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January 1900
January 1900
January 1900
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January 30, 1900: Kentucky Governor-Elect Goebel is fatally wounded by assassin, just one day before taking office. Governor Goebel dies on February 3, 1900
January 7, 1900: Tesla closes down his Colorado Springs laboratory

The following events occurred in January 1900:

January 1, 1900 (Monday)

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January 2, 1900 (Tuesday)

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January 3, 1900 (Wednesday)

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January 4, 1900 (Thursday)

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  • In Manila, the largest city in the Philippines, General Elwell Otis, the highest ranking American officer, issued orders providing for the first regulations of the sale of liquor in the city. "Until January 4, 1900", wrote the Assistant Adjutant-General, "there was, strictly speaking, no liquor license law in Manila."[6]
  • An earthquake was registered in Tiflis (now Tbilisi, Georgia), killing more than 1,100 people. Ten villages, along with the town of Akhalkalaki were destroyed.[7][8]
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January 5, 1900 (Friday)

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January 6, 1900 (Saturday)

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January 7, 1900 (Sunday)

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January 8, 1900 (Monday)

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January 9, 1900 (Tuesday)

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January 10, 1900 (Wednesday)

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January 11, 1900 (Thursday)

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  • Following a drought during the 1899 rainy season, famine affected more than three million people in the Central Provinces of British India.[38] The colonial government extended the area for famine relief in response to reports.[8]
  • The New York Times reported that new cleaning machines had been placed in use at the Navy Department offices in Washington, D.C., with rubber tires and spreading brushes. The machines were operated by the women who formerly scrubbed the floor by hand.[39]

January 12, 1900 (Friday)

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  • Wilhelm Eppstein, an 18-year old German sailor, became the first person in Australia to die of bubonic plague. Eppstein had traveled from Gawler, South Australia to the Adelaide Hospital, arriving on January 1 "in a semi-delirious condition", and said that he had deserted from the ship Formosa after it had arrived on November 12. Following his death in quarantine, an autopsy confirmed the presence of the plague bacteria.[40][41]
  • Henry Ford introduced his first commercial motor vehicle, a two-seat electric-powered delivery wagon, under the name of the five-month old Detroit Automobile Company (D.A.C.), which would produce eleven other models of cars before going bankrupt in November, at the rate of two per day. "Every one of the 12 or so vehicles produced through late 1900 had its own unique set of problems," a biographer would write later, "causing rip ups, tear downs, and redos that resulted in extensive, and expensive, delays. Motor vehicles retailed to the public for $1,000 were in fact costing about $1,250 to build."[42] Rather than departing the business after the failure of the D.A.C., Ford would spend a year at designing a new, gasoline-powered automobile, and launch the Ford Motor Company on November 30, 1901.[43]
  • The Canadian Patriotic Fund was announced by Lord Minto, the Governor General of Canada, as a way of coordinating relief for Canadian soldiers (or their dependents) who had been casualties of the Second Boer War.[44] The fund would be incorporated by the Parliament of Canada on May 23, 1901[45] and would raise $339,975.63 during its existence, with charitable disbursements to 1,066 recipients.[44]
  • Born: Fuller Albright, American endocrinologist, identified two genetic illnesses, Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy and McCune–Albright syndrome; in Buffalo, New York (d. 1969)

January 13, 1900 (Saturday)

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Senator Hoar
  • John Barrett, formerly the U.S. Ambassador to Siam (now Thailand), said in a speech at Lake Forest College that the insurrection by Emilio Aguinaldo in the Philippines had been brought about by an anti-expansion speech made on January 9, 1899, by U.S. Senator George F. Hoar. The speech to the United States Senate had been cabled to Hong Kong at cost of $4,000. "I was in the islands, and I know that many of the Filipinos were more friendly to the Americans than to Aguinaldo and his leaders until they were incited to war by such circulars as these", Barrett said. Senator Hoar denied the accusations.[46]
  • The hospital at Johns Hopkins University began use of a small square of adhesive plaster as a tag on a baby's back, between the shoulder blades. "It holds on tightly until the time comes for the baby and its mother to leave the hospital, when the tag may be readily pulled off without causing the baby any pain", a spokesman said.[47]

January 14, 1900 (Sunday)

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January 15, 1900 (Monday)

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January 16, 1900 (Tuesday)

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Colson

January 17, 1900 (Wednesday)

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Roberts

January 18, 1900 (Thursday)

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  • The Battle of Mazocoba was fought during the Yaqui Wars between Mexican government troops and the indigenous Yaqui Indians, 400 of the Yaqui were killed. Another 1,800 of the defeated people were captured, of whom half died during a forced march. The Mexican Army suffered 56 deaths and 104 wounded.[62]
  • The Weyerhauser Timber Company was incorporated in Washington.[4]
  • The Delaware Supreme Court refused to admit a prominent Philadelphia attorney, Carrie B. Kilgore, into the practice of law in that state. Although there was no direct ban against female attorneys in Delaware, Kilgore was indirectly barred by the state's provision that an attorney had to be "eligible to vote" in an election.[63]
  • Author L. Frank Baum and illustrator W. W. Denslow jointly copyrighted their new book, The Land of Oz, after receiving an advance of $500 apiece from the George M. Hill Company. The Hill company had rejected their original title, The Emerald City and (on November 17) had given the upcoming publication the working title of From Kansas to Fairyland, before allowing the creators to use the Oz name in the title. The book would be released on May 17 under the title The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.[64]

January 19, 1900 (Friday)

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Bergen

January 20, 1900 (Saturday)

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  • At the request of Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, the director of the German Imperial Naval Office, Admiral Otto von Diederichs presented contingency plans for a naval blockade and an armed invasion of the United States. The recommendation of Diederichs was "Die Erwerbung werthvoller Küstenstadte der Neuenglandstaaten wäre das wirksamste mittel, den frieden zu erzwingen" ("The acquisition of valuable coastal towns of New England states would be the most effective medium to enforce peace.")[69] He also advised that the German naval fleet would need to be doubled, to 38 line ships, 12 large cruisers and 32 small cruisers.
  • George and Edward Meeks, murderers of Leopold Edlinger, were taken from Bates County Jail in Fort Scott, Kansas, and lynched by a mob of 500.[70]
  • Died: British philosopher John Ruskin, 80, whose writings influenced the Victorian era, died from influenza during an epidemic in London (b. 1819)[71]

January 21, 1900 (Sunday)

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January 22, 1900 (Monday)

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January 23, 1900 (Tuesday)

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January 24, 1900 (Wednesday)

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January 24, 1900: Three pictures of British casualties after the Battle of Spion Kop. The last picture shows the grave marker above the trenches where the British casualties are buried.
  • At a closed session in Beijing, a council of "Grand Councillors, Grand Secretaries and Presidents of the Board" was convened, and agreed that the Guangxu Emperor should abdicate.[79] P'u Ch'un, age 14, was announced as heir apparent to the throne.[80]
  • At the Battle of Spion Kop in the Second Boer War, the 8,000 Boer troops, under the command of General Louis Botha, defeated a 25,000-man British contingent, led by Sir Charles Warren. General Redvers Buller cabled to London that "Gen. Warren's garrison, I am sorry to say, I find this morning, had in the night abandoned Spion Kop."[81][82] Because the slope below Spion Kop was too steep, artillery could not be taken up the hill by either side, and the battle was waged entirely by riflemen. The British reportedly had 243 dead and 1,250 wounded, along with about 300 men captured by the Boers, but the Boers' victory came at a cost of 335 total casualties,[83] including 68 killed and 267 wounded.[84]

January 25, 1900 (Thursday)

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January 26, 1900 (Friday)

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January 27, 1900 (Saturday)

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January 28, 1900 (Sunday)

