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HMS Resolution (1771)
HMS Resolution (1771)
HMS Resolution (1771)
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Resolution and Adventure with fishing craft in Matavai Bay by William Hodges, painted 1776, shows the two ships at anchor in Tahiti in August 1773.
History
Great Britain
NameHMS Resolution
BuilderThomas Fishburn, Whitby
Launched1770
AcquiredNovember 1771 as Marquis of Granby[1]
Renamed
  • Renamed HMS Drake in November 1771
  • Renamed HMS Resolution on 25 December 1771
FateUnknown, last sighted 5 June 1783. Fate disputed.
General characteristics
Class & typeex-mercantile collier
Tons burthen462 bm
Length
  • 110 ft 8 in (33.73 m) overall
  • 93 ft 6 in (28.50 m) keel
Beam30 ft 6 in (9.30 m)
Draught13 ft 1 in (3.99 m)
PropulsionSails
Complement112, including 20 marines[2]
Armament
  • 12 × 6-pdrs
  • 12 × 1⁄2-pdr swivels

HMS Resolution was a sloop of the Royal Navy, a converted merchant collier purchased by the Navy and adapted, in which Captain James Cook made his second and third voyages of exploration in the Pacific. She impressed him enough that he called her "the ship of my choice", and "the fittest for service of any I have seen".

Purchase and refitting

[edit]

Resolution began her career as the North Sea collier Marquis of Granby, launched at Whitby in 1770, and purchased by the Royal Navy in 1771 for £4,151 (equivalent to £687,377 today). She was originally registered as HMS Drake, but fearing this would upset the Spanish, she was soon renamed Resolution, on 25 December 1771. She was fitted out at Deptford with the most advanced navigational aids of the day, including an azimuth compass made by Henry Gregory, ice anchors, and the latest apparatus for distilling small, supplemental amounts of fresh water from sea water.[3][4] Her armament consisted of twelve 6-pounder guns and 12 swivel guns. At his own expense Cook had brass door-hinges installed in the great cabin. It was originally planned that the naturalist Joseph Banks and an appropriate entourage would sail with Cook, so a heightened waist, an additional upper deck and a raised poop deck were built to suit Banks. This refit cost £10,080.12.9d. However, in sea trials the ship was found to be top-heavy, and under Admiralty instructions the offending structures were removed in a second refit at Sheerness, at a further cost of £882.3.0d. Banks subsequently refused to travel under the resulting "adverse conditions" and Johann Reinhold Forster and his son, George, replaced him.

Cook's second voyage

[edit]
Main article: Second voyage of James Cook
A View of Cape Stephens in Cook's Straits with Waterspout by William Hodges

Resolution departed Sheerness on 21 June 1772, carrying 118 people, including 20 volunteers who had sailed on Cook's first voyage in HMS Endeavour in 1768–1771,[5] and two years of provisions.[6][a] She joined HMS Adventure at Plymouth and the two ships departed English waters on 13 July 1772.

Resolution's first port of call was at Funchal in the Madeira Islands, which she reached on 1 August. Cook gave high praise to her sailing qualities in a report to the Admiralty from Funchal Roads, writing that she "steers, works, sails well and is remarkably stiff and seems to promise to be a dry and very easy ship in the sea".[7] The ship was reprovisioned with fresh water, beef, fruit and onions, and after a further provisioning stop in the Cape Verde Islands two weeks later, set sail due south toward the Cape of Good Hope. Several of the crew had brought monkeys aboard as pets, but Cook had them thrown overboard to prevent their droppings from fouling the ship.[7]

On his first voyage Cook had calculated longitude by the usual method of lunars, but on her second voyage the Board of Longitude sent a highly qualified astronomer, William Wales, with Cook and entrusted him with a new marine chronometer, the K1, recently completed by Larcum Kendall, together with three chronometers made by John Arnold. Kendall's K1 was remarkably accurate and was to prove to be most efficient in determining longitude on board Resolution.

