy in the Journal of Hate Studies by two professors at Bates College was titled "Make America Hate Again: Donald Trump and the Birther Conspiracy".[81]

A 2019 "Make Earth Greta Again" protestor in Berlin

The phrase has been adopted by some environmentalists. In June 2017, French president Emmanuel Macron rebuked Trump over withdrawing from the Paris Agreement. The last sentence of the speech he delivered was "make our planet great again".[82] Members of the Fridays for Future Movement have also frequently used slogans like "Make Earth Greta Again", referring to environmental activist Greta Thunberg.[83] In 2019, Grant Armour and Milene Larsson co-directed a documentary film named Make the World Greta Again.[84] After Joe Biden defeated Trump in the 2020 presidential election, Biden's wife Jill posted an image of her and her husband on Instagram which featured Joe wearing a blue cap with white text reading "We Just Did", meant as a response to Trump's "Make America Great Again" slogan.[85]

In late 2022, the political slogan "MAGA Communism" trended on Twitter after being tweeted out by former San Clemente city council candidate Jackson Hinkle. MAGA Communism adherents call on those who support the American working class to ally with members of the MAGA movement.[86] During the presidential campaign Javier Milei in Argentina in 2023, the slogan MAGA was adapted as "Make Argentina Great Again".[87][88] Milei, a personal friend,[89] as well as an admirer of Trump,[88] later won the election in November 2023, with Trump sending a congratulatory message with the slogan "Make Argentina Great Again".[90][91] The term "Blue MAGA" is used to criticize a cult-like dedication to Biden as a person, the Democratic Party's use of conspiracy theories to explain opposition to Biden's 2024 presidential candidacy, and dismissals of information or polling that does not reflect well on Biden; the term seeks to suggest an equivalence between some supporters of Biden and Trump.[92][93][94]

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva wearing a cap with the phrase "Brazil belongs to Brazilians" (top) and some ministers (bottom); from left, Alckmin, Dweck, Franco, Haddad, and Silva

In early 2025, the Brazilian government's Secretary of Communication Sidônio Palmeira created the slogan "Brazil belongs to Brazilians" ("O Brasil é dos brasileiros")—printed on blue caps—at the request of then-on-leave Secretary of Institutional Affairs Alexandre Padilha, with the aim of countering the "Make America Great Again" caps.[95][96] Brazil's president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva also posted a video on social media wearing the cap, in what has sometimes been referred to as the "battle of the caps" or "cap war".[97][98] Padilha stated he was distressed to see people "saluting another country", in reference to former president Jair Bolsonaro;[95][96] also following Trump's inauguration, the governor of São Paulo Tarcísio de Freitas appeared wearing a red cap with the phrase "Make America Great Again".[98] In July of that year, after Trump's tariff hike against Brazil which was described by The Economist as the greatest interference since the Cold War, Lula da Silva adopted a nationalist stance, once again wearing a cap bearing the slogan "Brazil belongs to Brazilians".[99][100] In August, during the second ministerial meeting of the year, Lula da Silva and his ministers wore the cap in question; the president and all 38 ministers posed for identification-style photographs on the occasion.[101][98]

Use of the slogan by Trump's political rivals

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After Donald Trump popularized the use of the phrase, the phrase and modifications of it were widely used in reference both to his election campaign and to his politics. Trump's primary opponents, Ted Cruz and Scott Walker, began using "Make America Great Again" in speeches, inciting Trump to send cease-and-desist letters to them.[20] Cruz later sold hats featuring "Make Trump Debate Again" in response to Trump's boycotting the Iowa January 28, 2016, debate.[102]

New York governor Andrew Cuomo said America "was never that great" during a September 2018 bill signing.[103][104] Former United States attorney general Eric Holder questioned the slogan in a March 2019 interview on MSNBC, asking: "Exactly when did you think America was great?"[105][106] During John McCain's memorial service on September 1, 2018, his daughter Meghan stated: "The America of John McCain has no need to be made great again because America was always great."[107] Trump subsequently tweeted "MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN!" later that day.[108]

During remarks at the White House on May 4, 2022, President Joe Biden referred to former president Trump's "Make America Great Again" movement, saying, "This MAGA crowd is really the most extreme political organization that's existed in American history, in recent American history."[109] On September 1, 2022, he dedicated remarks at the White House "on the continued battle for the soul of the nation",[110] to attacks on "Donald Trump and the MAGA Republicans", saying that "Donald Trump and the MAGA Republicans represent an extremism that threatens the very foundations of our republic", and that "MAGA Republicans have made their choice. They embrace anger. They thrive on chaos. They live not in the light of truth but in the shadow of lies."[111]

After Florida governor Ron DeSantis announced his run for the 2024 Republican Party presidential primary, several news outlets said he promised to "Make America Florida".[112][113][114][115][116] One of the most widespread anti-Trump derivatives of "Make America Great Again" during the Trump presidency and the 2020 election was "Make America Think Again", often combined with 2020 Democratic primary candidate Andrew Yang's preferred version of "Make America Think Harder" ("MATH"). The slogan has been spotted at numerous anti-Trump events from Democratic political rallies to marches to social media, with Live Science noting "Think Again" as one of its top hashtags for 2017.[117][118][119][120]

"Make America White Again"

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Since 2016, the phrase "Make America White Again" was used by hate groups and politicians who align themselves with Trump.[121] Australian political commentator and former Liberal Party leader John Hewson also used the slogan in reference to his belief that recent global movements against traditional politics and politicians are based on racism and prejudice. He comments: "There should be little doubt about US President Donald Trump's views on race, despite his occasional 'denials', assertions of 'fake news', and/or his semantic distinctions. His election campaign theme was effectively a promise to 'Make America Great Again; America First and Only' and—nod, nod, wink, wink—to Make America White Again."[122] Neo-Nazi James Mason expressed that the election of Trump gave him hope, commenting that "in order to Make America Great Again, you have to make it white again".[123]

[edit]

"Make America Great Again" has frequently been parodied in advertising, the media, and other outlets of popular culture, with varying levels of comparison to Trump from none at all to a rebuke of the former president and his ideology.