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  • At the restaurant "Zum Mariengarten", in Leipzig, representatives from 86 football associations met at the invitation of Theoder Schoffler, to organize the German Football Association. A limestone plaque at the Friedrich Hofmeister Verlag on Buttnerstrasse commemorates the occasion.[88]
  • In Baltimore, Police Marshal Hamilton enforced Maryland's 177-year-old blue law, Article XXVII, section 247, which provided that "No person shall work or do any bodily labor on the Lord's Day". Every store in the city was ordered closed, including businesses that formerly had arranged open. The New York Times reported that "every cigar store, corner grocery, bakery and the like were closed up tight" and that the police were ordered to take the names of violators for future prosecution.[89][90]

January 29, 1900 (Monday)

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January 30, 1900 (Tuesday)

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  • William Goebel, who had run for Governor of Kentucky against William S. Taylor and who had taken a court challenge over the results, was found to be the winner of the recent state election. As he and his bodyguards, Colonel Jack Chinn and Warden E. P. Lillard of the state penitentiary, walked to the Kentucky Senate chamber, he was hit by gunfire that came from the neighboring state office building. Goebel attempted to draw his own revolver but collapsed on the pavement. Chinn said later that Goebel told him, "They have got me this time. I guess they have killed me." It was determined that the shots were from a .38 caliber rifle.
  • Born: Martita Hunt, Argentine-born British actress; in Buenos Aires (d. 1969)

January 31, 1900 (Wednesday)

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References

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Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

January 1900

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from Grokipedia
January 1900 was the opening month of the year 1900, featuring 31 days and spanning winter in the , during which imperial conflicts intensified and American political violence erupted. The period was overshadowed by the ongoing , where British forces under General Sir launched an offensive to relieve the besieged town of Ladysmith, culminating in the tactical defeat at the on January 23–24, resulting in heavy British casualties and a Boer victory that prolonged the siege. In the United States, the bitterly contested gubernatorial election reached a crisis when Democrat , declared the winner by the state legislature amid fraud allegations against Republican William S. Taylor, was shot and mortally wounded by an assassin on January 30 as he approached the state capitol, marking the only assassination of a governor in office. These incidents exemplified the era's tensions between colonial expansionism and domestic partisan strife, with Britain also formalizing protectorates over Northern and Southern on to consolidate control over West African territories. Elsewhere, reinforcements arrived in under Field Marshals Frederick Roberts and Herbert Kitchener on January 10, signaling a strategic shift in the Boer conflict.

Historical Context

Geopolitical Landscape

In January 1900, the stood as the preeminent global power, controlling approximately one-quarter of the world's land surface and population through extensive colonial holdings in , , and elsewhere. This dominance was challenged by ongoing imperial conflicts, notably the Second Boer War, where British forces sought to consolidate control over South African territories rich in gold and diamonds. On January 1, the formalized its authority in by establishing the Northern and Southern Nigeria Protectorates, merging territories previously administered by the Royal Niger Company and expanding British influence amid the . European rivals such as , , and maintained their own spheres, with Germany pursuing naval expansion to contest British maritime supremacy and Russia advancing into , foreshadowing future tensions. The Second Boer War dominated British military commitments, with General Redvers Buller's Natal Field Force attempting to relieve the besieged town of Ladysmith. Boer commandos, employing guerrilla tactics and defensive positions, repelled British advances, culminating in the on January 23–24, where over 1,400 British troops were killed or wounded in a failed assault on a strategic hilltop, marking a significant setback. This conflict strained British resources, involving over 450,000 troops by war's end and highlighting the challenges of conventional warfare against determined irregular forces. Meanwhile, the United States engaged in the Philippine-American War, suppressing Filipino insurgents following the 1898 Spanish-American War victory, asserting American imperial ambitions in the Pacific. In , anti-foreign sentiment escalated with the Boxer Rebellion, as the Yihetuan (Boxers) movement gained imperial support from in January, leading to attacks on missionaries and diplomats. Foreign legations in faced increasing threats, prompting demands from the Great Powers—including Britain, , and the —for Chinese suppression of the uprising, though sympathy among some officials prolonged the crisis. This unrest threatened the unequal treaties and extraterritorial rights secured after the , risking multinational intervention to protect economic interests in China. Alliances remained fluid, with the Triple Alliance of , Austria-Hungary, and Italy counterbalanced by the Franco-Russian pact, while Britain pursued a policy of amid rising naval rivalries.

Economic and Social Conditions

The global economy in January 1900 reflected the culmination of the second , with and the driving production through mechanized , steam power, and expanding rail networks, while colonial empires facilitated resource extraction and trade. hovered around 1.65 billion, enabling labor-intensive growth but also exacerbating resource strains in agrarian regions. expanded at an average annual rate of 3% over the preceding decades, fueled by falling transport costs and imperial networks, though commodity prices showed mild deflationary pressures in major economies averaging -1.4% in the U.S. from 1870-1900. In the United States, economic conditions were buoyant amid recovery from the 1890s depression, with industrial output rising and estimated at approximately 5%, supported by immigrant labor inflows and trusts consolidating sectors like and . Financial markets exhibited stability, as evidenced by steady security trading despite distant conflicts like the Boer War, with capital issuance in global exchanges growing steadily into the early . European powers, particularly Britain, maintained dominance through naval supremacy and colonial holdings, but the U.S. was poised to overtake as the world's largest economy by GDP, underscoring a shift from British-led to American industrial primacy. Social conditions worldwide highlighted deepening urban-rural divides and class disparities, with rapid concentrating workers in cities amid inadequate and . In the U.S., laborers endured average workweeks of 54 to 63 hours in hazardous environments, where approximately 35,000 industrial fatalities occurred annually, often without compensation or safety regulations. Child labor was rampant, employing about 1.75 million children under 16, including 25,000 in southern mills alone, reflecting minimal legal protections and family economic desperation. waves, exceeding 400,000 arrivals yearly to the U.S., supplied cheap labor but intensified ethnic tensions and overcrowding, while wealth accumulation—symbolized by mansions—contrasted sharply with widespread poverty among the unskilled.

Scientific and Technological Backdrop

In early 1900, the Second Industrial Revolution had firmly established electricity as a transformative force in industry and urban life, with central power stations increasingly supplying alternating current to cities and factories, building on innovations like Nikola Tesla's polyphase AC system from the 1880s. Tesla himself, having conducted high-voltage experiments in Colorado Springs in 1899 to explore wireless energy transmission, returned to New York in early 1900 to prepare for constructing a global wireless telegraphy station on Long Island. This work reflected broader advances in electromagnetism, including Guglielmo Marconi's ongoing transatlantic signaling efforts, though practical long-distance radio transmission remained unrealized until later that year. Automobiles were emerging as a novel technology, with approximately 8,000 registered in the United States by 1900, comprising roughly 38 percent electric, 40 percent steam-powered, and 22 percent gasoline-engined vehicles. Electric models, favored for urban use due to quiet operation and ease of starting without hand-cranking, represented about a third of the nascent market, though limited battery range constrained their appeal. Railroads dominated freight and passenger transport, carrying over 1.6 billion passengers annually in the U.S., while steamships handled oceanic trade. Scientifically, classical Newtonian mechanics and Maxwell's electromagnetism governed understanding, yet anomalies from late-1890s discoveries—such as X-rays, , and the —signaled impending paradigm shifts toward quantum theory and relativity, though these crystallizations occurred later in 1900 with Max Planck's work. In medicine, Bayer's commercialization of aspirin in 1899 offered a synthetic superior to willow bark extracts, marking progress in pharmaceutical chemistry. Patents issued in January 1900, including Thomas Edison's expanding on January 16, underscored ongoing mechanical innovations amid .