On 17 January 1773, Resolution was the first ship to cross the Antarctic Circle and crossed twice more on the voyage. The third crossing, on 3 February 1774, was the most southerly penetration, reaching latitude 71°10′ South at longitude 106°54′ West. Resolution thus proved Alexander Dalrymple's Terra Australis Incognita to be a myth.[8] She returned to Britain in 1775 and was then paid off.

Cook's third voyage

[edit]
Main article: Third voyage of James Cook

She was recommissioned in February 1776 for Cook's third voyage, which began on 12 July 1776, departing from Plymouth, England, during which Resolution crossed the Arctic Circle on 17 August 1778, and again crossed it on 19 July 1779, under the command of Charles Clerke after Cook's death in Hawaii. She arrived back in Britain on 4 October 1780.

Later service and loss

[edit]

In 1780, Resolution was converted into an armed transport and sailed for the East Indies in March 1781. Sphinx and Annibal of Suffren's (French) squadron captured Resolution on 9 June 1782. In early July 1782, during the run-up of the Battle of Negapatam, Suffren sent Resolution to Manila to purchase spare spars, food and ammunition to resupply his fleet.[9] She then sailed on 22 July 1782 and was never seen again.

On 5 June 1783, Suffren wrote that Resolution had last been seen in the Sunda Strait, and that he suspected she had either foundered or fallen into the hands of the English. An item from the Melbourne Argus, 25 February 1879, said that she ended her days as a Portuguese coal-hulk at Rio de Janeiro, but this has never been confirmed. Viscount Galway, a Governor-General of New Zealand, owned a ship's figurehead described as that of Resolution, but a photograph of it does not agree with the figurehead depicted in Holman's famous watercolour of her.

Alternatively, in 1789 she may have been renamed Général Conway, in November 1790 Amis Réunis, and in 1792 Liberté.[10] Martin Dugard's biography of Cook, Farther Than Any Man, published in 2001, states: "Her fate, by some cruel twist of historical irony, is as incredible as Endeavour's – she [Resolution] was sold to the French, rechristened La Liberté, and transformed into a whaler, then ended her days rotting in Newport Harbor. She settled to the bottom just a mile from Endeavour." (p. 281, Epilogue)

In 1881, the British Consul in Alexandria, looking from the Ras El Tin Palace, pointed out a ship in the harbour he identified as the Resolution, to William N. Armstrong, attendant to Hawaiian King David Kalākaua during his trip around the world.[11]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]
Revisions and contributorsEdit on WikipediaRead on Wikipedia

HMS Resolution (1771)

View on Grokipedia
from Grokipedia
HMS Resolution (1771) was a 462-ton of , originally launched in 1770 at as the collier Marquis of Granby and purchased by the Admiralty in 1771 for £4,151 before undergoing conversion and initial refitting at a cost of £10,080 12s 9d, with further modifications costing £882 3s following sea trials. She is best known as the commanded by during his second (1772–1775) and third (1776–1780) voyages of Pacific exploration, during which she became the first vessel to cross the and ventured into the in search of the . Originally constructed by shipbuilder James Fishburn for coal transport, Resolution—initially renamed Drake upon naval acquisition before being rechristened Resolution as a diplomatic to avoid conflict with the Spanish over the name—was fitted with innovative features for long voyages, including an azimuth compass by instrument maker Henry Gregory, ice anchors, and a water distillation apparatus. Her armament consisted of twelve 6-pounder guns and twelve guns, supporting a crew of 112 that included a detachment for security and scientific support. These modifications transformed the sturdy cat from a humble into a robust platform for scientific discovery, emphasizing durability over speed. On her second voyage, Resolution departed Plymouth on 13 July 1772 under Cook's command, accompanied by HMS Adventure under Tobias Furneaux, with the primary objective of seeking evidence of a vast southern continent, Terra Australis Incognita. The expedition achieved historic milestones, including the first crossing of the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773—followed by two more crossings—and extensive charting of South Pacific islands, ultimately disproving the existence of a navigable southern landmass while gathering invaluable ethnographic and natural history data. The ships returned to England in July 1775, having circumnavigated the globe and advanced geographical knowledge significantly. Resolution's third and final voyage with Cook began on 12 July 1776 from Plymouth, paired with HMS Discovery under Captain Charles Clerke, tasked with returning the Tahitian noble Omai to his homeland and seeking a linking the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The expedition discovered the in January 1778, where Cook was killed during a confrontation on 14 February 1779; Clerke then assumed command of Resolution and led the ships northward, crossing the twice (in August 1778 and July 1779) before his own death from in August 1779. Under subsequent commanders, including John Gore and James King, the vessels returned to on 4 October 1780, having mapped vast uncharted regions and collected specimens that contributed to European understanding of and the polar frontiers. Following her exploratory career, Resolution was paid off in October 1780 but refitted in early 1781 as an armed store ship, departing on 21 March for Admiral Sir Edward Hughes's fleet during the , arriving off Madras in September 1781. On 9 June 1782, while serving with the squadron in the , she was captured by the French, including the Sphinx, off the coast of and repurposed for supply duties to the under French control. Her ultimate fate remains uncertain; by September 1783, she was reported missing, possibly lost at or repurposed in the French whaling trade under an alias until being condemned in , in 1792.