In advertising

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The slogan was parodied by Dunk-a-roos as "Make America Dunk Again",[124] and also in the film Sharknado 5: Global Swarming's tagline of "Make America Bait Again."[125]

In artwork

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Make Everything Great Again was a street art mural by artist Mindaugas Bonanu in Vilnius, Lithuania. Inspired by the graffiti painting My God, Help Me to Survive This Deadly Love, it depicts Donald Trump giving a fraternal kiss to the Russian president Vladimir Putin.[126][127]

In fashion

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Fashion designer Andre Soriano used the "Make America Great Again" official presidential campaign flag to design a MAGA gown for celebrities in Hollywood to wear on red carpet, such as at the 2017 Grammy Awards.[128]

In films and web series

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The tagline for the film The Purge: Election Year (2016) is "Keep America Great" (a phrase Trump would later use as his 2020 campaign slogan); one of the TV spots for the film featured Americans who explain why they support the Purge, with one stating he does so "to keep my country [America] great".[129] The next film in the franchise, The First Purge, was subsequently advertised with a poster featuring its title stylized on a MAGA hat.[130] In The Boys Season 4, the political slogan "Make America Super Again" serves as the main rallying cry for Homelander, the primary antagonist, as he successfully executes his own version of January 6 coup attempt in the universe of The Boys franchise.[131][132]

In literature

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Author Octavia E. Butler used "Make America Great Again" as the presidential campaign slogan for the dictator Andrew Steele Jarret in her 1998 dystopian novel Parable of the Talents.[133] In 2011, Republican former United States Senate candidate Christine O'Donnell published a book about her campaign in the 2010 Delaware special election titled Troublemaker: Let's Do What It Takes to Make America Great Again.[134] Political advisor Dan Pfeiffer's second book is called Un-Trumping America: A Plan to Make America a Democracy Again. Political commentator and author Peter Beinart published a 2006 book titled The Good Fight: Why Liberals – and Only Liberals – Can Win the War on Terror and Make America Great Again,[135] drawing on the philosophy of theologian Reinhold Niebuhr after the 2003 invasion of Iraq and during the early years of the War on Terror.

In music

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Snoop Dogg's second EP is called Make America Crip Again with the second single titled "M.A.C.A." Dogg was quoted in Rolling Stone as saying that "Make America Great Again" refers to a time in the past that "always takes me back to separation and segregation so I'd rather Make America Crip Again" and referred to a time "when young black men in impoverished areas organized to help their communities and to take care of their own because society basically left them for dead".[136] Singer Joy Villa produced a single "Make America Great Again" a few months after appearing at the 2017 Grammy Awards in a 'MAGA' dress.[137] Australian heavy metal band Thy Art Is Murder recorded a song called "Make America Hate Again" on their album Human Target.[138]

On television

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The Star Trek: Discovery episode "What's Past Is Prologue" has Gabriel Lorca vowing in one scene to "Make the Empire glorious again".[139][140][141][142] In the South Park episode "Where My Country Gone?" (2015), supporters of Mr. Garrison, who runs a campaign that is a parody of Trump's, are seen holding signs bearing the slogan.[143]

In video games

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Senator Armstrong, the antagonist of the 2013 video game Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance uses the phrase "make America great again".[144] Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus, a first-person shooter video game with Nazis as the enemy, was given the advertising tagline "Make America Nazi-Free Again", which some people objected to as anti-Trump, though a company executive said the game was not a "social critique on 2017 America." Peters Hines, the studio's vice president of marketing and public relations, was quoted on GamesIndustry.biz as saying, "Wolfenstein has been a decidedly anti-Nazi series since the first release more than 20 years ago. We aren't going to shy away from what the game is about. We don't feel it's a reach for us to say Nazis are bad and un-American, and we're not worried about being on the right side of history here."[145]

Similar slogans used outside the United States

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During his campaign for the 2019 Indonesian presidential election in October 2018, former opposition leader Prabowo Subianto used the phrase "make Indonesia great again", though he denied having copied Trump.[146] During the Swedish European Parliament election in May 2019, the Christian Democrats party used the slogan "Make EU Lagom Again".[147][148] The Spanish far-right party Vox used "Hacer a España grande otra vez" (Make Spain Great Again) as a slogan.[149][150]

During the 2020 Trinidad and Tobago general election campaign, the Leader of the Opposition and former prime minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar, who has been accused as attempting to be a "wannabe Trinidad and Tobago Trump,"[151] used the phrase "Make T&T (Trinidad and Tobago) great again!"[152] Following Donald Trump's victory in the 2024 United States presidential election, she described his win as an effort to "restore conservative American values and ideals, which have been under attack by promoters of extreme far-left ideology."[153] In Singapore, the slogan "Make Yishun Great Again" was used by content creators as a running joke where the town itself has a stereotype for being dangerous. There were hats sold with the phrase.[154] Similarly, People's Power Party, a political party in Singapore, used a variant of the slogan, "Make Singapore Home Again" for their party's manifesto and campaign during the 2025 Singaporean general election.[155]

The right-wing populist United Australia Party used the slogans "Make Australia Great" and "Make Australia Great Again" during the 2019 and 2022 Australian federal elections.[156][157] Coalition senator Jacinta Nampijinpa Price used the phrase "make Australia great again" during the 2025 federal election campaign. At a later press conference, she said she hadn't "even realise[d]" she said the phrase and accused media outlets of being "obsessed with Donald Trump".[158] In Israel, the Israeli far-right has used the similar expression "Make Israel Great Again" along with the acronym MIGA.[159] In Mongolia, Khaltmaagiin Battulga used as his 2017 presidential election campaign slogan "Монгол Ялна" (Mongol Yalna, "Mongolia Will Win"), with its abbreviation "Мояа" (Moya) being a derivative term.[160] The 2024 Hungarian Presidency of the Council of the European Union used the motto "Make Europe Great Again" (MEGA).[161][162][163] In the Philippines, Isko Moreno used the slogan "Make Manila Great Again" for his mayoral campaign during the 2025 Manila local elections.[164]