Daily Events

January 1, 1900 (Monday)

The British government formally established the Protectorates of Northern Nigeria and Southern Nigeria on this date, assuming direct control over territories previously held by the Royal Niger Company and merging them with the . Sir Frederick Lugard was appointed of the Northern Protectorate, with responsibilities extending to administrative unification and suppression of local resistance, including the ongoing campaigns against Fulani emirs. These protectorates laid the groundwork for later amalgamation into a single n entity in 1914, driven by economic imperatives such as exports from the south and groundnut cultivation in the north. In the , the first national compulsory schooling law took effect, mandating attendance for children aged 6 to 12 for six years, building on prior municipal efforts and addressing low enrollment rates amid industrialization. This reform, enacted through the 1900 Leerplichtwet (Compulsory Education Act), aimed to standardize basic instruction in reading, writing, arithmetic, and moral education across public and private schools, with exemptions rare and fines for non-compliance. Enforcement began immediately, marking a shift from voluntary systems that had left significant portions of the working-class youth unschooled, though full implementation faced resistance from rural families prioritizing labor. Globally, the day coincided with New Year's celebrations widely interpreted as ushering in the , despite the strict calendrical transition occurring on , 1901, as 1900 was the final year of the under the Gregorian system. In the United States, newspapers reported on the Philippine-American War's escalation and British setbacks in the Second Boer War, with no major domestic incidents noted beyond routine holiday observances. , recently annexed, petitioned for representation at the , signaling its push for territorial status.

January 2, 1900 (Tuesday)

The officially opened on January 2, 1900, initiating the reversal of the 's flow from eastward into to westward toward the and the . This project addressed chronic crises caused by untreated sewage contaminating the city's primary drinking water source, , which had led to epidemics of and in prior decades. Authorized by the U.S. in 1890 and constructed by the Sanitary District of over nine years at a cost of approximately $35 million, the 28-mile canal featured deep cuts, locks, and dredged channels to maintain the reversed gradient through gravity and controlled water levels. The reversal immediately reduced bacterial pollution in the lake, marking a pioneering application of large-scale waterway redirection for sanitation purposes. In , the Berliner Gramophone Company, founded by inventor Émile Berliner, began pressing 7-inch single-sided disc records using shellac-based material from imported matrices, initiating commercial production of flat discs in . This development built on Berliner's earlier patents for lateral-groove disc recording (1895–1897), offering advantages in durability, capacity, and mass replication over Edison's cylindrical cylinders, and facilitated the growth of the recorded music industry with initial releases of popular tunes and content. By 1901, the company expanded to 10-inch discs, contributing to the standardization of disc formats that dominated audio playback into the mid-20th century.

January 3, 1900 (Wednesday)

Frederick Weyerhaeuser, a prominent lumber industrialist, completed the acquisition of approximately 900,000 acres (1,406 square miles) of timberlands in Washington state from railroad magnate James J. Hill for $6 million, equivalent to about $6 per acre. This transaction, one of the largest single land sales in U.S. history at the time, enabled Weyerhaeuser to expand operations into the Pacific Northwest, leveraging the region's vast old-growth forests for sustained logging and milling activities. The deal reflected broader economic trends in early 20th-century America, where railroad companies divested non-core assets to focus on transportation while timber firms consolidated holdings amid rising demand for wood products in construction and industry. In , the premiere of Gerhart Hauptmann's naturalistic play Schluck und Jau occurred at Berlin's Lessing Theater, critiquing social inequalities and rural-urban divides through the story of two brothers' rivalry. , a Nobel Prize-winning dramatist known for his realist portrayals of working-class life, drew from Silesian folklore, contributing to the ongoing influence of naturalism in European theater. Other occurrences included the birth of in , who later became a pioneering female director in Hollywood's sound era, and Maurice Jaubert in , a composer noted for film scores. Edwin George Monk, an English organist and hymn composer, died at age 80.

January 4, 1900 (Thursday)

In , , General Elwell S. Otis, the highest-ranking U.S. military officer and Military , issued orders establishing the first comprehensive regulations on sales within the American-occupied zone. These rules imposed licensing requirements, restricted hours and locations for sales, and aimed to mitigate drunkenness and related disorders among troops and residents during the ongoing Philippine-American War. In , the sensational murder trial of Roland B. Molineux—accused of poisoning Katherine J. Adams via cyanide-laced Borden's Elixir sent through the mail—featured testimony from chemist John H. Yocum. Yocum demonstrated the straightforward process for synthesizing cyanide of mercury using common mercuric chloride and , underscoring the accessibility of the toxin central to the prosecution's case. An intercollegiate match between and the Cutler School ended in a 0–0 tie, highlighting the growing popularity of the sport in the United States.

January 5, 1900 (Friday)

In the during the Second Boer War, British forces under Major-General John Denton Pinkstone French continued offensive operations against Boer commandos holding positions around , aiming to sever enemy supply routes and prevent reinforcement of besieged garrisons elsewhere. Skirmishes and probing attacks occurred at Jasfontein, Plewmanhalte (also known as Plewman's Halt), Grassy Hill (), and Skietfontein from January 1 to 5, involving and to test Boer defenses and gather intelligence on troop dispositions. These actions set the stage for a coordinated night on Boer-occupied heights southeast of , with four companies of the 1st Battalion, (approximately 354 men), advancing under cover of darkness starting late on January 5 toward what became known as Suffolk Hill. The attack, part of broader effort to outmaneuver General Jacobus Herculaas de la Rey's forces, encountered strong resistance from entrenched , who repelled the initial British push amid difficult terrain and poor reconnaissance. The transitioned into intensified fighting on January 6, marked by bayonet charges and artillery support from British horse batteries, but ultimately failed to dislodge the , resulting in British retreats under fire; the alone suffered at least 13 killed and over 80 wounded or captured, highlighting early challenges in adapting to Boer guerrilla tactics and defensive entrenchments. Boer losses were estimated at around 50 killed, though exact figures remain disputed due to the fluid nature of the frontier warfare.

January 6, 1900 (Saturday)

During the Second Boer War, Boer forces under Commandant-General launched a significant assault on British defensive positions at Wagon Hill and Caesar's Camp, located on the Platrand ridge south of the besieged town of Ladysmith in Natal. The attack commenced around 2:00 a.m., with Boer commandos initially surprising British outposts, including a piquet of the Imperial Light Horse, and capturing parts of Wagon Hill after infiltrating under cover of darkness. British defenders, comprising elements of the 1st Battalion Devonshire Regiment, , and Imperial Light Horse, mounted counterattacks amid close-quarters combat involving bayonets and hand-to-hand fighting. The engagement, the largest of the Ladysmith , persisted for approximately 15 hours until Boer forces withdrew by evening, unable to dislodge the British despite initial gains. British casualties numbered around 400 killed and wounded, reflecting the intensity of the defensive stands, while losses were estimated at several hundred, though exact figures remain uncertain due to decentralized commandos avoiding prolonged exposure. The battle underscored the ' tactical emphasis on night assaults and the British reliance on entrenched positions with support from Ladysmith, which inflicted heavy fire on advancing commandos. Although the British retained control, the action strained the garrison's resources amid ongoing conditions, including shortages of food and medical supplies, and delayed relief efforts until February. In a related naval incident off the Natal coast, the British cruiser HMS Thetis intercepted and seized the German steamship , en route from to Lourenço Marques in Portuguese East Africa, on suspicion of carrying destined for Boer forces. The vessel was diverted to as a , heightening tensions with over neutral shipping rights during the conflict, though it was later released after . This action formed part of Britain's broader blockade strategy to prevent supplies reaching the Transvaal and republics via neutral ports.