Origins and Acquisition

Construction as Marquis of Granby

The collier Marquis of Granby was launched in 1770 at the port of , , , by renowned shipbuilder Fishburn as a sturdy vessel designed specifically for the trade. Measuring 462 tons burthen, she embodied the robust "Whitby cat" design typical of regional colliers, built to withstand the rough conditions of coastal voyages along Britain's eastern shores. Her construction featured a traditional frame and planking on the hull for structural strength and durability, reflecting the practical adaptations of shipwrights who sourced local timber while prioritizing premium for essential elements. With overall length of 110 feet 8 inches, a beam of 30 feet 6 inches, and a depth of hold measuring 13 feet 1 inch, Marquis of Granby was proportioned for efficient cargo capacity in shallow-draft operations, allowing her to navigate the estuaries and channels of the . Her rigging was simple and functional for a merchant vessel of her type, configured as a —a two-masted square-rigged ship with a small mast abaft the mainmast to aid maneuverability in variable winds—making her well-suited for the short-haul trade without the complexity of a full ship rig. Intended primarily for transporting from northern English ports like Newcastle to southern markets such as , she prioritized stability and cargo volume over speed or elegance. Ownership of Marquis of Granby rested with Hull merchant William Hammond, a prominent shipowner and friend of , who commissioned her for his fleet engaged in the burgeoning coastal trade. In her brief merchant career from 1770 to , the vessel completed several routine voyages laden with coal, exemplifying the vital but unglamorous role of in fueling Britain's by linking coalfields to urban centers. These operations underscored her baseline design as a workhorse of , unadorned and optimized for reliability in foul weather. In , following just over a year of service, she was acquired by the Royal Navy for adaptation to exploratory duties.

Purchase and Renaming by the Royal Navy

In late 1771, the Royal Navy, seeking robust vessels for Pacific exploration following the proven seaworthiness of the collier-type HMS Endeavour during James Cook's first voyage, directed the Navy Board to acquire suitable ships. The Board identified and surveyed the Marquis of Granby, a recently built North Sea collier, leading to its purchase on 25 November 1771 for £4,151 from Captain William Hammond of Hull. This acquisition addressed the Admiralty's need for durable, weatherly hulls capable of enduring extended voyages in uncharted waters, prioritizing ships akin to those from Whitby shipyards that had demonstrated reliability in rough conditions. Following the purchase, the vessel underwent an initial survey and was docked at for basic assessments to evaluate its structure and suitability for naval service. Initially registered as HMS Drake in November 1771, the name was changed to HMS Resolution on 25 December 1771 by Admiralty order, avoiding potential diplomatic friction with over the privateer associations of "Drake," and it was officially rated as a sloop. With these administrative steps completed, command of the Resolution was assigned to Captain , preparing the ship for its role as in the forthcoming second exploratory voyage to the southern oceans.