In January 2025, during an Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) campaign rally for the 2025 German federal election, Elon Musk spoke at the event through a video call, reiterating his previous endorsement of the party. Following his short speech, Alice Weidel, the leading AfD candidate for the upcoming elections, thanked Musk and used the derived expression "Make Germany great again".[165] In February 2025, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi used the derivative "Make India Great Again" during a bilateral meeting with Trump, saying: "Borrowing an expression from the US, our vision for a developed India is to 'Make India Great Again', or MIGA. When America and India work together, when it's MAGA plus MIGA, it becomes mega – a mega partnership for prosperity."[166] An April 2025 article by The Economist which introduced the impact of the second Trump administration tariffs in China was entitled "How America could end up making China great again".[167] In Syria, a billboard was seen in Damascus during the visit of U.S. Republican Congressman Cory Mills, displaying the phrase "Make Syria Great Again."[168] In an interview with the Jewish Journal on 28 May 2025, Syrian president Ahmed al-Sharaa said he accepted the role to help rebuild Syria, stating, "We have no choice but to succeed", and used the phrase "We must make Syria great again".[169]

See also

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References

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[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

Make America Great Again

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from Grokipedia
Make America Great Again (MAGA) is an American political slogan first employed by in his 1980 presidential campaign as "Let's Make America Great Again," later shortened and trademarked by , who elevated it to central status in his and successful presidential runs. The phrase articulates a commitment to reversing perceived declines in U.S. economic strength, cultural cohesion, and global standing by prioritizing domestic revival, stringent , and withdrawal from multilateral entanglements deemed unfavorable to American interests. The slogan's roots trace to Reagan's effort to rally voters against stagflation and post-Vietnam malaise, promising renewed optimism and intervention to foster prosperity. Trump adapted it amid widespread discontent with globalization's effects on working-class communities, offshoring of jobs, and unchecked , framing it as a call to reclaim lost to elite-driven policies. Its resonance propelled Trump's underdog victory, securing 304 electoral votes despite losing the popular vote narrowly, and contributed to his triumph with expanded margins in key states, reflecting sustained appeal among non-college-educated voters prioritizing national renewal over internationalist agendas. Underpinning MAGA are policy pillars including border wall construction to curb illegal entries, which saw partial implementation and reduced crossings during Trump's first term; tax reforms that spurred pre-pandemic GDP growth averaging 2.5% annually and record-low unemployment rates, including historic lows for Black and Hispanic Americans; and an "America First" foreign policy yielding energy export dominance, no new major wars, and diplomatic breakthroughs like the Abraham Accords normalizing Israel-Arab ties. These outcomes empirically validated the slogan's economic nationalism against critiques from establishment quarters, which often amplified narratives of divisiveness while underreporting tangible gains in wages and household incomes. Controversies surrounding MAGA stem largely from its challenge to prevailing orthodoxies on trade, immigration, and interventionism, eliciting accusations of isolationism or nativism from globalist advocates, yet voter data indicates broad interpretation as restoring self-reliance and opportunity rather than exclusion. The movement has reshaped the Republican Party toward , embedding MAGA in its 2024 platform with pledges for mass , reciprocity, and regulatory rollback to sustain resurgence. Its enduring cultural footprint includes merchandise like the iconic red cap, symbolizing defiance against perceived institutional decay.

Origins and Historical Context

Pre-Trump Usage in American Politics

![Official Portrait of President Reagan 1981-cropped.jpg][float-right] The phrase "Let's Make America Great Again" served as a prominent in Ronald Reagan's 1980 presidential campaign, invoked to rally support amid , high rates exceeding 13% in 1979, and foreign policy challenges including the . Reagan employed it in speeches and campaign materials to promise a restoration of American economic vitality and military strength against Soviet influence, framing the nation as having declined under incumbent . In the early 1990s, echoed similar rhetoric during his 1992 Democratic presidential campaign announcement on October 3, 1991, in , stating, "I believe that together, we can make America great again," in the context of addressing a mild and transitioning from Cold War-era toward domestic renewal. This usage reflected optimism for leveraging post-Cold War peace dividends to reinvigorate the economy and social promise, distinct from Reagan's anti-communist emphasis but aligned in evoking national resurgence. Prior to these instances, variations on themes of American renewal appeared in political discourse during the amid oil shocks and , though exact phrasing like "make America great again" gained traction specifically with Reagan's effort as a direct response to perceived national documented in polls showing widespread pessimism about America's global standing.

Etymology and Rhetorical Roots

The slogan "Make America Great Again" linguistically combines an imperative verb ("make") urging collective agency, a proper noun denoting the nation ("America"), an evaluative adjective signifying superior status or achievement ("great"), and an adverbial qualifier ("again") implying reversion to a prior exemplary condition. This syntactic structure facilitates rhetorical efficacy by framing national condition as malleable through human intervention, a pattern observable in exhortative language across historical discourses on societal repair. Its rhetorical foundations lie in the tradition, a staple of American oratory since the colonial , which ritually laments deviation from ancestral ideals—often covenantal or exceptional—and forecasts restoration via moral and structural recommitment. Exemplified in Puritan fast-day sermons and extended through subsequent eras, this genre presupposes a cyclical national narrative of ascent, , and redemption, rendering "great again" a concise of exceptionalism's promise that decline is neither inevitable nor terminal but reversible through disciplined renewal. Causally, the phrase resonates with documented oscillations in U.S. fortunes, where perceptions of lost have empirically correlated with economic contractions—such as the panics of , , and , or the 1929 crash—spurring discourses of revitalization tied to tangible recoveries in , , and institutional . These cycles underscore a realist dynamic: rhetorical appeals for "greatness" gain traction amid verifiable downturns in metrics like GDP contraction or unemployment spikes, channeling public response toward policies fostering rebound rather than resignation.