January 7, 1900 (Sunday)

Nikola Tesla concluded his experimental work at the laboratory he established in Colorado Springs, Colorado, after arriving there in May 1899 to investigate high-frequency electrical phenomena and wireless power transmission. The facility, equipped with a large magnifying transmitter capable of generating voltages up to 10 million volts, enabled demonstrations of artificial lightning bolts extending over 135 feet, which Tesla documented as evidence of scalable electrical resonance for global energy distribution. Financial constraints and the need to apply findings elsewhere prompted the closure, with Tesla dismantling key equipment and returning to New York City shortly thereafter. In the ongoing Philippine-American War, U.S. troops under Brigadier General Loyd Wheaton clashed with Filipino forces led by General Pantaleón García in the , Province, as part of the broader Campaign from early January to February 1900. The engagement resulted in significant casualties, including the death of Ward Cheney of the 22nd Infantry, highlighting the persistent guerrilla resistance against American occupation following the Spanish-American War. U.S. forces aimed to secure key positions near to suppress the Philippine Republic's , though sporadic fighting continued amid challenging tropical terrain and insurgent tactics. Domestic U.S. news included the approval of a building trades strike in by the Building Trades Council, reflecting labor tensions in the industrial sector. Additionally, reports covered a high-profile breach-of-promise filed by General Joseph Wheeler's niece seeking $100,000 in damages. These events underscored the era's blend of technological innovation, colonial conflicts, and social frictions.

January 8, 1900 (Monday)

President issued an order establishing the Military Department of Alaska, thereby placing the territory under U.S. Army administration to combat pervasive lawlessness, including violent disputes over mining claims and monopolistic practices by transportation firms exploiting the post-Klondike Gold Rush influx. The directive responded to reports of inadequate civil under the existing territorial structure, which had failed to curb , claim-jumping, and infrastructure bottlenecks hindering . Command of the new department fell to Colonel George M. Randall of the Eighth Infantry, who was tasked with deploying troops to enforce federal authority, adjudicate conflicts, and oversee key sectors like railroads and steamship lines until civil courts could be strengthened. This military oversight, effective immediately, marked a temporary shift from civilian to martial rule in , reflecting McKinley's administration's pragmatic approach to frontier stabilization amid rapid from 5,000 in 1890 to over 30,000 by 1900. In , amid the ongoing , British commander Sir George White's forces at the besieged Ladysmith repelled probing Boer assaults, maintaining their defensive perimeter despite supply strains and artillery duels. Contemporary reports also noted Boer forces under Sarel Cronje capturing the outpost of after , securing 120 prisoners, ammunition stores, and native auxiliaries, which bolstered their regional logistics.

January 9, 1900 (Tuesday)

On January 9, 1900, U.S. Senator of delivered a prominent speech in the advocating for American retention of the following the Spanish-American War, framing it as a manifestation of national destiny and economic imperative. Beveridge argued that the islands' resources, including coal deposits, tropical products, and strategic harbors, would fuel U.S. industrial expansion and global commerce, dismissing anti-imperialist concerns by asserting that "the march of the flag" aligned with Providence and the superiority of Anglo-Saxon governance over local capacities. The address, part of broader congressional debates on ratification of the Treaty of Paris, underscored Republican support for overseas expansion amid opposition from figures like Senator George Frisbie Hoar, who warned of constitutional perils in colonial administration. In , nine young athletes established Società Podistica Lazio in the district, initially as an athletics club emphasizing running and gymnastics, with sky-blue and white colors inspired by ; it later evolved into the multi-sport entity encompassing football, now known as , Rome's second-oldest club. The founding reflected early 20th-century Italian enthusiasm for organized physical culture amid national unification efforts. Prince Heinrich Viktor Ludwig of Prussia was born in Kiel to Prince Henry of Prussia and Princess Irene of Hesse, becoming a great-grandson of ; afflicted with hemophilia like several royal relatives, he succumbed to the disease at age four in 1904.

January 10, 1900 (Wednesday)

Field Marshal Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts, and Major-General Herbert Kitchener arrived at , , on January 10, 1900, aboard the RMS Dunottar Castle, marking a pivotal reinforcement in Britain's command structure during the Second Boer War. Roberts had been appointed of British forces in on , 1899, following a series of defeats in "" (December 10–17, 1899), including losses at the battles of Magersfontein, Colenso, and Stormberg, which exposed deficiencies in General Sir Redvers Buller's leadership. Kitchener, appointed as chief of staff, accompanied Roberts to implement a more aggressive strategy emphasizing mobility, concentration of forces, and the use of to counter Boer guerrilla tactics. Upon docking, Roberts was greeted with formal honors, including inspections of and units, as documented in contemporaneous news reports and film footage captured by British cameraman Edgar Hyman. He immediately began organizing reinforcements—totaling around 50,000 additional troops en route—and devising plans to relieve besieged garrisons at Kimberley and Ladysmith, prioritizing the capture of key Boer positions like and over Buller's fixation on direct assaults. This shift addressed logistical failures and underestimation of Boer marksmanship and terrain knowledge, which had contributed to prior setbacks. The arrival boosted British morale amid public outcry in over the war's early stalemate, with Roberts' reputation from Afghan campaigns (notably the 1880 Kabul-Kandahar March) positioning him to reverse fortunes through methodical advances rather than piecemeal engagements. By mid-February, these efforts culminated in the surrender of Boer General at Paardeberg, validating the new command's approach. No other major global incidents were recorded for the date, underscoring its focus on this imperial military development.

January 11, 1900 (Thursday)

Supporters of Louis F. Payn, the Superintendent of the New York State Insurance Department, publicly expressed confidence on January 11, 1900, that newly inaugurated Governor Theodore Roosevelt would be unable to remove him from office despite ongoing political tensions. Payn, appointed in 1897 by Governor Frank S. Black under the influence of Republican Party boss Thomas C. Platt, had faced scrutiny for alleged favoritism toward insurance companies and close ties to Platt's political machine, which Roosevelt sought to challenge as part of his reformist agenda. Roosevelt, who had campaigned on promises of honest and independence from machine politics, viewed Payn's tenure as emblematic of in state administration, including secret financial arrangements with major insurers that compromised regulatory oversight. Efforts to oust Payn intensified after Roosevelt's inauguration, but Payn's allies, leveraging Platt's control over the state , argued that legal and procedural hurdles—such as the need for confirmation of a replacement—would protect his position until his term's natural expiration. This standoff highlighted early frictions in Roosevelt's governorship, testing his resolve against entrenched Republican interests. The dispute culminated later that month when Roosevelt nominated Francis J. Hendricks as Payn's successor, securing confirmation on January 31 after persistent pressure and public advocacy for , marking a key victory that bolstered Roosevelt's reputation as a progressive force within the party. Payn's removal underscored Roosevelt's strategy of confronting patronage appointees, contributing to his broader push against Platt's influence ahead of the 1900 presidential election cycle.

