Monoamine precursor

Monoamine precursors are precursors of monoamines and monoamine neurotransmitters in the body.^[1][2] The amino acids L-tryptophan and L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP; oxitriptan) are precursors of serotonin and melatonin, while the amino acids L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-DOPA (levodopa) are precursors of dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).^[1][2]

Administration of monoamine precursors can increase the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in the body and brain.^[2] Monoamine precursors may be used in combination with peripherally selective aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors (AAAD inhibitors; also known as DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) inhibitors) such as carbidopa and benserazide to restrict metabolism and activation in the periphery.^[3] Carbidopa/levodopa and levodopa/benserazide are used to increase brain dopamine levels in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.^[3] Carbidopa/oxitriptan (EVX-101), which increases brain serotonin levels, is under development as an antidepressant for possible use in the treatment of depression.^[4][5]

Droxidopa (L-DOPS) is a synthetic precursor or prodrug of norepinephrine used orally in the treatment of certain types of hypotension and other conditions.^[6][7] Dipivefrine is a synthetic precursor or prodrug of epinephrine used as an ophthalmic medication.^[7]

1. ^ ^{a b} Kohlstadt, Ingrid (19 April 2016). Food and Nutrients in Disease Management. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420067637.
2. ^ ^{a b c} Fernandes, John; Saudubray, Jean-Marie; Berghe, Georges van den; Walter, John H. (22 November 2006). Inborn Metabolic Diseases: Diagnosis and Treatment. Springer. ISBN 9783540287858.
3. ^ ^{a b} Salat D, Tolosa E (January 2013). "Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: current status and new developments". J Parkinsons Dis. 3 (3): 255–69. doi:10.3233/JPD-130186. PMID 23948989.
4. ^ Turner EH, Loftis JM, Blackwell AD (March 2006). "Serotonin a la carte: supplementation with the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan". Pharmacol Ther. 109 (3): 325–338. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.06.004. PMID 16023217.
5. ^ "Carbidopa/Oxytriptan - Evecxia - AdisInsight".
6. ^ Goldstein DS (2006). "L-Dihydroxyphenylserine (L-DOPS): a norepinephrine prodrug". Cardiovasc Drug Rev. 24 (3–4): 189–203. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3466.2006.00189.x. PMID 17214596.
7. ^ ^{a b} Scott KA, Cox PB, Njardarson JT (May 2022). "Phenols in Pharmaceuticals: Analysis of a Recurring Motif". J Med Chem. 65 (10): 7044–7072. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00223. PMID 35533692.

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