Design, Armament, and Refitting

Technical Specifications and Modifications

HMS Resolution was a converted Whitby-built collier with a burthen of 462 tons, measuring approximately 110 feet 8 inches in on the lower deck, 30 feet 6 inches in beam, and a of 93 feet 6 inches. These dimensions provided a sturdy, bluff-bowed hull suited to the rough seas of the Pacific, with the ship's original configuration largely retained but adapted for extended naval . Following her purchase in 1771, Resolution underwent significant modifications at between 1771 and 1772 to enhance her suitability for long-duration voyages. The conversion included the addition of a marking her as a vessel, and the installation of advanced navigational equipment such as an azimuth compass crafted by Henry Gregory. Initial plans to accommodate incorporated a heightened , an additional upper deck, and a raised , but these were removed after sea trials revealed the ship to be top-heavy and unstable in short seas, thereby improving overall seaworthiness. The ship's was upgraded to a full ship rig featuring three masts—fore, main, and mizzen—equipped with square sails to optimize performance for ocean navigation, including provisions for additional stays to handle stresses in high-latitude conditions. This configuration allowed for efficient handling by a complement of up to 112 crew members, balancing operational needs with the demands of scientific expeditions. Internally, the vessel was refitted with expanded storage compartments for provisions to sustain extended voyages without frequent resupply, alongside dedicated spaces for scientific instruments including chronometers for determination. Facilities such as water apparatus were also integrated to produce from , addressing logistical challenges in remote regions.

Armament and Equipment for Exploration

HMS Resolution was equipped with a primary armament suited to her role as an exploration vessel rather than a , consisting of 12 six-pounder long guns mounted on the upper deck for defensive purposes during encounters with hostile forces or pirates. Complementing these were 12 half-pounder guns, positioned along the rails and designed primarily for anti-personnel defense to repel boarders or shore parties without the need for broadside engagements. This configuration provided sufficient firepower for protection in remote regions while minimizing the ship's weight and preserving space for scientific and exploratory gear, reflecting adaptations made during her refitting at . For scientific observations essential to navigation and discovery, Resolution carried advanced instruments supplied by the Board of Longitude, including the K1 marine chronometer crafted by , which enabled precise calculations by maintaining accurate timekeeping amid the rigors of sea travel. Additional tools encompassed an astronomical quadrant for measuring celestial angles to determine and position, dipping needles to gauge magnetic variation and inclination for charting geomagnetic , and barometers to monitor for weather prediction and altitude estimation. These instruments, often housed in a dedicated space within the great cabin, allowed astronomers like William Wales to conduct systematic observations, contributing to improved maps and understandings of Pacific geography. The ship was provisioned for extended voyages, with capacity for ' worth of stores to support her of approximately 112, including staples like bread, salted meat, and water, scaled to endure long periods without resupply in uncharted waters. Anti-scurvy measures were integrated into these provisions, featuring large vats of —a fermented rich in —and blocks of , a concentrated extract that could be reconstituted into nutritious broth to combat dietary deficiencies on prolonged sea legs. These innovations, championed by Captain Cook, helped maintain health by supplementing standard rations with preserved vegetables and essences that retained nutritional value over time. Security was ensured by a detachment of 20 , who provided armed escort for landing parties and guarded against internal unrest or external threats during explorations. Equipped with standard small arms such as flintlock muskets for ranged defense and cutlasses for close-quarters combat, the Marines were trained to operate in diverse environments, from tropical islands to icy shores, supporting the expedition's focus on peaceful scientific inquiry while prepared for contingencies.