January 12, 1900 (Friday)

On January 12, 1900, Wilhelm Eppstein, an 18-year-old German sailor who had deserted from the ship Berrima in Adelaide, South Australia, died at the Adelaide Hospital, marking the first recorded fatality from bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis) on Australian soil. Eppstein had been admitted on January 1 after falling ill in Gawler, approximately 40 miles north of Adelaide, exhibiting symptoms including fever and swollen lymph nodes; a postmortem examination conducted immediately after his death confirmed the presence of plague bacilli through bacteriological tests, including inoculation experiments on animals. This event triggered heightened quarantine measures and public health responses across Australian ports, as the plague had arrived via international shipping routes from plague-endemic regions in Asia; Australian authorities, drawing on recent experiences in Hong Kong and India, implemented rapid disinfection and isolation protocols to contain the outbreak, which ultimately claimed 37 lives in Sydney later that year but was limited in Adelaide. In the United States, the Free Land Association formally incorporated the utopian Freeland Colony on in Washington State's Island County, establishing a community aimed at equitable land distribution and mutual aid among settlers disillusioned with individualistic capitalism. Led by figures such as J.E. Stevens and Henry A. White, who had roots in earlier communal experiments like Equality Colony, the association platted the site into five-acre lots for shared farming and residence, attracting around 50 initial members focused on self-sufficiency through collective labor and democratic governance; this venture reflected broader progressive ideals of the era, including single-tax theories inspired by , though it faced challenges from economic pressures and internal disputes, evolving into the modern town of Freeland by the 1910s. Contemporary newspapers reported ongoing developments in the Second Boer War, including British General Sir Redvers Buller's dispatches from Natal indicating advances toward relieving the besieged town of Ladysmith amid mounting casualties, with estimates of British losses nearing 850 in recent engagements; however, no decisive battles occurred on this date. In the , U.S. forces under Nettleton True Bullard repelled Filipino insurgents near Calamba, capturing 60 prisoners with minimal American losses, as part of the ongoing Philippine-American War.

January 13, 1900 (Saturday)

On January 13, 1900, Emperor Franz Joseph I of decreed German as the sole official language of the Imperial Army (k.u.k. Armee), aiming to suppress rising within the multi-ethnic Habsburg forces. This policy mandated that all commands, orders, and internal communications be conducted exclusively in German, overriding previous allowances for local languages in non-German units, particularly those from and other Slavic regions where Czech-speaking recruits predominated. The measure sought to ensure unified discipline and operational efficiency amid ethnic divisions that had hampered military cohesion, as evidenced by prior incidents of linguistic misunderstandings during maneuvers. The decree exacerbated tensions in the , where Czech politicians and cultural organizations decried it as cultural suppression favoring German dominance, fueling demands for greater or federalization. German liberals and military conservatives, however, supported the change as essential for loyalty to the dynasty over ethnic parochialism. Implementation involved retraining officers and non-commissioned personnel, with non-compliance risking demotion or dismissal, though enforcement varied due to the army's reliance on conscripts from diverse backgrounds. This linguistic centralization foreshadowed broader administrative reforms under ministers like Ernest von Koerber, who later addressed nationality conflicts through economic incentives rather than coercion.

January 14, 1900 (Sunday)

Giacomo Puccini's opera Tosca, with libretto by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa and based on Victorien Sardou's 1887 play La Tosca, received its world premiere at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome. The production was conducted by Leopoldo Mugnone and starred Harriet Tracy as Floria Tosca, Emilio De Marchi as Mario Cavaradossi, and Eugène Gilly as Baron Scarpia. Set in Rome in June 1800 amid Napoleon's republican invasion, the work depicts political intrigue, torture, and execution, reflecting Sardou's melodrama adapted into verismo style with Puccini's emphasis on psychological realism and orchestral color. The premiere drew a high-profile including Italian royalty and political figures, but elicited a mixed critical response, with some reviewers criticizing its and vocal demands while audiences embraced its dramatic intensity. Despite initial controversies, including protests from clergy over perceived blasphemies in the , Tosca quickly gained popularity, achieving 20 performances in within the first year and influencing subsequent productions through its blend of realism and emotional immediacy. In the Second Boer War, a minor skirmish occurred at Bastersnek (also known as Plessispoort) near in the , involving British forces under command clashing with Boer commandos amid ongoing operations to contain enemy movements. This action formed part of the broader campaign, where British troops sought to prevent Boer advances into the colony, though details of casualties and outcomes remain sparse in contemporary accounts.

January 15, 1900 (Monday)

In the Second Boer War, British forces under General Sir advanced across the at Potgieter's Drift (also known as Trichardt's Drift) toward Boer positions northwest of Ladysmith, marking a key phase in the Natal campaign aimed at relieving the besieged town. Buller's Natal , comprising approximately 21,000 troops including divisions and , had begun flanking maneuvers days earlier to outmaneuver Boer defenses entrenched along the river line; on this date, engineers completed pontoon bridges under cover of night, enabling the main body to cross without immediate opposition, though scouts reported Boer reconnaissance activity. This movement positioned British troops for subsequent engagements, including the nearby actions at Vazdrager and the later , amid ongoing supply challenges and disease outbreaks in the region. Amid the siege of Ladysmith, British George Warrington Steevens, known for his vivid dispatches from earlier campaigns including the and the initial Boer advances, succumbed to enteric fever (typhoid) on January 15 after a brief recovery followed by relapse; he was 30 years old and had been reporting from the front lines since the war's outbreak. Steevens, a correspondent for the , had embedded with British columns and contributed to public awareness of the conflict's hardships, with his death highlighting the epidemic's toll on non-combatants and troops alike, as enteric fever claimed thousands during the war due to contaminated water and poor sanitation in static positions. In , the theatre, designed by architect Frank Matcham as a multifunctional venue for circus, variety, and aquatic spectacles, officially opened to the public with a program featuring equestrian acts, diving displays in a 100,000-gallon water tank, and performances by acts like the "Imperial Russian Troupe," drawing large crowds to its innovative stage mechanics capable of flooding for water shows. The venue, located at , represented a pinnacle of Edwardian architecture, with capacity for over 1,900 seated and additional standing room, and its debut underscored 's rivalry with New York in spectacle theatre amid the era's imperial prosperity. In , the Board convened at City Hall to open sealed bids for constructing the initial subway line under the 1894 Act, accepting contractor John B. McDonald's proposal for a $35 million project spanning from City Hall to via the Fourth Avenue route, financed in part by August Belmont Jr.; this marked the culmination of years of planning to alleviate surface congestion with an underground electric railway. McDonald's bid, submitted as an individual rather than a corporate entity, committed to rapid construction using the cut-and-cover method, with groundbreaking to follow in March, laying the foundation for what became the (IRT) system operational by 1904.

January 16, 1900 (Tuesday)

The United States Senate ratified the Tripartite Convention of 1899 on Samoa, formally partitioning the archipelago among the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Signed on December 2, 1899, in Washington, D.C., the agreement resolved competing colonial interests following the Second Samoan Civil War (1898–1899), which involved rival claimants to the Samoan kingship—Malietoa Tanu, supported by the United States and United Kingdom, and Mata'afa Iosefa, backed by Germany—and exacerbated by a devastating hurricane in March 1899 that damaged naval vessels of the involved powers. Under the convention's terms, the received sovereignty over the eastern Samoan islands, including (site of Pago Pago harbor, strategically valued for its deep-water anchorage), while Germany obtained the western islands of , Savai'i, and smaller atolls, forming . The relinquished its claims to in exchange for German concessions in other Pacific territories, such as enhanced influence in and adjustments in . This division ignored traditional Samoan chiefly structures and land ownership patterns, prioritizing great-power naval and commercial interests, with the viewing as a coaling station for transpacific routes. Senate approval, achieved by a vote of 52 to 14 after debates on imperial expansion and treaty constitutionality, marked a key step in U.S. territorial acquisition during the McKinley administration's push into overseas possessions post-Spanish-American War. Ratifications were exchanged in February 1900, with President proclaiming the treaty effective on February 16, leading to U.S. naval governance in until formal cessions by local chiefs in 1900 and 1904. The partition stabilized European-American rivalries in the Pacific but sowed long-term resentments among , who had petitioned against foreign interference, contributing to later independence movements in both American and former .