Adoption and Popularization by Donald Trump

Development During the 2016 Campaign

Following Mitt Romney's defeat in the 2012 presidential election, Donald Trump developed the slogan "Make America Great Again" on November 7, 2012, while contemplating the Republican loss from his office in Trump Tower. He directed his legal team to file a trademark application for the phrase six days later, on November 19, 2012, securing it for political action committees and related merchandise. Trump formally launched his 2016 presidential bid on June 16, 2015, at in , centering the announcement around the slogan to position himself as a political outsider unencumbered by Washington establishment ties. The campaign leveraged Trump's preexisting celebrity brand, emphasizing direct, unfiltered communication via rallies and social media to amplify the message of national restoration against perceived elite failures. At rallies, the slogan evolved into a participatory , energizing crowds and reinforcing Trump's appeal, with attendees adopting it as a rallying cry for . Merchandise, particularly red "MAGA" baseball caps priced at $25 each, saw rapid uptake; sales generated approximately $80,000 daily, covering much of the campaign's operational overhead through channels. This commercialization contributed to the slogan's viral dissemination, distinguishing Trump's effort from traditional models. Empirical data linked the slogan's resonance to polling gains in Rust Belt states like , , and , where decline from fueled voter support for Trump's trade-focused outsider narrative. Primary exit polls showed Trump's leads expanding among non-college-educated white voters in these regions, correlating with the slogan's embodiment of backlash against offshoring and NAFTA-era policies. The campaign's data-driven targeting of disaffected demographics via the slogan helped secure narrow victories in these pivotal areas on November 8, 2016.

Evolution Through Subsequent Campaigns

In the 2020 presidential reelection bid, initially promoted "Keep America Great" as a on March 10, 2018, signaling continuity from his first-term successes, but pivoted back to "Make America Great Again" amid the crisis and ensuing recession. The campaign framed MAGA around economic recovery narratives, launching "Operation MAGA" on October 3, —shortly after Trump's own diagnosis—to deploy surrogates, coalitions, and digital outreach emphasizing pre-pandemic growth metrics like 2.5% GDP expansion in 2019 and below 4% entering . Following the , 2021, Capitol events and Trump's 2020 defeat, the MAGA framework exhibited resilience in the 2024 cycle, underpinning his electoral rebound with expanded voter coalitions. The Republican National Committee's platform, finalized July 8, 2024, bore the title "2024 GOP Platform: Make America Great Again," distilling 20 core promises including immediate border sealing via wall completion, mass deportations, and ending catch-and-release policies to address over 10 million encounters reported by U.S. Customs and Border Protection from 2021 to 2024. This iteration intensified focus on as a causal driver of domestic insecurity, contrasting with broader first-term themes. Voter loyalty metrics underscored continuity, with Pew Research Center analysis of validated 2024 voters revealing Trump's support among non-college-educated whites holding at 65%, alongside gains among Hispanic (45%) and Black (13%) voters compared to 2020's 32% and 8%, respectively—attributable to turnout mobilization around economic and border priorities. Post-election surveys, such as the Manhattan Institute's December 2024 poll of 2,304 voters, confirmed MAGA-aligned priorities like deportation (prioritized by 68% of Trump voters) as key to his 312-electoral-vote win. By mid-2025, YouGov polling indicated 60% of Republicans self-identifying as MAGA adherents, reflecting sustained base cohesion despite legal and media scrutiny. Merchandise revenue and social media proxies further evidenced endurance: Trump-branded items outsold Democratic equivalents 5-to-1 on Amazon in 2024, with over 2 million MAGA hats produced since 2016 and licensing income exceeding $1.1 million disclosed in 2024 filings, peaking post-election via transition-period collections. Online engagement with MAGA hashtags and rally streams maintained momentum into 2025, correlating with rally attendance surpassing 100,000 at key 2024 events like Butler, Pennsylvania, on October 5. Trump's January 20, 2025, speech tied second-term ambitions to first-term benchmarks, invoking restoration of "the greatest economy in history" pre-COVID—marked by 7 million jobs added and highs—while pledging renewed pursuit of excellence to "make America respected again," effectively extending MAGA's causal emphasis on national revival.

Core Meaning and Policy Associations

Defining "Great Again"

The phrase "Great Again" in the "Make America Great Again" slogan evokes a restoration of the to its mid-20th-century condition of robust economic expansion, manufacturing preeminence, social cohesion, and geopolitical supremacy, particularly the post-World War II era from the 1940s through the . This period featured annual real GDP growth averaging over 4% in the and , driven by domestic industrial output and limited foreign competition, contrasting with the post-1970 slowdown to around 3% or less amid rising global integration. employment, symbolizing middle-class , hovered near 30% of the in the before peaking at 19.6 million jobs in 1979 and subsequently declining by over 35% to 12.8 million by 2019, reflecting a shift from industrial dominance. The slogan's critique of decline centers on empirical erosion of these foundations, attributing middle-class stagnation to causal factors like corporate of production, which eliminated over 5 million positions and 70,000 factories since the through policies favoring low-wage foreign labor markets. Increased low-skilled post-1965 similarly exerted downward pressure on wages for non-college-educated natives, contributing to a shrinking —from 61% of adults in to 50% by 2023—by expanding labor supply without commensurate skill upgrades or wage protections. Cultural indicators, such as stability, further underscore the narrative: divorce rates surged from under 20% for 1950s marriages to about 50% for those in , coinciding with laws and broader societal shifts that weakened two-parent households. These trends are linked to policy detachment among economic elites, whose advocacy prioritized corporate gains over domestic wage earners, as evidenced by stalled growth relative to productivity since the . Interpretations among supporters diverge between economic nationalists emphasizing trade imbalances and job repatriation to revive industrial output, and cultural conservatives prioritizing restoration of traditional family structures and national cohesion amid perceived moral and patriotic decay. This duality aligns with broader polling showing widespread agreement on decline—such as only half of Americans viewing the as stable—but varying attributions, with economic metrics like loss resonating across demographics while cultural metrics appeal more to older cohorts reminiscing pre-1970s norms.