Service Under James Cook

Second Voyage (1772–1775)

HMS Resolution, under the command of Captain , departed Plymouth on 13 July 1772 alongside HMS Adventure, commanded by Tobias Furneaux as the expedition's second-in-command, to explore the southern Pacific in search of the hypothesized southern continent, . The ships carried astronomers William Wales aboard Resolution and William Bayly aboard Adventure, equipped to conduct observations of longitude using Larcum Kendall's K1 chronometer, as well as to record meteorological and magnetic data. After stops at and the , the vessels entered the on 22 November 1772, where Resolution achieved the first recorded crossing of the on 17 January 1773 at 66°34'S, penetrating to 67°31'S amid heavy ice before turning north. The expedition circumnavigated the globe, with Resolution and Adventure reuniting briefly at Queen Charlotte Sound, , in May 1773, where Cook refined surveys of the islands' coasts from his previous voyage, completing a more accurate chart of their outlines and harbors. The ships separated permanently in October 1773 during gales off ; Cook continued southward, crossing the twice more—on 20 December 1773 and 30 January 1774, reaching a record 71°10'S—disproving the existence of an extensive habitable southern landmass through extensive ice barrier encounters. In the Pacific, Resolution made contact at [Easter Island](/page/Easter Island) from 13 to 17 November 1774, where Cook documented the island's massive stone statues and sparse population, before mapping additional island groups including the Marquesas, , and . Wales's observations contributed key data on temperature variations across latitudes and magnetic deviations, enhancing navigational reliability for future voyages. On the homeward leg, Resolution discovered on 17 January 1775 and the from 31 January to 4 February 1775, naming the latter after Lord Sandwich and charting their volcanic features despite poor weather. The voyage succeeded in testing the chronometer's performance, which proved remarkably accurate, losing less than one second per day on average over three years, proving its value for determining at sea. Resolution returned to , , on 30 July 1775, having circumnavigated without locating a southern continent, with only four deaths among her crew—none attributed to , thanks to Cook's regimen of fresh provisions and .

Third Voyage (1776–1780)

HMS Resolution, under the command of Captain , departed Plymouth on 12 July 1776 as the flagship of his third Pacific expedition, accompanied by the consort ship HMS Discovery commanded by Charles Clerke. The primary objective was to locate a linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans via the northern coasts of America, with additional instructions to return the Tahitian Omai to his homeland and, if time permitted, to seek any remaining traces of a southern continent. En route, the expedition stopped in the in August 1777, where Omai was returned to his home on , though he died there shortly afterward in 1779. The expedition carried approximately 182 men in total, equipped for extended , including specialized instruments for astronomical observations briefly referenced from prior refittings. The ships proceeded southward, stopping at the , , and before reaching the —then unknown to Europeans—on 18 January 1778 near Waimea on Kauai. Initial interactions with the were peaceful, involving trade and cultural exchanges, though thefts of equipment tested relations. From there, Resolution and Discovery sailed northeast to the North American coast, arriving at (on present-day ) in March 1778, where Cook conducted detailed hydrographic surveys and traded with peoples for furs and provisions. Further explorations included King George's Sound, with mappings that contributed to European knowledge of the region's geography and indigenous communities. In August 1778, the expedition crossed the for the first time, navigating through and charting Alaska's southern and western coasts amid heavy ice and fog. Cook pushed northward to 70°44′ N latitude near Icy Cape on 18 August 1778 before impassable ice forced a retreat southward. Seeking winter quarters, the ships returned to in on 17 January 1779, where relations initially warmed but deteriorated after the theft of a cutter from Discovery. On 14 February 1779, during an attempt to seize the local chief as leverage, Cook was killed on the beach along with four marines in a skirmish with Hawaiian warriors. Command passed to Clerke, who, despite his own failing health from , led a second Arctic attempt in 1779. The ships crossed the again on 31 July and reached 70°33′ N in before ice and Clerke's illness compelled withdrawal. Resolution then sailed west to the for repairs and provisions, enduring harsh conditions that exacerbated crew fatigue. Continuing to Macao and Canton for further maintenance, the expedition arrived at Batavia (modern ) on 12 February 1780, where tropical fevers struck severely. Clerke died on 22 1779 aboard Discovery off Kamchatka, with James King assuming overall command. The voyage concluded with a grueling return via the and St. Helena, hampered by leaks, storms, and disease. Resolution and Discovery anchored in the Thames on 4 October 1780, having circumnavigated the globe for the third time under Cook's leadership. Crew hardships were profound, including outbreaks of during the frigid phases—mitigated somewhat by Cook's antiscorbutic regimen of , malt wort, and fresh provisions but still causing weakness and illness among sailors deprived of sunlight and variety. Overall, the expedition suffered 25 deaths from various causes, including combat, , and fevers, marking the highest mortality of Cook's voyages despite his renowned measures.