January 17, 1900 (Wednesday)

In the Second Boer War, British forces under Lieutenant-General crossed the at Trichardt's Drift on January 17, 1900, as part of a aimed at relieving the besieged at Ladysmith. This movement involved Warren's Fifth Division, which included infantry divisions and cavalry, utilizing pontoon bridges to transport troops and artillery across the river under cover of night to avoid Boer detection. The operation marked the beginning of the advance toward the Spion Kop heights, intended to outmaneuver Boer positions blocking direct routes to Ladysmith, though it ultimately led to tactical challenges in the subsequent battle. The crossing was executed without significant opposition, allowing approximately 20,000 British troops to establish a on the northern bank of the Tugela. Warren's sought to exploit the terrain for a wide , but delays in subsequent advances due to logistical issues and shortcomings hampered momentum. Boer commanders, including , responded by repositioning forces to contest the British progress, setting the stage for the fierce engagements at Spion Kop on January 23–24. Elsewhere, the people in , , continued their resistance against Mexican government forces amid an ongoing uprising, with reports of skirmishes and declarations of , though no major battle occurred precisely on this date. In the United States, congressional proceedings on the case of Brigham H. Roberts, the Mormon polygamist elected from , were in their final stages, with the House special committee nearing its report against seating him, though the formal vote occurred later.

January 18, 1900 (Thursday)

The Battle of Mazocoba occurred on January 18, 1900, during the in , , pitting Mexican federal troops against indigenous fighters. General Lorenzo Torres commanded a Mexican force estimated at 1,000 to 3,000 soldiers, which engaged approximately 2,000 warriors led by Tetabiate near the town of Mazocoba, about 20 miles east of . The confrontation, lasting several hours, resulted in a decisive Mexican victory, with Yaqui casualties exceeding 400 killed and around 800 captured, while Mexican losses were comparatively light. This battle marked a turning point in the Mexican government's campaign to suppress resistance, which stemmed from longstanding disputes over land expropriation, forced relocation to plantations, and cultural suppression under Porfirio Díaz's regime. The , known for guerrilla tactics in the Sierra de Bacatete mountains, had previously inflicted defeats on Mexican forces, but superior numbers and encirclement tactics at Mazocoba overwhelmed them. Reports of Yaqui deaths varied, with some contemporary accounts claiming up to 1,000 fatalities, reflecting the intensity of the rout and subsequent pursuits. In Europe, Belgian composer Jan Blockx's opera Tijl Uilenspiegel, based on the Flemish folk hero , premiered at the Théâtre de la Monnaie in , receiving acclaim for its nationalist themes and orchestration. The work, Blockx's last major opera, drew on regional legends to evoke resistance against oppression, paralleling contemporary imperial conflicts elsewhere.

January 19, 1900 (Friday)

On January 19, 1900, the first confirmed case of was diagnosed in , , marking the onset of an epidemic that would claim 103 lives out of 303 reported cases over the following months. The patient, 33-year-old deliveryman Arthur Paine, who worked at Central Wharf, exhibited symptoms including severe headache, nausea, and swollen lymph nodes, leading to his rapid isolation and confirmation of infection by medical authorities. This outbreak, originating from rat-infested wharves amid poor sanitation in the city's waterfront districts, prompted aggressive measures including , demolition of slum areas like The Rocks, and widespread fumigation, reflecting early 20th-century responses to pandemics in urban ports. In , Martin "Marty" Bergen, aged 28 and a star player for the Boston Beaneaters of the National League, committed a familicide-suicide by axing his wife Harriet, their three children (ages 6, 3, and 1), and two farmhands before slashing his own throat with a razor. Bergen, known for his defensive prowess behind the plate—leading the league in fielding percentage multiple times—had exhibited signs of mental instability, including and violent outbursts, which teammates had observed during the 1899 season but not publicly addressed. The tragedy shocked the baseball world, contributing to early discussions on player , though contemporary reports attributed it primarily to personal demons rather than systemic issues in the sport. Bergen's death ended a promising career after 344 games, with his brother Bill later playing in the majors. During the Siege of Kimberley in the Second Boer War, the Long Cecil artillery piece—a 28-pound breech-loading gun designed and constructed on-site by American engineer George Labram in the workshops—was successfully tested, providing a boost to British defenders under siege by Boer forces since October 1899. This improvised weapon, capable of firing shells up to 6 miles, targeted Boer positions and supply lines, exemplifying resourcefulness amid ammunition shortages and demonstrating the strategic value of local manufacturing in prolonged colonial conflicts.

January 20, 1900 (Saturday)

In , , a series of controlled burns ordered by the Board of Health to eradicate bubonic plague-infected structures in escalated into the Great Chinatown Fire when high winds spread embers uncontrollably, destroying 38 acres of the district including over 4,000 buildings and displacing approximately 7,000 residents, though no fatalities were reported from the blaze itself. The plague outbreak, confirmed in December 1899, had prompted measures and daily sanitary fires since early January, but this incident highlighted the risks of such tactics in densely packed wooden neighborhoods amid territorial governance challenges post-annexation. In , a mob of 400 to 500 men stormed the Bates County Jail and half-brothers George Meeks and Edward Silsbee (also known as Edward Meeks), who had been convicted of murdering 16-year-old Leopold Edlinger during a attempt and were serving life sentences. The lynching followed the brothers' failed jailbreak attempt the previous day, which involved shooting a deputy , fueling public outrage in the community. John Ruskin, the influential English art critic, writer, and social reformer known for works like Modern Painters and The Stones of Venice, died at his Brantwood home in Coniston, Lancashire, at age 80 from complications of influenza, marking the end of a career that shaped Victorian aesthetics and critiques of industrialization. English novelist Richard Doddridge Blackmore, author of the enduring romance Lorna Doone, died at age 74 in Teddington, Middlesex, after a period of declining health.

January 21, 1900 (Sunday)

The second contingent of Canadian forces dispatched to support British operations in the Second Boer War began its departure from , on this date, with the 1st Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles embarking aboard the transport ship Laurentian. This contingent, authorized by the Canadian government in late 1899 following the initial volunteer force's deployment, comprised approximately 2,000 men organized into mounted rifle battalions, field artillery batteries, and supporting units, reflecting Canada's voluntary imperial commitment amid the protracted and broader British reversals against Boer commandos. The troops, recruited primarily from western Canadian militias and civilians experienced in horsemanship, underwent hasty training before sailing, arriving in by mid-February to reinforce General Redvers Buller's army attempting to relieve besieged positions in Natal. The embarkation occurred amid public enthusiasm in Halifax, where crowds gathered to witness the sailing, underscoring domestic support for the despite debates over Canada's imperial obligations; Prime Minister had initially hesitated but yielded to pressure from pro-British factions. These mounted rifles would later participate in key engagements, including the relief of Mafeking and anti-guerrilla operations, contributing to Canada's emerging military tradition overseas, though at the cost of 89 fatalities from and by war's end. No major actions directly involving these departing units occurred on this date, but their aligned with escalating British preparations for offensives in Natal, where Boer forces under held strategic heights ahead of the impending . Elsewhere, the death of British-American inventor was reported; Hughes, aged 68, had pioneered the in 1877, enabling practical telephony and influencing early electrical communication technologies. His passing marked the loss of a key figure in transatlantic scientific exchange, though it drew limited contemporary notice amid war news.

January 22, 1900 (Monday)

The and Current Periodical Reading Room of the in , opened to the public on January 22, 1900, in the . This specialized facility granted researchers direct access to the library's growing collections of domestic and foreign newspapers, current periodicals, and government documents, with initial operating hours from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. At the time, it housed one of the world's most comprehensive newspaper archives, including files arranged on tables, racks, and shelves for public use, marking a significant expansion in accessible historical and contemporary print resources amid the library's post-1897 reorganization under Librarian John Russell Young. British-American inventor and musician died in on January 22, 1900, at age 68. Born in 1831, Hughes had emigrated to the as a child and developed key electrical innovations, including the in 1877—which improved transmission by converting sound into variable electrical resistance—and the Hughes in 1855, a forerunner to modern teletype systems adopted across European and submarine lines. His experimental work also anticipated radio detection, though credit for wireless transmission went to others; Hughes's contributions stemmed from practical demonstrations before bodies like the Royal Society, emphasizing empirical testing over theoretical claims.