Linked Policy Priorities

The "Make America Great Again" slogan has been associated with an "" framework emphasizing , reduced regulatory burdens, and stricter border security to prioritize U.S. citizens' interests over globalist commitments. This approach manifested in policies aimed at reviving domestic , achieving energy self-sufficiency, and curbing through enforcement measures. Proponents argue these initiatives delivered measurable gains, such as record-low for certain demographics pre-COVID and shifts in trade dynamics, though critics from institutions like the have contested long-term efficacy amid biases favoring interventionist alternatives. Key economic priorities included the of 2017, which lowered corporate rates from 35% to 21% and individual brackets, correlating with accelerated wage growth for low-income workers. data indicate real wages rose 4.9% cumulatively from 2018 to 2019—the fastest two-year pace in two decades—with the bottom 10% of earners experiencing outsized gains due to tight labor markets and repatriated capital. Complementing this, the administration pursued aggressive , achieving a 22-to-1 ratio of rollbacks to new rules in 2017, eliminating over 20,000 pages of federal regulations by 2020 to reduce compliance costs estimated at $220 billion annually. These efforts, rooted in first-principles cost-benefit analysis over precautionary rulemaking, facilitated business expansion and contributed to pre-pandemic GDP growth averaging 2.5% yearly. Energy independence was pursued via expanded drilling permits and pipeline approvals, culminating in the U.S. becoming a net total exporter for the first time since , with exports surpassing imports by 23.6 quadrillion Btu in 2019—a 67-year milestone driven by production records under fewer environmental restrictions. Trade policies under imposed Section 301 tariffs on $380 billion of Chinese imports starting 2018, aiming to counter intellectual property theft and subsidization, which reduced the U.S.- goods deficit by 18% from 2018 peaks by 2020 and spurred domestic reshoring. Immigration enforcement prioritized interior removals and border barriers, with deporting 226,119 individuals in FY2017—focusing 92% on criminals or recent arrivals—and constructing 450 miles of border wall by 2020, correlating with apprehensions dropping 83% from December 2018 peaks under "" protocols. Foreign policy realism emphasized deal-making over , exemplified by the signed September 15, 2020, normalizing ties between and the UAE, , , and —fostering $3 billion in annual trade and joint military exercises without U.S. troop commitments, marking the first major Arab-Israeli pacts in 26 years and averting new conflicts during the term. These accords, negotiated via economic incentives rather than aid dependency, demonstrated causal efficacy in regional stabilization absent endless interventions. Ongoing policy rhetoric associated with the slogan includes White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt's statements that President Trump is laser-focused on making America affordable again through plans to address housing and healthcare costs, with emphasis on future improvements amid recent economic developments.

Symbolism, Merchandise, and Cultural Icons

The MAGA Hat and Visual Identity

The MAGA hat, a red featuring the embroidered "Make America Great Again" in white capital letters arched across the front panel, emerged as a central visual emblem of Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign. Trump first publicly wore the hat on July 23, 2015, during a visit to the U.S.- border in , marking its debut as campaign merchandise designed to evoke patriotic revival and resistance to perceived national decline. The bright red color, reminiscent of traditional American symbolism like the Republican Party elephant, contrasted sharply with establishment norms, positioning the hat as a of populist defiance and . As a semiotic tool, the hat functioned as a compact signifier of the broader MAGA movement, enabling wearers to perform visible affiliation without verbal articulation, which amplified social signaling in public spaces. Affiliates of Stanford University's Symbolic Systems Program selected it as the "Symbol of the Year" for , citing its role in encapsulating complex political messaging through simple, replicable iconography that permeated . In Trump rallies, the proliferation of identical red hats created a unified "sea of red" aesthetic, fostering and psychological cohesion among attendees, as observed in crowd from events like the 2016 primaries and inauguration celebrations. This visual uniformity served mobilization purposes, with campaign data indicating hats were distributed as giveaways to encourage attendance and on-site purchases, thereby bootstrapping event energy and media coverage. Sales metrics underscore the hat's efficacy in channeling grassroots enthusiasm into tangible support. During the 2016 cycle, MAGA hat sales reportedly generated about $80,000 in daily revenue, covering a substantial portion of campaign overhead and reflecting broad retail accessibility at $25–$40 per unit, which lowered barriers for small-dollar participation compared to traditional donations. By 2023, the campaign marked the production of its two-millionth hat, with continued variants sustaining visibility into subsequent election cycles. Political merchandising research supports this pattern, showing such items reinforce voter commitment through expressive consumption, with surveys indicating over one-third of Americans viewing campaign gear as influential on electoral engagement, though direct causation on turnout remains correlative rather than experimentally isolated for MAGA specifically. Campaign iterations included premium variations, such as gold-embroidered or limited-edition models priced higher (e.g., $50+), which appealed to core donors and expanded the merchandise ecosystem without diluting the core red design's recognizability. These adaptations tied visual identity to tiers, as higher-value items incentivized contributions while maintaining the hat's role as an egalitarian mobilizer for the wider base.

Broader Merchandising and Rally Culture

The MAGA slogan fueled a diverse merchandising ecosystem encompassing t-shirts, flags, banners, stickers, and novelty items, which proliferated through official campaign stores and third-party vendors. This expansion generated significant revenue streams, with Amazon sellers alone reporting nearly $140 million in sales of Trump-branded merchandise, including apparel and flags, during the 2024 election cycle. Official Trump campaign merchandise, such as t-shirts and banners, contributed millions directly to operational , enabling a model that emphasized small-dollar purchases over heavy dependence on super PAC contributions, unlike some rival campaigns. Trump rallies integrated MAGA chants and slogans into a participatory culture that reinforced communal identity among attendees, often featuring repetitive calls of "USA" and "MAGA" to build enthusiasm. Attendance at these events averaged higher than comparable Democratic rallies in earlier cycles, with 2016 gatherings frequently drawing 10,000 to 25,000 participants per event, though figures declined to around 5,000-15,000 by 2024 amid varying venue capacities and competition. In contrast, Joe Biden's 2020 rallies averaged under 5,000 attendees, while Kamala Harris's 2024 events approached parity with Trump's in select high-profile instances but generally lagged in sustained rural turnout. This dynamic cultivated a dedicated base, with rallies serving as hubs for on-site merchandise distribution that amplified economic cohesion. Post-2020, MAGA extended into digital realms through memes and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), adapting to online platforms for broader dissemination and monetization. Trump launched NFT collections of digital trading cards in 2022 and 2023, which sold out and generated over $4 million in revenue by appealing to collectors with stylized depictions tied to his persona. MAGA-themed memes proliferated on , evolving into cryptocurrency ventures like the TRUMP memecoin, which surged to a $500 million in 2024 before volatility set in, demonstrating the slogan's resilience in decentralized, tech-driven supporter engagement.