Later Service and Fate

Post-Cook Operations (1780–1782)

Following the completion of James Cook's third Pacific voyage, HMS Resolution returned to in October 1780, arriving off where she underwent a refit to convert her from an exploration vessel into an armed transport suitable for wartime duties during the American War of Independence. This modification emphasized her capacity to carry troops, supplies, and provisions while retaining defensive armament for protection against enemy privateers, adapting her robust collier hull—originally refitted for polar conditions—to more temperate operational theaters. In March 1781, under Lieutenant Richard F. Hassard, Resolution departed for the , where she joined Hughes's fleet and performed essential transport operations, ferrying soldiers and to support British forces amid ongoing Anglo-French conflicts in the . Her duties included participation in minor escorts to safeguard and shipping from French raiders, highlighting the ship's transitional role from scientific discovery to active support. Maintenance challenges arose from lingering tropical damage sustained during the third voyage, such as hull worming and rigging wear, necessitating ongoing repairs at regional facilities to ensure seaworthiness.

Capture by the French and Ultimate Loss

During the Anglo-French War, HMS Resolution, serving as an armed transport in the , was seized by the French on 9 June 1782. The capture was executed by the Sphinx of Pierre André de Suffren's squadron off the coast of . Suffren promptly utilized the vessel to support his fleet's logistics. He ordered Resolution to Manila in the Philippines to obtain critical supplies, including spars, food, rigging, and ammunition, and the ship departed for that port on 22 July 1782. Upon arrival, with the local phase of the war concluded, the vessel was taken as a prize and sailed to Mauritius, where it was possibly renamed Liberté and repurposed as a storeship or whaler. The Resolution's final confirmed sighting occurred on 5 June 1783 in the between and , as recorded in Suffren's journal. Suffren speculated that the ship had either foundered at sea or been recaptured by British forces. Subsequent theories regarding its ultimate loss include sinking during a storm on its return voyage to , deliberate by the French to prevent recapture, or conversion into a coal hulk for Portuguese use at Rio de Janeiro. Some accounts suggest it served briefly as a prison hulk in , , before being scuttled in shallow waters there. No definitive wreck has been identified, and modern archaeological searches, including efforts by explorers in the 1990s targeting potential sites in the and , have yielded no confirmed remains.

References

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  7. https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:207969/s00855804_1969_1970_9_1_7.pdf
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  10. https://www.pressreader.com/uk/scottish-daily-mail/20180921/283038350458451
  11. https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/WHQ/article/view/7827/6863
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  13. https://www.solarnavigator.net/history/hms_resolution.htm
  14. https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-505802
  15. https://snr.org.uk/principal-scientific-instruments-taken-captain-cooks-voyages-exploration-1768-80/
  16. https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-79143
  17. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/portable-soup
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  19. https://www.captaincooksociety.com/cooks-life/people/cooks-officers-and-crew-and-contemporaries/the-royal-marines-on-cook-s-voyages
  20. https://static-prod.lib.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/pacific/cook2/cook2.html
  21. https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-RGO-00014-00058/255
  22. https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/stories/captain-cooks-voyages-exploration
  23. https://www.easterisland.travel/easter-island-facts-and-info/history/ship-logs-and-journals/james-cook-1774/
  24. https://sgmuseum.gs/chapter/cook-chapter-1/
  25. https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/captaincook_scurvy_01.shtml
  26. https://static-prod.lib.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/pacific/cook3/cook3.html
  27. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/captain-cook-in-hawaii/
  28. https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/topic/910
  29. https://www2.sl.nsw.gov.au/archive/curio/exhibit/1179/stories4c5b.html?from_collection=2&page=12
  30. http://www.solarnavigator.net/history/hms_resolution.htm
  31. https://collection.powerhouse.com.au/object/237130
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