January 23, 1900 (Tuesday)

On January 23, 1900, during the Second Boer War, British forces under Lieutenant-General initiated an assault on Boer positions west of Ladysmith, Natal, as part of General Sir Redvers Buller's effort to relieve the besieged town. Warren's V Division crossed the and advanced toward the key hill known as Spion Kop (Spioen Kop), a strategic vantage point overlooking Boer defenses commanded by Commandant-General and Assistant Commandant-General Jan Christian Smuts. British troops, including elements of the and , secured the summit of Spion Kop early that morning after a night march and initial skirmishes, but the position remained precarious due to limited entrenchments and exposure to Boer artillery and rifle fire from surrounding heights. The engagement marked the opening phase of the , which extended into January 24 and ultimately resulted in a tactical Boer victory, with British casualties exceeding 1,200 killed, wounded, or captured against fewer than 100 Boer losses. Warren's decision to prioritize Spion Kop stemmed from its commanding view, but poor coordination, communication failures, and hesitation in reinforcing the hill allowed Boer forces to counterattack effectively. Buller, frustrated by Warren's delays, had urged immediate action earlier that day, highlighting tensions in British command structure amid the ongoing sieges of Ladysmith (day 83), Kimberley (day 101), and Mafeking (day 103). Elsewhere in , approximately 30,000 additional Austrian miners in joined an ongoing strike, swelling the total to around 70,000 workers demanding an eight-hour day and wage increases, halting much of the region's coal production. This labor action, centered in coal districts of , , and within the , reflected rising industrial tensions but ended in defeat for the unions after government intervention and employer resistance.

January 24, 1900 (Wednesday)

On January 24, 1900, the reached its climax during the Second Boer War, with Boer forces under Commandant-General repelling a British attempt to seize the strategic hilltop position overlooking the in Natal, . The engagement, part of General Sir Redvers Buller's Natal Field Force effort to relieve the besieged town of Ladysmith, saw British troops under Major-General Sir withdraw after sustaining heavy losses amid poor visibility, exposed positions, and command disarray. British forces had occupied Spion Kop's summit overnight from January 23, but by dawn on the 24th, Boer artillery and rifle fire from surrounding heights inflicted severe , estimated at around 1,573 British killed, wounded, or captured, compared to Boer losses of approximately 300. The retreat, ordered amid mounting pressure and without effective counter-battery fire, marked a significant tactical victory for the , prolonging the siege of Ladysmith and exposing British vulnerabilities in adapting to Boer guerrilla-style warfare and marksmanship. Elsewhere, the Newcastle Badminton Club was established in England, recognized as the world's oldest surviving badminton club, though this development paled in significance against the military events in South Africa.

January 25, 1900 (Thursday)

The United States House of Representatives refused to seat Brigham Henry Roberts, a Democrat elected as Utah's at-large representative, by a vote of 268 to 50. Roberts, a prominent leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, faced exclusion due to his adherence to polygamy, having married multiple wives after the church's 1890 Manifesto purportedly ending the practice; opponents argued this violated federal anti-polygamy laws and disqualified him under Article I, Section 5 of the Constitution, which empowers each chamber to judge member qualifications. The decision, following hearings and a special committee report, highlighted ongoing tensions over Mormon polygamy despite Utah's statehood in 1896 and reflected broader national sentiment against plural marriage as incompatible with republican government. In the Second Boer War, Boer commandos under discovered at daybreak that British forces had evacuated Spion Kop overnight, confirming a Boer victory in the –24 engagement. The British, under General Sir , had seized the hill but suffered heavy casualties—over 1,400 killed, wounded, or captured—due to poor coordination, insufficient artillery support, and command indecision, prompting the retreat to avoid encirclement. Boer scouts, led by figures including Jan Kemp, ascended the hill to find it abandoned, allowing the Boers to claim the strategic position without further fighting and bolstering their . This outcome underscored British tactical shortcomings in adapting to Boer guerrilla tactics and marksmanship, contributing to public outcry in Britain and Buller's replacement in subsequent operations.

January 26, 1900 (Friday)

On January 26, 1900, in the Second Boer War, Boer forces documented the aftermath of the , where British troops had suffered heavy losses two days prior. Photographs captured rows of British dead buried in shallow trenches on the hilltop, highlighting the tactical withdrawal of British commander Sir Charles Warren's forces after failing to hold the position against Boer counterattacks. The battle resulted in approximately 322 British killed, 563 wounded, and 300 captured, compared to Boer losses of about 95 killed and 140 wounded, underscoring the strategic setback for British efforts to relieve the siege of Ladysmith. Elsewhere, a minor skirmish occurred near Oceana Mine (also known as Grootvlie) in the Transvaal, where British colonial forces engaged an approaching of around 450 men, signaling ongoing guerrilla actions amid the broader campaign. In , Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen's final drama, When We Dead Awaken (Når vi døde vågner), premiered at the Hoftheater in , . The three-act play, published the previous December, explored themes of artistic obsession and spiritual awakening through the character of sculptor Arnold Rubek confronting his past muse.

January 27, 1900 (Saturday)

Foreign diplomats in Peking, —including representatives from the , , , , and —delivered formal notes of protest to the Qing government, demanding suppression of the Boxer movement amid escalating attacks on foreign legations, missionaries, railroads, and other Western interests. The Boxers, a nativist known formally as the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, had intensified their anti-foreign and anti-Christian campaigns in northern , fueled by , famine, and resentment over extraterritorial rights and missionary activities granted to foreigners via unequal treaties since the . This diplomatic action followed recent edicts from that implicitly defended the Boxers against foreign criticism, heightening tensions that would culminate in of Peking's legations later in the year. In the United States, Indian monk and philosopher addressed the Shakespeare Club in , with a lecture entitled "My Life and Mission," reflecting on his efforts to propagate philosophy and Hindu spirituality in the West following his influential appearance at the 1893 in . Vivekananda emphasized themes of universal religion, national vitality rooted in spiritual heritage, and the mission of to contribute to global human advancement through ancient wisdom, drawing from his travels and teachings since arriving in America in 1893.

January 28, 1900 (Sunday)

The Deutscher Fußball-Bund (DFB), Germany's national governing body for , was founded on January 28, 1900, in at the Zum Mariengarten restaurant. Representatives from 86 clubs convened at the invitation of local organizers to unify disparate regional associations amid the sport's rising popularity in the , which had been introduced from in the late 19th century. Ferdinand Hueppe, representing VfB Leipzig, was elected as the inaugural president, with the assembly adopting statutes to standardize rules, organize matches, and promote the game domestically. This establishment addressed fragmentation among clubs, enabling coordinated national championships and laying groundwork for Germany's entry into international bodies like in 1904. The DFB's formation reflected broader European trends in codifying football amid industrialization and , prioritizing empirical over regional variances to foster competitive integrity. No other major global conflicts or political upheavals were recorded on this date, though ongoing operations in continued without pivotal engagements.

January 29, 1900 (Monday)

The of Professional Baseball Clubs held an organizational meeting on January 29, 1900, in , where owners rebranded the former Western League and established franchises in eight cities: Buffalo, , , , , Kansas City, , and . Under president Byron Bancroft ", the league planned to challenge the National League's monopoly by declaring major-league status for the 1901 season, recruiting players through higher salaries and cleaner play. This step initiated a two-year that culminated in the formation of . Newspapers across the reported on the recent British defeat at Spion Kop in the Second Boer War, detailing the retreat of General Charles Warren's forces across the after suffering approximately 1,500 casualties on the hill's slopes, with Boer forces under Commandant-General claiming victory through superior positioning and artillery. These dispatches, arriving via cable from Natal, highlighted the tactical failures of the British assaults and foreshadowed prolonged challenges in the campaign against Boer commandos.