Political Impact and Achievements

Electoral Successes and Voter Mobilization

In the 2016 presidential election, the "Make America Great Again" slogan energized voters in deindustrialized regions, enabling to flip Democratic strongholds in the . Trump won by a margin of 10,704 votes, by 44,292 votes, and by 22,748 votes—states that had gone to by wider margins in 2012—securing the victory with 304 votes to Hillary Clinton's 227. These outcomes, driven by gains in rural counties and among white working-class voters without college degrees, demonstrated the slogan's appeal to those prioritizing and opposition to deals. By the 2024 election, MAGA-associated messaging expanded Trump's coalition, yielding record support among and voters per national exit polls. Trump captured approximately 46% of the Latino vote, up from 32% in , and around 13-20% of voters, nearly doubling his prior share, contributing to his popular vote plurality and sweep of all seven battleground states. These shifts, particularly among Latino men (over 50% support) and younger men, reflected mobilization around themes of border security and economic opportunity, countering traditional Democratic advantages in these demographics. The movement correlated with heightened voter turnout in low-propensity groups, including surges in registration among non-college-educated and minority voters in swing areas, bolstering Republican ground efforts despite initial perceptions of disorganization. In red-leaning states like Florida and Texas, Republican voter registration increased by over 5% in the lead-up to 2024, with turnout among infrequent voters rising due to rally-driven enthusiasm and direct appeals via social media. By 2025, MAGA principles had institutionalized within the Republican Party, as evidenced by the 2024 GOP platform explicitly titled "Make America Great Again" and centered on Trump-endorsed priorities like tariffs and , signaling dominance over traditional establishment factions. Over 70% of Republicans self-identified with the MAGA label in contemporaneous polls, solidifying its role in platform adoption and candidate selection.

Policy Outcomes During Trump Administrations

During Donald Trump's first presidency (2017–2021), economic policies including the of 2017 contributed to sustained growth prior to the . Real GDP grew at an annualized rate averaging 2.5 percent from 2017 to 2019, with quarterly peaks exceeding 3 percent, such as 3.4 percent in Q4 2018, outperforming the 2.2 percent average under the prior administration's final three years. The unemployment rate fell to 3.5 percent in September 2019, the lowest level since 1969, while Black unemployment reached a record low of 5.4 percent and unemployment hit 3.9 percent in the same period, reflecting broad labor market gains across demographics. Trade policies, such as the Phase One agreement with in January 2020 and the USMCA's implementation on July 1, 2020—replacing NAFTA—boosted North American trade to $1.8 trillion in goods and services by 2022, supporting nearly 17 million jobs regionally through enhanced market access and labor provisions. Judicial appointments aligned with deregulation efforts to limit administrative overreach. Trump nominated three justices—Neil (2017), Brett (2018), and Amy Coney (2020)—shifting the court's ideological balance and enabling decisions like the 2024 overruling of Chevron deference in , which curtailed federal agencies' authority to interpret ambiguous statutes expansively. The First Step Act, signed December 21, 2018, reformed federal sentencing by reducing mandatory minimums and expanding , resulting in over 12,000 sentence reductions by 2020 (averaging 71 months shorter) and a recidivism rate of 12.4 percent among early releases, lower than comparable cohorts, without increasing public safety risks. In , , launched May 2020, accelerated development through $18 billion in public-private funding, enabling Emergency Use Authorizations for Pfizer-BioNTech and vaccines in December 2020 and delivering hundreds of millions of doses by early 2021, averting an estimated $1 trillion in U.S. healthcare costs via reduced severe cases. In the second term beginning January 20, 2025, early actions echoed first-term priorities, with tariffs imposed on imports from (up to 100 percent on select goods by October 2025) and (10 percent increase in October 2025 over trade disputes), aiming to protect domestic and address trade imbalances. These measures coincided with robust GDP growth of 3.8 percent annualized in Q2 2025—the strongest since Q3 2023—and net job gains of 345,000 in the first 100 days, alongside rising labor force participation for non-high school graduates.

Reception and Public Discourse

Supporter Perspectives and Empirical Support

Supporters of the Make America Great Again (MAGA) slogan argue that it encapsulates a pragmatic acknowledgment of affecting working-class , particularly in regions hit hard by , where manufacturing employment fell by approximately 5.5 million jobs between 2000 and 2017 according to data. This loss, concentrated in durable goods sectors like machinery and electronics, is viewed by proponents as a direct consequence of trade policies favoring , such as China's entry into the in 2001, which exacerbated import competition and factory closures in states like , , and . They contend that prior administrations' emphasis on agreements overlooked these causal links, prioritizing corporate profits and consumer prices over domestic wage stability and community viability. The movement's appeal lies in its validation of "forgotten" demographics—non-college-educated workers in rural and industrial areas—who reported lower and economic optimism prior to amid widening inequality and job displacement. Gallup polling captured a post-election surge in U.S. economic confidence, rising from a net -10 index in late to +3 by mid-November, signaling resonance with voters perceiving the slogan as a break from elite-driven . Supporters cite this shift, alongside Trump's 67% vote share among non-college whites in exit polls, as empirical evidence that MAGA addressed genuine grievances dismissed by coastal institutions, fostering a among those facing stagnant wages (which grew only 0.2% annually from to adjusted for ). From a ideological standpoint, MAGA bridges libertarian emphases on deregulation and individual liberty with nationalist priorities of economic sovereignty, advocating tariffs and border controls to counter dependencies on foreign supply chains that undermined U.S. leverage, as evidenced by the $419 billion goods trade deficit with in 2018. Proponents, including figures like economist , frame this as causal realism: restoring competitiveness requires rejecting multilateral deals that externalize costs to American labor, rather than relying on abstract gains from , which BLS shows accounted for only about 13% of job losses from 2000 to 2010. This perspective counters narratives of inevitable decline by highlighting reversible policy levers, such as renegotiated trade pacts, to realign incentives toward domestic production. As of 2026, MAGA and Trump supporters exhibit a growing divide on the Israel-Gaza conflict. While Donald Trump remains strongly pro-Israel and supportive of its actions against Hamas, a significant faction within the base, influenced by "America First" isolationism, has become critical of Israel's military operations in Gaza due to humanitarian concerns including starvation and civilian casualties. Polls indicate declining favorability toward the Israeli government among Republicans, particularly younger ones, with only 23% of Republicans under 45 favoring unconditional U.S. funding for Israel compared to 31% overall. Overall Republican support for Israel persists but is fracturing, with some prominent MAGA figures questioning ongoing U.S. aid.

Critic Criticisms and Media Narratives

Critics of the "Make America Great Again" slogan, often articulated in outlets aligned with progressive viewpoints, contend that it reflects a backward-looking for an idealized mid-20th-century America that disregards substantive progress in civil rights, , and social inclusivity since the . For instance, commentators have argued that the phrase evokes a period prior to landmark legislation like the , implying a preference for social structures associated with greater racial and gender hierarchies. Media narratives frequently link MAGA-associated to anti-intellectual tendencies, portraying it as a rejection of expertise and in favor of emotional appeals and simplistic . Opinion pieces in publications such as have described , embodied in MAGA, as "fundamentally anti-intellectual," citing resistance to institutional authority in academia and as of broader disdain for pursuits. This framing amplifies perceptions of MAGA supporters as prioritizing gut instincts over deliberative reasoning, a echoed in analyses of populist movements. Coverage of MAGA events, particularly Trump rallies, has involved selective emphasis on controversial moments, such as chants or offhand remarks, which outlets then decontextualize to underscore narratives of divisiveness or extremism. Quantitative analyses reveal pronounced negative framing in mainstream broadcast and print media from 2016 to 2024; for example, a Shorenstein Center study found 80% of elite media coverage of Trump's first 100 days in 2017 was negative, far exceeding prior presidents. Similarly, a Media Research Center review of ABC, CBS, and NBC evening news from July to late October 2024 documented 85% negative evaluations of Trump, compared to more balanced treatment of his opponent. These patterns, prevalent in left-leaning networks and newspapers, contribute to a disproportionate focus on critique over policy substance in MAGA-related reporting.

Controversies and Debates

Claims of Racism and Nativism

Critics have interpreted the "Make America Great Again" slogan as a dog-whistle appealing to and racial , with some outlets asserting that the movement relies heavily on such sentiments among its core supporters. These accusations often portray the slogan's nostalgic reference to pre-1960s America as implicitly exclusionary toward non- groups, framing it as coded language for restoring dominance rather than broad economic or cultural renewal. Parodies such as "Make America White Again" have emerged from opponents to satirize or literalize these interpretations, appearing in opinion letters and merchandise mocking the original as racially motivated. Such reinterpretations gained traction in media and activist circles, equating MAGA's emphasis on and with nativist exclusion of immigrants and minorities. Accusations intensified following the 2017 Charlottesville rally, where media reports claimed President Trump equated white nationalists with counter-protesters by stating there were "very fine people on ," portraying this as endorsement of racism despite his explicit condemnation of neo-Nazis and white supremacists in the same remarks. Nativism claims further link MAGA rhetoric on —such as calls to prioritize American workers and enforce borders—to xenophobic policies favoring native-born citizens over newcomers, particularly from and other non-European regions. These narratives of inherent face empirical challenges from voting data showing expanded minority support for Trump-aligned candidates. In the 2024 election, Trump secured approximately 48% of the Latino vote, a substantial increase from 28% in and 32% in 2020, narrowing the gap to just 3 points against . Black voter support for Trump also rose, though remaining a minority, indicating broader appeal among non-white demographics that contradicts claims of monolithic racial exclusion. Such shifts, driven by economic concerns and alignment, suggest nativist labels overlook diverse motivations within MAGA constituencies.

Responses and Empirical Counterarguments

Critics' assertions of nativism in the Make America Great Again (MAGA) movement are countered by of a severe security crisis necessitating enforcement measures. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) recorded approximately 1.73 million southwest land encounters in 2021, escalating to 2.38 million in FY2022, 2.48 million in FY2023, and over 2.4 million in FY2024, totaling more than 9 million encounters during the Biden administration. These figures, which include apprehensions and inadmissibles, reflect unprecedented illegal crossings straining public resources, with associated rises in fentanyl overdoses (over 100,000 annually) and crimes by non-citizens, such as the murders of Laken Riley and others by individuals entering unlawfully. Policy calls for barriers and deportations thus represent pragmatic responses to verifiable influxes, not irrational , as unchecked migration has empirically correlated with wage suppression for low-skilled American workers and increased taxpayer burdens exceeding $150 billion annually. Claims portraying MAGA supporters as disproportionately violent are rebutted by federal data indicating comparable or greater left-wing in recent years. FBI assessments from 2021 onward identify domestic violent extremists across ideologies, including anarchist and environmental radicals responsible for attacks on , yet post-2020 unrest—such as the 2020 riots involving over 2,000 injuries and $2 billion in damages—predominantly stemmed from left-aligned groups like Antifa, per Department of Justice prosecutions. A 2025 Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) analysis documents a surge in left-wing terrorist plots and incidents in the first half of the year, with right-wing attacks declining, challenging narratives of unilateral right-wing . While right-wing has caused fatalities, from sources like the show left-wing violence equaling or exceeding it in frequency post-2020, particularly in urban arsons and assaults, underscoring biased media emphasis on isolated events like over broader patterns. Supporter demographics further undermine racism allegations, as polls reveal substantial minority endorsement of MAGA economic and security priorities over identity-based appeals. In the 2024 election, exit polls indicated Donald Trump securing 45% of the Latino vote—a record high—driven by concerns over inflation and border policy, with Latino men supporting him at 46-55% in key states like Florida and Texas. Black voter support rose to 13-20% nationally, per AP VoteCast, with higher approval among working-class demographics prioritizing job growth and deregulation over progressive cultural issues. These shifts, corroborated by pre-election Pew surveys showing 39% Latino backing for Trump on economic handling, demonstrate appeal rooted in tangible outcomes like pre-2020 unemployment lows (3.5% overall, 5.4% for Hispanics, 5.9% for blacks), rather than exclusionary ideology. Such data affirm policy realism over ascribed bigotry, with minority coalitions forming around causal links between deregulation, energy independence, and prosperity.