January 30, 1900 (Tuesday)

On January 30, 1900, William Goebel, the Democratic candidate in Kentucky's disputed 1899 gubernatorial election, was shot and fatally wounded while approaching the State Capitol in Frankfort. The assassination occurred amid intense political tension, as Democrats contested Republican William S. Taylor's certified victory, alleging widespread ballot fraud and irregularities favoring the Republican in eastern Kentucky counties. Goebel, a former state senator known for his aggressive anti-corporate campaigns against railroad interests, had filed a formal contest with the Democratic-controlled legislature, which was set to review returns and potentially overturn the result. Accompanied by supporters and bodyguards, Goebel was struck in the chest by a bullet fired from a fourth-floor window inside the Capitol building, collapsing on the grounds; the shooter was never definitively identified, though investigations later implicated Republican officials. The shooting prompted immediate chaos, with Goebel rushed to a hotel for treatment under guard, as Frankfort's units—already mobilized due to threats of violence—took over police duties to prevent riots. Taylor, acting as , refused to yield power and called out additional troops loyal to him, creating a standoff with nearly 1,000 armed men from eastern converging on the capital. On January 31, despite his injuries, the legislature declared Goebel the rightful winner by a narrow margin, swore him in as from his bedside, and he issued orders to disperse rival militias and reconvene the assembly. Goebel succumbed to his wounds on February 3, 1900, after serving only three days, leading to assume office and solidifying Democratic control. Subsequent probes resulted in arrests, including Republican Powers as an accessory for allegedly orchestrating the plot from the Capitol, though Powers maintained innocence and his convictions were appealed amid claims of procedural flaws. Taylor fled to to evade indictment, and in 1909, Augustus E. Willson pardoned those convicted, citing exhausted legal pursuits and political reconciliation. The event, the only assassination of a sitting , underscored Kentucky's volatile machine politics and Goebel's polarizing reputation as a ruthless tactician who had previously killed a political rival in a 1893 street confrontation.

January 31, 1900 (Wednesday)

, a Democratic politician contesting the disputed Kentucky gubernatorial election of 1899 against Republican William S. Taylor, was critically wounded by gunfire on January 30, 1900, while approaching the State Capitol in Frankfort. The following day, amid heightened political tensions and militia mobilization, the Democratic-controlled convened secretly at the Capital Hotel and certified Goebel as the victor, overturning initial results favoring Taylor. At approximately 8:55 p.m., while bedridden and unable to speak, Goebel was sworn in as the 34th by J. H. Hazelrigg, with J. C. Beckham also taking the oath shortly thereafter. This act intensified the state's , leading to federal intervention threats and Beckham's succession upon Goebel's death days later. In the Philippines, the United States Philippine Commission, chaired by Jacob Gould Schurman, submitted its initial report to President William McKinley, advocating for a civil territorial government under American sovereignty. The document recommended limited home rule for local affairs while retaining U.S. oversight of foreign relations, defense, and major policies to facilitate pacification amid the ongoing Philippine-American War. This framework laid groundwork for the subsequent Taft Commission and the 1902 Philippine Organic Act, prioritizing administrative efficiency over immediate independence. In British , rebel leader Muhammad Salleh, known as , was killed during a British bombardment of his fort in Kampung Teboh, Tambunan, effectively concluding the six-year against the British North Borneo Company's authority. Salleh, resisting colonial taxes and governance since , succumbed to machine-gun fire from a that struck his temple, with approximately 300-1,000 followers also perishing in the assault. The event marked a decisive suppression of indigenous resistance in the region, consolidating British commercial control over territories.

Notable Births

Chronological Listing of Significant Figures

  • January 1, 1900: Chiune Sugihara (1900–1986), Japanese diplomat stationed in Lithuania during World War II, who defied government orders to issue thousands of transit visas enabling Jewish refugees to escape Nazi persecution, thereby saving an estimated 6,000 lives and earning recognition as Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem. Born in Yaotsu, Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
  • January 1, 1900: Xavier Cugat (1900–1990), Spanish-born bandleader and entertainer who immigrated to Cuba and later the United States, pioneering Latin music's popularity in America through his orchestra's recordings and performances of rumba and tango styles. Born in Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
  • January 4, 1900: James Bond (1900–1989), American ornithologist and author whose seminal work Birds of the West Indies (1936) inspired Ian Fleming to name his fictional spy character James Bond; served as curator at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia for over 40 years. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
  • January 5, 1900: Yves Tanguy (1900–1955), French surrealist painter associated with the Parisian avant-garde, known for dreamlike seascapes and abstract landscapes exhibited alongside works by Dali and Ernst; influenced by primitive art and metaphysics. Born in Paris, France.
  • January 6, 1900: Maria of Yugoslavia (1900–1961), queen consort of Yugoslavia as wife of King Alexander I, daughter of King Ferdinand I of Romania; played a prominent role in Balkan diplomacy and humanitarian efforts during and after the world wars. Born in Sinaia, Romania (then Gotha, Germany per some records, but confirmed Romanian royalty).

Notable Deaths

Chronological Listing of Significant Figures

  • January 1, 1900: Chiune Sugihara (1900–1986), Japanese diplomat stationed in Lithuania during World War II, who defied government orders to issue thousands of transit visas enabling Jewish refugees to escape Nazi persecution, thereby saving an estimated 6,000 lives and earning recognition as Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem. Born in Yaotsu, Gifu Prefecture, Japan.
  • January 1, 1900: Xavier Cugat (1900–1990), Spanish-born bandleader and entertainer who immigrated to Cuba and later the United States, pioneering Latin music's popularity in America through his orchestra's recordings and performances of rumba and tango styles. Born in Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
  • January 4, 1900: James Bond (1900–1989), American ornithologist and author whose seminal work Birds of the West Indies (1936) inspired Ian Fleming to name his fictional spy character James Bond; served as curator at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia for over 40 years. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
  • January 5, 1900: Yves Tanguy (1900–1955), French surrealist painter associated with the Parisian avant-garde, known for dreamlike seascapes and abstract landscapes exhibited alongside works by Dali and Ernst; influenced by primitive art and metaphysics. Born in Paris, France.
  • January 6, 1900: Maria of Yugoslavia (1900–1961), queen consort of Yugoslavia as wife of King Alexander I, daughter of King Ferdinand I of Romania; played a prominent role in Balkan diplomacy and humanitarian efforts during and after the world wars. Born in Sinaia, Romania (then Gotha, Germany per some records, but confirmed Romanian royalty).

References

  1. https://www.onthisday.com/events/date/1900/january
  2. https://www.britishbattles.com/great-boer-war/battle-of-spion-kop/
  3. https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Battle-Of-Spion-Kop/
  4. https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2013/julyaugust/feature/the-late-governor-goebel
  5. https://www.historicalcrimedetective.com/ccca/the-murder-of-kentucky-governor-william-goebel-1900/
  6. https://www.onthisday.com/events/date/1900
  7. https://www.britannica.com/topic/20th-century-international-relations-2085155/Completing-the-alliance-systems-1890-1907
  8. https://www.onthisday.com/date/1900/january/1
  9. https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-you-need-to-know-about-pre-first-world-war-alliances
  10. https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/boer-war
  11. https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/wars-conflicts-and-operations/early-20th-century-conflicts/boxer-rebellion.html
  12. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-worldhistory/chapter/27-1-6-the-boxer-rebellion/
  13. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/international-programs/historical-est-worldpop.html
  14. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/01/how-globalization-4-0-fits-into-the-history-of-globalization/
  15. https://globalecon.substack.com/p/global-inflation-1870-1900
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