Derivatives, Parodies, and Global Variations

Pro-MAGA Adaptations

For his 2020 reelection campaign, adapted the MAGA slogan to "Keep America Great," reflecting confidence in prior achievements like and gains. Announced on March 10, 2018, during a rally in , the variant appeared on merchandise such as s and posters at events, emphasizing continuity of prosperity and security. In rhetoric, pro-MAGA supporters and Trump himself employed ironic adaptations to critique adversaries, such as "Make Iran Great Again" in June 2025. Trump posted on questioning regime change if Iran's leadership failed to achieve national greatness, aligning with MAGA's emphasis on American strength over . This phrasing reinforced policy successes like the and maximum pressure on , portraying U.S. resolve as a model for reform elsewhere. Post-COVID health initiatives saw the emergence of "Make America Healthy Again" (MAHA), championed by Robert F. Kennedy Jr. as HHS Secretary in the second Trump administration. Launched to combat chronic diseases through reduced processed food subsidies and vaccine scrutiny, MAHA gained traction among MAGA supporters skeptical of prior public health mandates, with surveys showing 40% parental backing by October 2025. Tied to Trump's deregulation ethos, it positioned health policy as restoring pre-pandemic vitality. At the state level, Republican campaigns integrated MAGA adaptations for local victories, such as in New Jersey's 2025 gubernatorial race where candidates like adopted Trump-style tactics on and economy. In Georgia, GOP lawmakers advanced 2025 bills mirroring federal priorities like border security and opioid controls, crediting MAGA's national momentum for state-level policy shifts. These efforts sustained voter mobilization, yielding wins in and fiscal reforms aligned with Trump's agenda.

Oppositional and Satirical Uses

Oppositional adaptations of the "Make America Great Again" slogan have included phrases like "Make America Hate Again," deployed in merchandise such as T-shirts, stickers, and bumper stickers to critique the original as fostering division. This variant appeared in opinion pieces and cartoons portraying the Trump movement as promoting animosity, with usage peaking around 2016-2017 amid heightened partisan rhetoric. Similarly, "Resist" branded items, often featuring altered MAGA imagery, emerged as counter-merchandise during the 2016-2020 period, sold at events like women's marches to signal opposition. Satirical depictions in media, such as Saturday Night Live sketches, frequently portrayed MAGA hat wearers as ignorant or prejudiced, exemplified by Tom Hanks reprising a character in a 2025 "Black Jeopardy" segment who wore the hat while making culturally tone-deaf remarks. These skits, originating in 2016, aimed to lampoon supporter stereotypes but drew backlash for reinforcing biases rather than nuanced critique. In literature and film from 2016-2020, satires mocked MAGA through parody books like Sht My President Says* compiling Trump's tweets and collections such as #SAD!: in the Time of Trump, which caricatured the slogan's cultural footprint. These works sought to undermine the movement's appeal by highlighting perceived absurdities, though their influence waned post-2024 electoral outcomes. Empirical measures indicate limited traction for such parodies; Trump-branded merchandise generated nearly $140 million in revenue from April to 2024 alone, outselling anti-Trump equivalents by over 5-to-1 margins, while parody variants like altered hats remained niche on platforms such as with no comparable sales volume reported. MAGA hats had sold nearly a million units by 2019, dwarfing parody virality, which lacked sustained cultural penetration. Post-2024, anti-Trump satirical output declined, with liberal-leaning outlets struggling for relevance and opposition quieting, reflecting the original slogan's enduring mobilization over oppositional efforts.

International Equivalents and Influences

In , the United Kingdom's campaign featured the "Take Back Control," which emphasized national sovereignty and economic autonomy from the , paralleling MAGA's nationalist reclamation of . The phrase, coined by strategist , contributed to the 2016 referendum's 51.9% approval for departure, driven by voter concerns over and regulatory overreach. Similarly, in , Marine Le Pen's adopted rhetoric explicitly echoing MAGA, with her 2017 presidential bid framed as an effort to "make great again," focusing on border security and cultural preservation amid globalization's disruptions. Le Pen secured 33.9% in the runoff, reflecting electoral viability despite mainstream critiques labeling such platforms as authoritarian. Italy's Giorgia Meloni and her Brothers of Italy party advanced a comparable nationalist agenda under the motto "Italy and Italians first," prioritizing family policies, anti-immigration measures, and economic protectionism. This platform led to a 2022 general election victory, with 26% of the vote forming a governing coalition, attributing success to public backlash against EU-driven migration and fiscal constraints. In Brazil, former President Jair Bolsonaro employed populist rhetoric akin to Trump's, railing against elite corruption, advocating strict law-and-order policies, and promoting national pride to counter perceived cultural erosion from global influences. Elected in 2018 with 55.1% of the vote, Bolsonaro's approach mirrored MAGA in appealing to working-class voters affected by trade liberalization and urban violence. These equivalents emerged not merely as imitations of MAGA but as responses to shared causal pressures, including economic dislocations from —such as job losses and wage stagnation—and surges in low-skilled straining social cohesion. Empirical analyses indicate that trade shocks with developing economies amplified conflicts, boosting support for sovereignty-focused parties across contexts, independent of direct U.S. influence. While critics in academia and media often decry these movements as nativist threats to , their repeated electoral successes—via standard processes in multiparty systems—demonstrate responsiveness to voter priorities over institutional biases favoring cosmopolitan elites. This pattern underscores a global template of prioritizing domestic interests amid transnational challenges, with MAGA serving as a rhetorical exemplar rather than the sole progenitor.

References

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